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AAtAu 
FRENCH - ARCHITECTURE 


From XI to XVI Genturies 
By 
EUGENE BNMANUBL VIOLLBT-LE-DUC 
“Government Architect 


Inspector General of Diocesan &difices 


Volume TIT 


‘roBrom Charnier to Console 
PARIS 

Translated by N. Clifford Ricker.’D. Arch. 

weritus Professor of Architecture | 

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 


Urbana. iii. 


agig 


v.38 
i weeienes -Sevodenog hai le BB IWRAED 
m tise feicde srew doidw ni. cturorsse, 6 en rents yisedods 
- s80fens of bas .esiretemeo od nevik of fay apy omen eidT .eseom 
 derudneo (dt St) ¢esl odd to bus sdé SA .edasnasdad aot esian 
‘hetentiesh [liga sew siasd gs etnsoonnl sdi to yasdemso edd 
. . .etnsoonn! esb-aesioredid to emsn edd yd 
owt | eVitnsqis) .STREIZABO 
_seeidmeses brie *nettenidmoo yreve hooteishow ef biow etdd vs 
d Stating ao°oi{dsas}o switowisenoco edi a0} eisdmit stael te 
-eontkitad 
~me dgeait edi to eno nesd eved deum astnsaiso eft to dis sdT 
eset fist cT .absen siedi ot beifaas nea doidw .ssedd gnomes 
Yo mio? sit niv-ecodt aiedé battosanco .eedoneid alsdt to misad 
-nsfeevd einord edt noewied fief elevietnr edd onillit .esnoo «s 
-attded svittimiauca sid esn yviIetsiiso .bum bos eevee! .emste tek 
PD nl’ .eeladse stisvse nome Oovnot [lite ef dornw yosm to nots 
esoitifs wet sdt yo scbhnt yem eno es ist ce) yinoline yeaqP 
‘gqevowoH.v¢ioflqnie ¢esit Yovesw vidneciso .20 od oismes teadt 
i ew dads pumpsotiae 16 tosmetneiis ed woot yhesale edsesD edd 
d berdesrt: seenis to omen edt yd etandiesh 
-ae01e0 to dis edd wi Intiivxe yiev need sve teum ensmoh sAT 
-dmun test ni bstioere eiiscav seors 10 {eotusios edd act yt 
; fat enoitsnidmco nottonidercoe sisdt s0t Heaisos1 metitd vd ers 


mi stedésbot tuo od tiwottiib bos bstect{[emoo yviev .yitnseias | 


qactestowg civboow beyolams yond ,etnomdeifdstes yretilin ated’ 
-eteriea edt ovisede ot eecitins tt .é@idd to beonivneo sd od 

¥ ni soows to esiatnroo siT .emok de nefeiT to nmufoo edt Yo 
fi besevoo yvieattne geomis aedt¢ast sisw asw beftaasg yedd doidy 
oe ot donm es jinstxe tsexk 2 oF Hbeissio yedt tedd ,eteerol yd 
~ -tve1stevee Tied ecodd ofni stsiteneo odresimas aiseds efdsne 
settome nemof eid ashbow yhserfA .ebssr nwo afedt yet es enc 
 ysiduens soeioiitee ni asdsit viene asbmol on ffuee yisdI 
Ine} to etesitot sii bose ,slaosa enilea edd to ebsen edd sz08 
|  °&£#eav edt bas yven sdt¢ ylqave od Esvise .esiavtnseo [eieve2 i10t 
i @ Yort doidwidsiw ysiliost edT .enewof eds to etnemdeifdaies 
| - Sisoo vedi wod enieioxs ,[siasism yvismito gsdd nedt Heans070 
.eosbiad es dose ,etiow Isecolco nistiso sislomoo ylbhioess yisv 
qsonsttcemicdsere to einsmamaons yistifim ,asiib .emsbh .ebso. 

_ © gpeortibe wees “wae ‘gieusiesd to bone elfew to esaseolons 
ms tes Seb Petr sheets. $r2 of 660337 00 Se ©¢.eektro. eattae Bue 


A 


2 

CHARNIHR. Larder. Bonehouse. Cemetery. 

Phoserly sisnifies a structure in which were stored salt m 
meats. This name was also given to cemeteries, and to enclos- 
uries for interments. At the end of the last (18 th) centuryt 
the cemetery of the Innocents at Paris was still designated 
py the name of Charnier dés Innocents. 

CHARPENTR. Carpentry. 

By this word is understood every combination and assemblage 
of large timbers for the construction of public or private b 
buildings. 

The art of the carventer must have beem one of the first am- 
among those, which men applied to their meeds. To fell trees, 
trim off their branches, connectins their tops in the form of 
a cone, filling the intervals left between the trunks by slen- 
Jer stems, leaves and mud, certainly was the primitive habita- 
tion of man, which is still found amons savage peovles. In G 
Greek antiquity (so far as one may judge by the few edifices 
that remain to us, carpentry was of great simplicity.. However 
the Greeks already knew the arrangement of carpentry, that we 
designate by the mame of truss. 

The Romans must have been very skilful in the art of carpen- 
try, for the spherical or cross vaults erected in sreat numb- 
ers by them reauired for their construction combinations in 
carpentry, very comolicated and difficult to pout together. In 
their military establishments, they employed wood in profusion; 
to be convinced of this, it suffices to ebserve the reliefs 
of the column of Trajam at Rome. The countries of Hurope into 
which they carried war were further almost entirely covered 
py forests, that they cleared to a great extent, as mucn to 
enable their armies=to penetrate into those half savase resi- 
ons as for their own needs. Already under the Roman empire, 
Italy could no lomger supply timber in sufficient quantity 
for the needs of the ruling people, and the forests of Gaul 
for several centuries, served to supply the navy and the vast 
establishments of the Romans. The facility with which they p 
procured then that orimary material, exolains how they could 
very raoidly complete certain colossal works, such as bridses, 
roads, dams, dikes, military encampments of sreat importance, 
enclosures of walls and of besiesgers’ walls, oublic edifices 
and entire cities.. 


a: adciadoues hie Gane to enbisy ppt yepas vilews eh 
4 j) seodt to eno esw Yidasa1s. mae iytadil Brn Crt 49 envidiberds 
aa Iltve etesict edd .betevadixe don 2 wydadip anni svisesia Jesd 
-stsm eit to sho caw isdmis bas al aa éseq dse1t s heyevoo 
eed a es seta ro olfidug ai beyofame yidexsteig sleis 
% avon te mec -sonebnuds cif te sensosd 
; ceetiie siemedlati he esliem ges1s 8 estio eavol to yioke1d 
@ deext s heyslo foow doidw ri .esoetaqc fons seevod .astbiad 
Bh yino tom teds .estit trewoett ets .dxsx eins Suodtiw :taso 
pelenivorsv efit aniawh esitio exvitne stud sortifs os beyoutesh 
sdnso1se dedi y.tnerolttve sisoifmi .ehoiaea naibaivelses bne 
. teum tre eich .vavinso di If edd [itoe beaivorig dowm caw yr 
-\eyrnoeen dtdiw heiwrz0omeo .noitostise tse1t: bonisite ners evad 
=—@fisis doogs efomex s te yitnsarso te eelomexs vistenvdsotst 
onibsooio teixe yor Jedd sveifed ton of ex fos. .2n od dnide 
‘0 ¥o dus odd cost oF beffeqmon nedd oie oF .yredweo ay Sr ens 
¥ -en et ti eofomsxe! Snivin ex1cted tuS .emit ¢add ds yidasores 
mm? ne .jre tedd yo fowollot seoo edd eoest viteiand of yrseese 
, ~dnemcoleveb esti boonew[int eved dsit ,eseueo eft steothni ot 
fedetnin? .sidiveueiizent temese taid ,edicouct eenemmi ofinh 
dt bsilcoas rom .2enofenemib save! bre edtenst teeth to exrsdnid 
& Oofer wd rsefitsy .yrinsoqiso od yiilidete svit od asvioemend 
_-dtin Ssonehaooos ni enoltenidwoo enitsse yo neft exisdmit teers 
es swoxebnu evan si. feiietem dent ot eiluose eeidrecoro edd 
'Sstnh oft .brelont oi elomexe 108 .foast eiddy to too10 eds eevs 
-heo ft Sf foe dt fl odd mort eeteh doidw yisnsciso nemi0¥-ol 
wnipismss doone smse sit to videsqiso avo ot beasomoo .esiand 
efor ef ,cons19-eb-efT fre enbeomeds  .vinveivd .teeW edt oi 
—itvnb yiilidste: stedd foe .eisdmis to enofensmif ai ashnoate 
sbisdmist seed to enofiensmib evomicons |edit mort eemoo dasa tae 
_=eienoo yvidnsotso fo dus edt yivdnso fit &f edd aetts somes of 
aoe vest iisme oat treme Logue od enoitentdmoo onidser ni hes 
ete no bennids sasw edesie? edd ybse1lA .beyolame exrsdmit to 
-tmineo ond Yo eesid: se0dd Pedeinivt setmol om bae .tnenitnoo 
“chegdiraamaaly etsw ersblind dads ce .ytidnswo dneiottive ni esi 
 =teet6 eti) to sen evotothst s vd ssdmid te euvfov etd soslaes 
ach \ edd ni yrtnsciz0 od noddtil of yiseegoen nedd esw JI .esid 
| _ rtdbtl emsced eovioemods esxvtonide yinoesm tedt seabeh emee 
. a yea’ ) @yeh oem oe Soo.> .enettibersomsmof mort sottasaeb ni 
~blix | aietid Enizevoo 1c? bedooke vine ensmof brs ever suit 


3 

Naturally under the reigns of Merovingian kings, amons the 
traditions of Roman structures, carpentry was one of those 
best preserved! the soil was not exhausted, the forests still 
covered a Sreat part of Gaul, and timber was one of the mate- 
rials preferably employed in public or private structures, b 
because of its abundance. 

Gregory of Tours cites a sreat number of churches, villas, 
bridges, houses and palaces, in which wood played a sreat p 
oart; without this text, the freauent fires, that not only d 
destroyed an edifice but entire cities durins the Merovinsian 
and Garlovingian veriods, indicate sufficient,y that carpent-— 
ry was much practised until the 11 th cemtury. This art must 
have then attained great verfection, compared with masonry. 
Unfortunately examples of carpentry of a remote epoch are la- 
ckins to us, and we do not believe that any exist precedins 
the 12 th century. We are then compelled to take the art of 
carpentry at that time. But before sivins examples it is ne-=- 
cessary to briefly trace the course followed by that art, and 
to indicate the causes, that have influenced its development. 

While immense forests, that seemed inexhaustible, furnished 
timbers of Sreat lensths and larse dimensions, men anolied t 
themselves to give stability to carpentry, rather by usins s 
Sreat timbers than by seekins combinations in accordance with 
the proverties peculiar to that material. We have under our 
eyes the proof of this fact. For example in #nsland, the Ans- 
lo-Norman carventry which dates from the 13 th and 14 th cen- 
turies, compared to our carpentry of the same epoch remainins 
in the West, Burgundy, ahampasne and Ile-de-#rance, is much 
stronger in dimensions of timbers, and their stability in ¢r- 
eat part comes from the enormous dimensions of these timbers. 
In France after the 13 th century the art of carpentry consis- 
ted in seeking combinations to suoplement the small dimensions 
of timbers emoloyed. Already the forests were thinned on the 
continent, and no longer furnished those trees of two centur- 
jes in sufficient quantity, so that builders were oblised to 
replace the volume of timber by a judicious use of its proper- 
ties. It was then necessary to lighten the carpentry in the 
same degree that masonry structures themselves became lishter 
in departing from Roman traditions. 

The Greeks and Romans only adopted for covering their build- 


sk edtehentnper mick eidt noitenifoni {[ame Yo etoor ebntblind 
Bie," ddetew edd teteor of enoienemib saci yrev te etedmit to sex 
(dtr edt ‘ni esvs ,stutostidows supssnamof nI seslit ent to 
‘eiest ime © fpottantioni sdtilfe s atste1 enol etoor edd sse ew 
yedt tadd*.yrnineo dt Sf edt to efbhbinm edd stwods [fit yleorsoe 
«yoo fo mot edd wk enotsisoitibom seeiT .eecols as0esde emvees 
eisdmisd tesut to tmemnofasds sit o¢ hetudiatnco aiste sanias 
edt dedt betste ed cele tenm FI \.etcor to yrtasatso edt sot 
“trbs di eistnsoxso nisdd10em sit vd hevolawe ehoow to ssioeas 
sise1D edt yd been yilerenek oeont es smee ont ton s1s% esck 
evoniess eit asts10 oF bemsee “etés! ef? .enemoh edd osvs fas 
-gnom @°tsvoo ot bad yes nodw ~tebeo Buns doss! rit .esiosas 
-Yeq0m #0 med enctenemih astee1m bertepe: ehoow seedst :toem 
. dtao¥ edd or sets “elhhim edd oeiadvbh ehoov esidw sdios here 
ve | -sone1y to tes fne 
tent edt mesd eved ot msse yslqoed Sniastsse -« ,enamicY nT 
de ede nit sonevbs elderehienos s efem cdw .esiainuco seodd ai 
yedd .yintneo id IP ond mort tedt aissiso ef FI .vitneaiso to 
-orso Siditeiv tae1a yd foxsvoo yleritne csoltibe tesv bedoere 
‘eidow seonit to 19dmun boot « esesseeou [fide boeltot ;yidns 
so dd SI bose dd PL sdd nt betoeie rovodtle iedi .yatneaqiss to 
fre ({ebodteom [sathiao ylertine ssite hentdmoo sie .esitninso 
_<-"gfo tsd¥ .enoitibers ¢nsione siom to ¢lues1 edd ed of tse008 
ensaem odd dtiw vyoolsne esi ei yvatnsarso aosmi0%-oldnA eoxiisios 
$m ceistostidors [sven of smit [fs a03 heyolans easiIdmsses te 
stoetdne so to tase sedd oF niwter ot mnoiesooo sve [feda ow 
to tgedt bore new tot ‘ysdda edd Io dowde edd to esven ent 
‘© eidieiv vd betevoo terit ge glinshive e1sw nssh Yo ssinixT 
’ ee t emoosd yitnsouso eids to escole sii yhsouls Bue ,vitnsaie9 
Pt. ond Niteeh oft bos consi? to ‘eitneo eft ol .feniflont yvidsaslod 
a beniste: yistsincos stinp siew yidnso1so sopitns to eocistiberd 
Yo viineoise sit 10t ‘wo éyistnso dt SI edd to bae sft Iitnw 
medeve edd ,eevieeive yatiooo terit [fede ew dotdw dtiw .stoor 
wee) WE. ‘etetence tI .efaqmte yvisv ei edneions odt ort Levori0d 
- e1edstsy sdt seer doidw mo enifive Snitacogne eseenit to esizse 
' Yo. (2 ede tence ti ;teoadntd on eed astto eenid evitimiae eit 
,8@ meed-rsifeo # fas .0 6,0 & elscioniia od .f A masdeit s 
-etaivws bos tntboed mort elecionizg edd tneve1e od bebnesni 
=e ‘8 evatstsoesast sasdt JI .tatrsvoo edd to baol edi ssh8y 
ow edd to ebns-erdd tnivisoe: .febbhs ei ¥ O teoobntdi « .nsce 


gue 
. s4 ae ; . 
SE |) : : in 


4 
buildings roofs of small imclination; this form required the 
use of timbers of very Sreat dimensions to resist the weisht 
of the tiles. In Romamesaue architecture, even in the North, 
we gee the roofs lond retain a slight inclimation, amd it is 
scarcely till about the middle of the 12 th century, that they 
assume steever slopes. These modifications in the form of cov- 
erings again contributed to the abandonment of Sreat timbers 
for the carpentry of roofs. It must also be stated that the 
soecies of woods employed by the northern carpenters in edif- 
ices were wot the same as those semerally used by the Greeks 
and even the Romans. The latter seemed to prefer the resinous 
soecies, fir, larch amd cedar, when they had to cover 4 monu- 
ment; these woods required sreater dimensions than oak,opref- 
erred to the white woods during the middle ages in the North 
and West of France. 

The Normans, a seafarins people, seem to have been the first 
in those countries, who made a considerable advance in the art 
af carpentry. It is certain that from the 11 th cemtury, they 
erected vast edifices entirely covered by sreat visible carp- 
entry; England still possesses a Sood number of these works 
of carpentry, that although erected in the 13 th and 14 th ce 
centuries, are combined after entirely oridinal methods, and 
appear to be the result of more ancient traditions. What char- 
acterizes Anslo-Norman carpentry is its analogy with the means 
of assemblage employed for all time in naval architecture; ba t 
we shall have occasion to return to that vart of our subject. 

The naves of the church of the abbey for wen and that or: i 
Trinite of Gaen were evidentlm at first covered by visible c 
carpentry, and already the slopes of this carpentry become t 
tolerably inclined. In the centre of France and the Hast, the 
traditions of antique carventry were quite accurately retained 
until the ema of the 12 th century. Yow for the carpentry of 
roofs, with which we shall first occupy ourselves, the system 
porrowed from the ancients is very simple. It consists in @ 
series of trusses supporting purlins on which rest the rafters. 
The primitive truss often has no kingpost; it consists 61)-of 
a tiebeam A B, two principals AC, BC, and a collar beam Di, 
intended to prevent the principals from bending and curving 
under the load of the coverins. If these trassesalave a greater 
span, a kingpost C F is added, receivins the ends of the two 


—s- Sakemeverq ends .nomed bos eeidiom yd § te niniot .elecioriza 
>) et @ A msedeit eft to. 2nibned tedT .eenrt ot to, noltemiotet 
. ‘(Sete bedostts teooantt etd .dtenel eti to sevsosd ($) berset 
ddin HD te hosoennoo et F C meed azelleo edd hme ti ebnecene 
yds bied .efleatontag odd no feet I enkéiwo edT .teootnid edd 
mgow tieds: no benedest eis Md exetisa eff bus .X etoeld edt 
© eb ti bos wnoitenifont dovm ton esd Yoor edt Ti tu .esbie 
meedeit odd dttw elsatontia edt to noitonef, sid tent bextesk 
-¢teerth to elfsew cosinoes motveye eidd ,shient tasdisve tom esok 
‘9 od ot 0 VY nace odt tedd emvaes *(S .219) bsebnl .eesndords 
edt .emsuoe .ent 8 bated eleatonixa edt ..¢% 0.78 Bf hereveo 
tadd dnebive ef ti ..eni d er])edtear sit Ona .obas!l es enifava 
«fence ei dotdw ..¢% 3. sd Eiworle elfew edd to eeentoidd snd 
‘ © wsoktetar edt fo débiw {[fswe edt o¢ fusder ddiiw eidsaeb 
witnediso yd boiswoo esoitife enpesnsmos [[sme edd oi ensiT 
- ‘effew riedt ovih o¢ bel sisw exeblinud edt gadd eevieotsa ene 
fo tibiew odd yd bevivods1 gedt nadt seds91b doum eesotoidd sz 
-seRniaesd e& Ilsw odt to cot odd te fail od es oe .dn fasvoo end 
 ,~exsdmit beeoo1scne seeds to débnel odd eviesser o¢ tnetoitiwe 
t tarbroons bemett fre woivedni edt ni eldieiv eexxt toon est 
,emesdsis oid no heosia Sniliso s ducddivn .moidifast swpidas od 
~do ot hevitefh wen ,Isdnempnom vieo1s0oe sonsiseqqs na enisie1 
edd duimert fos enitosnnoo fo sennen odd yd notésr0osh s nisd 
scteodd ni vinelwoitaeo .hdineq erverenemofh edd antusd .eisdmid 
~pooos1¢ stew edostirom sft ysons1® to divor fas sesh .ssdnso 
yet nedw -etivev vd eevan eft dnixevoo to sehk oft yd beta 
-snoe yedt _BSOTHOEST tnsiottive to dosh iot eidd of ton bivoo 
to sonsisecos edd roltastni sit ni yrsnsquso siedd svib oF Idd 
-tfusv fennnd a 
~itibs elteit edt ni ebem brid cidt te edametsés omoe see of 
4e) svit oW .yastnso dt St edt mort etsh dadt yenneivO to eeo 
gTaen Sorobs to domnsdo sd¢ mort eduow vatnsaiso esedt To eno 
—exstmsdo edt .esfars ati no besetmsdo eft mssdeid off  oyail 
er1edweboow end to Kiknerse edt Ife svsel od etniot eft ts oote 
gs mc? of bemsxt sis £ eduite od? .seidiom s eistns nonetue 
-eteldmes s ,elsetddtae ows edd Joosdisq teaqw odd déiw evavo 
Le ‘eovsifer dait 0 stv edt eevieoet € teogdhnix edT .slorioimes 
, foo sesi? wenoidosnnoo benifont te ensem yd C sosia-ebbia edt ' 
4 nistniiem Bue eseenis eft to worddxewo edd tnevexc enoitosn 
ventiaue edd drogave elsoionixa et gonslo Isoitusv s oi meds 


i 


5 

principals, joinins at F by mortise and tenon, thus preventing 
dJeformation of the truss.. That bending of the tiebeam A B is 
feared (2) because of its length, the kingpost attached at F 
suspends it, amd the collar beam D F is connected at G H with 
the kingvost. The purbins I rest on the principals, held by 
the blocks K, amd the rafters L M are fastened on their upper 
sides. But if the roof has not much imclination, and it is 
desired that the junction of the principals with the tiebeam 
does not overhans inside, this system reouires walls of Sreat 
thickness. Indeed (Fis. 2)! assume that the span N 0 to bec 
covered is 25.0 ft., the vrincivals beins 3 ins. square, the 
purlins as large, and the rafters 4 ins., it is evident that 
the thickness of the walls should be 3.6 ft., which is consi- 
derable with regard to the small width of the interior. 

Thus in the small Romanesque edifices covered by carpentry, 
one perceives that the builders were led to sive their walls 
a thickness much Sreater than that reawired by the weisht of 
the covering, so as to find at the too of the wall a bearing 
sufficient to receive the lensth of these superposed timbers. 
The roof truss visible in the interior aad framed accordins t 
to antique tradition, without a ceiling placed on the tiebeams, 
retains an appearance scarcely monumental; men desired to ob- 
tain a decoration by the manner of connecting and framius the 
timbers. During the Romanesque veriod, varticularly in the 
centre, West and South of Prance, the architects were preoccu- 
pied by the idea of coverins the naves oy vaults: when they 
could not do this for back of sufficient resources, they sou- 
sht to sive their carpentry in the interior the avpearance of 
a tunnel vault. | 

fe gee some attempts of this kind made in the little edifi- 
ces of Guienne, that date from the 12 th century. We sive (3) 
one of these carpentry works from the church of Lasorce near 
Blaye. The tiebeam is chamfered on its angles. The chamfers 
stop at the joints to leave all the strength of the wood where 
aatenon enters 4a mortise. The struts A are framed to form a 
curve with the upper partsoof the two orincipals, a complete 
semicircle. The kingpost B receives the tie 0, that relieves 
the ridse-piece D by means of inclined connections. These con- 
nections orevent the overthrow of the trusses and maintain ta 
them in a vertical planes the princivals support the purlins. 


fa bt ae aid =, Over 2 hc 
» heal 


-eve biovs of effaw Yotds yrev cortspes [lide eist erotsied?t 
sidd febtove nooe vedT .© «21% ni nevid dedi exif .ebieni oned 
Sfeeti faqtoniig edd otnt enifavo ‘edt knimeadd yd soneinevnoont 

to dtceb edt henish esw endt .3f no medd Sniosla to bseteni 
sgn edt woled 10 deu(T meds tnimert oi seve bas ynifawg odd 
~tedter edd ict bevrees1 esw soslao s .[saqioniia edd to sostave 
-at a9c0u eit tnifiovot snalo benifont edit beeoxe fon Lib dokdw 
hie. wa i: , ’ ‘~elsatonixg sesit to geo 

aohuee: déuy sito so Jésw ao Batworh sid? 9wo OH 6E 6G «fk 8FOH 
fon etostldoare tigi bao SaoTvG «MK Fo yestrv0ED sdt of aAOdtvA 
82 20% st X08 S709 

‘+ .entfasg edd ous SA. sooidenidmoo’eidd erisioxs -) .bit 

=-Ste1 edt estsoibni G 0 snil betdob edd j;e0eio-sabia edt 8 te 

folehne edT .ecendofdt ni beowbst ed neo elifes oft eed? .ece 
—tom ef Bote Fade -Bvetaio eAs otat belistevoh sie maedsis sds 
edt-of bext? ers tads(eietted eit to rims edd evieos: of hsdo 
 bhoddem eidt sud .eniq tao yd eetsiq fae entitling .sosto-sbbhia 
;dsIt dee Tijdsow sis enifasa eft ,etostel fasts sdivp edneeeia 
soitosnnoo to meceye edt of .enoned tledt mo yino teow ved 
bsyolame di butt yleorsce iste ew yhevelome yloiss sd Iliw 
iqdeewoos sis elactoniae edt. 2 Vedwase bowind «ddaoy ear oi 
fr gf no eussesso sisdt yd toolieb ot mesdetd sid senso sens 
bia’ .eeven woi1sn aSvoo ot beyolqme sd yince neo seeen1d eesdT 

.enotenemib tse1b ol sbam Ti (ysibieia sieds mister fon blwoo 


-tost100 hiske1 don Lib exstneoass edd sedt woke eolamaxs eesnT 


edt°tosvere vino bilwode doinw \iisodsist eds to noksonnt ens vi 
-~qe fon biwode bana donneo ti tud jelectoniao est to sribssace 
{(eecBiIN) Acetiate edt fetmedo yiisino yeds oe ;feol yns toe 
} Sdt¢°to bone aswol sd¢ nk meds bexit fue barots medt oaitaored 
edd yd fobnsaene .se1t bhenieme: nedt msedeisd ofT .(@)te0qanix 
“agne @ esnaite owt sds bas. (nsoe edi°to sl{ibia eit és seoornin 
-nemels*sesiT Lelsaioniaa eft Yo moitoslieb eds hecgote yleri 
«eb edt dud ivtinnttns at bedoobs need ybseale bed eslox yist 
ait yidnsotse sheds evtd of edoetidomws expeensmef edd Yo. stte 
-g evotoiv eid) to soneiste1d odd beenso tinsv a Yo sonsiaccas- 
‘ame od?) sh brs £*.eRte yd nevi sis dotdw to eslqmexe ,wnedeve 
ahedd be goideixe sey yudasorso eupeensmof to eedtensmib Ile 
enso1so to dae edd qu’etst od en simisg Jor ob YWirsr emortxs 
-ni i6tne ot helieomoo'ed bivode ew ;doogs stomet sede ni yas 
wisosnas sf sbtovs od deiw ow tedw et Sedd bos _estvtostnoo oF 


6 


Therefore this still requires very thick walls to avoid over- 
hang inside, like that given in Fis. 2. They soon avoided this 
inconvenience by framing the’ purlins into the vrincipal itself 
instead of vlacing them on it, thus was Sained the depth of 
the vurlin, and even in framing them flush or below the upper 
surface of the vrincipal, 3 place was reserved for the rafter, 
which did not exceed the imclined plane touching the upper fa- 
ces of these principals. 

Note 1. pe Be He owe this drawing a8 well as the full expla- 
Wart1on FO the courtesy of NM. Burand and ALoux, archirects at 
BOVASAUXe 

Pig. 4. explains this combination. At Auare the purlins, 
at B the ridge-piece; the dotted line 0 D indicates the raft- 
ers. Thus the walls can be reduced in thickmess. The ends of 
the tiebeam are dovetailed into the plate #; that at F is not- 
ched to receive the ends of the rafters, that are fixed to the 
ridge-piece, purlins and plates by oak pims. But this method 
oresents awite great defects, the purlins are weak;if set flat; 
they rest only on their tenons. So this system of connection 
will be rarely employed: we shall scarcely find it employed 
in the North. Curved struts, if the orincivals are too weak, 
must cause the tiebeam to deflect by their pvressure on it.3@ 
These trusses can only be employed to cover narrow naves, and 
could not retain their rigidity, if made in great dimensions. 
These examples show that the carventers did not resard correct- 
ly the function of the tiebeam, which should only prevent the 
spreadins of the principals, but it cannot and should not sw- 
port any load; so they quickly changed the struts A (Pid. 3), 
turnings them around and fixed them in the lower end of the 
kingpost(5). The tiebeam then remained free, susvended by the 
kingoost at the middle of its span, and the two struts B ent- 
irely stovoed the deflection of the principals. These elemen- 
tary rules had already been adopted in antiquity; but the de- 
sire of the Romamesaue architects to sive their carpentry the 
appearance of a vault caused the preference of the vicious s 
system, examples of which are given by Pigs. 3 and 4..The sm- 
all dimensidns of Romanesque carpentry yet existing and their 
extreme rarity do not permit us to take up the art of carpen- 
try in that remote epoch; we should be compelled to enter in- 
to conjectures, and that is what we wish to avoid. We can only 


rea)? oe a, ree ee! 
J 77s B oe a ' : : ¢ 


| “2 

| fPeavesr os at cots olbbim eft to yadnec1s0 to dis ofd ybute 

_- + gpevesl ewtootidows nedw .tnemom ond ts noidest {utseu bas 
-ste meitouisenco to bodiem wen s bae ,encidibesd eunzenenof 


efeu 4~noltouitence exptins of beeodco slotoniic a mort ety 
mi tt shaiialsalita ds ve dotwio sdf Fo yrttasgqred «8 «GF «Lf Stok 


scl Shwe eidd soattnd et001 to qitnsaqise sdi shivibdue teum of 
idles stinav asvoo of sentieeh ywidneorso otni (eu yanooo gerid 
_» wettonst [oteev a vino eed texit odT .yidmeouso el{dieiv odni 
-pishd tenm gi ceeoitite te ebieni esd mort nese Son seusosd 
» etroceve fnooee siTvagdiliste of bnidtyievs soitiaose si0t 
7 eneem 2 eemoosd boa ,eelit 10 eedale .beel to Bnineveo edd 
a snoisgsi0seb r0ciasi¢gs 

fn 18veo o¢ ieohen sem botasq supeemeamoS edd enianwk soedh 
divev fennnd oft .ediuav yd esoilife ¢se18 to elisd so eeven 
.heevetziles enutostidowA .t1A).betoslee miot deait edd aew 
itiway edd to eoheidxe odt no beosla yitoe1if esw baitevoo edT 
Se ddaok ent oi dud .boddem [eisten deom ed keshoi eew eidd 
_ gldoertb beosia egniasvoo dedé hesingcos1 smoce yerd .sonert 
_. e1ew etisces ,vyitneioitis ti toeto1g gon bluoo diuev edd no 
tniot edd asbos beowbousnl anied 1sdewnisa odd zOl .Ifvoitii& 
=<in doiog sit mort ast tinsv eft hewtnat elit « 10 dels & te 
tinev edt dostord o¢ ddbwods add yodT .herm0se Asef edt ors 
eit timisa fos Qnizevoo sdi stafoel od hebnsdni vadosaiso vd 
Yo moteye edd to@ .yretai desefl oft to sieges yese fae biqss 
evas eeis1 ot teddies .eirotowitenco beffoameo etlusv Lennut 
-~[e od es of .etiusv edd Yo enworo sid to fovel est ot allen 
_ @esoids eesq of to .ee8a o¢ yitnesaiso sdt to emesdeid oft wol 
+ to enworo edt woled stef etsw elfen eveo edd ti .eets mod 
salle) mt -etIvuev end 

to seconds’ oids efomexe 10d .divev Sennot bednioa # ed (3) sed 
. qwetIee2 10 enseef Yo eedoauto edd 10 nudud Yo Lerhedtes edd 
«+19 ed¢ to evel odd .A ds sis elisw svse sft to esoimico edd 
_g wiet-ot bexinoes yino sew ti asdw 38 te ai dIinev odd Yo nwo 
_gnote to apinevoo s tee o+ tiluev odd Yo eobstdxe séi no ecole 
-1¥@ edt to [evel wolf edt .¢ivev edt mo eelid memo Te 10 edele 
-sl ted aniess tuodtinw nedw dud yevitom doetisa & bed A sotn 
.oniisvee edt evieoes of yidnso1so sosio ot heilesh eew di Lew 
-109 to noitenidmoo s bait ot 10 eeld eved o¢ yiseeesosn esw Ji 
-sstedmem Ieitnsees tedd cosios1 luow dadt .eisdmisd to acisoer 


7 
study the art of carventry of the middle ages in an assured 
and useful fashion at the moment, when architecture leaves 
Romanesaue traditions, and a new method of construction sta- 
rts from a principle opoosed to antiaue construction. 

Nove te Pe 6. Garpentry of the church of Filleneuve,i3 th 
SSHTVULY « 

We must subdivide the carpentry of roofs (since this will 
first occupy us) into carpentry designe. to cover vaults and 
into visible carpentry. The first has only a useful function 
because not seen from the inside of edifices; it must there- 
fore sacrifice everythins to statlity. The second supports 
the covering of lead, slates or tiles, and becomes a means of 
interior decoration. 

When durins the Romamesque period men undertook to cover n 
naves or halls of great edifices by vaults, the tunnel vault 
was the first form selected.(Art. Architecture Relisgieuse). 
The coverins was directly placed on the extrados of the vault; 
this was indeed the most natural method. But in the North of 
Prance, they soon recognized that coverings placed directly 
on the vault could not protect it efficiently, repairs were 
difficult, for the rainwater beins introduced under tke joint 
ef a slab or a tile, injured the vault far from the point wh- 
ere the leak occurred. They then thought to protect the vault 
by caroentry imtended to isolate the coverings and permit the 
rapid and easy repair of the least injury. But the system of 
tunnel vaults compelled constructors, either to raise eave | 
galls to the level of the crowns of the vaults, so as to al- 
low the tiebeams of the carpentry to pass, or to pass through 
them ties, if the eave walls were left below the crowns of t 
the vaults. 

Let (6) be a pointed tunnel vault, for example like those of 
the cathedral of Autun or the churches of Beaune or Saulieuj; 
the cornices of the eave walls are at A, the level of the cr- 
own of the vault is at B: when it was only required to form a 
glove on tke extrados of the vault to set a coverius of stone 
slabs or of Roman tiles on the vault, the low level of the mr- 
nice A had a perfect motive: but when without rasing that le- 
vel, it was desired to place carpentry to receive the covering, 
it was necessary to have ties or to find a combination of con- 
nection of timbers, that would revlace that essential member. 


-[68 ot efiotts ‘sei odem ton bib etosovisenco edd yltuewpe4% 


<teif ofadiso te tosie ot heftstise o1]ew vedd tmsfdorg end ev 
sid beosfo .tfusv edt te eobeitxe edt no e1sigq yinoesm asons 
elegtoniza sid no enifaue odd redd <e1eic seeds ro elsofoniic 
eid Yo ddbiew satine edt nedd teP .eelit bas erste: edd déiw 
yibed tiesto (tfvev odd wo beteor anirevoo eit to bos yitnso1e. 
-foo emo .elfew eves eft weidiaeve bons medt bemrcteh  .bhetituds 
ows vd mesdsit sit beotlasa bee  hoitem a9eiw s soot erodonite 
-ai¢ afyofqms .(6 .8%%).m1o0t eeoro wir bevfed © FH .C 0 eredmid 
etntot eft nedwted bsowket twd -.encienemib evomione to ensd 
B Ye dégnente oct vd nedt Elves yodt .ddblew vieds neare!l of 
éfedfoniaa dt Yo gnibssage edt dnevesa .fnenst 10 eaia sldvob 
“Tf son biuco Yastneotso Yo tues eidsd [Lise .emis ntetico sw act 
“instdenifentena yifersns® tcived .elsctonisa edt ;200lf geal 
éd¢ Yo encores tuo siod jeelit yreed yd Fefscl .°CC of °@b to 
-—Fitfe teem nb vdw ei gsdT cbuewswo Essuce bas esis selst cvd 
H doveiie yo Bedsoifni es ow elfen evee sit beiates rem .eso 
“y Sit Yo mwoto end Yo [evel eit fontsdds eotni09 eid sedt of 
-pev edd evode 3 emsedsidt déiw eseeurd ond toe nem bose’ .tfvev 
~atenos ore ewen Poe evomtione sid tehrenco bliuco vedt foe .etl 
Boss -ensem teal sat yd fourwped noltor 

Fo ¢voe asa? To eatur sit bavoy ylno sued eH .F wa «i STOR 
sdf at bsyolqns aloo bao ,b8sfuvosxs ylsertooo yisuv yrinsgroo 
sah eel bao cn wien to sJ/quoxs To} ;dodqs TStol 0 Fo efoo7 
t ~<8éonn0gd Gro ybawetus Fo esdovudo sSttis 

Veduned FO Wotwio sd? Fo sund otf a eh 16 wg oS StoK 

tsY .Bsorborini esw tivev eroto sfx etusmitsaxe eesit beri 
-mdetb bre seievensit sid To enworo oft .etoomom deatt snd of 
seds wedy Isvel sedbin = fedoss1 et Ivuev wen end to esdous [se 
“fed Yoo feihedtso sav ts es .esio1s sbhie sit to enworo edd to 
.ei%e9 to feahsiiso edt to viodo edd ni niske [five bons .eed 
-180740 To hieseve sit ot eervoo]er sved of Viseesosn een Ji Fs 


Pes TT 7. 
& 


 edf YO tnierteed sot de vino eewedT .O Wor of fotnseescsa yas 
-setisq esi bsiiossa tnived tivev esoto edt tedd .vandnso dd Fr 


-sh Yissx? Blsoo etoor edt to yitreaqrss sdt ,(stue0V .f44) noit 
Bre bifce leldete ided SaCttavrveee Ape ‘isonore fna .colev 
SHSG Teo FU CUdFR: e iickal 
-gV e201 bednice 8 tevo bsdoets _—- teetons teom oft 
tontiso ti seived Yo Lerbedteo edt to tedd ef eu od awork slo 


_ exdeqIvoe Yo elisteh smoe oF ersten ‘ene Tr OSCE ned tedel ed 


yr. 


8 
Frequently the constructors did not make great efforts to sol- 
ve the oroblem! they were satisfied to erect at certain dist- 
ances masonry piers on the extrados of the vault, placed the 
principals on these piers, then the ourlins on the principals 
with the rafters and tiles. But then the entire weisht of the 
carventry and of the covering rested on the vault, often badly 
abutted, deformed them and overthrew the eave walls. Some con- 
structors took a wiser method, and repleced the tiebeam by two 
timbers GD, # FP halved in cross form.(Fis. 6). #mploying tim- 
pers of enormous dimensions, but reduced betwken the joints 
to lessen their weight, they could them by the strength of d 
double vins or tenons, orevent the spreading of the principals 
for a certain time. Still this sort of carpentry could not 1 
last long: the vrincipals, havins generally ancinclination 
af 45° to 50°, loaded by heavy tiles, tore out terons of the 
two false ties and spread outward. That is why in most edifi- 
ces, men carried the eave walls uv as indicated by sketch H, 
so that the cornice attained the level of the crown of the v_ 
vault, and mem set the trusses with tiebeams K above the vau- 
lts. But they could consider the enormous and useless constr- 
uction reauired by the last means. 

Note 1. be B- Ne have only found the ruins of this sort of 
carpentry very coorsely executed, ond odain employed Wn the 
roots of a Later epoch, for example at Vezevay, ana in the 
Lirtle churches of Burgundy ond Lyonnais. 

Note 2. Poe B- AS In the nove of The ohurch of Beaune. 

During these experiments the cross vault was introduced. Yet 
in the first moments, the crowns of the transverse and diasm- 
al arches of the mew vaults reached a hisher level than that 
of the crowns of the side arches, as at the cathedralcof Lan- 
Sres, and still asain in the choir of the cathedral of Paris, 
and it was necessary to have recourse to the system of carpen- 
try represented in Fis. 6. Tbotas only at the besinnins of the 
13 th century, that the cross vault having reached its perfec- 
tion (Art. Voute), the carpentry of the roofs could freely de- 
velop, and vromotly adopt combinations poth stable, solid and 
light. 

The most ancient carpentry erected over a pointed cross va- 
ult known to us.is that of the cathedral of Paris; it cannot 
be later than 1220, if one refers to some details of sculpture 


ee. 5 te eae: ee ee eo 
ay 
ae A 


Suteds Ratdinoesb ovoted suf .ti etsroosh deadd selkiuom bre 
outst enoissoitibom bavotois edt eseotbnt seum ew .yitneciso 
vo) WsoSE edd to hoe edé ducda yitmecagzo to gus eft ogni heovk 
~O§e wodave [sisnednwen s To noisvcoks eft To seyeoed .yiusnso 
eeffew sdt Yo eesndoids edt yd reesol on sew ST .noitourserco 
*divev [sidneo sit betdeds erew dsdd essesadtud eviesem yd 10 
-1s' Sseeeissud toiyit yd tod .celeie lerevwse dtin esiorsio te 
-sEdw esottibs si¢ Me erotistxs oft of devidd sav Yntristene 
-dre odd beosloss mutidifinps to meteye ef? .débiw aiedd reve 
“wh deioteoned +(noisonideno® .t3A) meseye svoesnemof 10 expt 
exéig Isnistni edt .eeleis evil to seadd to feeocseo sJasmnsom 
yehnel od Bos ,eldiveog es tsdomsif & Ifswe es ot fsouber sieH 
-~we sng ns gedors edd Procove od ttatt tedto noisonwt woe ber 
shin bereac doidw to esdows shite wsinw ,ctivev edt to eenibat 
evohoinv edd to etfovidows odd bes esdois shie sseiT .exobhaiw 
-Joidd seodw .elIsw eves yine eobsidxs aiesd so svisoey bines 
#F fexsia [sduedni ‘sdt to Yetemerh odd beeoxe ton biweo seen 
-¢neveta elfaw svse sesdt tadd noitsvenni sedd most bet inees 
ge Beaiveco nesto ce Ti vitelwottisa wisew etiun soisoes a be 
“oF Wiseesosn ogls “Saw ti .vtwtnso dv FI edt to Qninnited sdi 
Soitibs sat to dasa record edt dsl few svse end eshiesd bnit 
eeqvos sa? canifier ¢ foe astew to Isvomet ent 101 redIHo & 
ean stoor yrinso1so dsert eft Yo etialq efit eizer doinw no 
_emivemoe ‘tf €.€ drods ot hoouber eaw Ene worrsn stivn nedt 
dove bos .tnetzs tse1® to etoemynom oi stom visus1 desedd es 
tone aco sldteecomt smsoed tI .dtbhiw edsaehom Yo esven ni ezel 
* Gest odd Bnivest szoT \yuseeeosn soece ect Brit oF elisw aids 
~“Yotds edt toWncitoetoic sd¢ act fos ..erstte1 .elscioniaag to 
o4io yadnsouse sit dee ylint ot ashre al senilieo edt to ease 
-1¥ fetnedo sertt esw toor edd Yo sacle edt .ellew aidd seeds 
oft ‘Restsimoe etsw neds bas .°Cd neve bus °OS of °OF oF OD me 
to beeconoo stew etoor sit Foe .elsaionrsa edd no tee entiave 
# eftf[ vitesn beeexsts cistte1 tee etsw doidw mseuted essen 
-tonitg sdt tc tctistxe edt to enslo ofd dtiw tenlI tse .medd 
od Brived ni eseeutt nism edd mort triastti£ vino bos .else 
bexit eméed-eccto no vino tniteet tud .eeesd aledd te emsedsid 
eman eft yd betentiesh ef ‘yadneo1s9 eid? .astsia ef{dvobh sit no 
oto dis edd nT sersdiss bnidsegewe beseniad dtin yitneaiso to 
‘i fosiree nt noitovitenco to hodtem wen s eew vids .vitaso1s 
_ Ped Si teti®*.vinoesm oi betaobs meteye wen edd dtiw yoouisd 


9 
and mouldings that decorate it. But before describing that .c. 
carpentry, we must indicate the profound modifications intro- 
duced into the art of carpentry about the end of the 12 th 
century, because of the adoption of a newySeneral system of 
construction. It was no lonser by the thickness of the walls 
or by massive buttresses that were abuitted the central vaults 
of churches with several aisles, but by flyins buttresses tr- 
ansferrins the thrust to the exteriors of the edifices, what- 
ever their width. The system of equilibrium replaced the ant- 
iaque or Romanesque system (Art. Zonstruction); henceforth in 
monuments composed of three or five aisles, the internal piers 
were reduced to as small a diameter as possible, and no langer 
had any function other than to support the arches and the sa- 
indings of the vaults, umder side arches of which opened wide 
windows. These side arches and the archivolts of the windows 
could receive on their extrados only eave walls, whose thick- 
ness could not exceed the diameter of the internal piers; it 
resulted from that innovation, that these eave walls present- 
ed a section quite weak, particularly if as often occurred at 
the beginning of the 13 th century, it was also necessary to 
find besides the eave wallsat the upper part of the edifice 
a gutter for the removal of water and a railing. The course 
on which rests the plate of the sreat carpentry roofs was 
then quite narrow and was reduced to about 3.3 ft.; sometim- 
es though rarely more in monuments of sreat extent, and much 
less in maves of moderate width. It became impossible on sum 
thin walls to find the space necessary for resting the feet 
of princivals, rafters, and for the projectionrof the thick- 
ness of the ourlins. In order to fully set the carpentry on 
these thin walls, the slope of the roof was first changed fr- 
om 40° to 50° to 60° and even 65°, and then were omitted the 
purlins set on the principals, and the roofs were composed of 
trusses between which were set rafters trussed nearly like t 
them, set flust with the plane of the exterior of the princi- 
pals, and only differins from the main trusses in having no 
tiebeams at their bases, but resting only on cross-beams fixed 
on the double vlates. This carpentry is designated by the name 
of carpentry with trussed supporting rafters. In the art ofc 
carpentry, this was a new method of construction in perfect h 
harmony with the new system adopted in masonry. First -it, had 


oS eae - 4 . 

joldieeoa es aidd es bniwesd s tnisinos: ylno to ekednsvbs edd 
bi too1 esisne sdt to bso edd bniatetensid to hbeedeni hnooee 
ss atmegtso.to meteye eft exif) eeeenid nism edt o¢ bnitevoo esi 
¥ -wm eft snols bsnl odd bodudiateibh yluactiow si .(enilisg ddiv 
,Ponetiegni edt esiesiqme ew ;Llsw eves 10 IIew odd Yo god exis 
-ibmt of eeottine ti jnolsonidenog .daA ni tnemegneris tedt to 
,_ eredsit to sev edd, edimieq boddéem won eidd.biidd ,s1ed etso 
. @ dose sonie ittnel stedé o¢ vylevitsfes enciensmib Iisme Yeo 
att, ‘gosta ot endt bos  bebeol yiiesoe sew astte1 10 L[actonina: 
bases ni ddbil yrev yidaeouso eswssourde ddhin yiev to aod edt 
| teeth oft te e1sic [enietni edd auitem oI .bsisweo seis ef) od 
| hil ysev etivev edt sham suovonidenco edd .iehnele siom esven 
o edt, to tdbion eft deinimib of aeer yileisten seum veds ;to 
-msbh biovs ot yiisioseaes brs .menit seveo od bebmetal yviinsaiso 
_eyedt to.etrzag, 1s0q% eft to eidbiew edt mi esidilenpeni exoise 
ee eet S1nd oOuIsS 

> _ eset tede Qo aah josxe os svi of en wet ms0010 ef JI 
as tah henidavoe teor edt to yidneqias eft to disco Isitnsese edd 
eit dtin sonemmoo [fede oW .noisousutenoco fetaioa to hodtsm ead 
eiten to sact sft 10 eliaw eves oft mo etoci sesdd to antosla 

exe ‘8 S eotela ows {lew enote eft to cot efit sd (VY) A sod 
owt mien edd Yo mesdeit edd iD .oreupe nad sedde1 ¢eft tse 
.& te boteothai es .elisievobh yd esialq ond ed m0 bexit een 
tno bedeua estsio edt eb{od masdsit edt tsedid oe .asig ni ‘Ff 
v—tiw no doold edt ei € .e1sties snitaoqove beeenad sdt yd hisw 
ter, dbnisicogue heeevid edd nonsd foe seidiom yd hexit ei dof 
Bled et of bus estela qui edt tit of begotten ei doold efdt :aed 
-wied soasge odd 31 .19ette1 sdi 2 .l[eqioniag sdi ai % .medd yd 
_ sae edt to eeusoed ti fue ,dee1s off adceseenad nism sii nes 
eetsig ont edd tedt heise ei ti ,heasveo ed of even odd de 
_,atetisy edt Jo dewadt edt yd beenso .olbbim edt ts bred yeu 
bos estela seodt osenwted beosla exs H ersdmit [etnosixod ows 
oft, toebne odd yd betit 5 ednice eds of denis eidd asienssd 
.. elsgioniag odd to baol sit to t1eq s yriso I edges .emsedsid 
bnitoot s evit bas yetoold edd to bos asnoi edd od etet3s1 10 
vitnsaiso gesi® of, xiinsv0sie ,eisdmit besifeni shast edi of 
vo fesosnnoo 918 e1stiss bes alsatoniac edt Jo test sft  eisow 
08 J disteb eft yd bessoibai es, .soetsrom bas enoned eldwok 
worsen yiev sad no-bedsexe eeied wort tagidd sfd dnevera of es 
we joo a ines dnsvsia ot ele bus .moned elenie « to sexs 


10 
the advantase of only requiring a bearins as this as possible; 
gecond instead of transferring the load of the entire roof aad 
its covering to the main trusses (like the system of carpentry 
with ourlins), it uniformly distributed the load alons the a@- 
tire tov of the wall or eave wall: we emphasize the importance 
of that arrangement in Art. construction; it suffices to indi- 
cate here; third this new method permits the use of timbers 
of small dimensions relatively to their lenmsth, since each p 
princival or rafter was equally loaded, and thus to place at 
the ton of very hish gtructures carpentry very light in regard 
to the area covered. In making the internal piers of the sreat 
aaves more Slender, the constructors made the vaults very lig- 
ht; they must maturally seek to diminish the weight of the c 
carpentry intended to cover them, and especially to avoid dan- 
Serous inequalities in the weights of the upper parts of the 
structure. 

It is proper for us to sive an exact account of what forms 
she essential part of the carpentry of the roof combined with 
the method of pointed construction. We shall commence with the 
placing of these roofs on the eave walls or the tops of walls. 

tet A (7) be the top of the stone wall; two plates B B’ are 
set flat rather than sauare. G is the tiebeam of the main tr- 
uss fixed on the two plates by dovetails, as indicated at # 

2? in plan, so that the tiebeam holds the vlates pushed out- 
ward by the trussed supporting rafters. D is the block on wh- 
ich is fixed by mortise and tenon the trussed supportins raf- 
ter; this block is Sained to fit the two plates and so is held 
by them. F is the principal, ¢G the rafter. If the space betw- 
een the maim trusses *be tso Sreat, and if because of the span 
of the nave to be covered, it is feared that the two plates 
may bend at the middle, caused by the thrust of the rafters, 
two horizontal timbers H are vlaced between these vlates and 
transfer this thrust to the voints & fiked by the ends of the 
tiebeams. Struts I carry a part of the load of the principals 
or rafters to the inmer end of the blocks, and give a footings 
40 the large inclined timbers. areauently in sreat carpentry 
works, the feet of the princivals and rafters are connected by 
double tenons and mortises, as indicated by the detail K, so 
as to orevent the thrust from being exerted on the very narrow 
area of a single tenon, and als to orevent the torsion on th- 


phddatbehotace-suts ete T etuite efT .casdmit Isqtoniaq seeds 
918 (‘yeis isdtavt bas ,emsedett bos edoold edt ct enomed ofduch 
fedneestos1 es .etstter bos eleotoniag sesdt otnk fexod evenis 
atoof{d se evad sisiter fas elsatoniag sit neve eomitemce .J ts 
pisdmis edit unminetasw duodéiiw unized eiddy ot dioeb s1om evid of 
‘egéddte sis I edwate od? Mw [ieteh edd vd awede ef toold eins 
sdt-nt :% .88% ni beteotbri es besifont vilédeile ww L[sorsaev 
emtete gest sii ts cenit edd eeocgo asived vedd ncidieod ses! 
‘otom oft <toor edd asdeste edt iusdtin® .alscionias 10 exstte1 
ot *Bsiaobsa eneom sdT «lsoisiev sdt dosouacs etuade edi ylisen 
te Lfiweeno bes .aword [low si etoorur)eds To yitasqiso edd tee 
eicetinois yd fetqeces meteye ferensh edd boetershus vliese 
Molteutienos efi ni yiudtuso di &f eft to Sninniesd edt wort 
pies ve ig eetcor tss1h aisdt te 
-neaiso tgesifuse eft Io smo Yo olomexs ne es sisi asdd an sed 
‘Sw gods .eiasd to°emeG sito Yo aiedo edd to tedé .etoor yd 
~seutt yisnibio encivsiteulif to 1sdmen Ifeme s nmicewed Iflede 
@ edtcesvineS s8fd .qid s bae erstiay anidacaque Pseeusd .as 
e1s eseanit miam etl steverdo sdé exeveo tedt paid odd Yo aslo 
=-fo1g “[einosined sit etnszeiq asia efi to A shire efT .S5slance 
sit; [iswisia svods-esenioidd edt to hus eete{o sdé to noisos 
~emad [sibet yiémize efs to notsoetor [stoosiaed edd ei & ebie 
sqidiedséito "OD eens aism°*sdd to noisevets eds ei © .bIF .e18d 
- ows Bas *f elsotontig tecih sdv Sfdieiv sas noissvels eids af 
oninisiaiem 10% ensem Intaewoo s esw eid? .7 elsctoniaza youol 
-fidtasite Orivit act foe enslq Isoitasy esi ai 8 teoebnid sat 
eisaionize "edt etoennos H meed ralf[oo Seri? edt .eaenad eft oF 
T mesd salico*bncess si? .teogenit edd bons elsoionixa ashns 
neswisd eisdrit suse sd¢ onitosnnoo eisdmis cwt To beeoomoo ei 
gienet bas seidtom yd etoennco ¥ msed asfloo bridd ad? .meds 
of Baud ef J mssdeis ofT .elscioniae owt odd Bae Jeoatait edd 
~ows yd baoose (eyed bns MW ersdmis ond vd gedit .deodanid eds 
-di2 edd co eyed yo Bled seivext! Wielsoisrev sidvob to siise 
-m it to eiiso tedto ow? .mssdisifoo geitt edt no boe eleatonisze 
‘atin eleotomiaqdeds toennoo bas etuate foe eft sosfasy 0 e1sd 
‘es astenett 9 esosid noituecet0 tc eesoxs os 2A emsedeis snd 
{few sit tenieds eteog of mssdsis sid to tdbiow sat to tas¢ 
sis yeds conte gelfaw odd denists senast Jonnso esosad seedT 
eid to sinxg4? ofT .coecstssyd Saiylt Issietze edd ts bsoslfa 
‘O8S {feoadott edd yd fecaote neds eit eswtt eidd Yo eléatontre 


11 
these principal timbers. The struts I are also connected by 
double tenons to the blocks and tiebeams, and further they are 
always boxed into these princivals and rafters, ag represented 
at L. Sometimes even the principals and rafters have a block 
to give more depth to this boxing without weakenink the timber; 
this block is shown by the detail M. The struts I are either 
vertical or slightly inclined as indicated in Fis. 7; in the 
last position they better oppose the thrust at the feet of the 
rafters or vrincivals. Further the steeper the roof, the more 
nearly the struts aporoach the vertical. The means adopted to 
set the carpentry of the roofs is well known, and one will e 
easily understand the Seneral system accepted by architects 
from the beginnings of the 13 th cemtury in the construction 
of their sreat roofs. 

Let us then take as an example of ome of the earliest carpen- 
try roofs, that of the choir of Notre Dame of Paris, thus we 
shall have in a small number of illustrations ordinary truss- 
es, trussed supporting rafters and a hip. Fig. 8 gives the op 
plan of tke hiv, that covers the chevet. The main trusses are 
coupled. The side A of the olan oresents the horizontal proj- 
ection of the ovlates and of the thickness above the wall; the 
side B is the horizontal projection of the orimary radial tim=— 
pers. Fig. 9 is the elevation of the main truss Qfof theihip. 
In this elevation are visible the sreat vrincipals # and two 
lower vrincivals F. This was a powerful means for maintainins 
the kingpost G in its vertical plane and for sivins strensth 
to the truss. The first collar beam 4 connects the vrincipals, 
under principals and the kingpost. The second collar beam T 
is composed of two timbers connecting the same timbers between 
them. The third collar beam K connects by mortise and tenon 
the kingpost and the two principals. The tiebeam L is huns to 
the kingpost, first by two timbers and keys, second by two 
pairs of double verticals.W likewise held by keys on the sub- 
orincipvals and on the first collarbeam. Two other vairs of tinm- 
pers 9 replace the end struts and connect thenprincivals with 
the tiebeam. As an excess of precaution braces P transfer a 
part of the weisht of the tiebeam to posts against the wall. 
These braces cannot thrust against the walls, since they are 
placed at. the external flying buttresses. The fhexure of the 
principals of this truss is them stooped by the kingpost, the 


rey gf 

polssmicteh on aud? .9 amasd eft bnew ¥ elsottiev to etise ows 
- go .penrt odd toimiot elonsias daesxe eft ni berset ed et 21 
~tes edt to ebnes sit god efi da oxnivisosa eeuit aid’s 21 sisdd 
-etedt won: 7@ .8f4 ot nslo sadd vd nwode es tevedo sd3 Yo aisd 
test ot smoo dads  euistiaa eds Lis yd teneets seuasd sew weurd 
edit sveel ot yiseesoen omeosd $f fehie sno de deoutnix edi no 
yleuebash eidt hebiove erstneciso edd wod set .enela Isokiaev 
=xe Isaihuditnol sit no toot edd to aoitose end eevib Of sbi 
nevi ei noitevels ccodw cenit nism edd ei 8 .tevedo edi to ef 
vletidentats tude cif sii Yo exetier eft [fis 8 d& 3C .8IS nt 
beorsiq exsinsdiso odt*, 2.9 Isoitisy edd oi gi oisiniasn of .c0d 
‘edd ao etest ge1it edT .F VU T essdmit henifoni gee1 sds 
-gW¥ets tutot*s xd baéoes edt of betosnnoo ef bre .7 te eesdala 
evatem d#tit edt to teootalsx edt to bus sdd eniot booose ed? 
‘sao0t Voniise eisdmis [seidaev od tniog tsdsd mort bone .eenst 
.feedeit s %6 ebne odd of sonsdeif Jse12 8 od Senidd sid vireo 
-So0ibnives .V eidd to esdoneid sdi eaibesige gnsveac OF Fa 08 
_petiogqane ausddiint et U0 T 19dmit benilonk eff .ff .8L% vd Ess 
-ob Snowe yd 8 Y eseooknid eeist ows fos O teootnid edd mesd 
-ftogedé: .UeTosedmist bentfoai sedt of eyed bas eiedmid bheidy 
strate seatt edd: betosnnco’ et ,isgtonftaa Qnoxte yisv s ei best 
bos ofd 6dt to sisttss edi to. sevadd edd dude od benttesh *o 
-81 e6T :2.0 onsfo Isoitisv eti ni eevost niem sid nistiniem o3 
--enottsnsioxs anol ca silvosd witmequse sidd to edisa toinies 
“gtitoed S18 Gid sdt Yo estaia asivotio sdf .boodersiay ed od 
-xe *sdt moat *Y este to 1teq a yo betacocve ‘CO sit s yd sosieo 
gs to enoisonont ofd elitint bos feldnob ai ¢add .settet Lei 
<0 Torsdmit benifont edé.to has sis catot si t0% ,Isqitoniye 
-al*reod bobustai (& .R8i%) od s emer? & etrccaue mesdsis eid 
siitnesedt t¢ tnemevom sdT .ersttex Isibsa deart edz sveiies 
-mfotedadds (OL .8it) th Beosid sdt yd bedreveta ef wisnsotso 
-iber fnooee oft ashow heosle sexs {stnositod edd Yo sets sid 
' 'nistouism enstisdiaso sdT .cenat sdi to eseootntx eft bas els 
w anied yidosors0 Jedd .esnsiq Leoitasv siedy ai erssiex sedi 
seid to yitnegiso edd [ls sxil ,eoifave bus sosioekbia tvodsty 
* 4 to enesm yd bednevexc ei etetias sdt to tarbned edt .docas 
obns ,‘foestd [size od yd bevetier e18 dedd .*2 esis beeiss 
for Oy BET To UW et]edmis Isoitiev sdt niof *¢ seis Selduobh sit 

<ensqise: to dae odd dtiw asilimet ¢d yer eno elstif rsevewo’ 


-%80 eidd ‘toretosteb sid sxinzooes of GIwotTish gon ef si yyas 


12 

two pairs of verticals N and the beams P.. Thus no deformation 
is to be feared in the great triangle forming the truss. But 
there is a hip truss receiving at its top the ends of the raf- 
ters of the chevet as shown by the plan in Fis. 3; now thet — 
truss was thrust agaenst by all the rafters that come to rest 
on the kingpost at one side! it became mecessary to leave its 
vertical plane. See how the carpenters avoided this danger. 
Fis. 10 sives the section of the roof on the longitudinal ax- 
is of the chevet. @ is the main truss whose elevation is siven 
in Fis. 9; at R all the rafters of the hip abut asainst its 
top.To maintain it in the vertical 4,S, the carpenters placed 
the great inclined timbers T U, V X. The first rests on the 
plates at T, and is connected to the second by a joint at V.. 
The second joins the end of the kinspost of the fifth main 
truss, and from that point two vertical timbers set in V form 
carry the thrust to a great distance to the ends of a tiebean, 
so as to prevent spreading the branches of this V, as imdica- 
ted by Fis. 11. The inclined timber T U is further supported 
from the kingpost Q and two false kinsposts Y Z by strong do- 
ubled timbers and keys. To that inclined timber T U, that in- 
dJeed is a very strons principal, is connected the three struts 
a* designed to abut the thrust of the rafters of the hio and 
to maintain the main truss in its vertical plane 9 S. The re- 
maining oarts of this carpentrw require no longs exolanations 
to be understood. The circular olates of the hiv are kept in 
place by a tie D’ supported by a pair of ties F’ from the ax- 
ial rafter, that is doubled and fulfils the functions of 2 
principal, for it joins the end of the inclined timber T U. 
This tiebeam supvorts a frame a boc (Fis. 8) intended to r 
relieve the first radial rafters. The movement of the entire 
carventrw is prevented by the braces H’ (Fis. 10), that join 
the ties of the horizontal axes placed under the second radi- 
als and the kingposts of the truss. The oak battens maintain 
the rafters in their vertical planes, that carpentry being w 
without ridsepiece and pourlins, like all the carpentry of that 
epoch. The bending of the rafters is prevented by means of r 
raised ties kK’, that are relieved by the axial ties R’, and 
the doubled ties P’ join the vertical timbers WN of Fié. 9. 

However little one may be familiar with the art of carpen- 
try, it is not difficult to recognize the defects of this car- 


eo 


ef 

‘eeeentd eft meowded motioennoo enoite on ef siedt yyitnsaiss 
~¥sew bus [leme cot sis tnemevom ineveic of Hbebnetnk sets ent 
‘esvitooetite as ni molfonnt teds Qatilitint ot taefosetts ed of | 
«$7 818 enotisd sdi nodw tedt (ef ti to Yooug ety bas .tesasm 
-téveq Bos eeeeuts aism sdt boed sdt dtiw evow neo soe ,bewom 
o¢ bedaobs ensem edT seniixueo anitiosave fseevat sit yfasive 
vito eb seootnid odd Fenieks sisiter edd to senadd odd teiess 
J to feubeddso odt to yidneaqieo edd yisewls SsY .insifsaxe os 
thode edt Yo tant sotte ersey Isieves betosis eqadisc .sfisd 
xlisivoisisq ‘ei ti du8 . dedt no daemevotcal sl{dsion esasesta 
-ep@sedd dodo emse eft to eric edt To sead edd Suiviute ni 
yd Sdowise ei eno tedt jeaetawoto eds to elbbim edt ai eseia 
-180 eft to sonetoe [eoitos1a edt yd yiieioeoee bes [lite end 
t eum sitice edd to cesd tadd bas ,yIwtnso di FI edd To e1stisa 
[fede ef iteotal de OFS toda enitefod act Petwarrs nsoed evad 
=e tso wolfot sk .sisdweele eidd o¢ aides oF Hoiesooo sved 
oe <dphdateantun as etnemevotcmi adt starteci lt bus. toot 
Zo: esseenuat to meseye edt ofni 

. benisd en to dowdo [exbentso eid to witnsaiso sdT 
Settled Budoee sit o¢ Bnoled of ‘bexssaos dotiw base .dfeh ont 
evo etnewevoromi teeit betuses te yisotl[s .yuwteso dt €F eft 
eo ferb)edieo eft to acitowidsnoo edd ai betdoohs meteye end 
6d ot esfoteis sutev cot vice eseeog ow viodsnndiotan jeiies 
-ssrtey 6d od ‘stom fd er taiT .erebesa ato of Ti evis oF olde 
-ysdle on beasttwe bad ti .teev eaew viimsoteo Jedd sersosd bss 
@ esions quate aviv selene ‘Ife ovew eisdmis edd fos ,evolts 
ebsaict wiidetieq bas 

-teh doidw .nscof ts int -6 te dowudo eft to yitnsaiso edT 
ent? s sevib enolensmib stersbom ni ,yasduso dd bf edt mort ee 
"te evin sh .dooce sadd ts vidneciso to dis ons Yo slamexs 
.n0ttsed Lenthutignol sit 8 ts bns motsoce seieveneis oft (Sr) 
fo «0 Sositc-cvbia ishav ns beeeseeoo yidnequso tedd ybsorh 
bled fas tedseshosd bovied exests1 edd to ebsed ond hedest doidw 
‘y odd vd Isteosticd toot et tleeti soeioe-ekbia eidT~.enia vd 
° Boe eeo1s e'wetbad VO eft .2 esosid edd bas 0 esosid-¥ seer 
db hivnevera Yo secaqisg edd sved cele asddésbo0t Hevisd esosid odd 
b edT .metene oridms ed¢ to bae eevetiat oft to wouddievo edd 
{sctonive edt of D Js bedosiss . sett Isotdiev belduoh seer 
“ete jevet nsboow yd msed isifoo edd os Bo ts bas esta nork yd 
| &M ta deoeknit edd ot Qnud ybsorle*.I ts wsedeit edt bebnso 


. 


13 

carpentry; there is no strong connection between the trusses: 
the ties intended to prevent movement are too small and weak 
to be effecient in fulfilling that fumction in an effective 
manner, and the proof of it is, that when the battens are re- 
moved, one cam move with the hand the main trusses and parti- 
cularly the trussed supporting purlins. The means adopted to 
resist the thrust of the rafters against the kinsgpost is only 
an expedient. Yet already the carpentry of the cathedral of P 
Paris, perhaps erected several years after that of the choir, 
presents notable improvement on that . But it is particularly 
in studying the base of the spire of the same church, that r 
rises in the middle of the crowning, that one is struck by t 
the skill and especially by the practical science of the car- 
penters of the 13 th century, and that base of the spire mus t 
have been arranged for hoisting about 1230 at latest. We shall 
have occasion to return to this elsewhere. We follow our sub- 
ject and illustrate the improvements successively introduced 
into the system of trusses. 

The carpentry of the cathedral church of Chartres, burned 
in 1836, and which appeared to belons to the second half of 
the 13 th century, already presented great improvements over 
the system adopted in the construction of the cathedral of 
Paris; unfortunately we posses only too vague sketches to be 
able to give it to our readers. That is the more to be resret- 
ted because that carpentry was vast, it had suffered no alter- 
ations, and the timbers were all squared with sharp ansles a 
and perfectly joined.. | 

The carpentry of the church of S. Ouen at Rouen, which dat- 
es from the 14 th cemtury, in moderate dimensions gives a fine 
example of the art of carpentry at that epoch. We give at A 
(12) the transverse section and at B the longitudinal section. 
iready that carpentry vossessed an under ridge-piece ©, on 
which rested the beads of the rafters halved together and held 
by pins. This ridge-piece itself is keot horizontal by the s 
great X-braces D and the braces #. The S. Andrew’s cross and 
the braces halved together also have the purpose of preventins 
the overthrow of the trusses and of the entire snstem. The ¢ 
great doubled vertical ties #7, attached at G to the vrincipal 
by iron pins and at H to the collar beam by wooden keys, sus- 
pended the tiebeam at I, already hung to the kinspost at M. T 


© @eoeid ‘edt enibeo! yd ersdmit Bnitnecese ecedd Yo sdetow od 
<onttg ‘eft to tnibned-sdt eseoqgo dett .j és denidd s edtexe X 
tedt ei ywitnsqiso eidd to ytiret{uoeo snO .daioo gedd Js fei 
<ofd odd niet ten ob etytta ated? bas erette1 eft to teat odd 
‘wetelq elduoh edd tud .modevo yisnifto eit oJ kaibrooes exo 
S°emesdsi¢ edt te ehne edt svisoe1 deii .esode edt no beosic 
.-Dieteb edi WV te eevih FL -Bi® sismi0t edt of bennigq ste bne 
teeidueb sd¢ ditw sinite foe eixsite1 edd to nolteennce sii to 
 § ensdmtt anibneoere belduob efg to elisdeh sit 9 te .estele 
formbati edd-ot mesdsit edd to moteneqeve to enaem sii C ta bus 
-"s0 sidt ait beyelome yvbeouls ak nork cedt ston Liste ef .te0q 
918 aes -ersdmis exegnner th reodt metest os © bnew Fe te yitres 
“°sebasd ossape dtin eniaq 

iriseane el aevef is —_ .€ to dotsdo sit to yudaeqiso sAT. 
bexetmedo ,feisspe yitoetuea sta eisdmid odd soaso Jsete ddin 
296 s2odu..atedmis antbnecese eidyob deeik edd jeolbus edt ts 
sesdd sensosd. .tvo howolfod eis (Sf .bE#) 9 de awode ous elist 
_» -evael od vaeeseoon ton sew di bow . seid es tos yine exsdmit 
«2 ts butt oW .eved edd oeewied digneste sifins aisnis asdt od 
Asasdo sdt to etinev eft revo bsosiq Toor yidnegiso 8 tems 
-fane teetest® eft ead doidw ,yiwtmeo sx ff edd To Ons odd de 
<fostiusa exert ditw betwooxe seiwedif ef tedd bus ,eldd of yo 
dw jemoinxes sicam bas tretsttib s1ew esidivoiltib edd do8 nol 
go seedt to eno Iesv0 yidnsciss Joe1s od Yieeseoen cev ti osdw 
«emteds to [sibedtso sit to tadd ws dowe slqmsxe t01 ,eeven 
-voo siline edd beyouteebh ertt 2. 1X sivod To nbiet siz ashsT 
bas eft tuode ts usne tlindes saw ti ysoitibs gest to onise 
* ned? .eotanines dé Ot sit Yo auinnidbsd sdv bne Ay @L sft To 
Yo esthiene edt ;xemilo edi herdose1 bad yidneiso te das odd 
ai pits toctrsa ot hetlaas yinslvoisisa exew erotowitenoeo sit 
_ cow Batoubots ds heviqis bed yodd? bus .erutostidores to donsad 
soktsuidmoo to weiv to tniog Eictows edd most eldsiismer .ex1 
-inetem teito yas osdt tedded tleedt inei hooW .noidueexs fas 
boa: .yisdneo dé Ft edd to enoliqoonco Isusdoetidors edd oc Is 
:se1ndowite suotaifen bane [ivio ai beyolame yfeentoig aaw ti 
bad on tapapennaty ifocge tedt de ti bedeinotes ed don biyode sno 
by. tt “dienes yw «[iije to esiteb toitease # henisite 

andes pideabhind fenibudignol s fas eetevensis 2 (bf) svib oW 
benbieeh sis eseenid ed? semied® te Isrbsdiso sdi to yrsneo1se - 
» wt C.02 bua oe.d wd F.1S medt evel gon dziw elunstas « m0 


an 
Sees te 


14 
The weisht of these suspendins timbers by loadings the braces 
K exerts a thrust at L, that opposes the bendins of the princ- 
ipal at that point. One peculiarity of this carpentry is, that 
the feet of the rafters and their struts do not join the blo- 
eks according to the ordinary custom, but the double plates 
placed on the shoes, that receive the ends of the tiebeams a 
and are pinned to the former. Fis. 13 dives at N the detail 
of the connection of the rafters and struts with the double 
plates, at P the details of the dowbled suspendins timbers F, 
and at 0 the meams of suspension of the tiebeam to the king- 
post.. We shall note that iron is already employed in this car- 
pentry at R and § to fasten the suspending timbers. These are 
pins with square heads. 

The carpentry of the church of S. Ouen at Rouen is executed 
with Sreat care’? the timbers are verfectly squared, chamfered 
at the angles; the great double suspendins timbers, whose de- 
tails are shown at P (Fig. 13) are hollowed out, because these 
timbers only act as ties, and it was not necessary to leave 
to them their entire strength between the keys. We find at S. 
Germer a carpentry roof placed over the vaults of the chapel, 
at the end of the 13 th century, which has the sreatest anal- 
osy to this, and that is likewise executed with rare perfect- 
ion. But the difficulties were different and more serious, wh 
when it was necessary to erect carpentry over one of these a 
naves, for example such ar that of the cathedral of Rheims. 
Under the reign of Louis XI, a fire destroyed the entire cov- 
ering of that edifice; it was rebuilt anew at about the end 
of the 15 th and the bedinnius of the 16 th centuries. Then 
the art of carpentry had reached its climax; the enerdsies of 
the constructors were particularly applied to perfect this b 
pranch of architecture, and they had arrived at vroducins wo- 
rks, remarkable from the twofold point of view of combination 
and execution. Wood lent itself better than any other materi- 
al to the architectural conceptions of the 15 th century, and 
it was profusely employed in civil and relisious structures; 
one should not be astonished if at that epoch, carpenters had 
attained a suverior desree of skill. 

We sive (14) a transverse and a longitudinal section of the 
carpentry of the cathedral of Rheims. The trusses are designed 
on a triangle with not less than 47.3 ft. b.se and 50.9 ft. 


4 


F 
é 


Je 
oF 


ee Om ©) © 4 BAY ion ds dec. (be) avi a Bao 
, e oe wT t a Q re | ae ee 
i ‘ Ve eas ev 


eff att 2.22 Yo one oved etedte: bus elsqiontag end jobusisls 
-de0gkotd edt to-eixs edd d&soudt shes ei noisooe Isnibstigae!s 
-dose enisyensis odd :9 A enil Betsobh edd ao ebem ei C ts tedg 
 guate se yd bstroqque enifung to ewor ond neowded ebsm ei not 
bus meedsid edt ot betoennco bas Lecionixea edt dteensd tee 5 
baidueb edt yd bebnscene ef teog eid? .H seca & to beed offi 
“sem yd yd R te sid edd ebneqene Peedi bne ,I elsaioniag-due 
‘betaothai es .evei meboow bas esit aniensd feiduebh ovd to en 
-sit owt cot eti te veviooes #1 .0 soitoee Isnifstisnol eft ai 
taequetelibemisini offi to woudduevoe edd dneveig dedd .M d eaged 
-aeqen edd mI .eeoexd-% bas esi? to easem vd yidneciso edd to 
-ide eddsyd betnsveta vino, ef erste: odd to caxelt eft Jase 
-edt tovefsaqioniag edd 10% eA .O emasd aelioo edi fas V ase 
6 etuate .f 9 emsed ael{oo owd yd bikixa sbsm ois vods ,eeudd 
‘to ebesd edt of bédoen0o .0 sosia-kebia-due 4 .T esoerd, fas 
-to,ebne: teqqu edd 10% duogqawe es eevise .eteougnid. dasae sdt 
sobu@<Vosoeta-sthixa-due bnoose A wasdteses bevied eredier edd 
-siq isotiuev aiedt oi eseensd odd Ye eaog edi nisteo1 esosid-K 
selbbim odd ts smaedeit odd bneceve eteogenid teott ef? .een 
-ecqevedmid ontboeaeve beldvob pact fo essem yd enscs atedt»te 
-*yatnsorso etdd [fe oT .eyet nehoow I[etevee yd ssitekod Sled 
ei tiegencienemib dserm edi od biskex déinv-;n01d on eser eno 
—utilepp a0oiveque to sis«heyolame exsdmis odd bas, .ddbil yiev 
gomt eteienoo dtensate edi [fk sheniet fuse beasupe aliostase 
ton exedmis oloate ni ets tedd, .I elsqionina~cse beldwob edd 
_sBeaenk \.8 besoxe. don ob eanotememiG .tnol..tt 9. nest ezol 
.envesss blo edd to .eni-8 so .exsdmit teebaol edd 10? sasuos 
f-qemied® to) lerbedtso edde to yrdasoiso, odd.nl tagbive ef 1 
elsqioniiq sid no tee ton ,bsyelame ybsotls o18, e0ifava dadd 
evsyvis® et [eqtoniaa edt to sost [eniedxs edd pmodt wofled. dud 
ney. emiods) te: evewlA .ex9diex1 odd to enelq Leniodxe edd ot 
enifana sat .,esseurd aneexrisd soneteib I[lsme edd ael soa ti 
(nl .etedter eff to ¢daisw edd tebsy ensoe aledd ni baed dddim 
‘f° Socanthned edd .dooae emse edt mort Snideb yastnsaiso asdi0 
-betneveta yiivifite bos asesetel ei enifaua edd 

. “eh Tegionita edt to nibsed edd jeenit oiem 8 od (22) ted 


. ocd th Ap penend’odt vd .S ;D msed rslfoo odd yd yt jhetoevere 


essivotbreqieq ‘A ,eosid odd :eved:owd si 8 BF enilavq alot isda 
-eosig at bled et ti eensosd .f aide Jenoso Ieaioniag edd od 


_ shdt eensoed,.S qisqionizg edt désened beoslo & Xoold. eds, xd 


15 
altitude; the primcipals amd rafters have one of 55.8 ft. The 
longitudinal section is ade through the axis of the kingpost; 
that at D is made on the dotted line A B; the transverse sect - 
ion is made between two rows of purlins supported by a strut 
G set beneath the vrincipal and connected to the tiebeam and 
the head of a post H. This post is suspended by the doubled 
sub-principals I, and itself suspends the tie at K by by mea- 
ns of two doubled hanging ties and wooden keys, as indicated 
in the longitudinal section D. It receives at its top two tie- 
beams L M, that prevent the overthrow of the intermediate part 
of the carpentry by means of ties and X-braces.. In the wpver 
part the flexure of the rafters is only prevented by the str- 
uts WN and the collar beams 0. As for the principals of the 
truss, they are made rigid by two collar beams P R, struts $ 
and braces T.. A sub-rides-piece U, connected to the heads of 
the sreat kinsposts, serves as support for the upper ends of 
the rafters halved together. A second sub-ridse-piece V and 
¥-braces retain the toos of the trusses in their vertical pla- 
nes. The great kingposts suspend the tiebeams at the middle 
of their spans by means of lons doubled suspending timbers, 
held tosether by several wooden keys. In all this carpentry 
one sees mo iron; with regard to its great dimensions, it is 
very lisht, and the timbers employed are of superior quality, 
perfectln squared amd joined. All its strensth consists in t 
the doubled sub-vrimcipals I, that are in single timbers not 
less than 47.6 ft. lons. Dimensions do not exceed 3.7 ins. s 
square for the longest timbers, or 3 ins. of the old measure. 
Tt is evident in the carpentry of the cathedral of Rheims, t 
that purlins are already employed, not set on the princivals, 
put below them: the external face of the principal is always 
in the extermal plame of the rafters. Always at Rhefms,yere 
it not for the small distance between trusses, the ourlins 
might bend in their svans under the weisht of the rafters.In 
other carpentry datins from the same epoch, the bending of t 
the ourlins is foreseen and skilfully prevented. 

Let (15) be a main truss; the bending of the principal is 
prevented; i, by the collar beam 0; 2, by the braces A A’, t 
that join purlins B B in two bays; the brace A’ perpendicular 
to the vrincival cannot slip; 1, because it is held in place 
by the block # placed beneath the principal; 2, because it is 


é . ti a il ee - * 


~—Saeq eioA sostd aewol ed? .0 msed as{l0o belduch edt yd bier 
iite gsdt to soktoennoo ed¢ svodA .¥ tuxte odd yd bled yitos 
aéboow es vd bled eis eredmit notensoene sidvof .soaid edt bas 
q-eddinsewted nage edi ai masdels edi Bnsaewe seeds bos . yar 
eft dtiw HB ts betosanoo esosid stisd .deoctnid edt bas esitsio 
geseenit edt nosuted sotiasd mout eniluna edt snevers esosid 
vino ere fae sort yleaitae ers F se nwode eistte1 oft tad o8 
bibia toed: {I masd edd no Snites1 I emesd asi{[oo vd bestoenaoo 
<B8i9 ol es, es087d-X Isathuttanci yd sosia-stbia-due edt sitl 
esvih 5 exedmis coieasaese Yo Ene © etwidve To meveve sit cbf 
-geaie ‘sid tot pyvitusqsso eid? de gead afd oc ysilidgse dae7e 
/eedtd tedd ytntog edd otf ‘Gediw dose oxtfeidiuen ebeol has eer 
978 aan fae masdeis sdt siom edt .edos bsol edi e10m 
eboustii¢e 

empabieneen edt te {ieteh evitosqeise a et (eid CL) sash 
<tneseigs? si M tA .entfing tooshid aswol sit stiw esosid edd 
beakiesh © dowld est dsiw Isgioniie oft ef Vids tude edt be 
eiseloowd edt diiw sosid edt ef 2 te +A nilawa edt Juocane od 
woe of -vawa ‘nsto1d sd od Bomuees ef *T sosid edt .°*T T ecoard 
evods) vei ‘nShoow siedd dtiw ersdmts wolenscese sdt to'basd edt 
«tei eft eve Vots ssoaud edt diiw duite sft Yo acitosnnon odd 
yitneqiss to tedmen tae vitnetottine s d¢in-teom sf .exst 
o dt Of odd to wmianited bone dt @l edd to bas sdd mort stoor 
» teelfeoxs ei tedt umsteye eids oo bomett hae onsth selintuso 
yiinsoxso edT witow edd sot easdmit ofdtil esrinpea yino bas 
-nized oft de ¢lindey (ersd¢o anoms ensimA to [e1hsdiso eft te 
<omevd bihiietasd endt ientiase eed pwistneo dd of edt to onte 
~tonita sdt ot welvotineqteq etuite sfd teniets esotid Yo ens 
-e@ e90e7d sdt Jetdow yvitmeciso shia! yiov ui ,eomiteme? .elsq 
. @ade trite enilaso edt acest tedé esosid sit yino son evisosy 
«fbn pamntonttecne edt eveif{et tadd esis bas etouse oels 
Or REG nt betso 

ss ssialaatas - ade sacanill ‘to meteye eidd dtedd sottonm Liiw en0. 
“sa daaamemaeaietaaene titdmevera to etsdasvhs sid ead oisks enil 
tydaeas #2? sooene “seretter edt {fe To bus aseenid ent 

- izeooone encint senor edd gniasveo yiosqiues to meteve ent 
-eiv dt nt hewolfot ei .bedsoibnt tet svsd ew tnemaolevel ev 
edt yd-betinper enoltsoitibom sistxeo dtiw gud ,yrdasouso eldi 
-stidows edt tedd betete vbsex{s evad of .moitsiocebh torasini 
eeoht yd yretaso dé St edt mort hetquovesig yiknoit2 sisw eso 


16 
held by the doubled collar beam D. The lower brace A is perf—- 
ectly held by the strut #. Above the connection of that strut 
and the brace, double suspension timbers are held by a wooden 
key, and these suspend the tiebeam in its span between the pd 
plates and the kinspost. bharge braces connected at 4H with the 
braces vorevent the purlins from bendins between the trussés, 
so that the rafters shown at K are entirely free and are only 
connected by collar beams I resting on the beam I, kept risid 
like the sub-ridge-piece by longitudinal X-braces, as in Fis, 
44. The system of struts F and of suspension timbers @ Sives 
Sreat stability to the base of this carpentry, for the stres- 
ges and loads neutralize each other to the point, that the 
more the load acts, the more the tiebeam and principals are 
stiffemed. 

dere (15 bis) is a perspective detail of the connectiomoof 
the braces with the lower bineoof purlins. At M is represent- 
ed the strut: at N is the principal with its block 0 designed 
to support the purlim R; at S is the brace with its two large 
praces T T’, the brace T’ is assumed to be broken away to show 
the head of the suspension timbers with their wooden key above 
she connection of the strut with the brace; at V are the raf- 
ters. We meet with a sufficiently great number of carpentry 
poofs from the end of the 15 th and besinnims of the 16 thc 
centuries drawn and framed on this system, that is excellent 
and only reauires little timbers for the work. The carventry 
of the cathedral of Amiens amons others, rebuilt at the besin- 
nins of the 16 th centurw, has purlins thus kept risid by me- 
ans of braces against the struts verpendicular to the orinci- 
pals. Sometimes, in very larse carpentry works, the braces r 
receive not only the braces that keep the purlins stiff, but 
also struts and ties, that relieve the architecture as indi- 
cated in Fis. 16. 

One will notice that this system of braces fixed to the pur- 
lins again has the advantage of preventing the weakenins of t 
the trusses and of all the rafters. 

The system of carpentry coverins the vaults, whose SuCccessi - 
ve development we have just indicated, is followed in the vis- 
ible carpentry, but with certain modifications required by the 
interior decoration. We have already stated that the archite- 
ets were strongly vreoccupied from the 12 th century by the 


a | vr 
3 tod: yeedoundo te eeven odd bus el{sd tsexk gnitivev to sebi 
si {bodtem sidt toobe of medd dimisa eysule gon bib esoiwoess 
eto ,sotuetxs odd no eeesetdind Saoude seddis bertupes tedé 
._ Seeeds to -eteuuds edd asienstt of bhebusini eseeeatind seiviy 
-ey tom biwoo @tostidowse ned¥ .eelets shite edd ekiedvo etluaev 
bee ddite>yeds. yedotads10 ofduni .onote ai esvan teeab edd iip 
(epveofennnd 2 te 4one7se0gs eft yatnsasso aiedd evi od Sdanor 
wort eldieiw esy doidw to dasa ,yisnegiso eidd si bos pile 
ateddy to eso10ece: edt [fs beyelgeibh exotonasenco edd .cidtin 
$€t-ets gatbeos1q yitnsqiso efdieiv dss1a on to wont oF .t1s 
eegadd enoteds tniteize eeott tad? efdsadetq ef ti tyistnso dé 
sdétestniog misdaso s ot bolIsoe1 Yoons1% to déu0o% edd of dooae 
foidw .eebe elibin eft to esotlitesd: evitimiag edt te yidesouss 
t woOlede holism vide stew Hoe nsee od oc emesdsid oft bewolls 
9 edt to even sit Toc yatweoiso edt elqmexe sot es .enbia odd 
edt nto ebnttnisg yo betesoosh yidoia ce .snieesM to Isibediss 
-q2ad eidsitedt .nodtobiotesd dom reddit bivode tI .eisedni 
elureds sataub betoe1e eaw snievoy to [sibedtso edt to yidas 
i iter0deh hetatec sti ni ti teds fos ,ylioil oi ensm10¥ edd Yo 
<e100M sid to dasisdt te: sonen{toi trebive yisv se efeet eno no 
-myededd qensideiadd dniaswhooo edd fo Anow odd ecel on ef ai 
e et s1edT .oxedd baocds edoefdue be1ese bos eoaubit [soiled 
~ntvetd ni eldieiv yitneqise edd dsdi eveiled ot noesss yisvs 
yao .© to esdowwdo edt to seven sesv eid sisveo doidw .1oiisd 
_o%0! bos (need to snnelst® .2 to bas stiniaT edd Io .emied# Yo 
m bed .er)edto Snome Soeldne of dévorcdieted to ferbeddeo edd 
entese to Isibedtso.sdt lo yasneqiso edd dédiw enolisier yorw 
Ins elsctonizg sid: to noiteni{oni,;edd .betoobs meteve end x01 
-osi moo to bisit edd onistetme seodsiW .noitesqiooeb saciredak od 
_-a@itso eit to yidneqiso odt to efomexs tadd no beesd dad .eand 
_stmo1g omo® eteoibniv nso sw .supiny eqsdie0 f snietey to Isak 
‘nem10k odd wod! booteqsfax ed ot eevso [lin dedd .etniog taon 
sobliesd svivimiae sit to yitneateo sit esfosoigas yitneqiss 
Moto: Isrbsdteo sd? Yo yidmeqiso edT .1eTtib veds tedw oi hoe 
_ovoqdaseos ts son eeeevat to esinse s Yo edeienoo ylno snieesh 
*eSo) bas te{t boost. emesdeis to beeoamco ,esidmeo no .tt $6 
 =vad) dud seoubnit dvoddiw elesaioniyg owt Yo .snoienemibh ehasl 
-sostasshbhia eft woled esendoin omeadxe to aniliso Iisme 2 eni 
no flaw edt So cot sit bns dstit nsowded Sniliso benifoni siT 
esolo entiavg to: eetise s to besoomoo ef Lecionizaag edd to soot 


17 

idea of vaulting sreat halls and the naves of churches; butr 

resources did not always permit them to adopt this method, 
that required either strong buttresses on the exterior, or f 
flying buttresses intemded to transfer the thrusts of these 
vaults outside the side aisles. When architects could not va- 
ult the great naves in stone, ruuble or bricks, they still s 
gousht to give their carpentry the appearance of a tuanel va- 
ult: and im this carpentry, part of which was visible from w 
within, the constructors displayed all the resources of their 
art. We know of no great visible carpentry preceding the 13 
th century: it is probable that those existing before that e 
epoch in the North of Brance, recalled to a certain point the 
carpentry of the primitive basilicas of the middle adses, which 
allowed the tiebeams to be seen and were’ontv cetled below t 
the ridge, as for example the carpentry of the nave of the c 
cathedral of Messina, so richly decorated by paintings in the 
interior. It should further not be forgotten, that this carp- 
entry of the cathedral of Messina was erected during the rule 
of the Normans in Sicily, and that if in its painted decorati - 
on one feels a very evident influence of the art of the Moors, 
it is no less the work of the conguerins Christians; that sym- 
bolical fisures and secred subjects abound there. There is e 
every reason to believe that the carpentry visible in the in- 
terior, which covers the vast naves of the churches of S. Remy 
ef Rheims, of the Trinite and of S. Htienne of Caen, and of 
the cathedral of peterborough im fndsland amons others, had m 
many relations with the carpentry of the cathedral of Messina, 
for the system adopted, the incliaation of the principals ami 
the anterior decoration. Without entering the field of conjec- 
ture, but based on that examole of the carpentry of the cath - 
dral of wessina, - perhaps unique, we can indicate some promi- 
nent points, that will cause to be understood how the Norman 
carpentry approaches the caroentry of the vorimitive basilica, 
and in what they differ. The carpentry of the cathedral of M 
Messina only consists of a series of trusses not far apart, 
3.2 ft. on centres, composed of tiebeams vlaced flat and of 
large dimensions, of two princivals without kingpost but hav- 
ing a small ceilins of extreme richness below the ridse-piece. 
The inclined ceiling between that and the too of the wall or 
foot of the principal is composed of a series of pourlins close 


weg eee eS ee els ial 


er 
» ‘gntvieses .sedteros helisn ebrsod avo? yd bhesolons asdiésbod 
(os gpkdd seuso o¢ -yase2soen ef eivdit A .eslid bne enetiad siduot 
2 sved emsodets: ed? .(<t) bootexehas ed o¢ meseye slomie yuev 
2.8) enotenemth exomione atedé te. snvooos ne i.tt o.dh Yo nece 
-sifex ets yodT .betosf[teh yidiense ton svsed vedi (ent .YL x 
bas sedierxod fsvlad c1s eleqioniza eAT .eisdi0oo yd. asgqe wi bev 
| tdbien odd yd enela aiedd ai bentsinism ois bes .got de fheania 
| ~,esedmi¢ anigasd elduob yd bebnegene 0 Bnilico eltsil edt to 
| ‘-Biwow doidw .sirsttes fos entiaso to dtash edd biove oft es oF 
| -ép bevorg ew es ,lilew edd to eeeniotds tesie & berivoss sved 
| » eft heddimossved etedneqrso edt ..da4 eidd Yo Sninatihed edt 
| -niag edd eeoroe) (f entilang) eredte1 edd dee svsd bas ,enilaso 
sec~@ Sots bas ovitosqeie0 ni A te ewode Vi .bif avo es .elsato 
edt bos eistisa edt ditw eewst 2 To dniwenh Iaoiavemcet odd 
se ectedds1 tocervettse1 ceeds sonst .sabhia ed disensd oniliso 
-nef-ehetted evisoss,ot bad retm0l om ,enifxvo Ilsme to eetise 
AItet ton binoo bain edi tedd etosio tneveigq os J68 .eeik dye 
~ob stew ysds .eaetisd seest neeuied selidt sit veboan senso od 
betsxotseg anied sono sewol sdt_.8f .ki¥ ni hetsoibnt es beldr 
sseidd Io stiae at sesvewed ;entiavo owt doses ossutied caste vd 
te fis .sottssoceb ni evitom yitsiq s emsosd Jedt noisvsrolies 
weds ot etextensaq ton blwoo wie sdi bas .fsisveo sisw edaiof, 
bevisos1 yieeitevensid beorsia enstied Isnietze off .10fasisi 
-JedT f yltem10t nemo yidedoic yisv .wolfod vshos .eslit od 
,<eefit edd to agile edt tnevera o¢ yaseesosn ois ensdisd eeo19 
boow edd» to nisik edd dtinv beais0c90 svsd ylieses blow sedi 
-coeti nt efomie oe .yasdasquso eidT .sqofe edd nwob tnibnodzs 
Soxd asenmem biboeloe geom sdt ni bedsacosh ef ,enoitsnidmoo 
-@hoekbia sdi wofed enifiso elsstil edt .aaibhliz bas tnidnisia 
-niotue bewollod ei bas exsttoo set2 to ewnor ows to hevoamos 
. @mext odd to seoasce off Bnitesitenea .eomobh eftstif Yo miot ond 
bos oiiico tedt eisvoo oitesm 10 stesa Yo dacecH Vl weit 0 
eovsel anisostoiq yistdeile diiw .bavorssedd mort bedosteh ei 
-1eq ek yztneqrso edéito dasa eid? .ednemsnio sldoweyencd Bae 
~stoemenzo beinisq dneoitingem oi bows snibikeiatideta ylisivois 
teatt' ds ef eno ,snieee to [sibsdtso edd eeiistse no dads oe 
edt foveixe edd tools betasiis eisttoo to ontl{ gedd yd xouase 
, segs edd) at oiseom dois edd ot eye sdd bel doidw bos ,soitibe 
_ bas elegiontig ec? .yisutonestedd revo bedeixe ylien10% tedd 
e10m exsiesdams o¢ Ii se .eenot tedish hevieoe: sved eyesisa 


18 
together enclosed by four boards nailed tosether, receiving 
dJouble battens and tiles. A figure is necessary to cause this 
very simple system to be understood (17). The tiebeams have a 
span of 46.9 ft.: on account of their enormous dimensions (31.5 
x 17.7 ins) they have not sensibly deflected. They are relie- 
ved im span by corbels. The principals are halved together and 
pinned at top, and are maintaimed in their plane by the weight 
of the little ceiling C suspended by double hansgins timbers. 
Jo as to avoid the depth of purlins and rafters, which would 
have required a great thickness of the wall, as we proved at 
the besinning of this Art., the carpenters have omitted the 
purlins, and have set the rafters (ourlins ?) across the prin- 
cipals, as our Fis. 17. shows at A in perspective and at By, 
the geometrical drawings of a truss with the rafters and the 
ceiling beneath the ridge. Hence these rafters or rather a 
series of small purlins, no longer had to receive battens len- 
Sth wise.. But to prevent cracks that the wind could not fail 
to cause under the tiles between these battens, they were do- 
abled as indicated in Fis. 18, the lower ones beins perforated 
by stars between each two purlins; however in spite of this 
perforation that bacame a vretty motive in decoration, all j 
joints were covered, and the air could not penetrate to the 
interior. The external battens placed transversely received 
the tiles, today hollow, very probably Roman formerly. ! The 
cross battens are necessary to vrevent the slip of the tiles, 
that would easily have occurred with the srain of the wood 
extending down the slope. This carpentry, so simple in its 
combinations, is decorated in the most splendid manner by 
ptaintins and sildins. The little ceilins below the ridse is 
composed of two rows of star coffers and is hollowed out in 
the form of little domes, pemetratins the spaces of the fram 
CG, Fig. 17. Bbsort of paste or mastic covers that ceilings and 
is detached from the<sround, with slightly projecting leaves 
and honeysuckle ornaments. This part of the carpentry is par- 
ticularly PiehsintSikding and in magnificent painted ornaments, 
so that on entering the cathedral of Messina, one is at first 
struck by that line of coffers arranged along the axis of the 
edifice, and which led the eye to the rich mosaic in the apse, 
that formerly existed over the’ sanctuary. The principals and 
rafters have received darker tones, as if to emphasize more 


--—sagyidesdedl dtiw berevoo [fe enifteo ascqs tsdt-to tobmeloe edd 
 . (san inded* dad) .ebnoors blob edt no eéniég seo bas edidw diiw bre 
yrso dtéw boow suoasest fo ef yutasqreo efiT 688 2g et Stox 
- -paod to .W-teu-Su0d'.8 Fo tod? .doves jo aeqodrsq ,asovs sait 
Lege 0 #ov«s0° %: «10489 Jo sow 
soanet to dtvou edt fo esonivorg sdi ws aged «AS og «kt SFOK 
te -migod sit twode Jitav sew af yétaaupst} s1sa@ aestéit nomok sit 
| ateylao ton foorg sit hava} svod ot .yrutnso At St sat Fo gad 
bauottws tod? ,aaéut sat ai bao atJuoe sdt no feud ,etsitsr sat 
-193 ssw efoor sat asdf .A90qg8 supssronod sat Fo esatfibs sat 
bp evo sTedt feY .yrutauea todte Fo sfbitm sat of qu fav} yifors 
; avod tod? ,at1oK% odd aé Spoor afdos sugesnoach fo tedHuRn 008 
| geno tont ad shosu od of aoddf aomod sit TOF sqoéa o tasts cot 
 ‘euggeomate ¢ e(ativt atta) weetit tosp serves Ssyolqrs s¢ you 
-oste1 eioetidows edd yyivines dd Sf edd to elbbim efi syodA 
| ome to ytieesoen edd sist yeds ‘yidnearso Yo meteve sadd bed 
fbas ybentside yitess siom suotetsdd ,eisdmit asifeme snivol 
-,eit evit o¢ yiseesosn saw fi .eusdmit aseesl Soien ;astderl 
sebas bned ton idbim«vedt jsdt .notsentioni asiee18 eiscisnitza 
esintouiie yidnsoiso desta ni for .antusveo sii Io tdbiew edz 
tqeex% .ensce thedt to slbbim eft ts emsedsit edd bnegene os 
Ifee s hentats: yitosarss sid sisfw .esonivoid nisdrvoe sAg ni 
Yo fas'sit ts boeiand has soner¥ oi sisdiwyisvs .nottentlont 
-tusciso sldiaiv to mefeve edd beitibom saw yintneos di Ck edd 
-yindesm to moivositenco to medeye edt bsdnsdo need hsd ss . vt 
s“notloimes yd beosiass s1isw aetettese1 bedisede fue etnifiso sid 
Beso to ‘ot ‘eméedsit edt eriwolis .seatliso [ennns bedneca 10 asf 
-t001 sdi to tdtied edt nidvin bseiaqmoo bns ,esesd aiedt ts 
~en00 "sis “bebiove ¢i seveosd ..[soimonoos yisv eew mosveye eisnT 
god yrddesosn Sseesittud edd yyrncesm ni -ediusv te noitound 
+imomoo ,eosce bebufoni snd fis eeol ton bib siv-bas ywodt tude 
to sabia oft bas et iusv seeds assuted esoitkbhs hetiusv ai hee 
ait etood eid 
eB sag iiseedan’ ne os seuso o¢ soittoes [fiw eslemaxe wet A 
betaiod to altiiae odd ts bstaobs yisnequses sidieiv to meseve 
fo Bue edd ts vind bees od o¢ bsesoo ted? bus ,sintostidots 
‘bentdmoo teed sdt te eno tosise [Isde sW .yistaso dt dt ed¢ 
-udneo dt Pf sdé Yo sibbim oft mort estebh doidw  testdeif bos 
-~cweviae blovediste [isd teow eft Yo yrdmeaiss sid ef eidd {v1 
tha opnortidoetere odd 'yd bsern yskos: .stxexuA to sostsa Isa 


ter. | ; ‘, 


19 
the splendor of that upper ceiling all covered with light blue 
and with white and rose tints on the gold srounds. (Art. Peinture). 

Note Le po 23. This carpentry is of resinous wood with very 
fine grain, perhaps of Larch. Thor of S. Paul-w-t-W. at Rome 
was of cedar. 

Note te Pe Zhe Boen in the provinces of the Korth of France, 
the Rowon tities were frequently nH use wntil soout the vesim — 
vad of the 12 th century. Ke hove found the proof not only in 
the reliefs, wut on the vaults ond in the ruins, thot surround 
she edifices of the Romonesaue epoch. Then the roofs were gen- 
erarryy TVar wo to the widdle of that century. Yet. there are o 
$0008 nunvoer of Romanesque gave roofs in the North, that have 
Soo Sreart o slope for the Rowon ties to be used, Ww thot case 
moy be ewmployed Lorde flat tiles. (art. Twive). 

About the middle of the 12 th century, the architects rejec- 
ted that system of carpentry; they felt the necessity of emp- 
loyins smaller timbers, therefore more easily obtained, andl 
lighter; using lesser timbers, it was necessary to sive the 
principals sreater inclination, that they misht not bend under 
the weisht of the covering, and in sreat carventry structures 
to suspend the tiebeams at the middle of their spans. Except 
in the southern provinces, where the carpentry retained a sm1l 
inclination, everywhere in France and Hnsland at the end of 
the 12 th century was modified the system of visible carpent- 
ry, as had been changed the system of construction of masonry: 
the ceilings and sheathed rafters were replaced by semicircu- 
lar or voented tunnel ceilings, allowins the tiebeams to cross 
at their bases, and comprised within the height of the roof. 
This system was very economical, because it avoided the cons- 
truction of vaults in masonry, the buttresses necessary to a 
abut them, and it did not lose all the included space, compri - 
ged in vaulted edifices between these vaults and the ridge of 
the roof. 

A few examples will suffice to cause to be understood thes 
system of visible carpentry adopted at the origin of pointed 
architecture, and that ceased to be used only at the end of 
the 16 th century. We shall select one of the best combined 
and lightast, which dates from the middle of the 13 th centu- 
ry; this is the carpentry of the great hall of the old episa@- 
pal palace of Auxerre, today used by the prefect. 


parte ea, ane eee ols A 


a | os 
. egaitiso yo botosonoo wor et yttasqroo efAf 188 sq sk Stox 
~ aotesy ead. bao cite ei sé £% ts¥ .saattitqdvsg foarsind ge bao 
SHESIBO: «S7sdvytsvs. yitoea bailiso eté 
meodsid sit seswhed :eeeentt sdd to eno tneeorg ew (PL) & tA 
-fide D eavino to esivee s sidieiv ose G mesd asfloo sit bre § 
qo ebused oft evieses od bebwedai exe doidw .bstoennco vilut 
gedmit asivorfoimse hetiitte ylédsile se onkacot ss0 to eaiase 
ts divsv ods dacoudt eoeasa dedt seoganid edd ei I de .dlvew 
sitoee {sntbattenol of? .msedsis eft ebnsceve bus eens dose 
s0onissoaque bheceusas to esiacee 8 bos Y Se eeuas & ewode F sO 
“@ @evio déiv msed asifoo e ose oved edia seedd [fA .5 edia 
-ate asboow dgilce sdT aD gs cewrd aiem sit Yo seodt elif sent. 
nwie es .eseenis bon edia edt to svawo dose oe belisn ere eat 
-q3e°oelse bua einiok edd asvoo etuibluom redisd sit Ene 8 ak 
-derooebh ret anivise omté smse odd gs .ehieni edin edd sentons 
eosigq-eshia edt jeseoodnid edd ot benedesi esosid-X Jeexd .n0i 
Sititne oft to dnemevom odd doevexa .J emesd aeffeo saz fne % 
6 M te ovis ef .eceenat edd to tatnindasvo sit Ens yasnsqies 
=<fetv eomoosd sit si]edw (seoamnit edt to [adiqao eds 3o Listek 
Sidate bos teil diod ei yrdaeqiso efdT .divev ond woled sid 
yitinenp sds°yino ei daow odd ni tedt .eee of yess ei Ji bne 
=-enomib sdT .ydiitdsde eti a02 yreaeesosn yletuloeds sedmis to 
¢ .sl{dieiv taeq odd oT .s018 geass! tisdt of beowbsa sis enos 
‘ysetomeib ent ¢@ yiac nottoee Isno’stoo ne esd tecotain sag 
Ov@ dud sie edit odd ,.ent ¥.8 * @.@ yino sae elsqioniae edt 
edit &nityoocue beesurd oft dotdw ai asnmem odd te8 wen \.b x 
a fo notinetia oft etiiem ylasi[votdaso Tiise sfhem sre 
~8I0F 
Go test edto,exoold ao 366 .medd' to sno etneseiget Of .df% 
masd° asifoo a ;¥ edia bevino yd bensdtanerwte sis ated tet edt 
anivied yd betoennoo sia 9 9 eisnotsibh ows bas .meds etosnnos 0 
-avirsdait edt svods sistte: edd ysde bos .msed asifoo edd od 
Sfansiat sat gneverq yedds dadé emis smee edd ds (fF te tle 
asivesi feel s 10 .bniv te sostte eft yd bemaotsh eaisd mod 
© .f noifoes fentbutitnol edd aT .t)edto sit asdt shie eno no 
| jetetts1 odd ddiw efsnoseibh edd to noitonst, sit & te esse sno 
to ebeseso odd dtin sistvedat som eeob nottonst sedt wod fee 
eid o1om On esw [fed eidT .eeoead-X [sntEodianol seer edd 
| -tidimse 6 yd bersvoo esn si ono sesth edd exif yebin .d9 T.él 
| «bits emesdsis sfdieiv déin vitnsetso nf onifies [ennnd asivo 


20 

Note te Pe 26. Phis carpentry Vs now concealed vy ceilings: . 
ond by Varternol partitions. Yet 1% is Va place and hos retam - 
LLS SeVvlLings nearly everywhere. 

At A (19) we present one of the trusses; between the tiebern 
B and the collar beam D are visible a series of curves © skil- 
fully connected, which are intended to receive the boards or 
strips of oak forming a slishtly stilted semicircular timber 
vault, at E is the kingpost that passes through the vault at 
each truss and susvemds the tiebeam. The lonsitudinal secti- 
on & shows a truss at F and a series of trussed supporting r 
ribs G. All these ribs have each a collar beam with curves a 
just like those of the main truss at Ca The split wooden str- 
ios are nailed on each curve of the ribs and trusses, as shown 
in 4, and the batten mouldings cover the joints and also str- 
ensthem the ribs inside, at the same time servims for decorat- 
ion. Great X-braces fastened to the kimsposts, the ridse-piece 
K and the collar beams L, vorevent the movement of the entire 
carpentry and the overturnins of the trusses. We Sive at Ma 
detail of the capital of the kingpost, where it becomes visi- 
ble below the vault.. This carpentry is both lisht and stable, 
and it is easy to see, that in the work is only the quantity 
of timber absolutely necessary for its stability. The dimens- 
ions are reduced to their least area. In the part visible, t 
the kingpost has an octagonal section only 5 ins. diameter; 
the princivals are only 5.5 x 4.7 ins., the ribs are but 5.0 
x 4.7 ings. Rut the mamner in which the trussed supportins ribs 
are made stiff particularly merits the attention of construc- 
tors. 

Pis.. 20 represents one of them. Set on blocks,othe feet of 
the rafters are strengthened by curved ribs N; a collar beam 
0 connects them,and two diagonals P P are connected by halving 
to the collar beam, and stay the rafters above the timber va- 
ult at RR, at the same time that they prevent the triansle 
from being deformed by the effect of wind, or a load heavier 
on one side than the other. In the lonsitudinal section &, o 
ome sees at 3 the junction of the diagonals with the rafters, 
and how that junction does not interfere with the vassase of - 
the Sreat londitud@inal X-braces. This hall was no more than 
15.7 ft. uide; like the great one it was covered by a semicir- 
eular tunnel cekling in carpentry with visible tiebeams and 


fie foe | te. Sooo eefomexe elds (LS) evid OW Veteoada it 


Batieisces heeevas edd To snd GF ss veevtt oism odd et A tA- 
=faediss edd Yo nottose [enibuditaol end ei O te bas .eredisy 
<5yW esniot edd 1svo enétied Aitw Aso to ebised ,eyewIs aA Ly 
-od sesd? .erettes bnew eseeust odd to esvino sii no belies 94 
-/ pea tetds iat @\e wittenibio sis dso sifce Yo satiate 10O ebis 
sia toot yainearss Fsexe sddi to seodT-.ceel somisemoe neve 
(SS) .8i7 ni bedsoibnt es hexeaos ets yort ;(Cf .8i7) stom son 
tatssivenea mort eslis eft ashau Snieeso haiw edd Saeverd od 
‘96 bait etdd to tnifiso Ieaase eldieiv eft Jud .10OlassHt sid 
‘“-tidemoe :itot asivovloimee edt oiled evyawis ton bib yadnsats9 
og ei yltaenpert s10m hue sfo1lo s to susmbet & vino ef ti ee 
OTS 227 -betaliog 

seh Otefvisv Yo downds odd To ‘yitnequso sidiefv adv ei fove 
~eiesdO Yaam mort eins doelse ef .(FS) svis ow jedi * ebasmtey 
e18 seis (gedela off to saemeansizs telvoitasa odd to seneosd © 
geasid Goold Bae (diasnsd Snied to bseetent maedelt edd no dee 
SO SHEE ni nvode es .dasbosa 8 At anidenimiss 0 evino odd aio 
-id 6d¢ Yo ebne odd 6t Benetest eovisensds Qated = exvester edt 
=[q edi of#s Bas, Ifisw sit To ebths asivo ond ehiedvo eeasa etoo 
edt Yo astéun sft faoqave ot hebnsial yilevey elsdioo te so8 
eidd fl .seso dnseeie odd ni ee .sheeeso on ead SE nedw ,tco4 
-niao ett svodsiW .¥ és meedeid edd beteoibrsi ovat sw SS .8iF 
wresviel to doide edd Yo vidneciso efT .toate edi bos Isofe 
ligts doidu of (€S .819 A ds sosia-sabia [autor ns eoeeseaca 
‘Ysodta-sthii-dse e ton bos eietts1 edt to efhne efd bonetest 
‘edd “Yo ‘wouddisvo sdT..yrdnegieo koibeosie edd to deom ai es 
yeffoo .teoaanit odd ni 9 te bexit esosid yd heineveda ef cor 
peesee .esteuit edd neewisd exedisi odT .sosigeotbia Bae emsed 
has esoeid .mesd asffeo & foss evsd estinso meswisd .gT f. BE 
=HO seddd moit asttib vedt (eceentd nism odd sail edia bevise 
-9180 eidT .mssdeit sit Ens seootnix eft to somseds edt vd vi 
fos ofaqmie yiev ei .sbiw 3 OFS oven a Brevoo tedd .yidne 
ebasod bevieoss yiismi0? ind ,yshot sued ess edia oft poldade 
OnE « | | Of .f8 to seodd sfil .emedted diiw 

bstoe%s lapdevoned dt BP Bos dt &f edd Yo erednecieo oft sey 
) evods devit seodd nedt elomie osom [fide yidnsorse efdieiv | 
[lide siohT.dt EBS OF O.€S to AFEIv 8 dtiw seven tevoo oF 
O%e ussl se to dowsdo elttil edt Yo even odd tevo eno eteixs 
eW .eeontdhil emeidxe vi ve bebnemmooes easdanee SeareNNe 


. Bee eepeernry YOROTS 4 onfoa o82 29 y sf @8Ox 


21 
kingposts. We sive (21) this example. 

At A is the main truss, at B one of the trussed sevaratins 
rafters, and at C is the longitudinal section of the carpent- 
ry. As always, boards of oak with battens over the joints we- 
re nailed on the curves of the trusses and rafters. These bo- 
ards or strips of split oak are ordinarily 3/3 in. thick and 
even sometimes less. Those of the sreat carpentry roof are 
not more (Fig. 19): they are tongued as indicated in Fis. 22, 
to prevent the wind passing under the tiles from penetrating 
the interior. But the visible tunnel ceilins of this kind of 
carpentry did not always take the semicircular form; sometim- 
es it is only @ sesment of a circle and more frequently is p 
pointed. 

Such is the visible carpentry of the church of Mauvisin near 
varnende; + that we give (23). We select this from many others, 
because of the particular arrangement of the plates, that ars 
set on the tiebeam instead of being beneath, and blocks C. tha t 
join the curve D terminating in a pendant, as shown in Fis. 24. 
The rafters #% beings themselves fastened to the ends of the bl- 
ocks pass outside the outer edge of the wall,and take the pl- 
ace of corbels usually intended to support the sutter of the 
roof, when it has mo passage, as in the oresent case. In this 
Fis. 24 we have indicated the tiebeam at F. Without its vrin- 
cipal and its strut. The carpentry of the church of Mauvesin 
possesses an actual ridse-piece at A, Fis. 23, to which are 
fastened the ends of the rafters and not a sub-ridse-piece, 
as in most of the vreceding carpentry. The overthrow of the 
roof is prevented by braces fixed at B in the kinspost, collar 
peams and ridge-piece. The rafters between the trusses, spaced 
14.1. ft. between centres have each a collar beam, braces and 
curved ribs like the main trusses; they differ from those on- 
ly by the absence of the kinspost and the tiebeam. This carp- 
entry, that covers a nave 23.0 ft. wide, is very simple and 
stable; the ribs are bare today, but formerly received boards 
with battens, like those of wis. 19. 

Yet the carventers of the 13 th and 14 th centuries erected 
visible carpentry still more simple than those Ssiven above, 
to cover naves with a width of 23.0 to 26.3 ft. There still 
exists one over the nave of the little church of S$. Jean of © 
G@halons-sur-Narne, recommended by its extreme lishtness. We 


unin giao ted, 4 Teacccoe sas ne yar veins evi 
| wie ben phthersitve ems saedT wenstien ‘ots to eno 

t dnibfiso nosis: fhetniog ot e15h .0 ediv edd bus 0 D 
shire ot ieocae 0 81d 089, sitin eolouto to gorse owd to hee 
. whe ong Pugs! Jteoghnit edt 

t099k edt dtéw nworh wed Bod yrtweqtoo Stat 68 4G eb 9foK # 
e erro eow ode ,xuosbreg to tostédoto .xvol_ om Ys STOO, FO 
4 / tena jo 6n9. eft wort satoh xvow eéat .dotsvHe efd eu bres ot 

_ Lind: fran si’ oytwtneo at 

© Jaqvoeios: evotide pis td edt to elisa. deen edd ni sew dT 

_— edbbitm edd fo exreinecieo et dedd .weoliibes offduq has anpaian 
: — powte: asomoren eft Ifs velentb: ot bolls, ylisioscee etsw seks 
ees besevoo tesv s heaolous eonshices [sbuet, dosk die aieds 
7. — sedn, ,settingeloe edt te anigedtss wt [isd s ee bovase tend 
at, J fenevnco of asdw .enidert Yo etdbian eid beeiowexs biol edt 
 Bhoe: eis af dase elas od to elavitest rot tedtie .eleesav eid 
ae git to LIet teouh sid yehete to emit al .teido yvistilio « es | 
co nines ent of seesiont ne 10% Raibbol s es beviee oels slieso 
diem avo stil .ebsnemoras coals esw ti gosed te emis ai jn0e 
ss eeedt yifersne> .coiteut te eeoelsq nxshom od befbs elisd ci 
ate, batdd, odd. neve 10 bnooes sfd ni betautie siew efled teeab 
bar _ecnba eldste ,eenotetoste & es &ainiee yrole bavowb ofd .yI0 

c _ toon e vd hesevoo vino Roies .emis te cksiode 10% bne ,yto 
K A a dealatl xd boneddeneate dnied tom s{teso sid to el{few edd bra 
elie eeett ,eenoteb odd déin besetiedat eved blvow doidw eee 
| ew _ belies etoor vitnsaise gneottintsm bed dud ,fedtwev don sis 

vi  edtomk emrote odd tentsge s9edlede etse « Saimiod .yllenisioi 
i mer® Lis ¥ : -sistigennss 
i) pean Iied tss1% eth bed eined ds boelei oft no eosleq edT 


OP Ge ey 
et: ) 


ae 


' ; 


Ss ul ee MOR Be no eniveet Sniliso divin {sonnd betcioa sidueb s yd. be 
ay — «Ren00, ,eikisinol to eelteso eiT .sefore vd bejoennoo exeig to 
7 onan yd bereveo elled deav beeesesog ,.ovo ,ehnotsiisi9 
7 i) 7 “_yadnecie eesdd) [le yledanudrotal .(usodsdO .d1A).vIdnsats0 
| -2d-vfa0 [fide teixe doidw seott bas .fsyoutesh won eas avior 
ia - edt toeoxrs [lade ow teY .xost bnoose eft to eelteso ot anol 
Py, ipeveeten to sesisq stneesig) .sreivio# to einueo edt to soeise 
pemhnbemenesen duti¢weed esti bonieter ead dads .(exeisiod to 
3, @b edd 30 gninniked ond most poteb doidw .isd Jserb edd 
) odd bas onsen to eoslsa etaodetddore edt ,yindneo 
eines AWB) oo Wlenere-f Jovectanene: sige ate 


Menanwet: “@ jo pain @ 9Nt 998 SE «G of ston 
Fe dh Re ~ 


oo. 


pt 


22 
sive one of the main trusses of that carpentry, at A and at B 
one of the rafters. These are only stiffened by two diagonals 
OG and the ribs D. Here the pointed timber ceilings is compo- 
sed of two arcs of circles with centres on opposite stdesOf 
the kinsgpost. 

Note 1. Pe 2B-e This corpentry has been Grown with the great- 
est care by we ghaux, architect at Bordeaux, who wos willing 
4o send us his sketch. This work dates frow the end of the 13 
TA CSENTUTY 

Tt was in the great halls of the castles, abbeys, episcopal 
palaces and public edifices, that the carpenters of the middle 
ages were especially called to display all the resources of 
their art. Hach feudal residence enclosed a vast covered area, 
that served as a hall for sgatherins at the solemnities, when 
the lord exercised his rights of justice, when he convened 
his vassals, either for festivals or to take part in his acts 
as a military chief. In time of siege, the great hall of the. 
castle also served as a lodgings for an increase to the garri- 
son; in time of peace it was also a promenade, like our wait- 
ims halls added to modern palaces of justice. Generally these 
dreat halls were situated in the second or even the third st- 
ory, the ground story serving as a storehouse, stable, refect- 
ory, and for storage of arms. Beiug only covered by a roof, 
and the walls of the castle not being strengthened by buttres- 
ses, which would have interfered with the defense, these halls 
were not vaulted, but had magnificent carpentry roofs ceiled 
internally, forming a safe shelter asainst the storms in the 
atmosphere. 

The palace on the island at Paris had its sreat hall cover- 
ed by a double pointed tunnel with ceiling restins on a row 
of piers connected by arches. The castles of Montarsis, Couwy, 
Pierrefonds, etc., possessed vast halls covered by visible ¢ 
carpentry.(Art. Chateau). Unfortunately all these carpentry 
works are now destroyed, and those which exist still only be- 
long to castles of the second rank. Yet we shall except the 
palace of the counts of Roitiers, (present palace of justice 
of Poitiers), that has retained its beautiful carpentry of t 
the sreat hall, which dates from the besinnins of the 15 th 
century, the archbishop’s palace of Rheims, and the palace of 
justice at Rouen.” exte 

Note 1. Pe 22. See the angroving of Du Cerceou representing 


' , ’ 


i 


ts 0D .esam potedes & aa knell nani AWAD 83 kode ae 
Aigip se antiene ao goadvade Yo. sanedott ou? kee oF +f FOX. 
ro a 19 ¢ suont slenbvion dt 82 sdé to gadaaiged sdt mor}? setok 
: ya auotroe teat Fo ehbeb ont chawransne ilite ef SP fey. cyous 
= ead. t« 0S: aleette dé 
— ) fe Lbbim edt To stouitinnailien to tu edd $0 eniemes seedt enoma- 
silt ete. etelomoe teom bos ¢deoblo .aniteeistal teom edd .eede 
_ eriol-n0-11 192 to-sitsso oft to [Iai teeth sdi to yvitnequso 
‘hed: teox. odT Jyrudase dt bf odd To bae odd mort estab doidw 
2.08 #8 yuete déisct odd at fedentie ef yiin® Yo siveso edd To 
i, Ye msteye s ylouline ei ti jsis00 edt to bevo1g edd evods sft 
ss BHoL is emwo1o dedt booterebas yidexinahe .hoow si solsonisasos 
dtiw encitslocisosm yd bebastsh weitonide beiti¢act ebiw bans 
_,eutod eft no waidooL ebie Isaretxs eft .di bavowe yrelise « 
Yoen. et: ; . stisoe sdt To ebie ods fre 
.vatssois0. seus to nokioes seisvensis (dS) edd teatt evils sii 
\ }) 4S ceed {fed sit to emesd s0c0lt off aniti0o;qna eishiik AT 
ss ggedBsttsOs0@ to mage s ewad Bus skin .sni Y.0r wd cosh: .eni 
i edt txon obie edi 00 «8 efedico emose yd beveiles ots er1sbiis 
o eit oo ¢ait: .0 otelg sexit edd svicoet efedyoo iasfiie Javos 
«geared otele eidd  lfisw edt to qos edd so dee ei sbie ssén0 
 -Serenetela te wot buooes A webiw .eni @.0 yc cesh went 6.51 
ge bovine sus tedd .% eturwte edt sevieos enokensmib emas edd 
_ f00lt ‘edd to Level edt mort ered ier eft miot of ebne aisdt 
onifieo Ienyetni edd yd hemiret dows betatoa sid to oot eft od 
<fid oe oof fodmbet er Lisw edtetoolt ses edd evocA .tt €.8F Bf 
«se nédd (od2 258 to ddkiod g of eeeia bas .d7 f.€ to Bascvot 
r mort Lied desert edd etsieqee od eovise bas eeiéia owl esviso 
ss $ptofe bas encléslootdosm diiw bedetotwt yells? lewtsize odd 
«s,s Ssisqgdea emote s yd ackiedxs edt so beecle sus estisifek ont 
4 ~bensttide 5 ensed soisfl yd besevoo ots hos doidt).eni $.0L 
BG admit ont to teet odd edi ebient evive tedd eturte sldisil yd 
os owas eidt seve tivey betniog elstil s mr0t o¢ eB 08 .eTS 
— beesamco e186 GF efoold edt dedi sdom [iw on0 .(XListeb sof) 
1 edd to test edt bas etuide edt od bexit exedmid belduch to 
ah meee eeete \ ri foers s8 etelg tetv0 edd gniteine eiettet 
«sto stebeneo yatasoiso od ‘eted ageenid olam on ots euedT 
.: tad. yeteousabi stuodtiw ersftst anisicacne heeenis to eeiise s 


¥ 


_ ensed -asiloo ont ‘yd (TS uait) eldete obem et medeye exitos odd 


D ae : 


‘ee ehh pa 


ia 
7 
hy 


tee povd bre s(TS) a) esoeid~-X to noieesoone FS one deneWite Ss 


7 


23 
she Awtertor of that haVV. BL. Imp. d.Estawpes, Gol. Galler. 

Note Ze HY. 32. Phe *tieveams of the Last carpentry, which a 
Bates fron the beginning of the 16 th contury, hove veen curt 
aways, Yet Wt Vs STIVL preserved in spite of that serious wurt- 
VLVatvon. . 

Amons these remains of the art of carpentry of the middle 
ages, the most interesting, oldest and most complete, is the 
carpentry of the sreat hall of the castle of Sully-on-Loire, 
which dates from the end of the 14 th century. The sreat hall 
of the castle of Sully is situated in the fourth story at 46.9 
fic above the ground of the court; it is entirely a system of 
construction in wood, admirably understood, that crowns a long 
and wide fortified structure, defended by machicolations with 
a gallery around it, the external side looking on the Loire 
and the side of the court. 

We give first the (26) transverse section of that carpentry. 
The girders supportins the floor beams of the hall are 24.8 
ins. deep by 19.7 ims. wide and have a span of 39.0 ft. These 
Sirders are relieved by stone corbels B. On the side next the 
court other corbels receive the first plate 6, that on the o 
outer side is set on the top of the wall, this plate beins 
11.8 ims. deen by 9.5 ins. wide. A second row of plates D of 
the same dimensions receives the struts %, that are curved at 
their emds to join the rafters. From the level of the floor 
to the tov of the vointed arch formed by the internal ceilins 
is 33.5 ft. Above the last floor:the wall is reduced to a th- 
ickness of 3.1 ft. and rises to a height of 6.6 ft., then re- 
ceives two phates and serves to separate the sreat hall from 
the external gallery furnished with machicolations and slots. 
The galleries are closed on the exterior by a stone parapet 
10.2 ins. thick, and are covered by larse beams G stiffened 
by little struts that curve inside like the feet of the timb- 
ers, so as to form a little pointed vault over this gallery. 
(See detail X). One will note that the blocks P are composed 
of doubled timbers fixed to the struts and tbe feet of the r 
rafters entering the outer plate R. 

There are no main trusses here’? the carpentry consists of 
a series of trussed supporting rafters without kinsgposts; but 
the entire system is made stable (Fis. 27) by two collar beams 
K stiffened by a succession of X-braces L (27), and by sreat 


aa ee 


d hei on } 
aida. ms sp antoeai Dai, al ay 
+ eens oampeatery -sgole iatedt of anibiooos si)8d 


ie — gottestorg. edt [1tt etedter edd no beee{q abntiin® .eoela oi 
etn at ensia feationi sd¢ uo emsed beeeois anol sit te 
io feosae 918 eredter odT .estsla bee eaedied edt svieoey bins 
oldt ‘stino vienenesenco sis anotied edd bas .eeadneo ap «dt 
ee hevied ews eredist sit to shaed ef? so tiloe to 
 betdail esw [fed eid? sSontq~eobbia-due 8 no dee1 don nb bee 
Zi neato edi neswted esoeiq Isinosiaed ows agentsd eigmt0b yd. 
~ -oeRnisego yd bas .sottoee Lanthatinncl edt af V ts Seouboides 
nM etuate. cetedtat od? syunoeem to eliaw sidaa sit te ono ni sbem 
a : ems ce bas itelt dee .eui €.0 x @.\ yilwo eis emmed bevino fae 
—— nquso edd medt tadd emsee ci inoktacgoig si exsdmit seddo edd 
_ -feom edt Yo ¢daten odd ylmrotinn otudiaserh of Gd2vowe exsias 
heoeed esti sonbox ot bus .eliaw edt to ego edd so yIdnegres 
- bas. ehol ofamie eas atedmist eacdd (le ,reddan® -eldiezog es 
peace dtiw bos .s1s9o ¢ee1h déiw oxe sdi diin owed ,awee Jon 
-y9891q ¢ostieq aiedd anisiqzxe gait «(etod .¢34) sbevomer Lien 
 weyse ody yreeesoenny ei J] .esiundneo xia 10 evit tof soivay 
pb befisn ebised vd yilansedni béfieo ef yidasaiso sist tadd 
- bedsi0oceb ylisienes eis ebisod seesT .enesied déin eevavo edd 
t%o [led teeth eft oi nese od {lide ysm es dose .baituisg yd 
_ comaanegpehalagmmalite So fouwdo sdd ni .~notiG to eosf{sea Iaouh edt 
ry, tex to * a(ountoie?s .t1h)..ofe .nubwestedd 
"Reds live te oltese edd to Ifad dse12 edt Yo yatneaiso sdT 
 -saeisatonixa on eed ti es dent  ,aniisece yiseqoia .emesdeit on 
| _ogk ¢esel ts 10 ,sons7% ai dnemetcsiis [snoisesoxs os ei eid? 
at a=! ywiseesosn ef ti tu@ .er]ed es eseso wslvoisasa ai bavot ylao 
.s fadd: pfeottaev edt fosotges yleeolo er)stier edt dadt etste of 
wig go benetestietuade edd dedd yilenit bus .¢dbil yiev ei ti 
—- Yo. dewrlt odd Jeieor Bae enoise e1s 100ft edd evede tee etelo 
my ‘acs -tneaiso efdt to emsedsis edT “.eisteviwo aiedd yd eredtex odd 
ss edt pnooLB edt Yo erebaid avomsons edd vino tost of eis vt 
ee eibt ip ett. ei bey) -6{isw edt to bestas edd dneveig 
th OL {ok TE TE eidieby ese ot stdesh ew Vi 3nd 
pr --noo 20 motevels'te ensem yd bas, .emsodsid suodsiw benissaisa 
 ogiseegoen: eb ti ,bonimexe tevt ceeds wort Snsastiib eanoisoss 
feat _ sénwh eved detizal edt solsesoxre yd sedW .basfen8 ojni ob of 
ootem ee) i .emesdeid tim yatnegise tied? Yo.eseeurd edd bede 


ie 
cone | 
a Stan 
oe ol a4 ~- h >) ' 4 / : 5 i. ars 


: iif ae edd gistniem e1stiss edd to snsiq edt ai exoesd be 


24 
crossed braces M, notched one-third on the outside of the raf- 
ters according to their slope. Particularly these lons cross- 
ed braces in the plane of the rafters maintain the carpentry 
in place. Furrings placed om the rafters fill the projection 
of the longs crossed beams on the inclimed plane of the rafters 
and receive the battens and slates. The rafters are spaced 2.1 
ft. on centres, and the battens are conseauently auite thick, 
of split oak. The heads of the rafters are halved together a 
and da not rest on a sub-ridsge-piece. This hall was lishted 
by dormers between two horizontal pieces between the rafters, 
reproduced at N in the lonsitudinal section, and by openings 
made in one of the gable walls of masonry. The rafters, struts 
and curved beams are only 7.8 x 6.3 ims. set flat, and so are 
the other timbers in proportion! it seems that then the carp- 
enters sousht to distribute uniformly the weight of the roof 
carpentry on the tops of the walls, and to reduce it as much 
as possible. Purther, all these timbers are simole loss and 
not sawn, hewn with the axe with great care, and with the sap 
well removed. (Art. Bois). That explains their verfect preser- 
vation for five or six centuries. It is unnecessary to say, 
that this carpentry is ceiléd internally by boards nailed dn 
the curves with battens. These boards are senerally decorated 
by painting, such as may still be seen in the sreat hall of t 
the ducal palace of Dijon, in the church of S. Madelaine of 
Ghateaudun, etc. (Art. Peinture).. 

The carpentry of the sreat hall of the castle of Sully has 
no tiebeams, oroperly speaking, just as it has no principals. 
This is an exceptional arrangement in France, or at least is 
only found in particular cases as here. But it is necessary 
to state that the rafters closely approach the vertical, that 
it is very light, and finally that the struts fastened on the 
plate set above the floor are strong and resist the thrust of 
the rafters by their curvature. The tiebeams of this carpent- 
ry are in fact only the enormous girders of the floor, that 
prevent the spread of the walls. 

But if we desire to see visible carpentry, whose span is m 
maintained without tiebeams, and by means of a system of con- 
nections different from those just examined, it is necessary 
to go into Hnsland. When by exceotion the Hnslish have furni- 
shed the trusses of their carpentry with tiebeams, it seems 


7 ‘ie ae Pet ws Seen eae > oie | \ nak eae > 


_»>w-iasdmem tedt to noitvonst edt booseistan ton eved ysdt tedd 
\ %e anibsesce sit tneveta of ylno ei eword enoyisvs ee fotdw 
t mo tud .aniddon sreaque bivode mesdets odt Seleaiontag oft 
s (‘te seootalid edd mort betasccane sd of eboen ci yIstsnoo sit 
-eo06b Isvel vfisco1a bnied efi mo sect ynsaa evi Yo elhbim edt 
© baosfhn® ni ebett [fite end -eensd od to ytilidese edd eho 
t+ noideert dowe ai henidmos yauinso dt FI sit mort yisasaqzseo 
(geoq feyor odd homies) teoatnit edt esirocave mesdeis sit send 
_emsedetd edd seeo tidd oI .eeurd siides edt visnswneenoo bas 
taol e 10% sdéceb destsext edi déin ise asdmis ewomione as ef 
-onst edd doidw nit fetosis sas stoor yitnsor!eo done1T ai emit 
-fiv yvbsifoes bre hootexsban yidoetisa eau mssdsit edt to mois 
‘pybaami0W nievidsdoic bee sdoned eft to ebie asdio eft no efi 
-ow dT utacgowe s yloo mssdett edd ai Snisse ni beteieisa nom 
-ontiveds aot enoeee1 eid isvooeibh ot ex rot slwoittib sd blo 
eqsdte? .qtinoidns Ife mo1l swond slcoioniag efomie « to sons4 
esitinves eseds ni doidw ditw ywilttost edd mort emso vino tsedd 
semzot ffs ni bas enotenemib evoricee to eisdmist hexsoo10 esw 
S-eetebevadnsoise egodw .(ssidedaeS) yontedO ts [ied s oi sudT 
_¥ @ no eter yilodw seon{s tsdt toor s bait ew .CVSI od dosd 
egiet gost ni gedd bos .wew seecosh est toe .asbits sbisl yisew 
eft edrcqqne ti gedt emis omee end te mssdeit e to soslo sds 
aeyeco: ewidnectso sit to meteye siitns 
Isnthodienol edt 9 ts bas cenit niem s (eid VS) A te evre of 
<tst to lesiuge « to yino Besoames ei TT .2001 eidt to moisose 
-sd telfoo efT .esosid bos & emasd velloo diiw bedetoivsd esses 
aniayetensid D esoaid vd beveif[s1 % sisiq Qncive 8 no Jeei ems 
ie ag to measdstt edt mo beoala Bloeeti .C deotensit s ot ksol esi 
Desiae -& asb 
il ylbad ce ofv ,et0ctonisenoo sedt basterehaw ILiw sa0 
moetdt Yo bia tsk of sdduoe nissdsid sit to nofsonnt sdt boos 
Weolend edd tend .yintneo dt ar edd movt ese ew audT sisdmer 
t doidw ai etoor to vidssaise ni enoisenidmoo sdanoe enswaol, 
= asbon sd teom enoktsnidmoo sesiT .bsesetaqane ek mssdeit snd 
elbbim eft nt bsyofome yleistieo stew yedd wor .es yd beode 
/ yitasaiso edt bos .sone1T to dial edd bus yhnsmi0y ni ess 
_ -nudeent bouet Ifide 21 tedt ,2etivtnso dt ¢f bos dt bY eft te 
-anod to efoténiso nswick s mort bevireh ef ,fos{enT ak sonsh 
oufisen a0 Sfems ssostd sie1 vino bnit ew doidw to ,nolsouas 
etiwev yd yleviazcoove beosf{oe: need Bnived yidosatse eidd [le 


‘ 


25 
that they have not understood the function of that member, w 
which as everyone knows is only to prevent the spreadins of 
the principals, the tiebeam should support nothing, but on + 
the contrary it needs to be supported from the kinspost at 
the middle of its span; for on its being properly level depe- 
nds the stability of the truss. Ome still finds in #ndland c 
carpentry from the 13 th century combined in such fashion, t 
that the tiebeam suovorts the kindSpost (termed the royal post) 
and conseauently the entire truss. In this case the tiebeam 
is an enormous timber set with its sreatest depth. For a lons 
time in Prench carpentry roofs were erected in which the func- 
tion of the tiebeam was perfectly understood and applied, wh- 
ile on the other side of the Manche and probably in Normandy, 
men versisted in seeins in the tiebeam only a sunport. It wo- 
uld be difficult for us to discover the reasons for the isno- 
rance of a simple principle known from all antiquity. Perhaps 
that only came from the facility with which in those countries 
was orocured timbers of enormous dimensions and in 211 forms. 
Thas in a hall at Charney (Berkshire), whose carpentry dates 
pack to 1270, we find a roof that almost wholly rests on av 
very large dirder, set its deepest way, and that in fact takes 
the olace of a tiebeam at the same time,that it supports the 
entire system of the carpentry. 

We Sive at A (27 bis) a main truss and at B the lonsitudinal 
section of this roof. It is composed only of a series of raf- 
ters furnished with collar beams 2 and braces. The collar be- 
ams rest on a strons plate F relieved by braces © transferrins 
its load to a kinsfost D, itself placed on the tiebeam or sir- 
der #. 

Jne will understand that constructors, who so badly unders- 
tood the function of the tiebeam sousht to set rid of this a 
member. Thus we see from the 14 th century, that the Ansglo-N 
Normans sousht combinations in carpentry of roofs in which t 
the tiebeam is suppressed. These combinations must be under- 
stood by us, for they were certainly employed in the middle 
ages in Normandy and the North of Prance, and the carpentry 
of the 14 th and 15 th centuries, that is still found in abun- 
dance in Enéland, is derived from a Norman principle of cons- 
truction, of which we find only rare traces amons us, nearly 
all this carpentry havins been replaced successively by vaults 


p any: ve r ¥ 


. ’ 
ais ¥ : 
7 meh! ay 
' ! 


oa 


’ 
Ea ee 
«Bais yee 


ss Sete ethie 0d toad-ob of ofdanedutel: syrotuso-ét £2 eitincete 
 * ~“NSddeee°oe etom ess .esvitsviaeh oid wood of Ifew eyswle ei di 
, . kevesouasence to nolsnmedss edd Siasm bas ef{detismet yiev Sts 
<ht gddeie di (.d0A eidt Yo ontaniged eft da hedsse eved ew 2A 
~eoH-Ofend edd sads  bhevelame eredmist edt to enoiemsmih gees 
@ gt hetuosxs tads moxwd tedeintoideib geri? ef ysdnectseo nem 
qd nedt .eotavineo cs GL bus dé BL dd FL edt Aniiwh somes 
 —- « ypedsomitenco Laven of enoiseled Bnidiade tnived encitenidmos 
_ —- &sBhotto eho edt odnt beiniso noidoetreg e1s1 & yd yiisoit ins 
i edt ,yitneois0 eldieiv osmi0¥-olsok sii cl .ersdmid ont saink 
“same sdlod sesso ton esob ins .dasq sosticemi ne eyelea niixee 
-eosla bus eu ftiw sa dnebnecebst aoied le heetent yino sbeyol 
ddiw émaotebne bstoonnoo yletemitnt ai ti ,{eciomiia edd no be 
Sbtettear edt deer doidwno aAsowsmes? to daoe & ,eaelfiak 8 di 

ft boosveraban moseye etdéd stem (Lin olamaxe efqmie yiev A 
bavot fsebni ei seed edi de meodeist tuodtiw eenut etd? .(28) 
--weet sit gon et ti mend doiw evedmit aedio nesuded bediseni 
££ ‘(bas dé sfeedt orinvh beyoloms meteve @ to dud ,sonsso Yo sf 
: bos .bue efdieiv eiiv ts bevieo ei 4 dooid sdT .seiasduso dt Sf 
gnorte @ :tieddiw r9edéebot bewlen 8 eensica owd asewtsd bled ei 
_/ gebool s yd 0 Isatoniam edt o8! beaxit ef seeia ere ai % svise 
spo eid meewied ver ei 2 nilawo sewol edT «soins fennia noned 
evester bas evo edd yonob ylinest ei di pfeqiontsa bas evs 
seteon*# nifase secon sit .eeac ot. ti wolls o¢ fonisa auicd 
; -nixe sdt at boas G mssd aslfoo edd to boe eid ge duo cies s oi 
im -ttob Sido vd betsotbhni: dtosh edd.eved eresier ext end? .{[sato 
Mieoionine edd to shie setvo edd diiw dewft sis bos onil bs 
tennso elecionixa edi bos .nace .d3 \.\E yloo esd. eentd eis 
_jeufeoisoe ef doidw .eeviwo end tnimrotebh duoddiw dasce hesace 
_emsed tsifod eft to enonst edd 2oitsesd duotitiw bas .sidiezos 
g eesdt nedwitnG .benota [lew eve fos ddeneide Jessa eved doidv 
>. -aho hott ot ¢imoittib sesd eved bivow SI .1sdse18 Stow Bnece 
a peep fedt exstneotso namioV-olonA edT .soeig ofbnie s oi esv 
;  evebanidss: (Ck .8i8 mi betaotfnl ea asrido old evods eno ond 
“yaev aietdo ot es of .enoienomib tee1e esiedwid whedt svik od 
¢e eew BitOW yrdneqiso sesdsd to dnica Asew sAT .enones 2nowWe 
_©exsdais bus esviso to snoidsnidmoo yd yess ssw JT aod wisds 
‘ua tbibis toetase elsaioniac od svid of ,encienemib Jesih te 
sew ,cmesdsis to bie edt dvortin daeverq ot sIvotTIib esaw tedw 
G \ Sede eewes, wate to aor sit ds. soidenidmon edt to soidsoofeibh edt 


> < 
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26 

since the 13 th century. Beins umable to go back to principles, 
it is always well to know the derivatives, the more so as they 
are very remarkable and merit the attention of constructors. 
As we have stated at the beginnings of this Art., it issby the 
great dimensions of the timbers employed, that the Anslo-Nor- 
man caroentry is first distinguished from that executed in F 
France during the 13 th, 14 th and 15 th centuries, then by 
combinations having strikins relations to naval constructions, 
and finally by a rare perfection carried into the mode of je- 
ining the timbers. In the Anglo-Norman wisible carpentry, the 
purlin vlays an important part, and does not cease to be emp- 
loyed: only instead of being indevendent as with us and plac- 
ed on the orincipal, it is intimately comnected and forms with 
it a srillase, a sort of framework on which rest the rafters. 

A very simple example will make this system understood. + 
(23). This truss without tiebeam at its base, is indeed found 
inserted between other timbers with them; it is not the resu- 
1t of chance, but of a system employed durins the 13 th and 
14 th centuries. The block A is carved at its visible end, and 
is held between two places B halved tosether with it; a strons 
curve ~ in one piece is fixed to the princival © by a lons t 
tenon pinned twice. The lower purlin # is set between the cu- 
rve and principal: it is frankly done, the curve and rafters 
peins gained to allow it to vass. The uover pourlin &’ rests 
in a gain cut at the end of the collar beam % and in the prin- 
cipal. Thus the rafters have the deoth indicated by the dott- 
ed line and are flush with the outer side of the principal. 
This truss has only 17.7 ft. span, and its orincipals cannot 
spread apart without deformins the curves, which is scarcely 
possible, and without breaking the tenons of the collar beam, 
which have great strength and are well vinned. But when these 
spans were greater, it would have been difficult to find cur- 
ves in 3 single piece. The Anslo-Norman carpenters then used 
two, ome above the other as indicated in Pigs. 29, takings care 
to give their timbers sreat dimensions, so as to obtain very 
strong tenons. The weak point of these carpentry works was at 
their top. It was easy by combinations of curves and timbers 
of sreat dimensions, to give the principals perfect risidity; 
what was difficult to prevent without the aid of tiebeams, was 
the diskocation of the combination at the top of the truss yw 


BA Peides acuns eff fre -selsctonize ows oft Yo Satbesice 
(Fau0aoA 8M etSATOT of oh fo ¥row sit ss98 sVE og of stox 
Stodoéa of I. StowhF wove baodga8 ad estutastif# oth o¢tasm#ed Fo 

<VA) etidedJooasd ,2a¢q990 sexrve” -,9avoH sdomost0F sS48 «Gq wIT 

-dfod ban woéJotl: ,womogd ,aofos75 af S98u emirsT FO yToseo/d o& 

si 820) 28 elev. bvofve0 «vodtvo smoe sdt yet .stutostisork of 

svioe ot bed erstasciso nemx0V-olftadA edt tee meldeig sdT 
ad Ooseed nommoo's (CF) G bone A eslbusiatd ows ovis o¢ jeidd ean 
oaivoennod masdeit s timo biuco ene ehevicoe aaisd meidoig eid? 

Peseheiee . 42. o@ & sefeas ond odd 

atevisl to yedds sit to tied tse1s sid To pddoous edd to end 

=<peo dd Btiedt to slbbim edd moat eedsh tadd .(siiderstesoi0#) 
V-olgok offs to dnominsoxe eidt eetsoibsi yliselo yisv Lead 
Of sndtisineesige1 evivesqeisg edd ei sieH seiedneqieo nemioy 
seobeeoumos sisipe to sa0e s ylne ylisnios eit eens eid? .(eid 
-ig si yino em10t noitsnid@oo seodiw eusdmis stisl gneistiib to 
bfed ess bas wdotdt toa ted beeh sxe eredmig sd? :.ofbneiad Hid 
Ifiv end <eesmioids atedt otmiv- gel ebasod Snoide yd Iscisbot 
-dw ;A asosid bewiso et wd bowedler s1s enifino edd wod ston 
-gnsve10 bous.eredter odd bnidaecawe to ststnavis edd eved dos 
-timbeood tenum ¢I wyatnectso sitias edd to aoinindisve sdz bat 
-moooe1sdmit euomyone to sen etd estinoes moteme eidd Jadd bod 
Sp sd¢ea0t asebh yso ot eaw di ybenktsido tivess sdt dtiw bsase 
-sbom yrev stud @en eenat eidd geY .eamasdsid odd to mofeeimo 

-~yatnsoiso of boifacs:ed Jon fivoo hoddem iidd bus ,180e sie4 

‘edevidiiseesosm ti ese ew endl .eoven sbiw sevoo od fehnsint 
tee1h to-esesuat toursenoo of yreeeeoen ei di nedw .benohrs 
. -enciensmik 
{ TENTOF WH. wb yd sote. ,am7rs? fo yroesos) ad $92 .88.gd ot ston 
weyTseseiss vA eyttasqioo daffand fo aodtosésoo ewolre & 
~t [fide sis’ yi to Jeubedieo sdé¢ to esasensit Ons even ent 

-Bfoedd-to bus odd mort Saidgeb yisnoaiso Iutisused. yd bssevoo 

edt déiw yasnequso eidt to eenat = (Lf) svi sW .yastaso dé 

_seftates ni ei GA evied teete odT .eesan1s ows neented ysd 

eft°qot stiets .O aoold dsexk edd cesd edi te aniof si .soeic 

-=fovyd beliit o18°% § esosce aweilvbesiat eT .@ teogrnix celst 

yeviso edd toleobsitxe sd¢ foe Isqtoriaa edd odni beveor® eine 

61 eniiqa edt) .efdete Iscioniaa fue evino edd eiem od e8 08 

osoeta-stbhii-due siT .evavo edi Bos Ieqioniaa edd neseuted ise 

“tetodt pioold edd 10% 2A sesosid beviwo edt yd hevsifer ei ® 


ay 
spreading of the two principals. 

Note te De B7T- See the work of J. H. Parker. Sone Aocount 
of Domestic Architecture in England from Baword 1 to RVGhora 
LL. p- 242. Parsonage House, Sarker Deeprtng, Lincolnshire. sy - 
so Glossary of Terms used in Grecian, Rowan, Ttalrvan and Goth- 
vo Avrohitecture, by the same author. Oxford. Vol. 2. 

The problem that the Anglo-Norman carpenters had to solve 
was this; to give two triamsles A and B (30) a commom base © Ds 
This problem being solved, one could omit a tiebeam connectin 
the two ansles & F. 

One of the trusses of the sgreat hall of the abbey of Malvern 
(Worcestershire), that dates from the middle of the 14 th cen- 
tury, very clearly indicates this experiment of the Anglo-N 
Norman carpenters. Here is tke perspective representation. (30 
pis). This truss is actually only a sort of square composed 
of different large timbers whose combination forms only a ri- 
sid triangle. The timbers are deed but not thick, and are held 
together by strong boards let into their thickmess. One will 
note how the purlins are relteved by the curved braces A, wh- 
ich have the advantage of supportins the rafters and orevent- 
ing the overturnins of the entire carpentry. It must be admit- 
ted that this system requires the use of enormous timbers com- 
pared with the result obtained; it was to pay dear for the o 
omission of the tiebeams. Yet this truss has but a very mode- 
rate span, and this method could not be applied to carpentry 
intended to cover wide naves. Thus we see it necessarityyab- 
andoned, when it is necessary to construct trusses of sreat 
dimensions. 

Note 14. p-38. See in Glossary of Terms, etc. by J. BH. Parker, 
@ CUTLOUS Collection of English carpentry. 

The nave and transepts of the cathedral of fly are still oo — 
covered by beautiful carpentry datins from the end of the 14 
th century. We sive (31) a truss of this carpentry with the b 
bay between two trusses. The great curve A B is in a sinsle 
piece, it joins at its base the great block C, at its top the 
false kingpost A. The triansular spaces # F are filled by pl- 
anks grooved into the vrincipal and the extrados of the curve, 
so as to make the curve and vorincipal stable. The purlins are 
set between the principal and its curve. The sub-ridse-piece 
G@ igs relieved by the curved braces. As for the block, it is 


) 


wt sigh bubded resent ‘eid bas \H sosid bevivoceds yd Lstoosized toed 


ni ‘shies IT deoq*s oo heels esosid nidd -edoalo dtiw beflit ei 
.[feweedt ai -bexit X Ledico & so bes omuloo el{tdtl 2 to m102 
bit ddéanel tiled vd betoomsnto ef eseial asfoow ddiw soinice A 
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~19 od .woeenad nism eft to sno to tied (<¢) terit evie off 
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-testois dse1m dud yemssdeid of .r9edenimfeoW to yisinsaqso sid 
efd Qnidroqave esvisemeds bne .eeosid vd bedseaave avoold Sai 
aetenimtesW ts dug .teootatt exist edd woled ofet sadd sev 
eit dtiw stoold edd evods yidnsqiso edd to sisq sid soenmeo OF 
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eokvid bos ,eldste exedmem tnows IIb edi Snidem .medeye silias 


T idnelag ss towdienesbomed fas ytibinia ets eewrs Tisd dose od 
of yess esu Ji TOY sted bovice.ei OF..849 ar dose mefdorg sdT 
ot don es 02), tecehnid eelst end of ecvenit tied ows odd niot 


23 
kept horizontal by theccurved brace d, and the space behind it 
is filled with planks; thin braces stand on a post [ made in 
form of a little column and on a corbel K jixed in the wall. 
A cornice with wooden frieze is ornamented by half lensth fis- 
ures of angels holding escutcheons, and conceals the plates 
and the too of the wall. It is unnecessary to state, that this 
carpentry was decorated by paintings. The stability of this 
carpentry chiefly consists af the size of the timbers employed 
and in the extreme sharpness of the two curves transferrins 
a great part of the thrust to the little post I, i.e., against 
the too of the wall. This system beins adopted led Ansglo-Norm- 
an carpenters to very skilful combinations and sreat boldnesss 
of execution.. 

All who have been in London have seen the carpentry, that 
covers the ¢reat hall of the abbey of Westminster, whose clear 
width is 63.9 ft. There is a magnificent example of thise im- 
mense wooden structures, that are found so frequently in the 
North of Trance, and which are still met with in England. It 
merits an accurate description for our readers. The walls of 
the sreat hall of the abbey of Westminster are 7.2 ft. thick 
for a heisht of about 37.6 ft. The carpentry from the top of 
the walls to the ridge is 45.9 ft. and nearly 65.6 ft from t 
the corbels to the ridge. The principals and rafters are 55.8 
ft. lonés including tenons; we could not learn whether they a 
are eack of a single piece. The different members of this car- 
pentry are covered by beautiful mouldings, all cut in the sol- 
id, and the joints are executed with such verfection, as to 
pe recosnized with great difficulty. 

We sive first (32) half of one of the main trusses. The pr- 
incivle, whose elements we have indicated in the carpentry of 
the cathedral of Bly, is found asain completely developed in 
the caroentry of Westminster. No tiebeams, but Sreat project 
ing blocks supported by braces, and tkemselves supporting the 
curves, that join below the false kinspost. But at Westminster 
to connect the part of the carpentry above the blocks with the 
Sreat ansles supported by them, great doubled curves brace the 
entire system, making its different members stable, and sivins 
to each half truss the rigidity and homogeneity of a plank. T 
The problem set in Fis. 30 is solved here, for it was easy to 
join the two half trusses to the false kingpost, so as not to 


idence edt to déanel extine eft 103 soitsooleib yos aset 
. biloe ,eofeasiad hisia ows miot esesuns tisd owd odd soned 
-: (Sf 229) A macd isllod edd beebnl .sesd nommoo 8 Raived bre 
«fasqeob ef bos shbe no tee neve ef gi jeosia elgole s a# ef 
sesd sd¢t enimsct meedeis sidT .efne edi ds neds elbbim ed te 
-moo s ef tio qaeco: sonnso sbhie eno es 0 § ditin. slioetat edd. to 
bedostis elensq edd yd bitia sxom Elite bexshne1 ,eestt stele 
«ond no etest elansiad evoenshomod 10 eeuid ss0gH eidT di Od 
_efidoold ed? .8 foold’ edd to bao edd riei tset seodiw .d eteoe 
.efeneq) sit fms o sossd bewviwo edd yo Isdnosiaod doed ei Ileeti 
_ tloold edt to due edt ts teemb yisv sien eirvecsio edd Ti dus 
.@ edd to sesd sit te .D te sewsds a duexe bivow capsessq eidd 
-+ab edd beosia o18s tewidd bas siperoia cidd fCiovea of «7 sosid 
med wifoo sit to elbbhia odd niot sedd .H aovine belduob dee 
gots .% soaemd sit to soot sdi bow ® tool{d sdzv .€ deoa sat <A 
.tefanite s etneméxsamoo sswol sect to siem bas ,dnemevon Ils 
senfiten to siditqeoene ef doidw ,yidnegiso to grow bstian bas 
fie gedd dsemes co tel ,r98ddav% .nolttsooleib son nottemiotok 
-ostd nego yd belli? sxe exedmem Isqioniaa edt neewted esoece 
+ entet¢niem bos medeve sxisne odd anstiige vadd .foow ni vie 
DB tnteo sit te bedaexs ei tesidT .wiavo aiedi ai esvivo esd 
Isotizev oft ‘beaol oid ashay o1t0om toslieh eevino seeds ti. yiao 
-eeig [scisiev vieds yd doidw yestenifso yosm es eemtod enifitt 
-mexe won et ted .bomsuetebh onied mort eevino ens Inevetq esive 
tedd .eeeentt niem odd nesuded heosig sit¢W ecedte: edt wod eni 
ing drocque eerenid: cism ofl .fexdnso mo .t1 ©.EL beosce sis 
entiane sesdd dud smeteye memiok-oland odd of Saihrooos TI enil 
+ Bguomsone ¢iocane tenm youd ymece dae yleneioiitue s eved 
99 | seetasvoo edd [fe bas eastitsas 
pian ee aubiin cient sro to weiv svitvosaesso 6 et (FF) on8B 
edt Beosic ei G seo sit to been edt nO .ecoidensloxs dno! ev 
»Pme d eeoend vd feveifer ,enifauo odd to!® esiase Isqioniza 
edt bus A amped asiloo sitesoennco M esos «Rnil{it nsqo ond 
geobentd st ~~ antnintaevo anisneverc oi bis oels yest imilaso 
..@ es yd henwo1o et entiane to wou [sotoming eidT .exes te. Das 
_pebnetni efoold bexit exes doidw no noisesto1a, 6 animiot asia 
.evemiob ei¢ evods bsosic etstts1 edd to onicaile edt Inoverd oF 
~Wesosid beviso xd heveifes ota J. enifasa to ewou sdito edt 
_(# .efsotontaa edt of beniot bus ,eredtes edd to enefo edd nf 
-qne veddind @i*l enifava to wor sewol edd geist .beton ed Liiw 


29 
fear any dislocation for the entire length of the kinspost; 
hence the two half trusses form two rigid triansles, solid 
and having a common base. Indeed the Gollar beam A (Pig. 32) 
is @n a single piece} it is even set on edse and is deeper 
at the middle tham at its ends. This tiebeam forming the base. 
of the triangle with B C as ome side cannot open; it is a com- 
plete truss, rendered still more rigid by the panels attached 
to it. This upper truss or homogeneous triangle rests om two 
posts D, whose feet join the end of the block h. The block i 
itself is kept horizontal by the curved brace m amd the panels. 
But if the pressure were very great at the end of the block, 
this pressure would exert a thrust at G, at the base of the b 
brace F. To avoid this pressure and thrust are placed the sr- 
eat doubled curves H, that join the middle of the collar bean 
A, the post D, the block % and the foot of the brace F, stop 
all movement, and make of these lower compartments @ single 
and united work of carpentry, which is susceptible of neither 
jeformation nor dislocation. Further, let us remark that all 
spaces between the principal members are filled by open trac- 
ery in wood, that stiffens the entire system and maintains t 
the curves in their purity. Thrust is exerted at the point G 
only if these curves deflect more under the load’ the vertical 
fillings formes as many ordinates, which by their vertical pres- 
sures prevent the curves from being deformed. Let us now exam- 
ine how the rafters were placed between the main trusses, that 
are spaced 18.9 ft. om centres. The main trusses support pur- 
lins I according to the Anslo-Norman system; but these purlins 
have a sufficiently great span; iney must support enormous r 
rafters and all the covering. 

Here (33) is a perspective view of one bay, which will save 
us lons explanations. On the head of the post D is placed the 
principal series Qfof the vurlins, relieved by braces L and 
the open fillins. Braces M connectsthe collar beam A and the 
ourlin:; they also aid in oreventins overturnins the trusses 
and rafters. This princival row of purlins is crowned by a p 
plank forming a projection on which are fixed blocks intended 
to prevent the slinping of tke rafters placed above the dormrs. 
The other rows of purlins I are relieved by curved braces WV 
in the plamwe of the rafters, and joined to the princivals. It 
will be noted, that the lower row of ourlins [’is further sup- 


, 08 

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ah 


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2) ae bls ; vk le LP S$ Fi ; - p, a 3 vibe 


30 
supported by the braces P resting on the extrados of the sreat 
doubled curve; indeed this lower row of purlims must support 
not only the rafters, but also the roofs of the dormers R; it 
certainly wowld have bent inward if it were not supported by 
the braces. There are 11 rafters between the trusses. 

Note 1. De ASe RaOGking is the wovewnent that wind pressure 
produces in trusses and rafters. 

To afford an idea of the beauty of execution of this unique 
work of carpentry, we draw (34) a detail of its lower portian.. 
The ends of the great blocks, that receive the feet of the m- 
posts D are ornamented by fisures of amgels holding the auar- 
tered arms of Prance and Ensland, the Whole carved in the sol- 
id wood. The wings alone of the ansels are added. At S we sive 
the section of the two curves taken at J T? at V is the sect- 
ion of a mullion of the open filling, and at X is the section 
of the block at Z Y.. As far as ome may judse without separat- 
ing the carpentry, the connections, tenons and sections are 
executed with rare accuracy; thanks to that purity of execut- 
ion, and still more to the quality of the wood employed, as 
weel as to the goodness of the system, the carpentry of the 
Srea hall of Westminster has been preserved intact until ow 
days. 

At the end of the 14 th century and the besinnins of the 15 
th, England was victorious, rich and flourishing; France on 
the contrary was ruined by disastrous invasions and the quar- 
rels of the great vassals of the crown; so that we have noth- 
ing in that epoch, which could be compared to the sreat hall . 
of the abbey of Westminster for lukury of construction. The 
carpentry works remaimius from that time are simple and differ 
little from those before given in Figs. 19, 21, 23, 26 and 28, 
for they generally cover only halls of moderate width. If Nor- 
mandy and Picardy possessed carpentry roofs erected according 
to the Anglo-Norman system, which is possible, they have not 
remained till our days. Yet we find near Maubeuge in the lit- 
tle church of Hargnies carpentry, whose combination is connec- 
ted with both systems of Anglo-Norman and French. That carpen- 
try was without tiebeams, for about the middle of the 16 the 
century ties werevplaced below the orincipals at every other 
truss. The main trusses, whose outline is siven at A (34 bis), 
rest on strong blocks B; they consist of two curves C connect—- 


: 
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q 


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pk 

connected with the lower end of the kingpost D, the principal 
f, themselves curved at their junction with the kinspost, go 
as to make the firm connection indicated in the detail M. The 
curve and the principal are held tosether at the tangent voint 
py two small blocks of wood Ff, whose detail N explains the f 
form and connection. Under the principals are pinned and hal- 
ved two rows of purlins G, which are connected by X-br.ces i 
inclined in the slope of the roof,and reproduced at I in the 
lonsitudinal section. These purlins relieve the rafters out- 
limed at P, but have as princival purpose to orevent overtur- 
ning of the carpentry. The rafters are alsa furnished with c 
curves under which are nailed boards, as shown at H. The sub- 
ridge K and the girts L are connected by X-braces, that keep 
the kansgposts vertical. 

This carpentry, in spite of the care taken at the conmnecti- 
ons, has soread, and as we said before, some years after its 
construction it was necessary to restrict its span by tiebeams 
placed at alternate trusses; it appears to date from the last 
years of the 15 th century. 

We dive (34 ter) the detail of the plates, the blocks, the 
large and small cover-joints on boards at a scale of 1/20 full 
size... One will note (34 bis), that the curves of the rafters 
join the collar beams,vwhich themselves join the girts R exten- 
ding from one kingpost to another. That is scarcely well; but 
they trusted with sufficient reason to the boards to maintain 
the light curves of the rafters, these boards formins a vault, 
that itself offered considerable resistance. Between the raf- 
ters, sovaced about 1.8 ft. on centres, strips are vlaced und- 
er the battens intended to give sreater strensth. 

Note 19-47%. We owe the Arawindss of this carpentry to M. B 
Bruyere, architect, who drew V% with core and was wWiILLing to 
Communicate ALS notes TO Us. 

The principal hall of the city hall of S. Quentin permits 
us to still see carpentry without tiebeams, from the besin- 
ning of the 16 th centurw, whose arrangement recalls that of 
the church of Harsnies. 

Since the 12 th century men have built, either on the towe- 
rs or over the centre of the crossings of churches, tall spir- 
es of wood covered by slates or lead. These spires required, 
and especially the latter, very wise combinations to transfer 


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 attied edd tupcone o¢ .O de benilivo eatsste1 sels? § bas A ale 
fi towel eit nt besosoe ylebin ots doidw ,eretisy odd neswied ens 
ey .aloold: qisnibie no test eveste1 sels? seeiT .enco edt te d1s¢ 
7 eine exsetter xie ed? .A nsla setievo edd oi neee od Vem 26 
“<a alowed reass nb boe bos 8 of S mort etsdmtid efgaia ets tneths 
nf tdpts ds: weeeust ont ed? .see nooe Liedie ow ee .ebsed tisdd te 
a | @ att) evieoet dsdt yatais bevive 4 dibied edt ds sved es lane 
7 aren Eerenen bne eleibexr yawol eft to eeld buns esoead 
4 ye ebtne qo Lis tisem elsibs1 baooee sesit tvf .elst 


Pee stems | sg edt teen (eid d&) th to. listeb sii ern te s eui> 


, 


a , 


< 


a 


Pa 


“hey are i a ae =— > ve ; <2 . 


32 

the weisht of the emtire system to the four piers of the tran- 
septs.. Brom the besinnins of the 13 th century, carpenters k_ 
knew how to erect in am insenious fashion these enormous mas- 
ses of timbers and to suspend them above the trusses from hips, 
without loadins the transverse arches extending from one pier 
to another. We shall have occasion to occupy ourselves with 
this carpentry in Art. Fleche, to which we refer our readers. 

As for the conical carpentry coverins cylindrical towers, 
it is devised from the system adopted for the carpentry of ¢ 
circular hio roofs. The middle ages having erected a conside- 
rable number of towers, either in castles or to protect the 
walls of cities, the carpentry of these works servins for de- 
fense and for habitation is found today in sreat number; in 
palaces themselves some exist in the enclosure of the palace, 
which are very beautiful and well preserved. It will suffice 
to give a single example summarizing. the ordinary combinatio- 
ns of this carpentry, to cause to be understood what they par- 
ticularly present. 

Let there be the plan of a round tower (35) and its outline 
(36). The auarter A of the plan (Fis. 35) presents the lower 
radial mem ers at the level A of the vlates(Pis. 36); the omwr- 
ter B has the second radials, the auarter © the third radials, 
and the guarter D is the horizontal projection at the level BD. 
Two tiebeams B F, GH (Pis.. 35) at right angles, rest om the 
double circular plates. Two trusses intersectins at right an- 
sles and connected by a central kingpost I sive the outline K. 
(Pigs. 36). Bach guadrant supports six rafters, whose prolons- 
ed blocks form the radials L (Fis. 35) by joiwins the large 
sirt M.. The outline of these rafters is siven at N (36). Bet- 
ween each of these are set between the first and second radi- 
als A and B false refters outlined at 0, to sunport the batt- 
ens between the rafters, which are widely spaced in the lower 
part of the cone. These false rafters rest on ordinary block, 
as may be seen in the aquarter plan A. The six rafters ver gu- 
adrant are sinsle timbers from P to R and end in taper bevels 
at their heads, as we shall soon see. The two trusses at risht 
angles have at the height B curved sirts, that receive the b 
praces and ties of the lower radials and form the second rad- 
ials. But these second radials merit all our attention. We 
Sive a perspective detail of it (36 bis) near the perimeter, 


‘pevino eid worl ewode OF «81% .teochnit edt txen (tet Of) bee 
“egeeenit ([Batontia owt sit to eleqtonize sid ashy A edit 10 
sisotonisq seedt déiw betoenmoo sis hoe 0 etaib edd eveiles 
sB Nod edt yd bied eois befdvob if{eme to essen yo adoade bie 
6¢ medtonmtot ssds ,esit yd bled yileupe exes esediat sat wod 
-yd' besneverq ei exedts2 saedd to dnifasd edt wod ‘yevino odd 
-s$6bh <Toe1sd-e9010 edt wod 7H edulis edd uniniof 5 eiuawe ens 
gvevisoes bus eredtex edd feswied Ji%,“°I fos “I. .*T wt deli 
ebntddee edt exsm of ee. 08,7 siette1 selet edd to ebeed oft 
‘(etedtter edt aebn J edia sid wod ewode aed Of .BiT .eidiveca 
— Beoose s dtiw toennoo .8 eduide odd nich o¢ elds ented gon 
. -M S2f> 

oft edt-fe elscioniag: sit wod evode astenp OF .bit yilent® 
w eds wor ‘00% efit°to xsas edt ge teooinidt edd niot eseensd 
. ed¢ontot bne dentske seet ,fbeisaet sis © eredte1 ofd to ebhne 
{evel edt te 8 noitose Istnoxizod eff .C etain bevawo eligil 
beviro efssil Seeds wodbsteotbat * & eedodsie owt edd bos .Y 
‘a ealsatoniiug eft neewied bled ein edatd 

she Eaotetenidhexn yisvitasesia yitasqrse ai exiow Isotnod 
encased dd soteknitooire nt» yaseesoen fi si I0t oiltdmeses at 
“Baswot enibaet exsdmidg edd [fe wom jeeenituom aiead asdins od 
edt me sseetot of astasateo edd wot yreseeoen 2i Ji ,2ins a8 
-msees terit° ot mid timseq {fiw teddt .eneem Isoivosi0 edd basy 
“tuoddiw (eenoeyisbnoose edt nedd .etedmem [ecioniiza edt eld 
-cgemitemoe nove bus ,enonst sdt tuoe1 of yieeesoon bnisd ets 
_-efq ttedd .eistonso e1sdmem odd tadd of ,yfoaldne meds gime of 
-anied estela Esviuo.odt .slemaxe dnsesto edd si exdT .esos 
s/Peweseat bos heels sis eolens ddkia de eexeuawd ond edd .dse 
% (esosid bas eduik aiedd .etsdts1 .etwide edd nedd ~1siissot 
—pusdmem desi ods [1A .eastte2 eelst fas exsheoed edt yilentt 
entedeeti tuodtiw obietvo edd moat yilueitiib dsoddiv Jee sis 
| _} To enomsdosdtea9etas of eseenid niem edt eeist oF YmsBeesoOSsaA 
bi yrtneg1so [soinoD seseitiom aiesd oi exsdmom yishacose std 
edd tocerednearso edd: to sonsizsaxe sd Yo sivesem edd oni 
-moo {few yIno ton ,sysuts sus wedd ;estistaso d¢# Cr bas dv St 
medt Qnildmeess to enssm sit asve tud betatot Ifew bus benid 
Bivesid¢[vorttib: biove es as oe .{liie ever dtiw sseve10) oie 
~ @ote eett on ead otsinsaiso {eoinco eids ylinsuosi1% .gaisoeis 
eysd ydobedosnnoo ylanoade saied eetafo isivoiio edd teeed edd 
to slotio £ oiif ,evettes odd to Snibseice eft dnevera scols 


33 
and (36 ter) next the kindpost. Fis. 36 shows how the curves 
or ribs A under the vorincipals of the two principal trusses 
relieve the girts D and are connected with these princivals 
and struts by means of small doubled ties held by the key PB; 
how the rafters are equally held by ties, that join them to- 
the curves; how the bendins of these rafters is prevented by 
the struts G joiming the sirts H; how the cross-bars I, deta- 
iled im I’, I” and I’”,fit between the rafters and receive t 
the heads of the false rafters K, so as to make the settins 
possible. Fig. 36 ter shows how the ribs L under the rafters, 
not beings able to join the struts G, connect with a second 
Sirt M. 

Finally Pigs. 36 auater shows how the principals of the two 
trusses join the kingpost at the apex of the roof; how the @& 
ends of the rafters §% are tapered, rest asainst and join the 
little curved sgirts 0. The horizontal section R at the level 
Y, and the two sketches S$ 8S’ indicatec’how these little curved 
sSirts are held betweem the principals. 

Gonical works in carpentry present very sreat difficulties 
in assembling, for it is necessary in erecting for the tenons 
to enter their mortises; now all the timbers tendins toward 
an axis, it is necessary for the carpenter to foresee on the 
yard the practical means, that will permit him to first assem- 
ble the principal members, then the secondary ones, without 
its being necessary to recut the tenons, and even sometimes 
to omit them entirely, so that the members can take their pl- 
aces. Thus in the present example, the curved plates being 
set, the two trusses at right angles are raised and fasteued 
together, then the struts, rafters, their sirts and braces, f 
finsliy the headers and false rafters. All the last members 
are set without difficulty from the outside without its beins 
necessary to raise the main trusses to enter the tenons of t 
the secondary members in their mortises. Conical carpentry 3s 
dives the measure of the experience of the carventers of the 
14 th and 15 th centuries; they are always, not only well con- 
bined and well jointed, but even the means of assemblins them 
are foreseen with rare skill, so as to avoid difficulties in 
erecting. Frequently this conical carpentrn has no ties at t 
the base; the circular plates beings strongly connected by keys 
alone prevent the spreadins of the rafters, like a circle of 


ses 
) aa in ¥ wo ; a te ey ' ml 
ce + (ony oo es : Sue .soeta elanie s— 
tev Finect tnideose. a. ‘betimtl son esw yisneasso to tas edt 
: aiiclaak ok omid {Le mo1¥..yitusqiso eldieiv ot 10 edivev 
.boow to eedoisdo bas ssosiso asve bus esenod tiind had 
tind Yiniaso dt €f eft to asexod to esosid sm0e bart Ilite 
: iiseamph eesds Ju8 widaov odd wi. ylasiuoigasa ,sennem eid ni 
e039 Lqm00 yitueioitine esiqmsxe en evit gon of .diindsa ,2e1 
= edt to ¢avooos as ishbne1 of ex ot sidisscg ti sism of 
 gomemmoo of eu tol yiseesoen ef $I .fsyolqme nvitorisenco te 
Eade Aoogs teda ai ylno ;yiwdase di BM edd ni nclisnimaxs 190_ 
_ eewod to. eebsos? edé eotmrot x10w asdmid fed otidae bait ow 
ae .Jseitge ofidna edt no 
te estice. £ iad ,eilsw ‘at hes te beeoamoo yiote bavoss s oC 
ak evsb mo oi es eisineqiso edi .eisig bedsioei To 10 Besos 
| 9 edt to eo81T aedmit $fsd edd bevieoos dadd .Ifie «a beoala 
stieoago. (o@er) eonite ereey soids soe [lite binoo end .tno1d 
88 esifisd) to [etbedtso eft to sicdo sad to sbhie divoe edd 
redmid tied seodw ” .yindseo ft BE oft to seuod ansbhoow [[eme 
_ =gmoo deom edt Yo ono eaw ti ;mict mi [nYeos1s yisv saw tnort 
=sd.8 00, -dooas gsi mort weat sw daddt.,¢negele veom bus edel 
~onD Isoitaey 1 yd beototnis1 fas yinoesm files to tlivgd tasmse 
aettosa, seas eit to 1900[t edd anisicqqwea A emeod dee sie ent 
ide eft ao Salasegos bose [lew odt d2woudt tnieesq eased) .(TS) 
edd,n0..8 {ffe edt evisoss emssd seeds to ebas endT .(sx0laséxe 
nedd ;A emeed Istcosinod sdé evods 4 eteoo nism odd boede [ite 
~1S¥ task .0 steog seddo sez sis emesd nseutsod Jevistini sit of 
, tds hemeri oxs 9 avec eesiT ,ecosid-X diiw G elfen yd [solid 
& decd. oisa edd ogoi Senoned ifsedi el.doidw .7 d1ik 8 otmi god 
| elite: . 2 mrot eqeso addin gedors betatoa ni beviso 5 esos ait 
eat ows trogque @ etait odT etotisini edd Quiddail ewobsiw io 
ar, bebretnt stalq edt evetoss dedi © eteoq sid evodse BR edna 
BL beldneb. et etsiq eidd iu8 -1o0% edi to yitneaiso edi svisost 
3 i ‘wine eat a, goitose eit yd bsisoibai es. .moteuo oF anibrooos 
; » fe, tes, ei. os too1 edd to onixayt edt yloo eticagua I etelg 
sateen edd. to. ebsed edt dtiw betoennco J emssd edd to ebne saJ 
Beeeuid, Yoor, eft 192% emesdsis es svise, I emaed seodT .9 ateog 
ek asani edT etonlt asc0H ed¢ to etaioft edd taogase bus 
ha = |. Bto1te.edd yd bedroqaue ef. di seusosd hued Joaneo tsdt 
eriateentet bas edecaisa sdT seretiat eds to dst edt cov 
on. PoHE 900. -yinoesn nidt yd bellii sis eteoq edd tee | 


vs -_ Pal ee - ae? on oo ae 


a ne 


ly 


34 
&@ sinsle viece. 

The art of carpentry was not limited to erecting roofs over 
vaults or to visible carpentry. From a11 time in France men 
had built houses and even palaces and churches of wood. We s 
still find some traces of houses of the 13 th century built 
in this manner, particularly im the North: But these structu- 
res, rebuilt, do nat give us examples sufficiently complete,. 
to make it possible for us to render an account of the means 
of construction employed. It is necessary for us to commence 
our examination in the 14 th century; only in that epoch shall 
we find entire half timber work formins the facades of houses 
on the public street. 

On a ground story composed of solid walls, of a series of 
arches or of isolated piers, the carpenters as in our days 
placed a sill, that received the half timber frace of the 
front. One could still see three years since (1350) opposite 
the south side of the choir of the cathedral of Chartres as 
small woodem house of the 14 th century, whose half timber 
front was very sraceful in form; it was one of the most comp- 
Llete and most elesant, that we know from that epoch. On 4 ba-= 
sement built of solid masonry and reinforced by vertical quo- 
ins are set beams A supportins the floor of the next story, 
(37), (beams passing through the wall and avvearins on the e 
exterior). The ends of these beams receive the sill B. On the 
sill stand the main costs P above the horizontal beams A; them 
in the interval between beams are set other posts C, kent ver- 
tical by walls D with X-braces. These vosts © are framed att 
top into a girt F, which is itself tenoned into the main posts 
S. Braces G carved in pointed arches with cusps form a series 
of windows lightius the interior. The sirts F support two st- 
ruts H above the posts ©, that recieve the plate intended to 
receive the carpentry of the roof. But this plate is doubled, 
according to custom, as indicated by the section K. The outer 
plate I supports only the furring of the roof and is set on 
the ends of the beams L connected with the heads of the main 
posts P. These beams I serve as tiebeams for the roof trusses 
and support the joists of the upver floors The inner plate M, 
that cannot bend because it is supported by the struts, recei- 
ves the feet of the rafters. The parapets and intervals betw- 
eer the posts are filled by thin masonry. One will note that 


Tea ere ee) \ 7 


tener? w bevite Bc Hote a. oie J emesd 19008 edd to ebse odd 
-3 eteog shtel sdi otni 
all’ on “pbogaets wosd yltasoe7 sod. savod. afd .884qg «kt StOK 
¥ SASTRY:  toetat ysrosa sow ti aedo .8é8E at Fé 
Be “oe (918% eaK sosae .eifew yi beeolone esitio Ievestbem aT 
| eensoxe ed¢ ts yrote doss és dtenel e10m bs iquooe eseuod sad 
| etiffedios to esiise s betnsesia yess. eudt :yew otfdeo edt to 
| atot ot eldieeod si siem of esmidemoe Ylinetoltice Saisosi oz 
| ‘dose eiiaoago beisutie seeved to esisote ascan sit moat eboad 
to emaed edt “.xvsensil® ,eanilledsoo seedt aistde of .1sit0 
admit tied aswof sat bnoyed bue doses ts hetostorq etooclt edi 
_teqan git bas ,stetosid yd Betrocane tnisd ebne aisds ,.smsa? 
-emsed eft to ebne edi dtiw denlt betosis eaw Aiovemstt © 
to brid etd? .vadnsatso of diow etd hentelaxe ei (8) sash 
~ $0 edeoo edd ted .bsibwte saied etirem boow ni noftowisenoo 
edt evisos etgoq sesdi to ebsed ed]? .A sd yrode bavorwk dé 
«8 emaed edt to ebne tetuo edd deiees od fendiesh € eeosad 
@ yd betsotbat es ° emssd oft to ebne edd bedoennoe ( aera! 
fexod esneid Ifeme vo Bevsile1 ois netsla seid? .seitaom edd 
A edecg edt Yo ebeod ent otnit bemeit et J daip A -bencned One 
t edt eticcowe sxie eid? .¥ esossd yi beveilfe1 tfeeti ei bos 
. ong no buste 2 edeot .viote Enoose edd to s00lt est To eteiof, 
- ® edeod ont A eteoo oft Saedisvoe bos D esosid edt to ebos 
A ensed sat” bus yiete bnoose sd¢ to estafa te0qn edd eviso 
edt nO -e¢ex0sad bevivo yd hevsife1 sis ebns oaitosioid saodw 
-te baidd end woled gossia oft beosIq ers amsed every To ebas 
Fo etetot, sd? .toor edd o¢ oy ytode dose sot no oe ins .yI0 
tom .B stela 19005 efi no geer yrose baidd ond to aoolt eft 
asoeid {snoeeiG .1 date odd toiveti[sa1 ni bis bose ti buoyed sos 
. ‘siowanes? Si Yécebsol edd relessss frowemsi? odd oi betas 
~ nism edd to ebne edd of exotad 10 1edeslo ai efensc edt bas 
-nzednt efg 10 A10wsme1yt odd ai bled enied emssd eseodT .emsed 
ei $7 enipétevo eti dnsverg bas meteye etidns edd sid Ifsw Is 
fess ni seoate otidsa sdt mort enis eudd sno daddy see oc YESS 
bebnsdni emoor sit etitened tedt .sset sexdd 10 owt .9no yiote 
-dIede mot oels etatf{Isdico evieesooue oesdT .sotistided 10% 
bas. ‘eaode. eit to stwort odd .Arowemert odd tostoro Jedd .ere 
nites te eoneinevncont edd eved vino yedT .nisi mort evesees 
ny jedt .1a8008 fon esob si tnd paasb yiev eteoise worrsn sid 
-eeviezaue es eidd juods east omse odd Bad yeas eeitto Tevesibsa 


35 
the ends of the upper beams L are rétieved by struts N framed 
into the larse posts P. 

Note 1. H-53. This house has recently wveen changed, we are 
A% Wn 4853, when VY was nearly VWatact. 

In mediaeval cities enclosed by walls, space was rare; so 
the houses occupied more length at each story at the expense 
of the public way; thus they presented a series of corbellings 
projecting sufficiently sometimes to make it possible to join 
hands from the upver stories of houses situated opposite each 
other. To obtain these corbellings, “lisneaux,” the beams of 
the floors projected at each end beyond the lower half timber 
frame, their ends beings supported by brackets, and the upper 
framework was erected flush with the ends of the beams. 

Here (38) is explained this work in carpentry. This kind of 
construction in wood merits being studied. het the vosts of 
the ground story be A.. The heads of these posts receive the 
praces B designed to assist the outer ends of the beams oq. 
Plates D connected the ends of the beams C as indicated by t 
the mortise. Thise plates are relfeved by small braces. boxed 
and tenoned. A dirt L is framed into the heads of the posts A 
aqd is itself relieved by braces #. This sirt supports the j 
joists of the floor of the second story. Posts G stand on the 
ends of the braces C and overhang the vosts A. The posts G re- 
ceive the wover plates of the second story and the beams K, 
whose projecting emds are relieved by curved brackets. Oa the 
ends of these beams are placed the plates below the third st- — 
ory, and so on for each story up to the roof. The joists of 
the floor of the third story rest on the upoer plate H, vroj- 
ect beyond it and aid in relievins the sirt I. Diagonal braces — 
arranged in the framework transfer cbhe loads of: the framework - 
and its panels in plaster or bricks to the ends of the main 
beams. These beams being held in the framework or the intera- 
al wall tie the entire system and prevent its overturn. It is 
easy to see that one thus gains from the public street in each 
story one, two or three feet, that benefits the rooms intended 
for habitation. These successive corbellinsgs also form shelt- 
ers, that orotect the framework, the fronts of the shops and 
oassers from rain. They only have the inconvenience of makins 
the narrow streets very dark; but it does not apoear, that in 
mediaeval cities they had the same ideas about this as ourselves. 


Oé 

Redes gael stseite ods of ebae tiedd bedueeena esevod nedk 
; _-emsit. toot edt ,ebiw nedé ascesh dovum esw beiqueoe etie oft 
a ean sidse- eidT .gid.e of too bus sidsh « ni bstsnimsed A207 
| _-tostoaa yltueves1t ¢eom ,t00% edd Yo w10t evitimiag edd ylvo 
~o1g. 10% bood.to bnuid.s miot of es of ,eotela edd baoyed bei 
_peods bus etnemetneiis sesaT efitea mort ebsost sdt anitosd 
| Ah ni beqoleveb asied A10w aedmis Bisd dnori edd of onidelen 
ree «aids ot erebse1 ave astez on ,sosial 
~mie. yiev yfIsienck oss vous .et00f3 to yasnsciso ed rot eA 
ensed tud_,eeit etelamco on zo west ;eebe elbhim odd Sniaoh efe | 
-isos1 bose ,ellen noisidisa 10 gaort edt so yiuslugex tee os 
. ebevioemedtemacd odd exif eldiviv benis#es tedé .etelot ov 

“mit eewis ot wod yandaso dt él edd ai.weod yhsoils oom set 
e.sebau tcibled mort meds daeveig ot se ce vilsetnosiz0d.e12sd 
mort eeteb ensimd to fexisdtso edd to yielIs® msti0 edT ~beol 
tedt :;{fide doum dtiw bseeurd maed s no eteet.bns ,dovge iedz 
pvit eV. .kebsol ylivecd.ei bas nsoe .tt 6.0h duods si ased 
to slteso, cond to IIed tseih odd to meed beeenat rsdtons (ef) 
od yisineo fg bt edt to.bas ont de dlind ,yostdiad of cielé 
eid? .@QbI tuods hbeaisgqer bas noeeilo sb asivil0 sidstenoo ene 
et @ 8 bose A exrsdmem [sinosizon oxd do edeianco msed Lesenad 
% etetot edt ovieoe: of eohbel mx0} od ashio ai A nadd astiw 
ofai bemert aedmit beviwo 2 to eteiesoo eanit eff .s0c0lt odd 
snout ows vd olbbim edt ts. betosnnco hos. ased eid to ehae end 
~eoistowite isivose oi asee osfs sved oF t evox vd bied eslod 
~eiisi. és ellfiomeiT ef of noieres blo.edt ai easdto dooms. bue 
qoolt beeeutt .yrstaso di ff edd to ssesy teal edd ot hesosis— 
odd ;Ob. .2if oi bedsoifsi.es nege .3t bh.0f tuods To eiasbhbakd ~ 
oft betaebni yltusa bas bas of bane Joe stew 8 8 gisdmid owt 
bessoibst es ,etetotsdd gnivieoss 4 webiik edd to diash esd 
~ses0d betoenseo Sie q bos A eisdmid efT..0 ts noitose eft yd 
-8yei déiiw etiod yd asd 

ok yo ev of boteserad sow sigwoxs evostuo BéaT VGeg.t stax 
«9M0G harfla 

wshneg ee. to ny edd ot a2ilvosa sotteiastosisdo. eaé¢ to on 
eboow.to s&belwond | <Sonete90g8 anert sti si sede slbfhim edd to 
-cidmoo edT .yse yem ew ,ecidiedoig sisdd aot tosqes1 edi bas 
i Intsiso edizem ests olbbim edd to ysdneqiso edd io enoits 
to disacite edd 03 benoidsoqoag {few .,elomie sie ysds i ybo 
. “ belieiiee, ed ot exooid selsoitieo efd rei 10 siedmid ont 


4 
} 
: 


36 

When houses presented their ends to the street, i.e., when 
the site occupied was much deeper than wide, the front frame- 
work terminated in a Sable amd not in a hip. This gable was 
only the primitive form of the roof, most freauently project- 
ing beyond the plates, so as to form a kind of hood for pro- 
tecting the facade from rain.. These arrangements and those 
relating to the front half timber work beings developed in Art. 
Maison, we refer our readers to this.. 

As for the carpentry of floors, they age senerally very sim- 
ple during the middle ages; few or no complete ties, but beams 
are set regularly on the front or partition walls, and recei- 
ve joists, that remained visible like the beams themselves. 

Yet men already knew in the 15 th century how to truss tim- 
bers horizontally so as to prevent them from beidims under a 
load. The organ gallery of the cathedral of Amiems dates from 
that epoch, and rests on a beam trussed with much skill; that 
beam is about 49.4% ft. spam and is heavily loaded. We sive 
(29) another trussed beam of the great hall of the castle of 
Blain in Brittany, built at the end of the 14 th cemtury by 
the constable Olivier de Clisson and repaired about 1475. This 
trussed beam consists of two horizontal members A and B. B is 
wider than A in order to form ledges to receive the joists of 
the floor. The truss consists of a curved timber framed into 
the ends of the beam B,and connected at the middle by two iron 
bolts held by keys. 4 We have also geen in secular structures, 
and amons others in the old mansion de la Tremoille at Paris, 
erected in the last years of the 15 th century, trussed floor 
Sirders of about 39.4 ft. span as indicated in Fis. 40; the 
two timbers B B were set end to end and partly indented in 
the depth of the girder A receiving the joists, as indicated 
by the section at C. The timbers A and B are connected tosget- 
her by bolts with keys. ) 

Yote 1.p-57. This curious exonple wos furnished to us by Me 
AVi red Rome. 

One of the characteristics veculiar to the art of carpentry 
of the middle ages is its frank appearance, knowledge of woods 
and its respect for their properties, we may say- The combin- 
ations of the carpentry of the middle ages merits careful st- 
udy: they are simole, well proportioned to the strensth of t 
the timbers or for the varticular purpose to be satisfied. T 


|  abeagtee tistiso asduit wHer: 2 at eovresst odie aaetiben odT 
eboow to eotodo edd ¢ntet # to ddanerte end ot bbe tedd \enoi 
| + .yousoo tenm yedt eosle edd oF enibsooos noittéea afsdd 10 
sert meds svsel ot tad yirnoesm edd oi medd xit tom ot ete0 edi 
~enbelwond tostueq 8 etedesm odd ni sssoihni .betslliney bre 
jetso bus ybude. .eletieden to seisif{esp sit to .¢ta aleds Yo 
-2taoennoo te enotsacco1g sidative bus ytioilomie edt es Jeni. 
-9@dT sdvow boot to ¢idsd heuntinos s nomitown ni stJeoibai eno 
~ime oft bie eid ot [feo ton bib esbe elbbim sdé to seda9equso 
tasoxe .boyolame of exedmit edt blod bns nevest .fosnnoo of dv 
sot dnstioitive esw od seseso essa yoov bus asl[eoidaisa smoe ui 
toemelaave .yatosctss aisbom at es .ton bib novi bas Sleemid 
“oR dar ~@noisoennos sit to examisewiae yonstoitisni sad 
-orgmi sishom dokdwiot seeds to sno ef yatasameo Io t1e ed 
bedoset ti qistaso dd #r odd Basawh ;elssil hebhs sved esnesmev 
-fome dom esw gedmis dooae gedé¢ aol .tnsmgoleveh etslomos est 
eisiaeqis9 bas eeintougwde essevito bas otidua .f[ivio at bexe 
gs. ,tatweih to tis sit ni hetowateni .bfiss Intiewog 6 hem10% 
beeboTt ienotitbeat hook bas dnsiones adi betiietex Sool dsedt hus 
Logas eit —emottovasenco to gas edt Yo sedousid ‘eguotisv sdi to 
nevis essbt eft of saedte yos nedt evel hebfsiy ysinsquss Yo 
—vindnso ds Of sdé to seisco edd Boiweh bos ,somescisneh edz yd 
-/{yrweneo déoe@r eft nt beaoleveb esloioniaze eft bewolfot oem 
-ct sdavord sacle gostidows en0:.enoitestiifbom tvodtiv teomls 
meds L[idnu bonists1 emoteye odt ni eanado Snataogmi yisv 8 Av 
ead dads .vatosoiso ni bodtem eds hotsewni emrod sh traediliag 
iv ensde sidsisbienoo. gniaevootedinred dns omen ett boatsded 
~sfeqs anteu bus vatenidt tuodéin ~emesdeizt to bis edd suede 
eief coleveh ot been ton ob 6 .asdmit jo emufov [lene ylevii 
opr bas Ife of nwont ei st :tetsas tsdt vd fhedachs meseye eat 
erebsst ino astst sW .eyeh avo ni hseitosaq yilsteesoore [fits 
~ GL RIH*- - 4&1 VOR ~.bebnommooes ed oF doum o8 .d10w etd oF 
_ ond pbentloeh yitaearss to f18 end ywintnso dt Vboeddt gatané 
~  bentiesh yibed asdite et doogs dadd yd ev od stel yatnsais9 
(fone "asite (sonsthifsen eldsenoxeni diiw hedvoexe bas .yvset 
« ¢ exoted ceetastace Saibeosia sft yd stel eslomaxs Iutiduesd 
q nf efisd %e ofl[sasda i2 to yatneaiso edt Yo anthilindes odd 
‘to Aronemetd odd eveamoo od antigeretat caw ci .eemit tnsos1 
edd dtiw youl edt asdts VIX eivod asban keosloet “@iice edd 
» edt *mort eodsb dotdw ,emed sidok to e1lce eft to Arowemet? 


| 
‘ 
: 


7 i 


| 37 
The forésisht that reserves in a long timber certain project- 
ions, that add to the strensth of a joint, the choice of woods 
or their vdésition according to the place they must occupy, t 
the care to not fix them in the masonry but to leave them free 
and ventilated, indicate in the masters a perfect knowledge 
of their art, of the qualities of materials, study and care; 
just as the simplicity and suitable proportions of connecti- 
ons indicate in mworkmen 3 continued habit of good work. The 
carpenter of the middle ages did not call to his aid the smi- 
th to connect, fasten and hold the timbers he employed, except 
in some particular and very rare cases: he was sufficient for 
himself and iron did not, as in modern carpentry, supvlement 
the inefficiency oriweakness of the connections. 

The art of caroentry is one of those to which modern impro- 
vements have added little: durens the 15 th century it reached 
its complete development. In that epoch timber was much empl- 
eyed in civil, public and private structures, and carpenters 
formed a powerful suild, instructed in the art of drawing, a 
and that lons retained its ancient and good traditions. Indeed 
of the various branches of the art of construction, the art 
of carpentry yielded less than any other to the ideas given 
by the Remaissance, and during the course of the 16 th century, 
men followed the principles developed in the 15 th century, 
almost without modifications. One architect alone brousht for- 
th a very important change in the systems retained until then. 
Philibert de Lorme invented the method in carpentry, that has 
retained his name and permits*coverins considerable spans wi- 
thout the aid of tiebeams, without thrusts, and usins a rela- 
tively small volume of timber. We do not need to develop here 
the system adopted by that artist; it is knowm to all and is 
still successfully practised in our days. We refer our readers 
+o his work, so much to be recommended. 

Surins the 17 th century the art of carventry declined: the 
carpentry left to us by that epoch is often badly desisned, 
heavy, and executed with inexcusable neslisence, after such 
peautiful exemples left by the preceding centuries. Before t 
the rebuilding of the carpentry of S. Chapello of Paris in r 
recent times, it was interestins to compare the framework of 
the spire replaced under Louis XIV. after the fire, with the 
framework of the svire of Notre Dame, which dates from the 


-—- ue eae fd ri 
fo wis: ite coi i sk ee 280: roe! aid eek tied et de. yan ass dt. et 4 
aeto a 2 to, tadd. es ,soidvoexe ni sisa es bos. ‘poitigoanoo edt 

OS inh renee _smvitwoere ot sbu1 bus abtesb ai evorsdisd ei eLis 
an, eat gister vd mokesono-oved ew iron eidd Yo seaseol edd al 

a _— gasozbnt uino ow .dtA, eidd mi .ysdueciso io exsow pF visnenp 
Ea.  pevieeerkosguedd nnond exem tedt ,eelaioning Isisneb nisdiso 

| abso avo 19ten ow ieetistneo eoudd eniash das edd Yo sonsvbs 

| woebemed: noelel, nani yedoet§ .bustedo® ,iowtIed .sdaA od 19 


Si i Wieda gneos o : ») sote _ stedonelS .boeisls —, 


se 
¥ 


J 


| - \wabvae pt 2 | 
a Te gent seoal | susesad®. oe leesd - sUASTARO 
Pes (sme Gadénens nawon edd don ef vere ofbbim edd to eléeeo oft 
7) | -eb-fantedxs dtiw bedetasut? siliv eupidna edé sd seddea blvow 
, 2 Berdioe edt to mojeeseecg Xoot snsinedisd edd aedl .eeanst 
 -qeteido taisexpnoe edd Snome bebivib eaw yrotixzsed sat . [psd 
 mpyo memes tieds mond-ddiw tdavo1g eroseiaqoig wen seeds Jad 


‘‘tyrdauoo! betsupnoo edd te eonsisecos odd fe2neto aoce bus emod 


fs cogeslfiv eid anigtitact to dnidt tom hih s0tsiagorg nsmoh. odd 
a 9b end, {Is yd bebnsorie ,sisesolg.soi senod « ydno esw deat 
bmn yhoo? tot ybaeL edd to eavdiue eds rot yrseeeosn eeonabaco 
ss po Bakwit eovsie bus etasned-acisbod 103 ,eismine batassy 102 
ss gebnsdo tovetsd setaseseq base eismis? ano es yireen Lice edd 


ss adtomoe enistor eyawle di .efqoeq s to amotevo edd ai edsiege 
-medd stoveb o¢ beeselo bed enssitio ssmoh yatkiso 245 Yo ni 
fae yod nedw .emid dool s aot enoissavooco Isist{noists oF eovlee 
wakates {Lite dud ,{esd.Yo [ioe edd no eevisemeds bedeildsivs 
ss Sngora: bebasl-to-sosmeno of eonsbseeb to eeinutnse edd ni be 
an ~fey dois Ye ¢ebim edd at bedeildstee si9ew eslliv aiedd jerods 
_=ddyreve vd bebavorise e1ew bos ,redew to emseise Rools ened 
Le ida sHoltasitivio gse1k o¢ bas stil yitnwoo ot yiseasoon dai 
Lvs i haamepnetes, tot [ice deifua) Yo dasa astssik edd to eiceceeens 
so = be imdwe yslgoeq edt deniate sed¢ien efpsnide ot Baived .esizy 

ss Nengitdadued to enciesvoi'edd desists ton ,enemoh emeoed bas svi 
Bs - peenstsh: ddiw-esllivaiedd dein o¢ exso ceded don hed vods 
7 sound odd pedW .mom bemts yd doedts ne 2oitaies1 1ct sidstivg — 
} a eweeeeecg tesl edd ,beocemmoo yasm3ss mort enstiedisd to acit 
: | eevleemodé éude odinel Liv ad¢ besebnsds [ioe nsmof-olis) to 
_ Nedt)ytevorboeesq boolt edd jedeed al betitswt-eettio edz: ai 
ie ior dud senottedided Lersa betedesveb aleds beaisces 
. ete  tdawodt yiews1 yedd | ‘edidsd to eotct yd. 10 vosnt 


= at ae 


or 16 ae en ei 


| 33 

13 th century. The latter is as sagacious im the entirety of 
its composition and as pure in execution, as that of S. CGhap- 
elle is barbarous in design and rude in execution. 

In the course of this work, we have occasion to return fre- 
quently to works of carpentry. Im this Art. we only imdicate 
certain Seneral vrinciples, that make known thepprosressive 
advance of the art during’ three centuries! we refer our read- 
ers to Arts. Beffroi, Bchafaud, Fleche, Hourd, Maison, Pan-dee- 
Bois, Plafond, Plancher, Pont, etc. 


OHATRAU. Castle. Ghateau. 

The castle of the middle ages is not the Romam castle; it 
would rather be the antique villa furnished with external de- 
fenses.. When the barbarians took possession of the soil of G 
Gaul, the territory was divided among the conquerins chiefs; 
but these new oroprietors prousht with them their German cus- 
toms and soon changed the apvearance of the conquered country: 
the Roman proprietor did not think of fortifyins his villa, 
that was onby a house for pleasure, surrounded by all the de- 
pendances necessary for the culture of the land, for food, amd 
for keeping animals, for lodging tenants and slaves living on 
the soil nearly as our farmers and peasants. Whatever changes 
operate in the customs of a people, it always retains someth—- 
ims of its origin; Roman citizens had cleased to devote them- 
selves to agricultural occupations for a lons time, when they 
established themselwes on the soil of Gaul, but still retain- 
ed in the centuries of decadence the cusmtos of landed propri- 
etors; their villas were established in the midst of rich val- 
lens, alons streams of water, and were surrounded by everyth- 
ing mwecessary to country life and to sreat civilization. Quiet 
possessors of the greater part of Gaulish soil for three cent- 
aries, having to struggle neither against the people, submiss- 
ive and become Romans, nor against the invasions of barbarians, 
they had not taken care to furnish their villas with defenses 
guitable for resisting an attack by armed men. When the irrw- 
tion of barbarians from Germany commenced, the last pvossessors 
of Gallo-Roman soil abandoned the villas to shut themselves 
in the cities fortified in haste; the flood passed over, they 
repaired their devastated rural habitations; but either effen- 
inacy or by force of habit, they rarely thousht of placings t 


os oe > id 
a: . 
ay M 


d om f™. a : 52 Ay 
[ - a: oa 4 q r ; ie "rer 

m= ¢ 2% : LAY 5 J a e 
WN i . i u ; pats F + 3 a ~ ia 


al dost se seb: bow: ont ot o¢ etorg rekow ekmtbliod ete otha 
her ee Fede spate edd eb aD .toerettib etivn eaw divige aens 
ae i reesb teav vd yino bebnworise od oa” F nseed genes “.sdiad 
eis) -ite ses ti bists1 easmis) efT .ersitnort betadeeveb evad od 
‘em wolls ot .asts eetmens ited eviah of aolev to diem eniti 
_ hott veds .eebtesd .medd aeso tioewid detidsdes ot mpexs9 
 * enokesvad nebbee genisds esvisemedd gniivose to eosem 8 wind 
‘eae yodt yeottio oi {fewb wevem enemisd edt tadd”> eodade eutiost 
_" “yerit saed¢0 dose doves o¢ emoliatided siedt wolls seve sonnss 
ss shitkage’ @ soddéedw of nibiooos ,sonsteih e Js hodsisase sismes 
vei? .cosla siataso 2 of medd besositie esd Jee10t so nislo 
~_ bas betosnn0o eecitibe déiw eivo stil ton ,eokelliv mic 
pees tO “.sosce biov s yd sevod eid ebavotiwe doses (fatale 
 edtovieiV <ensibaos red lve) hobevei tedt eelaoea ofnamis® 
ask yindneo di 8 sit to olbbim sit ai deal edd einai? bos 
bee Pynsttixs to hae oobewsns] to dasa s ever ({usd Ife belui 
i Seeds bed gedd eeods etew ednerd edd ,enoiisn ssidé seecd to 
eso vidt yflleubes gus © cenemreD edt to emoteno sid feniese1 

: ae go fedetidetes eswisi yetidsd antrsbosx e¢i bonobneds bed sf 
nS eqiso: ods to etif sits bsosfoer bed stil Isuvdiuoiass ;lice end 
; ~eei to evol eti .setoe1sdo evitiming edi henisies ti dey bee 


a 


a 


~ + , eae esitito to stil besilivio sit of noieieve edi foe soitsl 
se Va fon gew Si ynoitsloet yd osem ied sw cadw sieteim ton biyode 
ae  fedordts protiisw %o bned toss to nordésloel edd dvd ,ehudiloe 


a eft Qnoms yoamreS at beteixe bed coivelcet eid? .teido 6 od 
has yd bsvetc es ,tesW sit ctak sevicemeds word tedd eeloosa 
ey ot betusioensi vaw odiad ett ned .stio Iisde ew Jedd eixed 
be -aapienoe ovew encitetidad edd” .tosivd .M eyse “,tioe deilusd 
“me 8 48 eovisamsdd bedetidetes esoilimet to eteido sdé ~heerse 
p deav beiqvood yes yereddo edd woud sonsieib redeere sou 
ot esvelliv sit seeldeso emsosd iste{ veewod aiedt .enien 
© yelsups sleds bus pem eex% vo dom .bsloosa sisw medd bnvow 
ils poeeccrsioiny evi? sefinel aiedd of bedostis adetsoloo yd Jud 
Mii ow oamonaniines xd beviogsib Sfeati bnwet ediag sid etoeqess 
i? "grew odin ni ew sort So yldmeses sh? .tnomideidstes wee oti 
re meddst od ¥Lu0i3tib ssom doum smsood ,eisttem [Is bedasid 
i sd gomso odd ni enifieverq yiilsuoe eT 
inev noce beebai bes .teel smooed teum enoinsasoo eid 
8 edd no bedei{dedee ean hosd seme) odd Inomom ody mo 
bat bos rodeiigorg tee1d & em00sd bes his sat 


i ill es a aid he 


kl ae 


‘ae 


39 
their farm buildings under protection from sudden attack. The 
German spirit was quite different. “It is the honor of the t 
tribe,” sans cesar, ! “to be surrounded only by vast deserts, 
to have devastated frontiers. The Germans resard it as a str- 
iking mark of valor to drive their enemies afar, to allow no 
person to establish himself near them. Besides, they find in 
this a means of securing themselves asainst sudden invasions.” 
Tacitus states, *“that the Germans never dwell in cities; they 
cannot even allow their habitations to touch each other; they 
remain separated at a distance, accordins to whether a sprins, 
olain or forest has attracted them to a certain place. They 
form villages, not like ours with edifices connected and adj- 
oOining; each surrounds his house by a void space.” Of three 
Germanic peovles that invadéd Gaul, Bursundians, Visisoths a 
and Franks, the last in the middle of the 6 th century alone: 
ruled all Gaul, save a part of Lansuedoc and of Brittany; and 
of these three mations, the Franks were those that had best 
retained the customs of the Germans. > But sradually this peop- 
le had abandoned its wanderins habits; it was established on 
the soil; agricultural life had replaced the life of the cams, 
and yet it retained its primitive character, its love of iso- 
lation and its aversion to the civilized life of cities. One 
should not mistake what we here mean by isolation; it was not 
solitude, but the isolation of each band of warriors attached 
to a chief. This isolation had existed in Germany, amons the 
peoples that threw themselves into the West, as proved by the 
texts that we shall cite. “When the tribe was transplanted to 
Gaulish soil,” says M. Guizot,“the habitations were more dis- 
persed; the chiefs of families established themselves at a m 
mach greater distance from the others; they occupied vast do- 
mains, their houses later became castles: the villases formed 
around them were peopled, not by free men and their equals, 
but by colonists attached to their lands. Thus in material r 
respects the tribe found itself dissolved by the sole fact of 
its new establishment. The assembly of free men, in which were 
treated all matters, became much more difficult to sather.” 
The equality prevailing in the camos between the chief and h 
his companions must become lost, and indeed soon vanished, fr- 
om the moment the German band was established on the soil.” 
The chief had become a Sreat proprietor and had many means of 


-e1oiriew sism eyswis e1er (enoimaqmoo eid) easdto ent :aenca 
_ exe dna Donedtonerte e1en yiasqo1g to esehi efi evem eid bee 
‘dtinweutileypsat heqoloveb sew s10m edd ;abnim qaiedd ni bebned 
bad Jaddt ,etetdo tastiogmi ofd 10 Bnit eff .edostis eti Ife 
of mom atedt o¢ ehnel betwdiadeib .ywrotiaisd deav 8 feiquooce 
-ney esolvise z0t medt faawex bas eoivies iiest cs medi dosdis 
0 otfowb edsteo az oveh toido eid modu oJ toiaisw edt .heieb 
_ eid? .ydilesbivibmi to ius solteloeil to eleioniza won 8 yi 
‘banot bos ddavor od yawo eld to mom emoe hed ylleves aoivier 
eowee wen 6 ynismoh eid ai mid ddiw evil of smso Jedd seodd 
| | *“ .viifeupeni te 

of «Goah 3 NOoF eJi0d ofS 9G OG «EGe Get SFOK 


Se 8 : o8l «qQeont .a#738 <70K 90 oO ZeQe 8 -S#04 
28 e8eald ara KM gh 90007T ASI EOF Des eH oT ELH cCFeGeE STON 
ae eat & 8 MOBHSJ «QM0R SAT 2. |atax 


-Idates Ji nedw dosmon end te bevloeetk vwiiowmawe eidd andl 
edd bevioeeib tnivead aedta [ioe bersupnce edd» roctieedi feiai 
-{@ bed ti :omiter Jebuet sdd Baimrct vise .ydsioce asmo? flo 
_4pet yuseesoen s19n sisdt FHA «aidt Yo gm1e2 sid Fddword of 
_gpapde1 of etomests to .etnemiasoxs to bas ydowtens lo eelasdnes 
ne S0ind of .eetbgoite to hos ooiseitelisinhs Ieiseemi odd oF 
| p4 |  eisbhveeib gedt te tro coijexinssi0 

So esopesesca wen evedd Yo enoitedidad {sisi sad cise deck 
9 eno. ~foscest dadd nl jemis to duedxs enol decd batash [ues 
el 10 ev o¢ antxosl ei ncidsmiotni 10} .sistoetroe yino mse 
_ gemof sid dedd .seocuse ot ey abse!l dtnintyiewe .epesv yrev 
besosie estsdourse [e1g7 edd sot ecys 8 es hewiee gists elliv 
seedt to [evevee to etsoqe evel Io yrebs1) .eroiswonce sid vo 
-mernsiis off of ebnoaeeiz0o Liew eyse od dadw bas ebailienb 
qo% bobnetot eknibliod beisieei exew ysiT «eeiliv esd So edne 
.edainofoo fos einevise a0izbof .eoo1o sid Saitode sot eniniel 
gs mevs.10 yiedesm edd Yo Iisd end saor doidw to debim edd ai 
detiaes® efd doidw mintiw (fed 2 .tis nego edd ni saueotons 
© eft mebay siyeolons dads jphevedie® esiashuel eid tse teiso 
‘efiounco bus etese? rot fisd s a8 fevise .bsievoo 10 we asdo 
dé £08 enedotit .seldede gasv .eootiieg wd beingomooos aw of 
_Bbebavowie eaw eroiblivd evedd {le yd besaot quoi ect .edied 
ss wnovt @aold .ebsetisa elowie » 10 dogik e ,[isw anieolose ns va 
; tlind bed ednid asikaivorsY eid eeoslg betevele emoe no e1sid 
5 yj arventhitn alent had saved ot iseqgs seeds tad. peereeisi10t 


aa on Mae A ; : : 
sagas OO eer 
r : > 7 By i he & YS 


40 
power; the others (his companions) were always mere warriors; 
and the more the ideas of property were strensthemed amd ex- 
tended in their minds; the more was developed ineouality with 
all its effects. The king or the important chiefs, that had 
occupied a vast territory, distributed lands to their men to 
attach them to their service and reward them for services ren- 
dered. The warrior to whom his chief gave an estate dwelt on 
it; a new principle of isolation and of individuality. This 
4yarrior usually had some men of his own: he sought and found 
those that came to live with him im his domain‘! 3 new source 
ef inequality.” 

Note 1.9.59. De Bel\. Gali. BOOk 6. Shap. 23~ 

Note 2.9.59. De More Gorm. Shap. 15. 

Note BeP- 59. Hist. AsV-Givil.eon France, vy M. Guizot. Less.8- 

Note A. The same. Lesson 8, 

Thus this community dissolved at the moment when it establ- 
ished itselfoonsthe conquered soil after hawins dissolved the 
old Roman society, only forming the feudal resime; it had al- 
so brought the germs of this. But there were necessary four 
centuries of anarchy and of experiments, of attemots to return 
to the imperial administration and of strussles, to brins an 
organization out of that disorder. 

What were the rural habitations of these new pvossessors of 
@aul during that long extent of time: In that respect, one c 
ean only conjecture, for information is lackins to us or is 
very vasue. fvwerythins leads us to suppose, that the Roman 
villa asain served as a type for the rural structures erected 
by the conquerors. Gregory of Tours speaks of several of these 
dwellings, and what he says well corresponds to the arrangem- 
ents of the villas. They were isolated buildinss intended for 
farming, for storing the crovs, lodgings servants and colonists, 
in the midst of which rose the hall of the master, or even an 
enclosure in the oven air, a hall within which the Frankish 
chief and his feudaries ¢athered; that enclosure under the o 
open sky or covered, served as a hall for feasts aud conucils; 
it was accomoanied by vorticos, vast stables, kitchens and b 
paths. The sroup formed by all these buildinss was surrounded 
by an enclosing wall, a ditch or a simole palisade. Alons frn- 
tiers on some elevated places the Merovingian kinss had built 
fortresses; but these appear to have had a purely military c 


1 if éee ie a Oe ae eo hel - Er <> £2).« 2. i 
We og le. Mee eee oe 
as ti ' f % , 


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p? -o bedonsisalt redéa1 erew youd yomso nemo? ond edit tesosieto 
'  dedine esldeso usdt tedde1 ums ne tetlede ot bebnodot eomeo 
-tteds middiw daliedie® aot bas .foideticeand taensmisa 101 of 
‘hos teino s to stil edt aot yiseeeoen aningyisve siveolent 
beititrot edt o¢ sldeeo to omen edd svi ylno seo OW sem eid 
ed Of-edd mor? ,.9-i .boisveq [abust edd ni Jlind esonsbhiess 
-o¢ efdabimuiot. Jeom sis encitsdsided seedT .esiavinso ad ol od 
ater eler defias74 doidy ni esicdinnoo eft ni sa#ix yess seuee 
edt mo .nitkiso mamie® eti Yo enoitibert odd view e10m best 
/ipoousviesb-elT bans elsnoeeto® ni .ceneN ,enids ond to siasd 
yencee edt to bos etios edd Yo sesgoo eft to noidi0a « 0 

 @sitsoo Jorsase fo exosgs eTvoT Fo yrose7) whoeq.t srou 
#4 ,-@ Hood ef syne “,09dT*.oftoboes? Fo yato ait Yo heaesead 
to tneat toga foFKOD sit at) bsgedesd aow ond Jrek-J9t 3pa5* 
jeotgiostq 0 yd tad stow o yd ton ,bshinvortys si Fi - (ons 770K 
gosté o oF al bbda ott wk «ft? COL wads gvom Fo tdgsont a of. veo 
gen t1og redtenn af zdadth of 002 yrsu ef estou 9sodw \bneq 
TET ow aaiasél to teJuai7 o mto? yedt todt Fnobhaudo 08 2 fae q 
-m9, efroqmoy ats ;200/q Ont Fo atoe eit dguords s9qgD088 Ce e 
eat stoultigse aftnotidotal edt todt ,esto ftosry o fous septs 
tashies ef FI ".soapinudo né pduw} VSATOZ Ane srsdt huwarg 
0 fo retootado sas ssitor atwsssrve tasadeiidates efAt teat 


\ .bsSJoo-08 ysreqerg aJte09 o jo weit ,gmoo ostonsttad teow 
%o exesesoone yhsonine edt .botaea neletnivolssd sdi 2afaLd 
to enoiesvai eit ssocce of edxolte saoe shes bed enbenolzedd 
Eretek of bescastis snotesooe Leisvse mo bsi youd  ,sosmic! end 
mi beeolone ersw exten seedt tod ,zisvia esd to esessco ond 
to eiaot ased svad cveum bas ~etesd of tiind ,sesadeif lougsaid 
-enstisdisd wee saT veoideso seco10 medd iedtea ,boow bine TI89 
-detidetes tnensmieo anibnsot te sdgv0cd astnol cn vswIeh mots 
_yino botositts :betedesveb yedt dsdd .esixdiaveo ead of efnem 
~esv tisds odni nwuder ot benstasd yeds .yiood to svol eft vd 
_. yedd ds¥ .contvora doit « betelfic bed ysis vs nooe a8 ,elss 
gebim edd ni ebnelet emoe ci ,~yrodnemoic = mo bedlad wenkionee 7 
. Ro -bised ashae ersllte to efouboiq edd sed lode. oF. <eT9 VIA to. a 
_.geedd Bettiarot reds yneitikeaxe edd Smieoorco nom to wase 8” a 
»hedoneisni sisw seeds dud siden yd Hebretsh ybesals esosla 
et bobbeedss to dremdieiidedes nA .eolteso nedt 1sdte1 semeo 
9, dee odd 10 yosttiad .yoosma0% Yo desoo edd so atess favol 
cammpummerernretee sabe jesteriq nemio¥ edd vd bszever anol ce 


ea . : e ae 


D 
, 
) 
v 
J 


Al 

character like the Roman camp; they were rather intrenched co 
campos intended to shelter an army, rather than castles suitad- 
le for permanent habitation, and for satherins within their 
inclosure everythins necessary for the life of a chief and 
his wens’ We can only sive the name of casble to the fortified 
residences built in the feudal period, i.e., from the 10 to 
the 16 th centuries. These habitations are most formidable be- 
gause they rise in the countries in which Frankish rule reta- 
ined more vurely the traditions of its German orisin, on the 
banks of the Rhine, Meuse, im Soissonais and Tle-de=Prance, 
on a portion of the course of the roire and of the Saone.. 

Note ~1.ps@is Gregory of Tours speaks of several castles 
vesiesed vy the army of Theodoric.4Then,” says he, Book 3, +a 
*Shastetl-Marlaac was vesrieded (in the Gonrtal, Department of 
Mourvac). 1% Ve surrounded, not by a wall, but oy a precipice 
out tO a Hervant of wore thon 100 Ft. In the middle ts a Sreat 
pond, whose water Vs very g004 to drink, tn another part are 
SPvines, BO Doundont that they forw o rivulet of Living woter, 
which escapes throuah the gate of the ploce, its romparts en- 
close such a great area, that the Anhaditants cultivate the 
ground there and gother feuit Vn abundance.” 1% Vs evident, 
shat taVS esrtaolishment presents rather the charcater of a 
wast Iwtrenched comp, thon of a castle properly so-called. 

During the Carlovingian period, the orinceby successors of 
Charlemagne had made some efforts to oppose the invasions of 
the Normans: they had on several occasions attempted to defend 
the courses of the rivers, but these works were enclosed in 
times of distress, built in haste, and must have deen forts of 
earth and wood, rather than proper castles. The new barbarians 
from Norway no lomger thousht of founding permanent establish- 
ments in the countries, that they devastated; attracted only 
by the love of booty, they hastened to return into their ves- 
sels, as soon as they had villasged a rich province. Yet they 
sometimes halted on a promontory, in some islands in the midst 
of rivers, to shelter the products of villase under suard of 
3 oarty of men composing’ the expedition; they fortified these 
places already defended by mature, but these were intrenched 
camps rather than castles. An establishment of this kind is 
found asain on the coast of Normandy, Brittany or the West, 
so lons ravased by the Norman pirates, this is the Hasuedike 


Pen ee ge eae eee 


Sb 

asen ,citnedod to sluentneq oid to wWimexixs tesedtion eft no 
eoubsel S\t I Hodib vo soomdionersat oA* .yodtavd Yo baslel ens 
ett ,dnenttnoo sit mort yrotnomo1g eidd cetarscee diooel. of 
“Yo dovab x0! SI tbewweH edgy Tedd od vem 3T * JevtbeuRER edd et 
i Plveo eetsita edt tad sdoogs nemr0¥ edt seheossg Svkel edd 
naga ae 1 Doren nop to etnemionsitat ¢nsiene edt esitlitn 
“ .eanter to eoelo & meodt to 

rns pA WOOK. Bat qged «Kh gd ,eHaCHTOK. Se bSGud 65.968 stor 
VeeFoo. mc Shavwrow. bi Sia. Cotes. mig l.9 GAFSSSUCOH SF. 8. NO9R 
«<9SSEOSTO 96 KM YA ~EGRLeLEBL TOOT sw ON be PGF Ah 866.9075 .5 6. m9K 

-dadas yietiniteh siew enemiov edd yiutineo dt Of edd of ned¥ 
-~fgxo0t #find yeds .eSonseT to yeosrtrist eft go Jasa 2 oo bedeil 
~ aelwoisiaq « betiistey seomebiees eesdt buns .etoil{swk felt 
--e3 te eldeso nemi0v ed? {shred bne Leoltifoa dtod .r9etosys 
domo eit moxvt bedetwentterbh ei botie¢ Isbuet sft To Bnianised 
'Yo meteye se dtiw betosanco eyewls ef Ji ,siieso deixtnssd 10 
ft benisies veel ef[teso Hones edd elitiw .eensted [etsotiqied 
epg fo teitio sai to betifewb edd eit etait yniziso ofmemie® ett 
-@on bos ffs tentede otemob wo esi onibostesh .bedeloet .fasd 
. Of Lyrotin4ed ont Yo eeneted [evens edd sauooos ofni anided 
op Bef sfdon seitnend edd .ebiow wet s si Pootetebay ev odsm 
bosteb ot thdwore eldon namic edd elidw paismoh « yino ,yisnnoo 
. ,efeooea eid yo hexetonocoe yindiases Sid bos nismob eid dtod 
-2%nf ne eed Fi vO? .Fertd ga ebhem od Hiwoe notdonideth eidT 
dud .es0hebiess Isbvet edd to ncitecol eft ne vine von .soney 
# oT \eeent! to doses ni betveobe senoteb fo medeye edd no cele 
-feupe nistiso s et stedd ,eclieso rem10W to neidonisenoo end 
“ geeesxo vedtel oft seelteeo dones® ni beoet ton ei tedd yi 
~\eldon edt to soiagso ont tedd nese er ti (ytierevib emertxe 
efidw (néitonitenco steds beonen[Ini even eeebi welvoisasa eid 
-6y bendteb to elotoniag s ot heteotdue 1seqos esiteso aemack 
| 4entémob to etoeeseeca Ife yd besaoks bus , foot es Hes iatoo 
-qip edd tancoos otni esds¢ ono nod .sebhi Isnoiten s Soiwoliot 
Som edd°to tnemdekidetes evisinitel sit Sniynsomooos esonsdemuo 
estatia eesdi tesasdni sensmmi edd eited to Jesediaon eusmi0l 
~ moo esd NeGe BAi@esd ot bed ybtsm10% Yo [toe efs sho betsaslos 
-soroinies efid fas eevisemeds rot emesate Bns enevtt edt to eve 
 -  Pebinaat ed oF bevolo ,dd10Y sit mort ned of Buimoo etnem 
-tidtat\sdIt to deom bas ents? rsaqt eft te erceeseeca .ofacse 
etpcoreenenensas saew ensmick efit yaw eeviconoo ene .esia8 


oF 


+ a 
: ‘ ' ‘ 


42 
on the northeast extremity of the pewinsula of Cotentin, near 
the island of Aurigny. “An intrenchment or ditch 1 1/2 leasues 
in length separates this promontory from the continent, this 
is the dasuedike. Tt may be that the Hasuedike or ditch of 
the Hadgue precedes the Norman epoch; but the pirates could u 
utilize the ancient intrenchments of the promontory, amd make 
of them a place of refuse.” 

Note 2.n.6i. Exped.d Nordands, vy Ho. Depping. Book 4, Thap.Be 
Reon. SebeHasuediike SeLoPVVHe SSTADMAL.ANOVMANAS SoN-COTSS. 
Mewede SOCKS Antiqed Norm. Your 1831-1833. By M- &e Greville. 

When in the 10 th century the Normans were defimitely estab- ; 
lished on 2 vart op the territory of France, they built forti- 
fied dwellings, amd these residences retained a particular ch - 
aracter, both political and feadal. The Norman castle at the 
pesinnins of the feudal period is distinswished from the Prerch 
or Frankish castle, it is always connected with a system of 
territorial defense, while the French castle lons retained i 
its Germanic orisim: this is the dwelling of the chief of the 
pand, isolated, defending its own domain asainst all, and not 
taking into account the sSeneral defense of the territory. To 
make us understood in a few words, the Frankish noble had no 
country, only 4 domain; while the Norman noble sought to defend 
poth his domain and the territory conauered by his peovle. T 
This distinction showld be made at first, for it has an infl- 
uence, not only on the location of the feudal residences, but 
also on the system of defense adonted in each of these. In t 
the construction of Norman castles, there is a certain eaual- 
ity that is not found in French castles; the latter present 
extreme diversity; it is seen that the caprice of the noble, 
his particular ideas have influenced their construction, while 
Norman castles appear subjected to a princinle of defense re- 
ecosnized as good, and adopted by all possessors of domains, 
following a national idea. When one takes into account the cir- 
cumstances accompanyins the definitive establishment of the 
Normans northeast of Paris, the immense interest these pirates 
tolerated on the soil of Normandy had in keepinsS open the cour- 
ses of the rivers and streams for themselves and the reinforce- 
ments comius to them from the North, closed to the Frankish 
people, possessors of the upper Seine and most of its tribut- 
aries, one conceives why the Normans were led to adopt a sys- 


Fi 


z bieed .sebt ioe eh asian pee sts omotee 
| 3 ie i puree @ 00 sevisemedt berneseia onsieilh edt, r 
| oe meas, <iennsm omer sit ni vorcl yd Saibesoor etednyieve ,vT 
seae | bas arevig sdd enthneces vd .teson ed? eniyonooo yd caw om 
ag daned edt ot bedessenec vodd sedd .elevcsv aol tisdt mi ems 
ne  pgasve to stvo1 {swisn oft stew eirevia eft .yidnveo sft to 
4  stoiam of deos yeds germ einsd tieit oo ;aoicevnl nemi0h 
Spelbbetntss .esiveanineg ,eboslet efT .govleemeds. viivaet bas 
* ote mesodo ed genm  etsvia edd to sesnoo odd eis oaibnamnoo 
@ teum enoiteoel! to ytivelimie edd yetnooo yiedilim es garth 
é{tdee' or « .senoteb to enaem to yinrotioy soubotg 
aesvo Seshbnodxs eins! edt .Inus® Ye esvienmedt Saieesesod al 
resosqest ofdosi2062 nok yuosiased beiusv souw fne desv view 2 
10% edt ~entetnwom edd ofesedto ,eniedo sit si herisne. smoe 
-jed sit .emaecite yo betoseisdni seiadnvoo Io tebin sit of tY)8M | 
q ot Rnibrocos ileemid yttsict demm hose .21evin deer Ise0 Ist 
4  -tasote) bsereo yedd teonebifletai [enoexsa eid bos eoalo ond 
a matoo sedt¢om sft ctiw noidsoinummoo Ils (enisf edd se80 seedd 
 -sfoet eovlesmeds buvot nove ,bise yhesrle eved om oe bos (ets 
gdbim dsdd seit Isotdilog ;rerdto dose of ersynsise bos bod | 
-iden to esebi ed bus bexalet yitsbh e1sw edd etinuet aieks — 
“2 @ Yo exoseiagotva dse1t edd neewdsd encisvosrnce So .meitsno 
r - ito -eeent to ‘eroeesoone end no soneuliai on evad Dluoo .stede " 
OK cot yisidasoo edd nO .Lice eff seve bezisesifh ebasd to ets ; 
bas setsiic fs Seevitom seddo yd bevom vyiitsezecen e198" enem Ce 
: Vidnnoo ssdtom edt dtiw enoitels1 matunitneo aacl .besoennoo - 
fee Bee gniviais .adnemequotnis: wen medd Jnee yilennitneo test 
 @ -eecss stifisw yd beiquooe yhesils esiatnyoe ai eic1espnoo 
age fo heen edd yd .eteexetai to vwinummoo yd Bbavod sien yedd 
fo seblm edt otnit esonivors eesdd ni .fsdian ,teddstot Saics 
ont ast fresxe of doum Bainsh tuodsin beteideneq yods doidw— 
Bil ont omnes ‘Yo 10 Sip stomerianaNeS? to vew yico ated? .etsvia odd 
t heag, 2 hire Se iy ue . sisdaserh to seso 
| faenennens ada: fo > consuftal ne bedisxe eooneudini memof dedto) 
Ve — dom ‘od denm yodt exogeiteotg feitast® to eboillenh sdv te 
: : 7s od beonsamoo odw .peteiia ssivenibmes’ end excied bensisew 
Bos of vino: dnentd noo edd no ednemieiidsses taesemi90 Envet — 
“blind: ot Demotesoos o10m even neddel ooT .viudneo Ad OF - 
- feos 10. o vlinseneoon deum bos .bnel im. moadeennts doene of. nds \ 


.; 


43 

system of defense subject to a political idea. Besides when t 
the Normans vresented themselves on a point of French territo- 
ry, everywhere proceeding by force in the same manner, this 
was by occupying the coast, by ascending the rivers and stre- 
ams in their long vessels, that they penetrated to the heart 
of the country. The rivers were the matural route of ewery 
Norman invasion; on their banks must they seek to maintain 
and fortify themselves. The islands, peninsulas, precipices 
commandins afar the course of the rivers, must be chosen at 
first as military poents; the similarity of locations must p 
produce uniformity of means of defense. : 

In possessing themselves of Gaul, the Franks ox naa over 
a wery vast and much varied territory in seosrachic respects; 
some remained in the plains, othersin the mountains, the for- 
mer in the midst of countries imtersected by streams, the bet- 
ter near great rivers; each must fortify himself according to 
the place and his personal intelligence; they ceased (except 
those near the Rhine) all communication with the mother coun- 
try, and as we have already said, soom found themselves isola- 
ted and strangers to each other; political ties, that misht 
again reumite them, were daily relaxed and the ideas of nati- 
onalism, of connections between the sreat vroprietors of a § 
State, could have no influence on the successors of these chi - 
efs of bands disversed over the soil. On the contrary the Nor- 
mans were necessarily moved by other motives’ all pirates and 
connected, lons continuing relations with the mother country, 
that continually sent them new reinforcements, arrivins as 
conquerors in countries already occupied by warlike races, th 
they were bound by community of interests, by the need of ke- 
eving together, umited, in these provinces into the midst of 
which they penetrated without daring much to extend far from 
the rivers, their only way of communication or of safety inc 
case of disaster. 

That Roman influences exerted an influence on the arrangement 
of the dwellings of Frankish proprietors, they must be much 
weakened before the Scandinavian virates, who commenced to f 
found permanent establishments on the continent only in the 
10 th century. The latter were more accustomed to build boats 
than to erect structures on land, and must mecessarily profit 
by the nature of the sround to establish their first strons 


| bi ; 
tebuel Ine ‘eedod th ye potone fle satne inte wiih havin: 
en rove 10 wesiaal eldative redmid to vintners omoe a” mY 
| atom 1 olia" ye titor Cele bfioo yeiT .viood sieid Boe new odd 
ie. en ne j edd ‘no yebos bayo? neve ois tenis .eomeo nemof=-olis) evo 
er ~via ‘wen vd medd sesetoni ot .Sukee edd bus sfonsy edt to 
‘) ai eicr Yo einemefe derit edd sass of eudd bos .efsow [sniedni 
/ 


Ua 
Py - metas ited .svitoes enemy eft teY .yitnuce eft to rokteott 


~ =tose yonedeienoo ddiw bewobns .evolosnosd .dneforo Eos onieta A 
-efroomt ent Hootexrsbay yitotup yiev .etes aiedt Ife ni Esteet 
owe’ oft fokiw ne eoliosivasd eft bnibyaye® 102 eelteso to son 
_ yeltter ot weds wolls oF Heer nesd bed entenelisds Ye e1osesd 
ss qeboof on st]8ew Yes .vandneo Hs CL edt to elbhiw edd mowt bas 
 ~boow fae déres mir yssanos eit to eeenstsh seeds yd totteitee 
‘ieee wie nies sewol siit to saivoo edd wo betosxs ybserls god © . 
ee Be eeonebiver .difonav eds whntaésas crevia elddil ott a 
 ~Sn00 doidw to ,doogs teit af efdehimaot .sise dtiw diisd eno 
 “etnb edt yd eldsdremet yilefoscee .nisme1 ejnsmos1t eldsisbie 
_ -—«s- eefiteso edd nedt esx seiwiedt0 .etie siedd to sotoro dneditfio 
eS “pemof sit dtod ot hevedbe vent .betete eved ew es ;sona7% fo | 
_ ~—si“s ft E uedd- ie’ bedetidstes eiow sesdT .elfiv nemo sid bos qmso — 
- omg dehfnsa® odd ee botTbicooe .enisinuom oct mo te nisio end 
se SF OT .vrcetawed ebonistonem x0 [evel s heecseeoa sodeita 
Peebsetifea to saveofone me To heteienvo siiseso edd ,ceso ceo. 
ite ey mm imr0t ellew divae Geete vd esmitemoe .cedodib yd bebavovsise Me: 
ral af edt \eaweolone edd to sibbim edg nI .eltastos1 10 [evo me Bs 
ss Eb ebiw es mort neded diass Yo tolased sid.beeveo Yetio fehins 
Isqtontao eid sed% bavow 20 Ifid Istoltisis eids no bos \doddb 
‘© edd ot eboit [ftde shO .cdst edd smsosd sedsl tect (seneteh 
i oer te esoerd .deoW edt oi ylf{eiosees hrs const? to eaase 
Beda Lb ER eet .eelteso svidimiaa 
mL to enietas <6 to sopeuT end (troe eidt to sireppagand soy nA 
| . “an Yo stelomeo yitnetoitive wWertine ne en esvidn ~ .eetsdmA 
‘| ~{votdasa bebnetebh ol#éso to troe eidd to dmometnsais Lersned 


7 


et sends” no bebnvoed ei toemdeifdstes eidT .ekuowddase yd ylas 
i. > fgauot Sit eseolohe 0 fotth s i@ .A emseide owt yd .§ yeebie 
Re duo! vd anol wT Sb ei seads mestolielisteg eft to ebie 
ce ‘bavom 8. eetix mextollellerse efit Yo ofbbim edd tA .d% OOF Od 
Te 08 mort usbiw' ni eeisev dosit eeodw .sefemsi6 at «dt 3.88 
eh . om f duods: guominedms os ei F 3s eble enolesnerRO.stt Cd — 
ow iy 


mow odd Ife ¢. eo yiseesoonay et dT sohter ” Side h 
ears oa . + Pay bi _ we % . 
: Wat TH MART “As H o Md, 24 ‘< 
Tere : lS *) i! ss 


44 
castles;cwhichwereronly.campg protected by ditches, palisades 
and some structures of timber suitable to protect from storms 
the men and their booty. They could also profit by the numer- 
ous Galla-Roman camps, that are even found today on the banks 
of the Manche and the Seine, to imcrease them by new ditches, 
internal works, and thus to take the first elements of forti- 
fication of the country. Yet the Normans, active, both enterm- 
risias and orudent, tenacious, endowed with consistency mani- 
fested in all their acts, very quickly understood the importa - 
nee of castles for suardins the territories on which the suc- 
cessors of Sharlemasne had been forced to allow them to settle; 
and from the middle of the 10 th century, they were no longer 
gatisfied by these defenses of the country in earth and wood, 
put already erected om the course of the lower Seine, the Orne 
and the little rivers enteringn the Manche, residences of st- 
one, built with care, formidable in that epoch, of which con- 
siderable fragments remain, especially remarkable by the int- 
ellisent choice of their site. Otherwise were then the castles 
of Prance: as we have stated, they adhered to both the Roman 
camp and the Roman villa. These were established either in t 
the plain or on the mountains, according as the Frankish pro- 
orietor oossessed a level or mountainous territory. In the fi- 
rst case, the castle consisted of an enclosure of palisades 
surrounded by ditches, sometimes by steeo earth walls forming 
an oval or rectangle. In the middle of the enclosure, the Fr- 
ankish chief caused.the heaving of earth taken from a wide 
ditch, and on this artificial hill or mound rose his orincipal 
defense, that later became the keep. One still finds in the 
centre of France, and esvecially in the West, traces of these 
primitive castles. 

An establishment of this sort, the Tusaque of S. fulalie of 
Ambares,+ dives us an entirety sufficiently comolete of the 
general arrangement of this sort of castle defended particul- 
arly by earthworks. This establishment is bounded on three s 
sides: 1, by two streams A, B: a ditch © encloses the fourth 
side of the parallellosram, that is 492 ft. lons by about 295 
to 360 ft. At the middle of the parallellosram rises a mound 
33.6 ft. in diameter, whose ditch varies in width from 33 to 
49 ft.Ofmveneslons side at # is an embankment about 7 ft. high 
and 33 ft. wide. It is unnecessary to state, that all the wo- 


ee oF iy 
red «83 weit eid. ai bsietees owed ‘ow todd sieies ee Nee? . 
sie 26 got edi ir et eved ow 2A nr peteixe pool 
i ape davicnten! «biel edd. to anillewh edt ,aest edd e807 bavom 
_~igeo erueclone, ,odT sysve duo ylisse boow to ebbiad.s yd bese 
ue . (Yeresoiasanco. ens gnikbol.10i yieecesosn etaiblind edi besais 
*  Udedot «soto. .emoteivoug to est0d2. .sbsde .seldsie .biol sdd 
| dvedt Yo, elbbim eds. te,eebeeiisa cit ni feosco ested [sieves 
- -bag008. eetsh seodT «e2edd Yo eno sess oi ecetisq .eelie seadd 
oh vedd exil, eeeneteb Isnisdxe déiw.beaciues e19W modeno o¢ oni 
sradescen0, nsdé e1om esd esueolone eidé doidu déiw ,cmso nemod 
>) \ hetons eenote. dauor yo bentituo ean seus ns yliasnibsC «sold 
Go sosia edd Onidsoibnt ,saseo edd Yo bawore edt ci elorio s 
one esossbieer seodd Yo ytinioiv edd ni yvidoeupes® .yidneees | 
_Bnizevoo fidase. to-easm.s dud &niddon ois Jedd. .eeewlumus bowed 
Ve -om geecT. .cbaisco sisdd rot efdsxisme1 escoiziew to eeLod edd 
_. gig sewod-dodem A) ,evaon beonsvbs es been ie sviee Plnoo chan 
asvedsde to noideyreedo edt bewolls gesi sdi Io oot edd no heo 


se ‘ 


‘ a 
PA 


i _enebised & 9 to 4] Ntinioiv, eft of feaivs9¢ 
esi etom ant. Laka nhaget-pei%ad S9FOK ws 892 «AFeG of STON 
gk urygne @eg0esbbéa, sat Jo esdtane smoe s0 ayu7d O81 «Kk FO 


yeotaicesa & .flid 8 no booslo esw elideeso detinesrt edd il 
 waon eft bas bawomb edt to.eusder edt yd aosdd Ceiitoig yeas 
—gsei ent -ommeolons edt Yo. mot edd vad esie sid lo sosiied 
® avdioioiv eft. stenimob ot tnioa teedtid eid no rsdtis sso1 

| pemmdouate seedd ol it. asddbaside of soelo deciasw edd 1e98 
| sapened ,iedmi¢ sosiges ot nese ci sidds1 dooge stome1 s mort 
euonisinuom 6 ak. heaspo1o.ed bluce Ji doldw dtiw eese edd fo 
“edi to egie edt teadt, nedd beaiwooe yiineupsai wit. dug. .ysdnvoo 
mgs eti Ife ntstnoo o¢ evienotxe yitasioiline von esw slieso 
id d8 10 iiid edt, Io seqole sad anole asdt ,eeoneinsash: esois 
a to ewrolone, yzsming, & tlind ean sotaqiosiq edt to eead edd 
‘ eee vs bedoesorg venoie Yih to 20 i poben kis 


obieeb enn jo Rrplyetren edt. to eelteso, Ils sfesen ni boit sm. 

, -clone aenol eedt, Jeisnst ol. .d1000 aewol to oman sad yd beds 

taanes neds, nem eebiect -geox odd yd betosdoig esw sise 
oid ORL emueofome odd Jo sitaso edd oi booslo osex edt dsdt 

 <fogs sedw snomesasisa bed ¢ 88m .gmso. cemoS edt. To, muiioss19g 
ot novi ssh esd wolle ton, biveo ti,sangosd .2elteso od bei 

e etd Yo aeo1 edt m0 ileedi teso o¢ eeist0e sxem 
eee aes og Nike aba 2 Via ~ ‘uae ba : 


45 
wooden structures, that we have restored in this fisure, have 
longs existed no gore. As we have indicated, on the top of this 
mound rose the keep, the dwelling of the lord, only to be rea- 
ched by a bridge of wood easily cut away. The enclosure cont- 
ained the buildings necessary for lodsins the companions of 
the lord, stables, sheds, stores of provisions, etc. Probably 
several gates opened in the palisades at the middle of the t 
three sides, perhaos in each one of these. These sates accord- 
ing to custom were equipped with external defenses like the 
Roman camo, with which this enclosure has more than ome rela- 
tion. Ordinarily an area was outlined by rough stones set in 
a circle in the ground of the court, indicatins the place of 
assembly. freauently in the vicinity of these residences are 
found tumuluses, that are nothing but a mass of earth coverins 
the bones of warriors remarkable for their courase. These mo- 
wunds could serve at need as advanced works. A watch-tower pla- 
ced on the top of the keep allowed the observation of whatever 
occurred in the vicinity. 

Note 1. peGh. Soe in Notes AL *ac.imp.de Rordeaux, the note 
of Me. Leo Pruyn on sowe castles of the middle oges. 

Tf the Frankish castle was placed on a hill, a vrecipice, 
they profited then by the nature of the sround, and the uoper 
terrace of the site gave the form of tne enclosure. The keep 
rose sither on the highest point to dominate the vicinity, or 
near the weakest place to strengthen it. In these structures 
from a remote epoch rubble is seen to replace timber, because 
of the ease with which it could be procured in a mountainous 
country. But it frequently occurred then that the site of the 
castle was not sufficiently extensive to contain all its num- 
erous dependances; then alons the slopes of the hill or at t 
the base of the precipice was built a primary enclosure of p 
palisades or of dry stones protected by ditches, in the midd- 
le of which were constructed barracks suitabbe to house the 
Sarrison, stores, stables, etc. This primary enclosure, that 
we find in nearly all castles of the middle ases, was desisn- 
ated by the name of lower court. In Seneral thes lower enclo- 
sure was protected by the keep. Besides men then recognized 
that the keep placed in the centre of the enclosure,like the 
pretorium of the Roman camp, was a bad arrandement when appl- 
ied to castles, because it could not allow the Sarrison to 
make sorties, to cast itself on the rear of the besiesers 


d 1 a 
Vole m 7 i - 


ai ent ry as 1 .feone of oi pad i cscath Len ett ~—— im 
are ry satiate rie 
ALY A a6 » teonla> vifsieces yautneo dt ft eid: Ook a ont to. 
cow ypmatece Ietosoe eth anivad bas .sineoions edt to [few edd 
ee  ssetedw ebie edd ouibsemmoo bre eedotib edd ofrt eeldave edi 
ti tadt evetlod ot bentfoni sxe ew .1evewoH .deeieses esw eeeoos 
- geneteb ni nottostieq eti bsdosex yino bed elieso lebuet edt 
dda edd to efeosq edt tect foe .noteewnt nosmicoW odd aedts 
«sitesi. od dostdue meteye eviensteb « yioqs od terit edd sasw 
2te ,toemidaoo edt to eel[don sdt yd hewol{[cot noce ,zelqtoniag 
_— ssbaneaxe owo itedd ds yiroizequea edi besinhoos1 bad vedd 199 
 §o aatfeet aesh s soit osod eaw geseye eviensiebh semi0l es 
(of stedseisdo detinerl edd ex mbisi0t sortigas fone oclolcens 
oed of ti senso deum ow ,etcoxg Istietem so noiniao 10 sesd | 
 -poosem- od nieme1 s1sdd doidw mot aclieso edd dedt ,bevisede 
-{s betosie .estamtnso dé SI bne dt Of edd asewsed enctionase 
=i odd) peciistsdiat edi bus e1iod edd jsesoo oredesw edt Bao 
-esvni cemroY edt to eetuoo efit no ..8.d .emisl edd Ene ebnos 
~noisisg ¢ evad ,enoleeseeco mhedd to ytinioiv edz ai 10 enol 
-fleoas emse odd ni bowot Jos ef tedd .wiolian ,ietosiedo a6l 
- s4yBaubaed bue dévo? eft ni ,conasi elbbim io esonivoxug edd oi 
Yo ydinoireqne edt esiesdome o¢ yiseesoenny ti ovsiled of 
| eid-qe°dseq teal odd oaitwh engmicY edd to ¢ivice siifiew edd 
_$ Yo ednebrooesh edd to tiaioe efd ieve .botisa sefonivolaso 
 othoow eA. .Ilce mamof-olfe) no fedeifdetes eisiso deitasat edd 
-—s sms beeregerh s9edtan? erew tetisl edd (fedade ylesoivera eved 
_—s—“‘(“s Bgegeeeog .yalisnoider to taifest cn bed vyedd fms .fedsfoei 
ss $metetthb bemvees meiishus? .eentel dbid © o¢ enamiol sét yd 
oom sex di steddedw ot knibsooos .[ice sonst] no e1e¢toszisdy 
* eyeb Ri clasmeteids bea .tisige nemro¥ edd ddiw bexin eeel 1 
a Ye enokts0a nistieo no ddbif bede bluow osixcdeid & yd beaols 
by arte 1ssqos Jedd yesde elbkim edd tc yroteid Lsoisiloo eat 
Bidet -ae. LIenoideotine tsid ct eqedise ei ti end? .sldsotioxeni bre 
So ed: teieor blwoo doidw .meitsbuet dosert to :dysq s to sia 
i, ‘ree ni del{eod animoosd tom wo ewe ow dads .sonenttci sami0l 
de heeogane | ed tdtim ea .xobsise s don ei cid? .yundneo dv ct 
Mie - xd bedssberoni ‘need, bed Lioe done1% {Ie 21 .sonsit texit fd 
a onttol qwotas <entaM (ybnemi0K efi tiaiae nemo Iscoisven odd 
1 si 4 ‘deittad of .ristace dd @t edd af ennsiv® bas egncdcise .xo 
, Pnoees oi 2idd oT steverot enens seed eved bivow decupaco : 
ee ne “30 ebiol Ishuet edd to) cepatnat seein pageoes oe 3 


. 4 ) A ae 
Tt he J. = 7 ra y 
mie an Can: Ro rae ie, SS a J vies ml 


‘4 


= 


eee ee 
y — va 


— ~ =o a 


or 


ee ae oe eee et ae 
=. ~ 
_* : 
yn 


4 


is 
= ri 


46 


after the external enclosure had been forced. We see the keep 
of the castles ffom»the 11 th century generally placed near 
the wall of the enclosure, and havins its special posterns, 
its sorties into the ditches, and commanding the side where 
access was easiest. However, we are inclined to believe that 
the feudal castle had only reached its perfection in defense 
after the Norman invasion, and that the people of the North 
were the first to apoly a defensive system subject to certain 
orinciples, sooa followed by the nobles of the continent, af- 
ter they had recognized its superiority at their own expense.. 
The Norman defensive system was born from a deep feelings of 
suspicion and artifice foreign to the Frankish character. To 
pase our opinion on material proofs, we must cause it to beo 
observed, that the castles from which there remain to ws con- 
structions between the 10 th and 12 th centuries, erected al- 
ons the western coast, the Loire and its tributaries, the Gi- 
ronde and the Seine, i.e., on the course of the Norman invas- 
ions or in the vicinity of their possessions, have a particu- 
lar character, uniform, that is not found in the same epoch 
in the vrovinces of middle France, in the South and Bursundy. 
Ne believe it unnecessary to emphasize the suveriority of 
the warlike spirit of the Normans durins the last part op the 
Garlovingian period, over the spirit of the descendants of t 
the Frankish chiefs established on Gallo-Romanm soil. As we h 
have vreviously stated, the latter were further dispersed and 
isolated, and they had no feelings of nationality, possessed 
by the Normans to a high degree. Feudalism assumed different 
characters on Frence soil, accordins to whether it was more 
or less mixed with the Norman spirit, and this remark if dev- 
eloped by a historian would shed lisht on certain portions of 
the political history of the middle ages, that appear obscure 
and inexplicable. Thus it is perhaps to that antinational sp- 
irit of a vart of Prench feudalism, which could resist the ¥ 
Norman influence, that we owe our not becoming Snglish in the 
45 th century. This is not a paradox, as might be Supposed at 
the first slance. If all rench soil had been impregnated by 
the national Norman spirit like Normandy, Maine, Anjou, Poit- 
ou, Saintonge and Guienne in the 15 th century, the taslish 
conavest would have been ensured forever. To this individual 
spirit and nowise national of the feudal lords of Brittany, 


‘-. te ‘ td, ay ie 
to bas eo etter Raashenr Vasbvedies sintibalidessiiivete Aokdn mi 
Prerry iae tasotees: blo edd. wd bebnosee penne oth extaso edd. 
1 beaiewed gnived qwo eno ew tedt .slaoso semof-olisd eds 
aided ton esw noieevol detfan® edt dooge dadd ok nisas 104 
percent cone to tnsapatighrt boot 8 « 107 wmolapred nhioitot s Be 
BS dvt02 eF -Sone1t to 
‘x4 aoe: eet Fo ete detow ont ,bn0/30d ah weet 195 6g +f 9FO% 
| (a desmont. weblsnoo tox Ob yob efdt of bao ,snorsTs ait 80 9007 
ie ~T0K. 70 enmoxne a@youwlso O70 ded tena adt modt voi sd#edsind eo seo 


i Te ayel . 680% 
eet Licbonsons ton ef eidd qnokevesbib eldd bewells e1s sw tI 

—  attotedd edd to nismob edd bninejae to scienedeig ed) eved 
- | os \enoiisotiieeslo nisiaeo deildades oF fesn ew eeusoed Jud 
ee -teso {abuet edt busterebaw of erebses two Saieweo tc fodsem 
7. - esti .sonstiognmi edi ssiesdome os .26hs efbbim edd Sniaub of 
te © bos avebmert edi to esenso edt .esiseivev bas encisdemtoteneid 
oar | y) aistosisio {sot¢ifoo [erence edd 10% doum 0 .eonsheosh adi 
ss. Gaitosae esT .cousbieos Ishnot svidimina edd So .xee eu sel 
sted b Yo Stl esaviag bas emotevo edd oF betsler ray natosisie 
sett edt neod overt teum tedw evisonco enc Jel vol .ednedidedoes 


ss Jet Bekandmso dt Sf bone ds tf end eniauh siden febpet end ic 
‘a -wbret to ¢nemcolevsh edt Yo beiass edd niawh ei ded? leonenk 
ss m#p Ye ond tin. betawooo yisnsdenoo ei siden asnac’ eit .megle 
hy eat Ienotten odd ,bnelen to teenpnco edd jnoivec eis to oti 
bE -a yterbes tin vino bedtimbe eb en coidn of Tneriseoo sri re 
 -——sisS rtf Ratewso .evelo od dedd .tueo [eoiviloa e sid jot aniniat 
Hh oednenn ~eesites: sevewoH .f[enoeisa ylesidne gop boe nB& see oF 
ss hekfeameo ef od .nowsd nemr0% edd ed vem evottidms kas bent 
oe ggext no yr1so of .sorefaoo of .snets Hommoo & ojo 1etne o7 
ee BiH <2omso bos eeimie ot onivil %o ¢ided edd oiede1 oF .eteH 
ss om eet od) seasisx0t Isisotiaaes oft Yo anddtemoe ead elicec 
ss Swit ewoml ed ylfentt ;eaol ti niddiw Yieemid tude of sineisl 
ee —— 16% MATE DER edd bnedeb nen os oismok eid bites od 


* mere *" heoe tte. eew sonie onol teeupnoe te yiomem edd j10e 
‘i 8: jub eid ebnedesomco yino si .tnebneashot es Meenid ebisbes 
ie to wedeve: [sotdotareif edt yd adiiened 2c ezssosd Iscéev ce 
| suevee eit exinkooey of eeertor od Ti edt bos .meilebvet 
eid neh Seeetamyes nwo etd wor10m oat 10. tes enonx ea ove 


‘ a. " * Z at 
Fag Ws = » a i  « a Any. ye 


7% 14 
Dis - Me a) Reh a 


47 
which always remained opposed to Norman influence, * and of t+ 
the centre of France, seconded by the old national spirit of 
the Gallo-Roman people, that we owe our havin’ remained French; 
for again in that epoch the fnslish invasion was not regarded 
as @ foreisn invasiom, for a a good portion of the territory 
of France. { 

Note Le Po Che Buen In England, the WNeieh are of the same 
race as the Bretons, and to this doy Go not consider themeel- 
ves as Buglish, for them the Ena\ish are always Saxons or Nor- 
WINS. 

If we are allowed this digression, this is not because we 
have the pretension of entering the domain of the historian, 
bat because we need to establish certain classifications, a 
method for causing our readers to understand the feudal cast- 
le during the middle ages, to emphasize its importance, its 
transformations and varieties, the causes of its srandeur and 
its decadence. So much for the seneral political character, 
let us say, of the primitive feudal residence. Its special co 
character was related to the customs and private life of its 
inhabitants. Yow let one conceive what must have been the life 
of the feudal noble during the 11 th and 12 th centuries in 
France! That is durins the pveriod of the development of feud- 
alism. The Norman moble is constantly occupied with the affa- 
irs of his nation; the conquest of @ndland, the national wars 
on the continent to which he is admitted only with regret, re- 
taining for him a political part, that he plays, causins him 
to see ah end not entirely versonal. However restless, unsub- 
dued and ambitious may be the Norman baron, he is compelled 
to enter into a common arena, to coalesce, to carry on Sreat 
wars, to retain the habit of livins in armies and campos. His 
castle has somethings of the territorial fortress: he has no 
leisure to shut himself within it lons; finally he knows that 
to guard his domain he must defend the territory, for in fns- 
land as in France, he is in the condition of a conqueror. The 
life of the French feudal noble is different; he is a posses- 
sor; the memory of conquest lons since was effaced in him; he 
regards himself as independent, he only comprehends his duties 
as waSsal because he benefits by the hierarchical system of 
feudalism, and that if he refuses to recognize his sovereign, 
he knows that on the morrow his own vassals will deny his vow- 


3 eh 
* gab reitiase’ ‘eft Yo etesretal Isismed edt o¢ ashestde & yrSs¥CO 
-tinsas yleoisoe yedt sonte ,bnaderchny tonnes Si tedt edeorsd 
seodd tenols eevil od ,(yxwdneo as St edd nt eevfeemens bedee 
8s pelevps 10h ednsvsee jersiblee geddion sis mid onifaccne 
. b yfasefo ton et daft {eigiFntetTieo 2 03 wid no breosh yeds 
“sotvise mit eriwo osm Yeo ton esob ef .eseso seom ni bentteb 
efdon ed? .besimil ai soivise eldt to neidsask odt dud .aew nt 
“sail \emoe ‘eleeesv to eoteslo [stevee e@tnsco tsit « enived 
*-ebaad aietit to bie edd bas stsmcd yino mid suc .etdbindy edd 
WSSvetIet ot bebnodnt ave 8 10 emis ct [seaqce sa to evan ot 
eidt gedd yaseacsoen ei si nieses bons .soivise eidsy mort medd 
gengd0 imaistevoe edd tenteds Soidstashav ne af bis of ten ed 
(bref edd od etnes veo tenm ebzsl sex? oniblod etnenet nowmos 
"ee sent .eteol cini Onel etdd euthivif te ebelivias sas diin 
gs°té .entSsif[iv odd .etnenst asds0 .esseee! [eatoniag edd ete 
geswol edd“ (fnid ni ednenes eft (2insesso eft .eeelo tolasint 
yétewsvib etd? .ebuid ifs te sotviee swo .efaoe Iefest eat ni 
(Sd bne [foe sit Yo nokeivib edd nf ,elenbivibnt Yo anai edd nt 
~Mod ettatiak beorbortsi (Jt mon) heviask Hxossnd Foubore eA4 
-ge0qmt yesecds <esis¢inoltIif Iattsques stetersds .2nciisoile 
stete sedt act .eto8 yisitidius vlinevosenco Boe sdbresevo slioi 
nvondt yisorses & av notteiteinimbs nedw doogs rs ait etnidsd te 
od bbs en° sed insmelden sd¢ ef Ieioibubeia nevte eew .eonetoe 
edd’ to efnad oft ti Seeds ,eeidon edt to ebnsl edd Jedd eisd 
mg edd°entatb nefbasek s of tosidve eewleemedt Hanct ,edvainv 
~ Fhe Sntawh bevotns nkietevee sdt ..e.i .fa0l ext to yeivente 
noltexed miotion dtiw yebos tI .eboeael efd Yo esunsves edd sid 
‘sid mi’ yotielnde1 omvene of Yieeeeoen ef eleioitto to we os 
| .¢ Bans vO? to vitow te°d¢idad anol se bee .etet& eft to eenneves 
Po tg gt Si bas ds fr esd of avo0o tenm sedw baedetameo [fiw eno 
-P SAF NT’ intemek [abet & Yo nokdedtetnimbs edd of estavsnes 
; =simib eounevs1 eid Yo sousee ot wee of .tneifemen stew biol 
Aner ed nist’ to evoiptusve Siew sd yueidnoo edd no ti :eliet sek 
any ‘mid dct vess een dotdw ,sonsiotv yo esttinorttif desords go 
“296 bab SOfankt te edisin edt ebnsd eid ni benidmoo sf sovie 
» “te nOivibaoo s dose. ni tieemid oietniem fos evil cf .saishet 
. “'entdtyrsve bos Ife sepiteim od fel esw osmeldon edd .ysatioos 
mii bewo Odw Seddd to noksoveb edt ne stavoo ed bluco yleorsee 
Viseesosn aw SE neivovel cids oxiupos of .eoivaee vietilin 
na sosyeeldon PetnRAS, WEP hensss “enh Sheeubire Sophtos ihe antes | 
# cay ee ‘tah 


ai 1 YU oe ©? 


7 ae “hy 


48 
power} @ stranger to the general interests of the country (in- 
terests that he cannot understand, since they scarcely manif- 
ested themselves im the 12 th century), he lives alone! those 
surroundings him are neither soldiers, servants nor equals; t 
they depend om him to a certain-bimit} that is not clearly a 
defined in most cases. He does not pay men owins him service 
in war, but the duration of this service is limited. The noble 
having a fief counts several classes of vassals; some, like 
the knights, owe him only homage and the aid of their hands 
in case of am appeal to arms, or @ sum intended to relieve 
them from this service, and again it is necessary that this 
be not to aid in an undertakins against the sovereisn. Other 
common tenants holdins free lands must pay rents to the lord, 
with the privilese of dividins this lamd into lots, just as 
are the principal lessees. Other tenants, the villeins, of an 
inferior class, the peasants, the tenants in kind,” the lowest 
in the feudal scale, owe service of 311 kinds. This diversity 
in the rank of individwals,in the division of the soil and t 
the product the lord derived from it, introduced infinite coi- 
plications, therefore perpetual difficulties, abuses; imposs- 
ible oversight and conseauently arbitrary acts, for that state 
of things in an epoch when administration was a scarcely known 
science, was often prejudicial to the nobleman. bet us add to 
this that the lands of the nobles, those in the hands of the 
knights, found themselves subject to a Suardian during the m 
minority of the lord, i.¢., the sovereign enjoyed durins that 
time the revenues of his lands. If today with uniform taxation 
an army of officials is necessary to ensure regularity in the 
revenues of the State, and a lons habit of unity of sovernmamt, 
ome will comprehend what must occur in the 11 th and 12 the 
centuries in the administration of a feudal domain. If the l 
lord were compliant, he saw the source of his revenues dimin- 
isa daily: if on the contrary he were avaricious of Sain, he 
cut throush difficulties by violence, which was easy for hin, 
since he combined in his hands the rights of finance and of 
judging. To live and maintain himself in such a condition of 
society, the nobleman was led to mistrust all and everything; 
scarcely could he count on the devotion of those who owed him 
military service. To acauire this devotion it was necessary 
for him to tolerate numberless abuses by his vassal nobles, 


Ob : , gre a ae ya ae 

} mister bos toxstte of cents @ sleds ‘Yo bts -edavn ack Lote aa 
eds i d .ydaseor¢ to. aeiahahes ne to doonstwlis edd yd wid ase8 
of a Bi b oH -enodddion eid to ebnel edd wo tnemdosoione ce to eood 
AR deere ob esonsves eid seusosd ,esbew ts ednevise evad neve Jon 
hats seu oljeso eid to soivise yiieb edd boii oi bisa sien Jis¢ 
g 708) «euiqeere edd en0 mid bewe ofw .ehus!l eid mo nem yd snob 
| taeda, eid Yo -s1iso sdd seeds ,enisib efc to aniaesio eft aedto 
ied odd abuimisw.act hoow sid Yo anitaiad edt esedd fue ,eol 

| ein. Se paimmitd odd .ysd eid to Qnitiwo odd .feewd eid Yo ant 
eos bus ylimel eid diiw qsei eid nidiin farideh .ofe ,eeahed 
_ «Heenid nedi asi100g enied eevidsier eid to daom ,encinsames 
_ eoivise seodw .emie ds sem eid tsdd sisdieo e&@ ton binoo of 

sshd dm guoddeien ewoe to setmose edd vd beoubee .yisicamed esu 
i i te dent sooo1t ofideen « od elieso eis to eetse sft osc0 ton 
 <meteye eidt esitisant, ywilidon ishrel efi to sonsseixe spoet 
etd yd boaistes need esd dotdy to soieeetomi edd .denadeinm te 
eu Od emese noivesinsoye [siooe tedt yehod Fi bre teonshiees 
sew di gedt oudis of yiseecoen [fide ei di ,enotho bos frweds 
wkloeth of ,elewbivibat te -eo10t L[e10m edt aooleveb ot Ledaeiie 
Bie? \ Bbibeteds .yswoving edd ecsdusc eaw Si tedd .slacea sad saile 
i‘ rs ded, ssoltaur10e Intemede Jeom edd of meitedisd mort test gon 
By: jyenoitesided seodd ts enote s daiteso isven tent 6d asd ey 


ee trrewog [soisorsnom vd es Ilew es ,stad rsivcec yd ewouddasve 
ih Isnoitsn a0.to sibaie edd ci ni cee ev del yretis0eo odd n0— 
’ ' 


sis w= ah ot dqmetnoo tsdd.to ,etoniteni etiliew seeds to .ysaisae 
an a9 to mnani aes. bas soneshnecshni odd beawesae oved doidw ,198 
Shedd cd bids hemes f. -YIdaseO 
‘sa sietan edt. ‘yo. oT09 ont. bod bated ad staonst sdT .Taeg of STOR 
a badx av ssvbh ,vod baa tosiw sift Fo gnitesotod sdf .siiim bap 
"Peace aodtosrogenory aéotrso ,esghed gadmaiat ,agh9 ,anoqgoo sid 
-tqsoos ased. evad Jeumetsse [eioce eidd jJadd esvisonos sn0 
-boi bod «fice doneii so belitee vers nedws.ensmio0¥ oft yd be 
to ametevo edt ot beblIeiv sidon namr0% dose ollof sonie bes 
evil ot sot :tisemid bedelidsdee bed ed modw goons slacea sit 
eb fl .aiemob eid stelmcocsh ot teersdai eid dom esw di cisdd 
edd Io eewned odd of Boiddion hernatio ved Jed ybeweiled od o@ 
> ot edd mort 10% »teenpnce Yo ddtiax yd heyotnae ed doidw .elett 
i emit, nb 2Ldon nan70F edd sse su yandase dv Sf edt to eainatd 
, Saad SE irianihecnat Sana So rsdmen Ifsme 2 yd bobnuoime soasq to 
soon asigicoeuratle Ao emit ai ;ased heitisne?. edd lied odd ob 


fa ous ig 


ae 


a" : o bs . a Si, 
7 oe 4 ae 74 ~ - LS) — = | 


A9 
who lent him the aid of their arms, to attract and retain them 
near him by the allurement of an increase ef property, by the 
hope of an encroachment on the lands of his neighbors. He did 
not even have servants at wages, because his revenues in great 
part were paid in kind, the daily service of his castle was 
Jone by men on his lands, who owed him, one the sweeping, an- 
other the clearims of the drains, these the care of his stab- 
les, and those the bringing of his wood for warmiag, the bak- 
ins of his bread, the cuttins of his hay, the trimmins of his 
hedses, etc. Retired within his keep with his family and some 
companions, most of his relatives being poorer tham himself, 
he could not fe certain that his men at arms, whose service 
was temporary, seduced by the promise of some neighbor, misht 
not open the sates of his castle to a hostile troop. That st- 
ranse existence of the feudal nobility justifies this system 
of mistrust, the impression of which has been retained by his 
residence: and if today that gocial organization seems to us 
absurd and odious, it is still necessary to argue that it was 
arranged to develoo the moral force of individuals, to disci- 
pline the people, that it was perhaps the only way, that did 
not lead from barbarism to the most shameful corruption. Let 
us then be just, never casting a stone at those habitations 
overthrown by vopular hate, as well as by monarchical power; 
on the contrary let us see in it the cradle of our national 
enersy, of those warlike instincts, of that contempt for dan- 
ger, which have assured the independence and greatness of our 
country. 

NOt? Le PoS%e The tenants in Kind Hod the care of the cattle 
ond witss, the horvestrwas of the whest ond hoy, ues Ln KVARG 
Vike capons, 2288, trimming hearges, SCSVLALH. LLANSPOKTATVON, 2 tC 

Qne conceives that this social state must have been accept- 
ed by the Normans, when they settled on French soil. And ind- 
eed since Rollo each Norman noble yielded to the customs of 
the veovle among whom he had established himself; for to live 
there it was not his interest to devopulate his domain. It is 
to be believed, that he changed nothing in the tenures of the 
fiefs, which he enjoyed by right of conquest, for from the be- 
Sinning of the 12 th century we see the Norman noble in time 
of peace surrounded by a gmall number of families, dwellings 
in the hall, the fortified keep; in time of war when he feared 


4 ity A, te a 4 
; vc i “ é re 
‘= 

‘nae fs 5 
Mi as mee a 


ns elseesy edtparedtst if feen ined atin causes. : 


eta: ite tenoee esw gest edd tnibasowise sinsolone: beitisaot 
dose: dotdy ai omeo beitidiol s emsocd Ji bus .e¢esd wi sLind 
%: ' bas envieivord .eueotosig ¢eom bled ed tedd Ife tdaword sno 
| axe: titi) sebexools so,stete a niateve of yiseesosn Saiddyisve 
x - ggenistace. ot tfind mese tadd esensteh evienedxe srodd enista 
 emedt: baoeot yisereoe oie encitedidsed Yo eeosad dinodils: yous 
prety dgoitilog déiw exeisi0e? edd bevieonoo eesmiol odd Jo¥ 
oat ed betitoig eeidon donetT edd ‘geno {snoe1sa ss [low es 
Bo). -on utsdifin giedd ni enoisd sami0o¥ edd yd beyslasib ytiostse 
7: -batt Jo <nismoh odd gnibneteh to absi edt diiw yloo tud yeda 
Oe fem atedd) bas) yiims? vieds. .cevieemeds 107 moiyes etee & Bai 
Ve --epeeadiot eto esisif{sup efd heniese1 saef siteso aemick sat 
ij seronm neie10l edt tenishs tiesti huciebh of es ce henidmoo 
a eens gasoustai ,esheecesa bnsmmoo od ossedo ei stie edi 
otad: ett tyaotiaret e toedo1o has ,ectoo yas ns ebivib- ,enod 
od, benbeved ,euetosae yilevitsasomoo es edmemetnesis [anise 
 -igiine diind ef efteso done? edT .esinsqnoo exoismen cistnoe 

: nets eti zolsmob Iebust edd to soistesso1 edd of weivs déiv 
; _etnemednsate [entedni edi yonofs ilezsi Josto1g o¢ bedoeloe et 
7 go vedt¢ss soitetided onisiesdome betosiatneo ,fbetsoilomoo e128 
— Efewes at beasited com to d1ow odd stsoiboi yedd ysemeteh cedd 
 -s4g yd heiquooce1a esitinos? Iendooliotni siedt Lis ,ersdmus 
-—s eefteso eone1i oT .eensfeh [snceied to dedé .ddtnodd efsoie 
7 -Leemetitobaties nso bsen de dotdw .welteso to qnox)s edit ef 
SP eit of esqobs: asmeidon: done1® od? .teddo dose Jenieke Bev 
) eeticas od bne ,nemi0% eft fo sixzice yiisio edd. yintaso dd 
~ on, ti epee mi eonebices sid: to elieteb tesol edd od ti 
‘reese ee 5 Gi .Asequ oF 

9dt prom lie evo etnonst bao adnoasec-dve 947 e88egel Stok 
; ot taer o gatyog bao faséir yrotibered. wd ebaod gavhso# teartF 
y nS Ty ~galifod taotrogmé sess o e9eesssog éecoss sat sérod sat 
 nieds té gaéyogas tof bros sdt gaéyoqg ,a9hr0g ban F1uG0 savor 
a - ytubo yd 70 ,yttavoo edt af sisw yott Ft phadd as etasuyog 
tat od t TO. aodtibaoo, sat evtéo o a¢ grew ysds Fé ,sasbrood Fo 


./ 


oo : (edd od e8sa Liede ew .weiv: [sxsns eldd Sniosid sedTA - 
a) hos csgpnabont yawooo desit Ilin sh .etnemunom est to: saiseagenet 
adie at CIR edd ot beousvhs teon sede ~2iteso: ae ont 

ale a {| a Y 


’ 
<a. 


ll | a ~ : 2 Sars) oF a5 aa —_ 


gant cng aout fos etnened .elgeesv-duevtiedt neve 


ei LDR * tapeosq ott fo todt move olttis bers} 7ébh redsrv} stno 


50 
adéression, he called around himself the noble vassals and e 
even their sub-vassals, tenants and peasants.! Then the vast 
fortified enclosure surroundins the keeo was occupied by huts 
built in haste, amd it became a fortified camp in which each 
ome brought all that he held most precious, provisions and 
everything necessary to sustain a siese or blockade. This ex- 
olains those extensive defenses that seem built to contain an 
army, although traces of habitations are scarcely found there. 
¥et the Normans conceived the fortress with political views 
as well as personal ones: the French nobles profited by the 
‘gasacity displayed by the Norman barons in their military wo- 
rks, but only with the ieda of defending the domain, of find- 
ins a safe asylum for themselves, their family and their men. 
The Norman castle lons retained the qualities of a fortress 
combined so as to defeud itself against the foreign assailant; 
its gite is chosen to command vassases, intercept commumicat— 
ions, divide an army corps, and protect a territory: its int- 
ernal arrangements are comparatively spacious, desesned to> 
contain numerous companies. The French castle is built only 
with a view to the orotection of the feudal domain; its site 
is selected to protect itself alone; its internal arransements 
are complicated, contracted, emphasizing habitation rather t 
than defense; they indicate the work of men gathered in small 
numbers, all their intellectual faculties preoccupied by 3 
single thought, that of personal defense. The Frence castle 
is like a group of castles, shich at need can feféndothemsel- 
ves against each other. The #rench nobleman adopts in the 12 
th century the crafty svirit of the Norman, and he applies 

it to the least details of his residence in dwarfing it, so 
to speak. 

Nove 1.9.68. The suo-vassals and tenonts ove free wen, the 
First Hovarns Lands oy hereditary right and paying a Kent to 
the Vora, the second possesses o Less Vmportant hnovarnd, 6 
house, Court and garden, payingd the Vora for enjoyrins Vt bY 
PHYWEnTS WH kind, If they were Va the country, or vy 6 duty 
of voording, if they were in a City. The condition of the ten- 
ants further differed Vittle from thar of the peasant. 

After tracins this general view, we shall pass to the exam- 
ination of the monuments. We will first occupy ourselves with 
the Norman castle, that most advanced in the course of the 11 th 


32a : Py 


nord to. eltess. $69 st ge moe pane thie ea accar 
1 “bai? ew a0? inioa, mrtg BB au svise sa ahaeaem st ‘teso 
ae tvelisteb to encitsnidmoo bus noidsool eti ai eredt nists 
| | se seeeiee oft oO. .senetehito eslatonizg aemioK-evidimiare 
- «bedosteb ei ‘gee ect most eolim emoe de eeuoiA to yellev edd to 
| = fora 1ednonota te dace s emzot dedi .déase vwiledo to sthia.s 
| xaetnesene edt to bne edd dA seebie seadd no eiuden vd bedoe 
, edd Ye soneupsenco ai ,buetees odd masil{ri to elonay Email in 
COL swodasdimid ot wedasn eid yd esuptA to yinuoo sdt to sii 
| of sovsebue Lede ew sometsoqmi eecdw ,csc1ss0t edd betoers 
Qeekdt ta -betdeixe ybseuls eldeso s ecadisS .bootershay siem 
——“‘s;  gpeat om eniansaoasedd eidd Quikeooig esintowite To (iaiog 
|  « atik edd bekbesfwontos jacididme to Ilut ,2eupixA to meilLi¥ 
este te ydoub odd mid mot) ees oF baidese yo wodoen eid to 
 eeetden oamtov teem tosddemaxs edi bewollot ed dedd ni sybhne 
| deaq yleotece sem onnoy 8s ydoub edt to fsed eddide Satese ofw 
= ,gonstiaedni ae mid mort sist ot ‘tleemid beisceia ,consoeslobs 
sisi R™ oybee@bhaT sidaid etemitinel fi eid of exh mose don bib sada ) 
sw LaRoeyse .“* ybasdesd edt wailliv to etil edd Yo omit dextt ofd 
go peelddist fase aniaze to asdava cses s { coretmut te maid 
: _petourtenco hne .esosic yaem al edusmdoneidai bedosie ensm 
+ -eofoeib ssctsd bas emis onieol gvosti¥¥ “seseecutac? oaowte 
.  ‘Qfeemin see eoupiA to meilliv .sfloveri.s to evostow eid ani 
etd Udaveo eid al sinditesvai wits exsey wel s fos. .dvow ds 
_—«=—=i“‘éRWESSMEmMOH bowl To evbiaeedd to fue edd Js eavoiA Yo edalliv 
‘aeeh yd befostorg ,erssolone heitigiot sesv s esixs wee Ji 
, -10¥ oft tesit boisscqa.sisd t09 essex eldshimiot s fas edacs 
a toy nevis sosce odd IIs yd eniditoig to besten! .euines nem 
 .w@ebosrdvedd anibisket Yo bas ,yiotsomo1g wilesio etd to be eds 
Baie esta eee ~teou Istuten ¢ 22 Ji Yntinvotive evelisv base eeotq 
| — sbiw: 8 beeuso geupt4 te meil{iW-,ench eved bivow neweldon don 
p nthe toolisd add no bos .LLid eft to god eng ¢a gwh ed of dod tb 
“-F gniveel.,elié¢so eid 10% equsolons edd betoere ed dodib eidd 
Timea evelisvesit neewdsd A ekbit.s .S .8iTmi-fetsotiat ee — 
«fled» ebiw:sdt 3.0 vew beteveoo to d1oe s Saisd sidd ,eeeasteb 
 ieeageie eoocole Igimten sds bedmilo snived. qetis doidw bai 
‘ a hlew. edd bos mid neowted elosdedc eldleesoni as— ‘benot taslis 
erent heaginpe tedgist erew A esdhia ed? .efaeso edt Yo 
2 | sod od ti bewol{s bos ysw ferevoo edt hetosiowa doidw 
28 odd to emanens:* {itil ts 0 te nsee es verebnoteb ddin 


pes 


ale. 


ene pias 
ee 


F 
, 


an 


51 
century from a military point of view. The castle of Argues 
near Dieppe will serve us as a starting point, for we find 
again there in its location and combinations of details the 
primitive Norman principles ofidefense. Om the southmest slope 
of the valley of Arques at some miles from the sea is detached 
a ridge of chalky earth, that forms a sort of promontory prot- 
ected by nature on three sides. At the end of the promontory, 
William, uncle of William the Bastard, in consequence of the 
sift of the county of Arques by his nephew to himhabout 1040, 
erected the fortress, whose importance we shall endeavor to 
make understood. Perhavos a castle already existed at this p 
point; of structures precedins this therenremains no trace. 
William of Araues, full of ambition, acknowledged the sift 
of his nephew by seeking to take from him the duchy of Norm- 
andy; in that he followed the exampbecoffmost Norman nobles, 
who seeing at the head of the duchy a youms man scarcely past 
adolescence, oreoared himself to take from him am inheritance, 
shat did not seem due to his illegitimate birth. Indeed, “in 
the first time of the life of William the Bastard,” says Wil- 
liam of Jumieses, + a great number of errins and faithless Nor- 
mans erected intrenchments in many places, and constructed 
strons fortresses.” Without losins time, and before. disclos- 
ing his projects of a revolt, William of Argues set himself 
at work, and a few years after investiture in his county, the 
villase of Arques at the end of the ridse of land dominating 
it saw aries a vast fortified enclosure, orotected by deep 
moats and a formidable keep. But here appeared first the Nor- 
man genius. Instead of orofitins by all the space siven by t 
the end of the chalky promontory, and of regarding the preci- 
pices and valleys surroundins it as a natural moat, as a Pre- 
nch nobleman would have done, William of Araques caused a wide 
ditch to be dug at the top of the hill, and on the bank of t 
this attceh he erected the enclosure for his castle, leavins 
as indicated in Fis. 2, a ridge A between the valleys and his 
defenses, this being a sort of covered way 6.6 ft. wide, beh- 
ind which after having climbed the natural slopes B, the ass- 
ailant found an impassible obstacle between him and the walls 
of the castle. The ridges A were further eauipoed by palisades, 
ahich protected the covered way and allowed it to be supplied 
with defenders, as seen at C at little above the level of the 


a 

oP. ‘ 
a. é 

es coe ace ‘J " ax ¥ 


‘= 7 af, e 


~wtibaol. © 
wor ¥ odd ‘paiccote helt oniased bettimiso dedd .6.eekaeLles Lenth 
a tA .eotetoete edd to eesd edt te 1sHim edt to Aa07 
i ae © etning nisineo gs boisdine ste esite{isd asensiietdue ees 
previo esy di dedt ,enwed evorempe rests .seneteb I[ensvedni edd 
i a beeoove blvoo tosiieees edd eeso oi ,dneteni as ai qx Lit o¢ 
 eetaogmt eidT .eetisifss seeid to sae to Mesmid Baieveeeog ni 

| dos So votie oft tnisiassosisdo ssodd to eno ei tremebnsiie Soe 
~ 9 boeist,.eotaniseo ds Si bos dé If edd baiavh eelteso asm10% 
O86 asdt eeot ton ei aledo sid vt tuocbis fem yd efsm dogif 

4 .& edd ot giseeretnnseo odd to geste odd mo1t shiw .dt 0.80 of 
a. -» pedt: patelaxe (F) ssiq. fsotdasizeced si? .elfsw edt Yo sesd 
x ~9 goitaizoest @ nedt saetted, eeuptA Yo sitveso edd to noidieed 
ii geeb yrev ef yslisv dsunien edd ebie cxedeew oft 00 .cb bluoe 
| ebte edd no dud taeete ef yiotnomosa edt to eotoiosta edd bos 
4 geste ees ex esoole edt .deseisuon edt ot ebetiiv edt te 
| eidd th .eoupts tevin eletil eft o¢ 187 sting basize veds fae 
«swag: Isntetxe; ns yd bebreteb eew Lid ect Yo A eacle edd dnioe 
+ gtide gd etxet edd ci beteniesk .giveo rewol epit s .sive0cte 
ss agtne evee onols oreteco s bns eted A l.yslisd 10 [ef to omen 


; @dfoce ci 7 efdnoe hos tidvon edd te elveso sid ov sons 

i f ety Pei: wt p efxet? aAdtod 882 .Cbeqel stou . 
abele it itedé of T9TGOAD .¥ HOOT .OVeGet Stu 

af stweotons JOnTSt xs. eda? Fo saéomset sidorsbisnod .tf eget ston 

J ‘ _browot stos sdt Fo sbhis sat no yétosuotfrog .7sse sd fey you 

. er ¢ «$GqgadG 


; . hceabhated? Ecies te efteso sad to mela edd et (4) erst 
bef 0 ebuiblind fenrstot sot .yuvtneo id Ff oft mort estab &@ As0w 
wos teize isheol on yedd yiooce Ingee1 ssiuo & to sd of iseqgas 
eft to sonsitas [sutos ext .2en0tA to msilliW to omid edt moay 
‘ so dena dod ih eit bos .G. ds exw scasid jo ebie sid worl siieso 
fa =bs n@ foteixe €@ de eosiies .*% F enil fessob edd wollot nods 
‘ad vy .en0 .ete® Isaionine edt doséoxa of eefiseilag to y10w beonsv 
“Vy ses owite edt sist sosiéoe edt disened esdeivaaiveth ylioetseq 
et tot Se eowwtovisedve sft neve bas .yudneo dt Ii edd to eer 
M00: m0} esenpe Io geod sod ei H IA ti bebeetsh sedd erewes 
ia  pobtitasa foidd 2 yd bebivih bnsngemesens nema od yidsmi0t 
. to elisteb eda od migte: of noiesooo sved Lisde.ow dot .{iew 


are be 


4 “vino exed Jeon er spotned .d1A ali sastouiate efdedtismes eidd 


exitns’ ed oh. aniatettec tedd ,Jasmetnsvis Isienst edd edsoibal ) 


a aor a 2s Se a) o* abit tm 


sor9iG © 80/1008 ooaeel odd \sodib edt hieneeted 


rt), = 


— - 
Tie ae 


— - 


52 
pettom of the ditch, the Normans took care to pierce longitu- 
dinal galleries 3, that permitted hearins and stoovins the 
work of the miner at the base of the precivice. At Arques th- 
ese subterramwean galleries are entered at certain points of 
the internal defense, after numerous turns, that it was easy 
to fill up in an instant, in case the assailant could succeed 
in possessing himself of one of these Salleries. This import- 
ant arrangement is one of those characterizing the Sites of. 
Norman castles during the 11 th and 12 th centuries. This d 
ditch made by med andbcut iv the chalk is not less than 32.0 
to 98.0 ft.. wide from the crest of the countersearp to the b 
pase of the walls. The tovosraphical plan (3) explains the 
position of the castle of Argues better than a description 
could do. On the western side the natural valley is very deep 
and the orecivice of the promontory is steep; but on the side 
of the village to the-northeast, the slopes are less steep, — 
and they extend auite far to the little river Araues. At this 
point the slope A of the hill was defended by an external en- 
closure, a true lower court, designated in the texts by the 
name of Bel or Bailey.+ A gate and a postern alone save entr- 
ance to the castle at the north and south. 

Note 1.9.69. See Latin text. 

Wote 1p. 70- Book 7%. Chapter 1. 

Note 1-peWiw GSonsideravte remains of this external enclosure 
Woy yet be Seen, porrtiouLlarisy on the side of the gare LOwarda 
VvLepoe. 

Here (4) is the plan of the castle of Arques.7 The advanced 
work B dates from the 15 th century. The internal buildings ¢ 
aopear to be of a quite recent epoch; they no longer exist now. 
From the time of William of Arques, the actual entrance of the 
castle from the side of Diepvoe was at D, and the ditch must 
shen follow the dotted line @ B’. Perhaos at B existed an ad- 
vanced work of palisaties to protect the princival sate. One 
perfectly distinguishes beneath the entrace sate the structu- 
res of the +1 th century, and even the substructures of thet 
towers that defended it. At H is the keep of square form, con- 
formably to Norman -tustoms;vand divided by a thick partition 
wall. But we shall have occasion to return to the details of 
this remarkable structure in Art. Donjon; we must here only 
indicate the general arrangement, that vertaining to the entire 


D ae 


 efigeddiw eedsotoommeo doidw etsb Ancose edt ef ¥ sh seeneteh 
ged? .e1eiag betsloei no beoslag sohiad s yd sositet Ienisdxe 
go bas sewed eB tebnoe eseesq \hetnarts ylevoiostar et eonsidns 
eft qd tqewe. fue’ bebneteb [lew sdeceeq fetiuev Snot e dovords 
-eeo Ssdt°to suvoo eit edeam noitieog swoiide esi yd tess asx 
«dant et qeod eidT .solaedxe edd mort ol bnimoo eezodt oF ef% 
* ebte siz to uciastixe edd boammoo of fedeool yldstismet yiev as 
dosib eds) moxt dosotges nes sno. dokdw yd.fnel to extnosd eds to 
.sivpeofons edd to etasqm|e1 edi sowed eefsne evi tfevel edd no 
.iisw ed¢ to got edt no ebeeesa wowrsn yiev & dud Sniveel aud 
-eesesog ti yymens odT sdocib edd Yo motiod edd esteninof hne 
,edasqmet ofd to WM t1sq edt Knsoeesdonebl ote YP favo edd Ent 
-9ge9 esw dadt 3 nxeteoo edd dosei HSloew ysivoliiib Adin bae 
19° SA .ceet odd ni beeolome noeizises sft 10% fevasess yelilseto 
‘pd oBeeesaq sis Sniasvoo .qeex edd no dnehaeash Aiow & eesis 
+ genishs [few es tloedi busteh blnoo doidwbhne .nisteoo es 
“76vee hed eid .10otisdixe edt gentsse es 0 danoo L[enisdni sid 
sl adtiw setiimetny tem ye bexsinkooe2 sd oF sIdieecomi evixs Is 
aq6idue e@ (qesd eft to H mieveco edt eshieed 10% yemind casdd 
B*(Hosib eit to wotsod sdt diiw esdeotonmmoo yewsisde osenss 
_gasoee ot 10 Sitioe = otam ot moviais® ond evimisg evdt fae 
f edt nsic ino no Vite beteolhot sven sf .nese Onisd Juodiin 
-feivitey bos dledo sd¢ ait duo eekseeso nsonetistdve evoismen 
s hebnoedai ove Boe .etasomes edt disened soseretoi deft .sid 
-910 of 40 (estosib sdt otni esitaoe nebbwe Soikem Ot ssddis 
ei s{teao edt dotdw ts shie sit te aenim sedi Yo drow efd drew 
enmtisd edd .N areteoco sdt of G etse sdt mort .eldieesoos Teo 
i-wee .vlleubsak eseia esnpiA Yo elteso sit beoslg ei doidw no 
—s0q odd ebietwO .toiog testisid sft no dlinud ei ceed edd Jans 
“Sod yrotnomoIg SAt SeTJoennoo inal to snsnoF Sdt nO .H nares 
 ,pebsetieg diin edaoudtase fetoeis sien . {lid oft to eesm end 
~“beitibom nesd/eved asdéan) deom Jedd .oiemer doidw to esos 
<SI18- nigh meantape eew oldeno oot nedw .yintneo dt @f eds ni 
Sis «vielfi 
Soedt enmtson0c todw aé bsisigmoo ef aodq SAT «IT 2G «8 STOR 
edtial bet/eoqah aovg sdt fo exosm yo ,estutoutte Jonrstad 
-taso dt 84 Sat Fo Qaéanigsd sat to’nwoth ,sqqstd jo ssesiore 
sedtend edt Jo yrotesh edd. ad etifived «Kk yd bsovbst hao .ytw 
mB TERK Ds pmad gs (£9) ene 5 0,888 sAav0k .8eupTA Fo 
1 cowogreleatalaa ta sty Lind ateadhsee esw eeupis to afteso sit 


‘fy 
» ee 


53 
defense. At K is the second gate which communicates with the 
external terrace by a bridge placed on isolated piers. That 
entrance is saSaciously arranged, passes under a tower and t 
through a ton’ vaulted passage well defended and sweot by the. 
keep, that by its’ oblique position masks the court of the cas- 
tle to those comins in from the exterior. This keep is furth- 
er very remarkably located to command the exterior of the side 
of the tongue of lamd,by which one cam approach from the ditch 
on the level: its anméles touch the ramparts of the enclosure, 
thus leaving but a very marrow passase on the top of the wall, 
and dominates the bottom of the ditch. The enemy, if possess- 
ims the court bf couldsnotcascend the part M of the ramparts, 
and with difficulty would reach the postern K, that was espe- 
cially reserved for the sarrison enclosed in the keep. At P 
rises a work deoendent on the keep, covering the passage to 
the vostern, and which could defend itself as well against t 
the imbernal court 0 as against the exterior. This had sever- 
a1 exits impossible to be recognized by men anfamiliar with 
these turns; for besides the postern K of the keep, 4 subter- 
ranean stairway communicates with the bottom of the ditch, a 
and thus permits the garrison to make a sortie or to escape 
without beings seen. We have indicated at NV on our plan the n 
numerous subterranean passases cut in the chalk and yet visi- 
ple, that intersect beneath the ramparts, and are intended e 
either for makins sudden sorties into the ditches, or to ore- 
vent the work of the miner at the side at which the castle is 
most accessible... From the gate D to the postern K, the terrae 
om which is vlaced the castle of Arques rises Sradually, so 
that the keeo is built on the hishest point. Outside the pos= 
tern K, on the tonsue of land connecting the promontory to 
the mass of the hill, were erected earthworks with palisades, 
traces of which remain, that must further have been modified 
in the 15 th century, when the castle was equipped with art- 
illery. 

Note Ze De WW. The pron 1s completed VN whort concerns the 
Laternas structures, vy weons of the plan Zeposirted a the 
archives of Diepve, Arawn at the veeinning of. the 48. th cent- 
ury, ond reduced by MN. Deville iw wis History of the Gasitle 
of Avawes. ROUene 1839. | 

The castle of araues was scarcely built, when duke William 


a teniees beirlool yineqo asived elon eid .ti obeieed oF had 
? -yeo0t yd slteso edd etad o¢ demoedés of elds Snied Joy .mid 
 7osng eidd 10% .ebsioold s ZYootseban ybosero to bussesd edd 
-taste tedt ,s0otésifevertnoo te dodih s besevsoxe bed sf .sec 
‘dso sit exoted beessq sesedsioa edd ds eniver edt mort Soi 
-ege% bne ,enme1sV stevia edd of bebneoesh .slizeo edd Yo siss 
-oaivex odd bhiavos deseddvoe edd mort soidjosuif edi ni bhebnso 
eid soetorg bas sehol of exiowdwo déiw dosib eidd bedeinast ob 
-fdonemt. blo. mptanesed? ty bos viddiw mort edosdis Jenists oem 
tog: | (¢xed of meog 
Gteaeus od taht to anit edd to tomedts eecltiny? s istta 
dosl.aot.rsknsiiwe od bediido esw meiiliv taneo ,shsioold ef2 
oT «(tzet ni meoa-dorer® blo) :enoleivérc to 
t tostis to ensem edd -déiw sfidiegoa vieousoe fesbai esw gt 
paaherceds tober tet [feweoe siteso s sists of ,busmmoo te asdé., 
$98 to eiarow sldshimyol yo bos 
De asliae to eltesc eit to evitoseaise everbuid s (¢c) eve oF 
ebtedwo. nsiss ,yistnso di ff edd ni neod svad deum Ti es dome 
tadé ta tetel bebbea eeenctebh edd gaidtino bas .sdeb goasid sd’ 
-08118 Ientetni edt hoosje1shbun yliess exom 9d I[liw nesT .ekie 
. eoela gnorte eifs Tovetoomed 
a seeheae edi ,byetesd edd met{{it’ Io emit ost mort vybserla 
t Ife anieesceoo yincesm to eelteso Jesv bedosis nsid enousd 
ooe-tesbe olbbim edd ai bait gedg to esoslg esduditenco Tedd 
eqood ,edzwoo tecau bas sewol .bedavsoxe yiletiiia efsom geeb 
edd te eelbicite tool edd 2ofih .ydnsmicl te sivh efT ote 
“od »eaeot tesel se 10. eelteeso slind stier sid lo saianined 
fdone1d bfo). oi gestebs tisq neiest bad sedd esidio edt elbiad 
a ‘sree ii 9 «(ized 
i _speldeeo. 40 suended [detec edd ,bnelant of Jaeovebh edd a9ediA- 
ot bevelome sorse0neg edt maif{iv dedd ,ensem sid to eno asw 
. sot eeetd yd disq dgacie ni eaw si bes .mobeaid wen eid essens 
| -{[semercs esitio sdi oi 10 sinicg oigedsite no bedosie sereoad 
| -bin edé ni Bleewid oniniatnies to yewoa sid hewo ef dsdd .eev 
dt tee evinb of etfover ylisk hedamedis dadd .yudasod 2 jo Je 
Ae ynem te8 .eonelpeqgebsi edi rewpmoce1 fas etenkisicl odd 
+ Rakbiod .tebns sew [er]es9e odd toemom edd motl ,eeldoa ond 
ebsm .e1odibien sieds dtin beletenp ,eteit es esiteso siedd 
-te thedd ni medt boxostss bus .etedte to ebast edd no eysiei 
iraigghomae eshony 34 beesetaeib onied besbni 10 «ee0a8lo Qno1 


54 
nad to besiege it, his uncle havins openly declared asainst 
him. Not beings able to attempt to take the castle by force, 
tke Bastard of Normandy undertook a blockade. For this purp- 
ose, he had excavated a ditch of contrevallation, that start- 
ing from the ravine at the northeast passed before the North 
Sate of the castle, descended to the river Varenne, and reas-~ 
cended in the direction from the southeast toward the ravine. 
de furnished this ditch with outworks to lodge and protect his 
nen against attacks from within and without; (see old French 
poem in text). 

After a fruitless attempt of the kins of France to raise t 
the blockade, count William was obliged to surrender for lack 
of prdvisions; (old French poem in text). 

Tt was indeed scarcely possible with the means of attack t 
then at command, to take a castle so well defended by mature 
and by formidable works of art. 

We sive (5) a birdseye perspective of the castle of Argues, 
guch aS it must have been im the 11 th century, taken outside 
the Dieppe Sate, and omitting the defenses added later at that 
side. Then will be more easily understood the internal arran- 
gementscof this strong place.. 

Already from the time of William the Bastard, the Norman b 
barons then erected vast castles of masonry possessing all t 
that constitutes places of that kind in the middle ages:-- 
deep moats skilfully excavated, lower and uoper courts, keep, 
etc. The duke of Normandy, during the longs strussles at the 
pesinnins of his reign built castles, or at least keeps, to 
bridle the cities that had taken part against him; (old French 
text). 

After the descent in Hnsland, the establishment of castles 
was one of the means, that William the Sonoeeror employed to 
ensure his new kingdom, and it was in great part by these for- 
tresses erected gn strategic points or in the cities themsel- 
ves, that he owed the vower of maintaining himself in the mid- 
st of a country, that attempted daily revolts to drive out t 
the foreigners and reconauer its independence. But many of 
the nobles, from the moment the general war ended, holdins t 
their castles as fiefs, quarreled with their neighbors, made 
forays on the lands of others, and attacked them in their st- 
rons places. Or indeed beins displeased by seeins the favor 


Vege oe: 
Pye, 4 


~% of Hhawoce .eevfecweds ‘nsdt etedyo no [fst akietevoe edd Yc 
© afedd Tee of r9b 0 ni .sidsbhimict s10om esiteso atedtd szSha98.1 
ot ‘Bre “\ndfsrevee sisdd Yo elavit edd of yinseb stom seoivise 
~1 .©O°PA ©) (weed doneta Blo) swedtd dsin senso nommoo edan 
“qbnetov ni neve cofvexinst1o Ishuet edd to noeset yd exdt 
. pedt Yedded don tieetit bentetnisnm divige L[enoiten eft sasde 
“O~elteso viedd S¥em oF betoveshns Ylish eoldon ens .sonent ni 
Oris Sonebrocsh [le movt eevisemeds eort of ee of .rs2H0TdE 
.l qigsiow od? .npievevoe vied oF enoitiinoe ssstoib o¢ elds sd 
-got YO Siespe eB to bstetenoco yino yindneo di If sd to slteso 
‘O@THFTE Yo eduow smoe lind stew doidw bovowe .osedt sasirened 
Peteveoxs dotibh qsef teds wd betoetoiq yileroeoes ,.Sonsedicawi 
©. Geog namiov ourt edd eau tent seeiatosia © to siampe eid Je 
"@ Seolo of .Yiedtaist s sfenimeh of bembiesh .doogs dest to 
 Psderawwt veltesd .eeitio to elucec odd nisitess 10 ebecess 
Yed yore stow eouptA Yo secdd es svienedxe es eeenstsb dity 
‘ett no Yo boelen® of ebro Ishwet bnimoosd enousd ssmacl edd 
[uTsewod boas dors yitustolttve sevi[semsit wee mooe ,thenitnce 
sti ok tedt .ceet eft to esomebnedsh eft sesetoni ylisesd oJ 
“Svitinize dT .feitisiet ylenoftase tnteq ylno sdi esw ofkii0 
'Se@fass nsdd stew bus ,eehsetfiseq to sbsm netto eisw estueotons 
-o0b ‘iettiaw dnefons teom eT .er9wod yd bedmslt effew yd fee 
~2) “etdhemdooB) eefteso sdt nave fne eronem edt triniecnco edneme 
© Sesh yvidneroei? (vawdneo dd Sf edd of fosd o& basleai nl dedd 
) 46 eIve Brow oft vd biel eid To sonshiee: betivacet edd evsendi 
-lieBetetenod tnondeiidatée yietif{iw to txoe eidt beebnt ; Lied 
-dtud bos etasmoldttsd ,effew fotds yd betoetoxq ([si s tw yino 
-ob edT ceysd Snidndelt vo eteitns Prvor dviw bedernist esgess 
elseil sud ‘yievitalea bed sonsbiees etfiol edd to eeonsboeo 
sede néoe noeitis® sdv .foette evolise to seso ni ;sonetiooms 
osey ody niddiw coevisemeds gude fos .ediow Ientsdxe sdt benob 
enfin .fooes Feds tot sidshimict sxsw eenstsh To ensem seciv 
©) Beviseeio Bf notdiberd gsdd .yiudnso dst SF edd Yo seavoo ond 
edd .eedénimobste soneultni new10% doftdw of eeiataveo ess ni 
ow fedd ,eulsv sviteisomeo « comvses [lam heitidaot edd .geer 
‘goon ‘Gnd “jyretitisd ener? no setbeb omse edd ni bald Jon of 
‘pamtov edt ni esersteh yvishecose sit moat tedeloei assed et 
“0 sifesd edd oi nedt eetretnso dd Sr bas dv rf si Yo elseso 
Hy nabiayh veip ‘Sion @ etasesta fuse tedkid sb FE pnibtie donet 
Peitivrot s bebnosiie ef doidw ‘busote teoo # et ti 


. j 
aah 
oa 
“ 


5 
of the sovereign fall on others than themselves, sousht to r 
render their castles more formidable, in order to sell their 
services more dearly to the rivals of their sovereign, and to 
make common cause with them: (old French poem). 

Thus by reason of the feudal orsanization even in Normandy, 
where the national spirit maintained itself much better than . 
in Prance, the nobles daily endeavored to make their castles 
stronger, so as to free themselves from all dependance, and 
be able to dictate conditions to their sovereign. The Norman 
castle of the 11 th century only consisted of a square or re- 
tansular keep, around which were built some works of little 
importance, esvecially protected by that deep ditch excavated 
at the summit of a precipices that was the true Norman post 
of that epoch, desidmed to domimate a territory, to close a 
passage or restrain the veople of cities. Castles furnished 
with defenses as extensive as those of Argues were rare: but 
the Norman barons becoming feudal lords in England or om the 
continent, soon saw themselves sufficiently rich and powerful 
to sraatly increase the dependences of the keep, that im its 
origin was the omly point seriously fortified. The orimitive 
enclosures were often made of palisades, and were then repla- 
ced by walls flanked by towers. The most ancient written doc- 
uments concernins the manors and even the castles (documents 
that in England go back to the 12 th century) frequently des- 
ignate the fortifed residence of the lord by the word aula or 
hall; indeed this sort of military establishment consisted o 
only of a hall protected by thick walls, battlements and butt- 
resses furnished with round turrets or flankins bays. The de- 
pendances of the lord’s residence had relatively but little 
importance; in case of serious attack, the garrison soon aban- 
dJoned the external works, and shut themselves within the keep, 
whose means of defense were formidable for that epoch. During 
the course of the 12 th century, that tradition is preserved 
in the countries in which Norman influence vredominates, the 
keep, the fortified hall assumes a comparative value, that we 
jo not find in the same degree on French territory; the keep 
is better isolated foom the secondary defenses in the Norman 
castle of the 11 th and 12 th centuries than in the castle of 
Prench origin; it is higher and presents a more imposins mass; 
it is a post around which is arransed a fortified camo rather 


aie “ 
~m10% ni yino ton tnersccs ei dnemednsiis cist .slieso 2 nedd 
-ofeeledasbok \r9e-aive+snewed «2 .0i9 ga es ,bneisad bae yboe 
@ bas wSteedo08, .oldesowet .vodmerdO .seisisi ,snotimed sow 
tod ,wotmA ni: .dee¥ edd to tee0d oft co dud ,(boaleni) r9v0d 
-{f%ai nemi0% doidw ogat eeonivora {ls of ,.e.i .enish bus wod 
edd yd hoinsomooon nists di bait [isde ew jeedeiseneq sonsy 
-nexueg te ,bebioeh wiuselo ce ef aetoe1sdo seodw .dsom nemiol 
-feve: bos’ ,ersidiod asen yokivesdd ,ecod .evo1d ,oserelE eek 
-(notneG .J14) .eedood bus stiod-ave-yous2use® .bisdoiatnom gs 
ds tel@anetoer ts01k seeds aoiynsqmooos eeenstsh Isnicixe s0T 
tastaoemi to seosis suoddgiw esosuises ylno taseexq 1edd lezoqesd 
ydi aetel fs ers yicorsm to sfind e1s yodd Ti 10 .feanJonads 
do fiw ,eqesd seed? to inemieif{detes edd mort yiudnso & deesi ce 
-ofone svitinizo edd tedd eesnrsefootnsiof line ddin esceoifni 
.sonsdi00ni elédit bed esiauéneo dt Sf bne di IL edt to eeaue 
-neoy id: SL edd ot nodw ,beosige1 nesd svad senm yedd fsefs bas 
w ins ,bettibom eau eeléeso sid to msdeve eviensieh elds yund 
-one1se to brs anieisine to yiieesoen edd besingoosT esw asdv 
seas -2isow Leniedxe et oninods 
qeod eeodn (rae to elteso edd to nslao edt (3) evib of 
| -1sixe efit to Jaeo aeteent sid bos yindnso dd If edd mort eetsh 
! _{eiderso edd io asia edd (\) Sne idd Sf odd mort esenstekr Ian 
«a7 snofe yawineo dg If edd to A qeed oxsuoe seodw ,ezisis§ to 
ecensteh sedvo edd ot eA .eonebles1 bebnetsh yihnowe a esnee 
+ comedneris: eft yd eulev smon emuees yino yoid .oiteso aind to 
-tyo etiedia, wollot yedt tos .oosxiss eft to seoieiosta edt to 
q b def eddi ne eeeneteb.esd bee © ased Isoitbnifyo edT .esnsl 
@f bone dé Mf eft mort .-6.i  mcolieavni deilant ond mor? edeb 
| s$os yuetneo Hh ef odd ni oviaist to elteso odT .eeiavineo ad 
-gsnceo e1ve0lons ns déiw asst dse1k & to yino bedeienoo yilew 
— ofomte eit ni bedourtence yidedoig ,etnibliud yrebnocee baini 
4medt Io sosit e entemex sean0l on sisdd sonie ,noidest seo. 
' ,seenodesove aot .noeiiied edd to edosiisd edd aot bebmedai bas 
‘ i yer (sine) [ist to smen edT .esonehneash senso bus eoldete 
ss ¢nsdtoamt elcoe oft besboi conie eldeso eids od nevit od nett 
® .{fen beitiduot 2 ylno ei . biol edd to sonsbiees edd ,d1e0 
| @ to eeitio ent at siied acrerpno0d sid meiLli¥ to eolteso sal 
ss neddy exo Batdson e1ew .ews ak elaceg Wio edd aeex od bnelbot 
_—s , i wondtase: yd febnvosawe bes beititsot flew .eceed rsleksatoos 
- iaeeereryeene: tons on dtiw coaseolone Ism1etxe ace eebeeilsa 
ee: 


a) 


56 
than a castle. This arrangement is apparent not only in Nornm- 
andy and England, as at Pin, S. Laurent-sur-Mer, Nogent-le-Ro- 
trou, Domfront, Falaise, Chamboy, Newcastle, ,Rochester and Do 
Dover (Bugland), but on the coast of the West, in Amjou, Poi- 
tou and Waine, i.e., in all provinces into which Norman infl- 
uence penetrates; we shall find it again accompanied by the 
Norman moat, whose character is so clearly decided, at Bou zan- 
des, Blangzac, Broue, Pons, Ghauvisny near Poitiers, and even 
at Montrichard, Beaugency-sur-Loire and Locnes.. (Art. Donjon). 
The external defenses accompanying these Sreat rectangular k 
keepseither vresemt only terraces without traces of important 
structures, or if they are built of masonry are all later by 
at least a century from the establishment of these keeps, which 
indicates with sufficient clearness that the primitive enclo- 
gures of the 11 th and £2 th centuries had little importance, 
and that they must have been replaced, when in the 13 th cen- 
tary this defensive system of the castles was modified, and w 
when was recognized the necessity of enlarging and of strens- 
thening the external works. 

Ne sive (6) the plan of the castle of Chauvigny, whose keep 
dates from the 11 th century and the sreater vart of the exter- 
nal defenses from the 14 th: and (7) the olan of the castle 
of Falaise, whose, square keep A of the 11 th century alone mre- 
sents a strongly defended residence. As for the other defenses 
of this castle, they only assume some value by the arrangemen t 
of the precivices of the terrace, and they follow all its out- 
lines. The cylindrical keeo 8 and the defenses on the left d 
date from the Mnglish invasion, i.e., from the 14 th and 15 
th centuries. The castle of Falaise in the 1> th century act- 
wally consisted only of a great keep with an enclosure conta- 
ining secondary buildings, probably constructed in the simpl- 
est fashion, since there no longer remains a trace of them, 
and intended for the barracks of the garrison, for storehouses, 
stables and other devendences. The name of hall (aula) may th 
then be given to this castle, since indeed the sole important 
part, the residence of the lord, is only a fortified ha bles EF 
The castles of William the Gonaqueror built in the cities of & 
England to keep the city oeople in awe, were nothing more than 
rectangular keeps, well fortified and surrounded by earthworks, 
palisades or external enclosures with no great strength. That 


-ilim seeds besoursenco sisw doidw dtinw yiibiqss edt enisloxe 
entsfoxe cele ti dud j1edmun wuoisiforg 1iedd bas eteod visi 
100 edt .yeiene diiw no beiaiss etloves [encitem edd ai wod 
~91 suet ot beileamoo stew ecosla geet anibiod encetish nem 
tedd ,nedisd stew ssensteh [eatetxs edd setts asst edd mi etet 
-seisaimiceteb bas evorsmen s od elostede sssu 2 hetnoesig yino 
_gibad eovlsemedt bhebneteb .entmat yd hsouber ncoe siew , baad | 
-desoeib ts sehnerise of beotct e1ew bos .co1s betosiénoo:s ai 
wWiividos erotzibora eid to etige si bas skier eid SaianG snot 
-wisryitswoo tesv « to tnetxe edt mi exom on Ob bloco met ili¥ 

ybutevos cuseie! sxom bed srveesoone ein ;fede1 of vhaer eys 
- “debetitorw yeds jeelteso abedt Io senetob ine noitsool sdt 
fepdti Betostie0 -bn& boessioni efieso namicl edd seoe bae se 
jsonstsoqm! ovidselex eesl bemuees asex ed? .eeansteb Ienistxe 
| pink modt betosto1 bas ,eitow viebnooss co si0m heifer ti 
a yine- can elieso etitne edd .doy istted <ysew tnsioetis etom 
-shnt obsam bans dae dtiw beonidmoo eiusaq eti Ils diin casei teav 
<tenoo tebnoute yd bevosetoie davostis ,reddo ficse to dnebasg 
some Ile tsdé* wal eitds yicqs o¢ asdt ‘beonemmoo ney «noitous 
“.bsdosto1g ed dJeum tiesesi ehneTob 

da St sdt Yo bane edd doses oc en 10% neds yiseesosa ei JT 
itiedate onomg 8 ,.S-f .slteso Lebuei sunt oft boil ot yasdnes 
~Is esevicoemedd auibastich ylsisisase »Sfodx 8 8&8 besosie egnib 
/ mi bebasrte peenetebh somaoo s to sebi ms yd betosnnce duseda 
-evedto edd .nexed esw disq sno nolw tedd on ,asbie aiesiso s 
-o1 tisit ,eonstetees to enesm etelqmoo aiedt beesereca {lise 
«xe es1t tied? .gnc0iztvo1g foe emte To eseuodeiode al esoice 
- 0% 10 yevienstio odd oisd os fae esitioe stam oc w9sdtie ets 
eeo¥-sastact on tuo blod blyoo tt Ti .sasose oF moeizise odd 
| ydfooittib ddin besifee1 emmstz070 eidd wed eono ds ose Lisde 
sub dosednoid edt bisdoif yd yiiostee eisai ddiw bellitivid caw 
edd besnso si nodw ,yrodseo dt Si edd to exsey desl edt ania 
eioted wef .basllie® eltsso to eoslq Snetroqmi.eds Yo oniblind 
_e teom ow ,eeettic? eldexiame1 dedi diiw eevieeise baivavooc 
edg effi ei doidw ,en of 19ilaee daiissqas efveso s to isaae 
s yine beeeeeeoa dgidw) eiteso evidimiza sdi moat acisieasad 
_ Baiwollod bas eviensixe easf 10 e10m eseolone. ae diin soo 
‘Oodd €L edd to oiseso Iebust edd bas (stie edd te soese edd 
-& 8:8 8 betsool ,noywd-sioof to elieso edt ei gid? .yussdneo 
apaicamen ads opie ei etie etl .snie® edd no sotash weled.eslin 


57 
explains the rapidity with which were constructed these mili- 
tary posts and their prodisioua number; but it also explains 
how in the national revolts carried on with energy, the Nor- 
man garrisons holding these places were compelled to take re- 
fuse in the keep after the external defenses were taken, that 
only presented a weak obstacle to a numerous and determined 
band, were soon reduced by famine, defended themselves badly 
in a contracted area, and were forced to surrender at discret - 
jon. During his reign and in spite of his prodisious activity, 
William could do no more in the extent of a vast country alw- 
ays ready to rebel; his successors had more leisure to study 
the location and defense of their castles; they profited by 
it, and soon the Norman castle increased and perfected its 
external defenses. The keep assumed less relative importance; 
it relied more on secondary works, and protected them in a 
more effecient way; better yet, the entire castle was only a 
vast keeo with all its parts combined with art and made inde- 
pendent of each other, although protected by stronger const- 
ruction. wen commenced then to apply this law,“that all that 
defends itself must be protected.” 

Tt is mecessary then for us to reach the end of the 12 th 
century to find the true feudal castle, i.e., 2 Sroun of buil- 
dings erected as a whole, separately defending themselves al- 
thaush connected by am idea of a common defense, arranged in 
a certain order, so that when ome part was taken, the others 
still possessed their complete means of resistance, their re- 
sources in storehouses of arms and vrovisions, their free ex- 
its either to make sorties and to take the offensive, or for 
the garrison to escave, if it could hold out no longer. Wes 
shall see at once how this programme realized with difficulty 
was fulfilled with rare sagacity by Richard the Lionheart du- 
ring the last years of the 12 th century, when he caused the — 
paildins of the important place of castle Gaillard. But before 
occupying ourselves with that remarkable fortress, we must § 
sneak of a castle appearing earlier to us, which is like the 
transition from the primitive castle (which possessed only a 
keep with an enclosure more or less extensive and followings 
the shave of the site) and the feudal castle of the 13 the 
century. This is the castle of Roche-Guyon, located at 9.5 m 
miles below Mantes on the Seine. Its site is also the same as 


Fd Ne mT 
% Se 


emia vs Ndbdadetis ues 2 ic aioe Cg 
nag i’ ok eeiodellos de iteen enuf ents oft esdaeM woles 
| ve of eutt  seendcvoe eninge1 ,bned ¢esv s emiol bs desedds08 a 
| prerreny eeotn .muivelie to eluenines © Asad def edt no at 
ee tedds to doen edT .eefim 2.8 saevo dibiw bas eolim @ duods 
 faeffeoxe os esw gad? .débin ni eetim Set yisorsee esd, event 
‘oo _ =F 0 ‘betes seein eeodw .omso yris ne 1Ol ,omso & 107 soela : 
rile  gtiwotttib dwoddin flyoo fos .seiodsi{oi no dtef Ene eansin 
a jemneeesoes eeu ti oof .slwenineda ¢add ct sonexdoe od basteb 
«) Sone1dnS edd Snitosst#s vd sorol ni yaene ne Jedd sovesit og 
efit 2esa of tamedte hiwwo \ined ddaia edd anole Onidowsm YS 
sit sisd eudd fos ,eeisionc& to nielo eft to bos edd te enis® 
‘aned dddia ofd wo .etmiog dneieib deom ows edi de siuenineo ae 
, dquids ns to beeoamon een eereinned to elueninea etd edizoggo 
a; Lot Itvedte’ ts snisl sit eedosorccs tedt ,solciosic wiledo 
(pit nO .bued evi to smeitxe edd gs noyut-edool te di evast 
je BD abuey OLb dvods vino ef eotaivesq odd noyui-sdoof ts sniod 
oh ree sane reson Jlige gew ti vinemi02 wsevia odd mort Insdakh 
ee ¢ -eined edi aweahdditw ecived ent 
Z: eitess 8 uidhane eew yauinso ad gt efd to bus edd Js esedt 
 -aHeqeey gnome yiev s (8) teait .enoitibnoe dne{lsoxe sebow 
“10 eit to cod-odd ds tiiud eew emvectone eldnob s yd befaset 
eft dentists gnid¢ode fins vevix srs enols 2 ds (A te sokqtee 
— Beot edd duo tedt efveso sd¢ seot .rsdbid dbum ceein gedt oor 
mt edd to seisoo sdt hebnsamoo .Aned dddia edd acols onieesa 
~9 ot aeb10 at + eIueninea eig to aid edd vidneupsence bne asv 
years, tn0 eam titto aisio edt .cesi edd bow slieso sit Soennos 
nested givoo ebisl yidnsioitive evesl od es o8 .d0i0 sit ddiv 
Siew bord A .tioot efit to deot ed¢ bas sanjounde egioniag edd 
ss ~uevot edt Qutwei base door odd oi two sheeesa anibniw osensaied 
a ot eiveso oft fo seenesioh edd besoennco ashailvo beacede «-to 
ss eg koeta etd ov)erdw ebie end tA «ceet edt to tavop. fseastni sft 
LN — ohiw s ¥oor edd oi duo vilvt ean © de .ceetve eeet esx sot a 
ee) enon dovm ind  ddqsbh eee to fodib © Ben D. ga flotib qeeh 
i oe Bald boote doidw to bse eid de wsedsia eft aninifdseo febnet 
ae -beasnimok $b fue fewel gon esw nsetelo eidd somie dud eesd 
‘ - rothidas os diind exw 0 de sabia viledo edd ob dine ceed edd 
. b won .sensteb a e201 (yldedoic) doidw no ‘bavom let 
w Sena Lis bevenex esoigiosia Leinten odd B hos, I ga 
hte in ht ton ob ek eehie oft ds Pannen ne | 


Ve Us a “| J 
- bes. fh TR <> |) : > Leo 


58 
that of castle Gaillard. 

Relow Mantes the Seine Runs west; at Rolleboise it turns na 
northeast and forms a vast bend, returns southwest, thus leav- 
ing on the left bank a peninsula of alluvium, whose length is 
about 5 miles and width over 2.5 miles. The neck of that pen- 
insual has scarcely 1825 miles in width. That was an excellent 
place for a camo, for an army camp, whose risht rested on Bon- 
nieres and left om Rolleboise, and could without difficulty 
defend the entrance to that veninsula. But it was necessary 
to firesee that an enemy in force by attackins the entrance 
by marching alongs the risht bank, could attemot to vass the 
Yeine at the end of the plaim of Bonnieres, and thus take the 
oeninsula at its two most distant points. Now the risht bank 
owposite the oeninsula of Bonnieres was composed of an abrupt 
shalky orecivice, that aporoaches the Seina at Vetheuil to 1 
leave it at Roche-Guyon at the extreme of its bend. On this 
point at Roche-Guyon the precipice is only about 110 yards d 
distant from the river; formerly it was still nearer, the Se- 
ine having withdrawn its banks. | 

There at the end of the 12 th century was erected a castle 
under excellent conditions. First (3) a very strons keep sur- 
rounded by a double enclosure was built at the too of the pr- 
ecipice at A; at B along the river and abutting against the 
rock that rises much hisher, rose the castle that cut the road 
opassins alons the risht bank, commanded the course of the ri- 
ver and consequently the tiv of the pedigaclete Tn order toc 
connect the castle and the keep, the chalk cliff was cut away 
with the vick, so as to leave sufficiently large court between 
the principal structure and the foot of the rock. A broad sub-+ 
terranean windings passage cut in the rock and having the form 
of a stepved cylinder connected the defenses of the castle to 
the internal court of the keep. At the side where the precinv- 
ice was less steep, at 2 was fully cut in the rock a wide and 
deep ditch. At G was a ditch of less depth, but much more ex- 
tended, outlining the plateav at the end of which stood the 
keep; but since this plateau was not level and it dominated 
the keep sunk in the chalky ridse, at 0 was built an artific- 
jal mound on which (vorobably) rose a defense, now destroyed. 
At I and H the natural precipices removed all idea of attack- 
ing the plateau at the sides. We do not think that the ditch 


P  ¢ co nae ent 

, es {no sud. rae: sieheaenivtie seve sion T échaediy: ett bus 2 ca. 
Rise a yane cise eosis on 10 .eshselisq dtiw divas Yo wned s vd 
—— editev end nies basdsigmos aséted of .ednica eesit ss enismer 
Si, pes eiliow svienetxs wd wod bas .neynS-siop® to eldeso end Yo 
4 “aduoeyd teddie .,reRmonde dey nottsool eidd anitem ni behesooue 


_- Yo elFtorg B (0) ovis ow .kntosiis? yd 10 ifid edt yews gold | 
te 


‘o sd¢°8 te .eniet sae er A GA .esansonage efi dtiw ifsdo sad 
~/eeodn ,qsei sii 0 76 .ttile sd¢ te soot sd ts tiind sIteas 
see «psstela edt to sccle [sanisn sit entwoliot ni seia es tveclons 
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| - bes ileweds taibasmmoo dwiow beonsevhs os eew doidw no Envom Ie 
| -eeassesq neensi1etdue eft to effiow edt fussts{o edd hovers 
Yastne Hilvoo esOcck ds Hsostd eat gest eft oF sidsso edd mort 
eststeca a yd vino ceed eft to eeavectIons edi nestslo edd mort 
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ol gedé sea ot eldiescomi esw ti dais ce .soicioei0 sid eniost 
.t1A) .ttilo sd¢ Yo mottod edt most to wsessia odd mort sonetins 
 eedoe aoh6d blwow St FLwol3tib wos ewode slitora 190 .(noknoa 
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‘hertesh od efteso edt bnidss sstIe Ti :csed asd0L sid onieese 
sbrash edt yd bedesio sd yldilisini bIwow sd .sisdt aismeq od 
bh efi vd boboworrse .qsex edd Soiled sot eA .qesi sft to nee 
-sebeioolid s yd bedanetts od y{[no bluco eins ,eeclone sIduob 
-oLIg YISV & anivesezca sesidsiolt 2 beksteold ed blvoo wod tne 
 «$snimob rswol s déiv enidsotoummoo sixe nesnsaisidse sl{dsois 
-tivog eft etostvet oftedeite ol Ttevia shin s bos sensteh be 
-fo yvitnsbive bas toehisoxe'nedt een coyededoof elieso To sei 
_ ebreteb o¢ yese ce..sisinacd to elneninsg dsdd basse o¢ sec 
| fig ‘edt nicnem basevods sexds a0 ow? .sosfa Jeeworresn edz sve 
z ef ett boa olteso odd ni nem berbsand evit 10 awed foe eluent 
| “nee dgueddle .sedto dose setees ylisisien Eivow esonshaso 
e cpetcnaeauaed bas yars eidsbimict s oode bluco ,enieS sit yd bes 
fy Ogee ert Jad .wieccented ods to einsd déod no etnemevon edi 
bait sw. nani edd mwoh bas nowwD-edooe mort eelin Wes ta° 
noitiecs oltedeise nscodo isdded bne vetnoise ¢ déiw elteso & . 
-eviebod te68n brsllis® eisveso ei eidd ;woynD-edood to dedd dedd 
-inyoost beri soniao tends iséts tisedinolg edz bissois yd ¢Lisd : 
oiLidd od trivesf ot mubsoeel Yo yaeit edd yd Sivst efd bes 
or Live siteso gidd ,esoeif to yiio edd fas nixeV odt essed 
oe mov opens edt To ‘evioss yisdilin edt Litbric™ Sg ong. oe 


59 

G@ and the precipice T were ever protected by walls, but only 
by a bank of earth with palisades, for no trace of masonry r 
remains at these points. To better comprehend asain the site 
of the castle of Roche-Guyon, and how by extensive works men 
succeeded in makins this location yet stronger, either by cut- 
ting away the hill or by terracing, we give (9) a profile of 
the chalk with its structures. At A is the Seine, at B the c 
castle built at the foot of the cliff, at © the keep, whose 
enclosures rise im followings the natural slope of the plateau 
to dominate the exterior at the side B. At B is the artifici- 
al mound on which was an advanced work commanding the wall a 
around the vlatean’ the profile of the subterranean passage 
from the castle to the keeo is traced at HasOne could enter f 
from the plateau the enclosures of the keep only by a postern 
opened at the flank of the external curtain on the right and 
facings the precivice, so that it was impossible to see that 
entrance from the plateau or from the bottom of the cliff. (Art. 
ponjon). Our profile shows how difficult it would be for a be- 
sieder to hold the lower castle without at the same time pos- 
sessing the uoper keep; if after taking the castle he desired 
to remain there, he would infallibly be crushed by the garri- 
son of the keep. As for taking the keep, surrounded by its 4 
double enclosure, this could only be attempted by a blockade. 
Rut how could be plockaded a fortress possessing a very prac- 
ticable subterranean exit communicatins with a lower dominat- 
ed defense and a wide river? In stratesic respects the posit- 
ion of castle RocheGuyon was then excelbent and evidently ch- 
osen to suard that peninsula of Bonniere, so easy to defend 
at the narrowest place. Two or three thousand men in the ven- 
insula and four or five hundred men in the castle and its de- 
pendances would naturally assist each other, althoush separa- 
ted by the Seine, could stop a formidable army and oaralyze 
its movements on both banks of the Seine. 

At a few miles from Roche-Guyon and down the Seine, we find 
3 castle with a stronger and better chosen strategic position 
that that of Roche-Guyon; this is castle Gaillard near Andelys. 
Built by Richard the Lionheart after that orince had recosni- 
ged his fault by the treaty of Issoudun in leaving to Philip 
Ausust the Vexin and the city of Gisors, this castle still re 
retains the imoress of the military Senias of the Anslo-Normen 


oO o's yr tf a ie 


iF 48. ist: aes ned eas sdtdtliatatat egt’ ride ni jodie 
t fables: ‘edd betieces edd bas 1civisw evemmpenco 2 Baw 
p80 woinice {uo al .someisveeisaq fos sbaiveo yd nenesedede 
dig ciate’ reedtibe eft to dveo B edididxe evlefad to brsilied 
apres + tedd .sveiied os beeogetbh doom cot ei on -btedoid to 
tia sf on fF  yevendes: ot overd ,reddkit s esw somine evolatent Li 
ss gk Bafysa yltetdo .reibfos book « to eeitilsno etd diiw enols 
in -teid at sosia tse1t s done esiivpos sno jedd .s0e19eq awo eid 
exerts esw ‘od yesh esd esiuedd 2 ast tetded esw biedoif .y10 
-fiistqso Intlide 2 oes eaned :desd yreve ashes visveid déiw 

| heonsiueaxs .eso1noces1 to [int usesizas ne .s1pe ean sys seodw 
ss gg bus (yattnes cid eatlfstneret to sidecao ,bedddiesi0? bos 
i tteaisow inelisoxe edd ot etinadT .ecidwou od 2nitsindse asv 
 eieiweos ns ‘eved nso sno yievs L ene iliad sfteso no siflived .A 
“nolvouiterco edt beniwisish gest .esonstemsorio eld to dnuooos 
ss gidgass teog avitnort « ,ybasmx0 Yo yor edd ,ecetdyet deft Yo 
-guottidma eff to nottucexe edd emid bacl s act daiteeits to 
‘pred ‘ente® edd te aned sdaia edt .kaid doses? sii to etoefor 

: dosent? s ,eylebns se ast es destcA oilidd to soliaesreoa edt ai 
bos ybasniivo¥ to dused sdé ni tieedi bait yeh eno at blooo yrs 

3 bedeiw bisedots .etel cod aseaeh eidd onivisouss ..nsv08 sdanem 
beds weiv gadd Ati .dnentdicoo edt so sosivoic eid hisses of 

-t1t odd ‘to este sft seoto ed .entedcso tse1t ct yine ebnoled 
gid tedd sono bis (isticss nem1o¥ sid asvoo ct becisvesh eves 

ig denst-c dtéiw scitusexe esi benewa sd .no bebiosh eaw sosfoxd 


c -ooge eelosfede [fs dewcrdd svord of dsdd dove .Litw bus yio © 


ss theddcesw vino don aséy a of tact fms ,seiroistins eid od bee 
a ettow ovienstsh to medeve etelumoo 2 oels dud ,jliud eesidicl 
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sel wists ‘ae tenises nsvof asvoo flwoo asvit jedt easdw tated 
| deterniteib dedt esttilenp sft oteds Enit oiske OW .eitmsd Baiv 
 wepiaes So nsit s vd sottosta ni ted stud .enoissoitistiet neas0l 


x 


“26 anisvoetorg get beok es teoo yistilim s lo ,sonivoig tsexd 
A Ni ‘¢ bos mid doadts fng seixgive of es wmens os tenters Istioso 
Ue ‘$0 notdsd imtieb to enoktibsnoo efdsicvetnu deom edd ishno Jedd 
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his lesion bas soit ied vedt Rakareonoo ess hi -e:bassxe ‘es 


hs rc tae vate 2: VEC : eo tamer’ elieso eat 


sedueger — | 
we ee ey 
a 


ys ul | s * ae ie Ng. ie Lh ae an fer OAR 


hia Yo dedt stud .mismobh s to sensteh edd ton bemysomoo ei saek 


60 

kias, in spite of its ruinous state. A bad politician, Richard 
was a consummate warrior, and the repaired the faults of the 
statesman by courage and perseverance. In our opinion castle 
Gaillard of Andelys exhibits a part of the military talents 
of Richard. One is too much disposed to believe, that bt 
illustrious pvrince was a fighter, brave to rashness; it *Rot 
alone with the gualities of a sood soldier, chiefly payins in 
his own person, that one acquires such a great olace in hist- 
ory. Richard was better than a Charles the Rash, he was a hero 
with bravery under every test; he was also a skilful captain 
whose eye was sure, an engineer full of resources, experienced 
and foresishted, capable of forestallins his century, and ne- 
ver submitting to routine. Thanks to the excellent work of M. 
A. Deville on castle dailiara, every one can have an accurate 
account of the circumstances, that determined the construction 
ef that fortress, the key of Normandy, a frontier post capable 
of arresting for a lons time the execution of the ambitious 
projects of the French king. The risht bank of the Seine beins 
in the possession of Philip August as far as Andelys, a Fremh 
army could in ome day find itself in the heart of Normandy and 
menace Rouen... Perceiving this danger too late, Richard wished 
to guard his province on the continent. Vith that view that 
pelongs only to great captains, he chose the site of the fort- 
ress destined to cover the Norman canital, and once that his 
project was decided on, he pursued its execution with a tena- 
city and will, such that he broke through all obstacles oppo- 
sed to his enterprise, and that in a year not only was the f 
fortress built, but also a complete system of defensive works 
was placed with rare talent on the banks of the Seine, at the 
point where that river could cover Rouen against an enemy lea- 
ving Paris. We again find there the qualities that distinsuish 
Norman fortifications, but put in practice by a man of Senius. 
Here is concermed not the defense of a domain, but that of a 
Sreat province, of a military post as sood for protectins a 
capital against an ememy as to surprise and attack him, and t 
that under the most unfavorable conditions of delimitation of 
frontiers. Our readers will therefore be willins to permit us 
to extend a little concerning the position and construction 
of castle Gaillard. 

Note 1. BP. BB. Hist. du chat-Bovlvara and of the siese VW 


wuyon i ae 
bal 2d le 


A? eat i ,hOSt sae" “wens we taugua géléidd tenéoio seurcbeby: 
addi te e 

| “es Yissen at ebueoeeh’ entet edt sol{ftas 6% eseekano?® mou? 

_ 08 enast FE wollied 189% .teewdsron doson edd otentl Sddisate 
eftnsss nedy .eyfobnA es 1st es sesedison ddion sat of yltans 
debe EES yYlno ei doen eeodw .sivenineg 2 emsot Ens tleesi no 

“$o Senstethdo edd Sntwolict ytise1t oft vd .fonei3 sdT .shiwn 
Paqyoss —holfiss .wonaseV dnad dYel edi ac beeseaeoo .nubnoeel 
-3¢@ Sat to Sho esw Hotdw .eroeeld unsd sisia sid no  ;eant~rHe 
=[05 eq40d d¢in yr1a mA cones? Yo dasa tedt ni esoslo seosne 
yienoensifumte od bloow .exoeld bre sonieY .xosavi ts besos! 
pas (eflttolt & yd bewolfot ,sotet edd Stole nevof oF beliise 
'*ybasmi0k 16 [attaso efd sesvat hives aysbh ows to doism s yd 
eeoioe eeetti0el s tneia oT .entes edt yd tieaesi noklerword bre 
=ieoqao e10elD bas nonieV To esosfa ows sdt neswied sevia odd 
noivesiven odd sqeoussini oF ssw bsbueve yliees slventnec ws sit 
~mt 4ebast od ject00 autbevnt ows ofd ebivib ot ,1svia sid Yo 
nk medd sosfa o¢ bns zits déiv coiteoinummoo absug sittedos 
eadted yletsisqee nesesd Soted to eeviteniedis intemsde odd 
~S6e seonstsntorro of end? .nevef io efiew edt a98ebd8t anivizie 
~60q 8d¢ .tleémid howot hisdolA dokdw ak seosd ee cldstovegty : 
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-ove Bos 1080 eid eeorss bettitacl ed yliese bivoo eviebuitett 
-4$q .299i1 sdt to shie asdto eft no sosia Snoise s yd hesa00 
bas ,nevo8 yd fenoleivora qmeo & So tnamdeiidetes oft anttsin 
5 eax nenoh to yiio eT .antorot to anitdt ten Hlooo eno tend 
saidoism to motinsini. ons bei SexdoA atlidd tr bas ,betevos 
$6 doo! 8 Qnifeso' suodsiw oe cb ten binoo ef soso tadd no 
bos tisemid neewted Stel ed dotdw .bis(f{isd sitezo a0 yteixas 
esw Biedolh tadd ewode yhecale notsqiaosebh teiad eid? .eonart 
Wlpme ert 9% GOS Seqsverd bstlexes Io cisdaso 8 nedt sr9tted 

| leds to yteaitas edz betasare anid sem10V-olmnd silt wod e0F 
-neq sit to bas odt tA .(Or) inten ofsedsite eidd Yo eeensteh . 
~f8 @volt ented edt .revia edt to ined tdia edd no .A sineni 
+883 6danimob tedd .ei%co1 wiiado Yo asolaqiosia deid yisv Sao 

—tevia sit Seibivibh § selet ns a0 .metvelis to nisia saisne 

gs etsom (siswosd dviw saci [snobssoo ns tlisd sertt ts basdore 

“s(dsil eidd davéadt entesed sehidd’ neboow 28° lL eebsetiso Boe 

arvattohasin sind Yo hae sit aA ~eeinsd ond edd bedian siteso 
,beetssbhiad deer &-  pdgapagy ae tited ot Hise tdgia ons vo 


apne Mite tape ar ae 
a 


oe. 


an 


ePASt .#78H0k  . 


64 
Sustained ogSainst PHVVIp August Vu 1203 and 1204, by Ad. Dewilrle. 
Rouene 1ABAVe 

From Bonnieres to Gaillon the Seine descends in nearly as 
straight lineto the north northwest. Near Gaillom it turns ab- 
ruotly to the north northeast as far as Andelys, then returns 
on itself and forms a peninsula, whose neck is only 2843 yds. 
wide. The French, by the treaty followings the conference of 
Tssondun, possessed on the left bank Vernon, Gaillon, Pacy- 
sur-Fure;: on the right bank Gisors, which was one of the str- 
ongest places in that part of France. An army with corps col- 
lected at Hvreux, Vernon and Gisors, would be simultaneously 
carried to Rouen along the Seine, followed by a flotilla, and 
by a march of two days could invest the capital of Normandy 
and provision itself by the Seine. To vlant a fortress across 
the river between the two places of Vernon and Gisors opposi- 
te a peninsula easily suarded was to intercept the navisation 
of the river, to divide the two invading coros, to render im- 
possible their communication with Paris, and to place them in 
the shameful alternatives of being beaten separately before 
arrivins under the walls of Rouen. Thus in circumstances so 
unfavorable as those in which Richard found himself, the pos- 
itiom was verfectly chosen. The peninsula of Bernieres oppos- 
ite Andelys could easily be fortified across the neck and sup- 
ported by a strong place on the other side of the river, per- 
mitting the establishment of a camp provisioned by Rouen, and 
that one could not think of forcins. The city of Rouen was c¢ 
covered, and if Philip August had the intention of marchins 
on that place, he could not do so without castins a look of 
anxiety on castle Gaillard, which he left between himself and 
France. This brief description already shows that Richard was 
petter than a captain of exalted bravery. 

See how the Anmlo-Norman kins arranged the entirety of the 
jJefenses of this strategic point (10). At the end of the pen- 
insula A, on the right bank of the river, the Seine flows al- 
ons very high precipices of chalky rocks, that dominate the 
entire plain of alluvium. On an islet B dividing the river, 
Richard at first built an octagonal fort with towers, moats a 
and valisades:/ a wooden™bridse passing throush this little 
castle united the two banks. At the end of this bridge, at C 
on the right bank, he built an enclosure, a Sreat bridgehead, 


iE ae ee a ee, ae 
ee ee. Re rags oT ate 


Fite, $38 

titel to eman odd dood bne asevod ditw bel{[it nooe eaw sedi 
eid fe exstew odd aniniesdot vd G te bemxot esw Haoa A svteina 
=nh beer) .feedetbhind edd bedslosi yiotelamoo bos emssise ont 
se heitivxet ople eaw efiom seodd sxcied ybseuls tadd .f viet 
-amedd ye bsllit bos .neee od of [[ise eteom yd beeolone bus 
nedd-oxom hotsvels yiotnomoia 8 NO -emseite ows seedt to eros 
hetoonaco ean tedt bes ,onie® edd to Isvel edd evods .t% 8SF 
edd ao bosi to oxanot worrsn 8 yd ylno sehia yilseto edd dtin 
-titox slidw betaool saw eesiadict [eatoniao sdt .ohie dinog 
+ gotatcena sft wolesd door edt to, enoitostor odd Ife vd ant 
se seadt to heecamon 7 obadoote e sew olieso eit yd sJuewe bas 
-¢e- eidT “.enies sit to eaiuoeo odd Sntised bee .eslio to anor 
te: bodetidates edaow obseitea yd hetoeto1g isdiaet een shaioo 
.» #8 mot? datbmecesh {few e yd bose dasa dJdot1 oft Yo ehfo edt 
-tgh isovix. edd o¢ mwob Ansd edd to elbbim odd te dlind tewod 
2 @ 9.e0ne74 to e1ode edd mo Loutso s sili bos msside ou asdd 
o- eft aoot bons 8 ts ente? edt to dnad edt no tiiad eaw gact 
doen edt de beitisuct onied efuentnsa edT .tosvetuol to omsa 
eid Hatt od ywens bomis os 10t sldigeoaqmi aen ti ,bebises® hae 
-mne yd berevoo faa asniver eo List fns{ s ni ams0 & 10% odie 
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~gnimob ,esitimeritxe edi te hetsool esitto ond edt Io encitso 
madd exom on .beiquooe ed gon bivoo bas ene 108 edt yd beds 
-smenmerre Iszensh seedT .e{Lid eoifauowive. sdd to esoole edd 
faut ibiess es (lide doom es dtin nexesishas ased Saived edn 
-- sid te noitowitenco edd of oreo etttas aid betoved bisdoif 
edt to xtsiitns oft Hasmmoo Hleode teddy .eseisict Isaioning 
yiotmomoze s to bits sit no bedede svsi ew es bheosld .eeensieh 
_ gaol tent yd eldiececoos yino esw di .eohie qsesea yiev ddin 
wiede edt of ngetslq omordxs oft fesiof tadd ,fosl, io enanod 
aldd i fetoveb serit te esw noitaetis athasdoif to [fs ;eabia 
a .  «betostts od Jdpim tedd .ohie 

jar cig hate xt0" ute fo et71og fourstad 9A? Af 2G of StOK 
_eesgoagsy. .yor e96 sdonotd .tvodud oS déud «(asoqg doastt £/0) 
seoeik oi 7 3 aK » «988 SS SLE sears? 

és OF 2 CESS soaTsY aoa sat iy pee fonett L10) e88eqg-t ston 

ed teum ti 10% yeeensteb esedt Yo dnemedusr1e sit (tr) e26 
-1e ofd beetvasone tleemid Reid nemaol-olbaA og tedd) .bedste 
shanti headesd. ~nomiion odd betoeith ,elteso aidt Yo sotto 
-008 betelames sew x10n odd [Lid medé ttel asven bas erode f 


62 


that was soon filled with houses and took the name of Petit- 
Andelys A pond was formed at D by retainins the waters of the 
two streams and completely isolated the bridsehead.. Grand An- 
dely &, that already before these works was also fortified a 
and enclosed by moats still to be seen, and filled by the wa- 
ters of these two streams. On a promontory elevated more than 
328 ft. above the level of the Seine, and that was connected 
with the chalky ridse only by a marrow tonsue of land on the 
south side, the vrincipal fortress was located while profit- 
ing by all the projections of the rock. Below the precipice 
and swept by the castle was a stockade F composed of three 
rows of piles, and barring the course of the Seine. This st- 
ockade was further protected by palisade works established at 
the edge of the right bank and by a wall descendins from at 
tower built at the middle of the bank down to the river) fur- 
ther up stream and like a patrol on the shore of France, a f 
fort was built on the bank of the Seine at H, and took the n 
name of Boutavant. The peninsula beins fortified at the neck 
and guarded, it was impossible for an armed enemy to find the 
site for a campo in a land full of ravines and covered by enaor- 
mous rocks. The valley between the two Andelys was filled by 
the abundant waters of the streams, commanded by the fortifi- 
cations of the two cities located at its extremities, domina- 
ted by the fortress, and could not be occupied, no more than 
the sloves of the surrounding hills. These sSeneral arranseme- 
nts having been undertaken with as much skill as rapidity, R 
Richard devoted his entire care to the construction of the 
principal fortress, that should command the entirety of the 
defenses. Placed as we have stated on the etd of a promontory 
with very steep sides, it was only accessible by that lons 
tongue of land, that joined the extreme plateau to the chalky 
ridge: all of Richard’s attention was at first devoted to this 
side, that might be attacked. 

Note 1. p. BA. The internal parts of this work stil exist. 
LOVE French poem). Guill. Guiort. Branche des roy. Visnages. 
Yerses 3162 et sea. 

Note 1.9.86. (OVE French poem). The some. Verses 3299 etc. 
Jee (11) the arrausement of these defenses; for it must be 
stated, that the Anglo-Norman kins himself supervised the er- 
ection of this castle, directed the workmen, hastened their 
labors, and never left them till the work was completed acc- 


- 


aes 
 epkaot edd gtieoaco A dA satostoia etd ot anincoos hetolqsoo 
‘gasosths edt dtiw sfteso odt Yo edie edt anisosnnco bref Yo 
Noor eis ot dotib gesbh s heteveoxs sd ot beanso ed .dddied 
Rotdote1 etscsiso déinviewos yJ2ol bos enoisde s-tlind ed bee 
got efd hoamseo ot ea 08 ,wectsiq Soenimeb sdé to Isvel end 
s8iteieeno aslisme owt yd hedns{t esx iswot eidT .aaed edt to 
' tYo edole [essten edt saiwoff{ot mi bnsoesh C A eniatauo edd 


ason beonsvhs siiias edd ebaemmoo nedd A 19 KOd edt :door sad 


a7 
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| ~ Mesweted? .olieso odd te sdaveo aswol edt diiw ylno tud ,sbie 
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<gistaco (exbixd noboow s vd vino tadd diiv anisescigemmos brs 

200 aswol edt esw eidd :8 fecsdo bas etosised .esldete eft bs 

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owd davords sbhitedno edd déiwtedsotnummoo fns ,slteso edd te I 
-efgeso $dé¢ to ets: edd encco FH TA «Aledo ond ni duo esaseeno 
gdododib edd Yo sbho edd evods .¢% V tuods hetiiso ei Iie edi 

+ éattt edt coded bsi ged? .vmones odd mort bedesr ei stad 2idT 
4 -caxe yd tasoxe si Aosite ot emoo gor Hisoo tedd bas ,%. Lataog 
4 gewot edd of us9t edd foe .d I enstaso edd od. dost odd oole 
ge (bradoif to emid odd mort asddav7 segs2 eidd sircted heosla 
: edd Yo eibbim odé ni voor odt ni bevisee1 ecam 8 no ¢s@ dtor 
syd besolo tedtas? [Lite esw tedd ,% ode2 odd heiswoo dogik 
eateca bsbiaw2 ont yd betoetoig das .ercob ankbflot ,atilsodaca 
-o8 sdT .tk daowe bas 3 sonaitine odd etieoqao seox M qset sat 
txen-ebie edt no ¥ sa beosl{a steu dosbasmmoo edd to escomtis 
306 edd doidwts efteso edt Yo dbie ted’ te ..9.i (Ytilo dé 
~e0q 8 i 9 dk sbensqo od evokain bus betaeiasn sd tivco'eene 
eb da03de 8 yd betoosora fas beteem {low ,eonstetess aot ard 
~iyetxe edt-od yldosiib nsa6 gon esob nistsog eidT .0 sensish 
ts a19¢09 bacoee s yd bsowsia & yaw beteves edi otal sud 10 
ssolineo. edd ‘of soneténe ‘efoe edt ean fondest 


‘ L 


63 

completed accoring to his projects. At A opposite the tongue 
of land connecting the site of the castle with the adjacent 
height, he caused to be excavated a deep ditch in the rock, 
and he built a strons and lofty tower with parapets reaching 
the level of the dominant plateau, so as to command the top 
of the bank. This tower was flanked by two smaller ones at B; 
the curtains A D descend in followins the natural slope of t 
the rock; the tower A then commands the entire advanced work 
ADD. A second ditch, also cut in the rock, separates that 
advanced work from the body of the place. The enemy could not 
think of establishins himself in this second ditch, that was 
swept and dominated by the four towers D, D, 0, C. The twont— 
towers:C, i Secettainky commanded the two towers D, pet It is 
noted that the advanced work did mot communicate with the out- 
side, but only with the lower court of the castle. That was 
an arrangement entirely Norman, that we found at Roche-Guyon. 
The first enclosure % of the castle behind the advanced work, 
and communicating with that only by a wooden bridse, contain- 
ed the stables, barracks and chapel H; this was the lower co- 
urt. A well was dug at F, under the area of the court at Ga 
are excavated in the rock the vast cellars, with ceilings sup- 
ported by piers left, amd these receive light from the ditch 
I of the castle, and communicateiwith the outside through two 
passages cut in the chalk. At K opens the sate of the castle; 
its sill is carried about 7 ft. above the edge of the ditch L. 
This sate is masked from the ememy, that had taken the first 
portal #, and that could not come to attack it except by expo- — 
sing the flank to the curtans I L, and the rear to the tower 
placed before this sate. Further from the time of Richard, a 
work set on a mass reserved in the rock in the middle of the 
ditch covered the gate K, that was still further closed by a 
portcullis, foldins doors, and protected by two Suarded posts. 
The keep M rose opposite the entrance K and swept it. The ap- 
artments of the commandant were placed at N on the side next 
the cliff, i.e., at that side of the castle at which the def- 
ense could be neslected aud windows be opened. ‘At P is a pos- 
tern for assistance, well masked and vrotected by a strons de 
defense 0. This postern does not open directly to the exteri- 
or but into the covered way 8 pierced by a second vostern at 
3,2 which was the sole entrance to the castle. From the. bank 


— s obae door edt si tuo elisw bus e1owot seit P ta tevia Secs to 
i semohees: edé¢ geoieks etude V aewod A .edeqge tsa din bedernand 
q * @dteetad stadt .X [lew edd déiw hetoennes el bas dnica dens 
e re gnied yd enis® eft to etned edd bne eotqioesg sit lo toot 
sis gegen 2dP°.notsskaveneqose of henrt#eh ebsioose edd od heal 
-tidaeiet bas seiatoesa edt to mottod eft of ehnsoeeb § dosié 
-f[g0tnidoisen mort. ymene. odd tusverg. os bebmegai asw dt {stoi 
Woo edt to noidostoxg odd yd tleemid anideew .sevix edd eno 
-obatoote eft ot exit tee 10 [few odd d2veidt Aee1d oF emo od 
sp tbrawo? woeirish edt Ttecetsroe’s wevoo ogis bisoo dosib aid 
am yd © ers{[iso eds déiw moidsoinwmnoo al ean bus .1evia odd 


ei? opi ssbonoitaem ybeotle evedecesc geecetiotdueé eis te ens 
mee aso jawoh ytor won 970 eTsxvet "OF SON? Bagel (SPOR. Phe 
~ee 2° egatbaots Sittea gnoitiog 9moe bio anole edt bat} gino 


~soq ‘botseoo afi? fo ssenatoh ott Fo esgavt s#T .884q+8 sF0% 
-olbal of e100 asdot syod sh .yobhot sidiasa ylsortane 970 9208 - 
be eees© « boyortesd yfeatsiqmog eXtow sdt sar oe ye ysao sta 
bow baal lie® giteso Satdetart sct faisdokS beoiltve.taey oad 
‘efaush yo el Intitused wok” wdtinexedd betosanoo aeengitsh Iles 
Qobistiebns ‘eid wee of nodw sontic sid beiso “tuesy s fo ed 
see of ono eenuBo neic eidd to enole noitenimer® © .bodeinit 
wees ni eootsibsst osmx0¥ edt hewollot seiwon hisdoih sad 
yino- Fant tdyob tonmso end bas .fisiliad siteso te ncivowite 
ieeneteb edt to elbhateb add onls jwd dusmetnsiis [sisess oft 
Aton ‘heoasvbs. tastiocal: yisv tedT .eonixg sid yd bershio eis 
edt -eLf{sas1 ~bael tocestnos sit fasnosy efans os ehnsdxe tsdd 
| thedbb ods. dud ssoyn2-edoo% to qeet edd to retteclone Isatatxe 
nagedicdotdw:,sosiq edd Yo ybod sit mort A1ow dedd Paltereces 
gnoled yetewot edd yd bocistde etntinsl3 odd ,esdafoe! yleris 
it DPvedt to zelteso int exoitael? edt oedt [tgat .byenolif of 
~foo vedd rethst meo sw es is ce lisew ote asdintnse dé SI bas 
~Qlone sisdd tnihasteb nibeiquooceic ec of hevesags e1csouTte 
smsidio1om te} .elisw odd to eaontoids evomaone eit yd eoice 
‘ %o meoteve 4 diQvoe serit eoadteq hisdoifl .etaidasit foot yd 
od BAH .oretetser evieesa Yo so10l tiedé Yo dasbusqebai eilew 
3 eid 10t beonsvbs yrev eabelwony eidd ses¥ odd mort ¢dbcord 
‘to dasnmor s etdd es .vom! ot ox tot sIvolIiibh ei teaT Vomts 
“SONSHNSENOD ni soninxe vadd sd feebat 10 4 fenoitibers ssmok 
 #e yesebivegiaes avo eid ni boot: noltevisede {sottosia to 
re: _ sestvedd ab Yaokteot fave oldetisms1 s dove shsm neds of dotdw 


oe 


64 
of the river at T rise towers and walls cut in the rock and 
furnished with parapets. A tower V abuts against the rock at 
that point and is connected with the wall X, that bars the 
foot of the precipice and the banks of the Seine by beings jo- 
ined to the stockade degisned to stop navigation. The sreat 
ditch Z descends to the bottom of the precipice and is artif- 
icialy it was intended to prevent the enemy from marching al- 
ong the river, maskins himself by the projection of the rock, 
to come to break through the wall or set fire to the stockade. 
This ditch could also cover a sortie of the sarrison toward 
the river, and was in communication with the cellars G by me- 
ans of the subterranean passages already mentioned. 

Note 1.0.88. These four towers ore now tony down, one can 
ons find the plon and some portions still stonding. 

Note 2.p.88. The traces of the defenses of this covered pos - 
soge are scarcely visible todoy. Ke have taken cave to Vmato- 
ate ony by a Line the works completely destroyed. 

Qne year sufficed Richard for finishing castle Gaillard ani 
all defenses connected therewith. “How beautiful is my daush- 
ter of a year!” cried the vrince whem he saw his undertakins 
finished. 2 Examination alone of this plan cduses one to see 
that Richard nowise followed the Norman traditions in the con. 
struction of castle Gaillard, and one cannot doubt that only 
the general arrangement but also the details of the defense 
were ordered by that prince. That very imoortant advanced work, 
that extends an angle toward the tonsue of land, recalls the 
external enclosures of the keep of Roche-Guyon; but the ditch 
separating that work from the body of the place, which it en- 
tirely isolates, the flankinss obtained by the towers, belons 
to Richard. Until then the flankinss in castles of the i1 th 
and 12 th centuries are weak, so far as we can judge; the con- 
structors appeared to be preoccupied in defendins their enclo- 
sures by the enormous thickness of the walls, far more than 
by sood flankings. Richard perhaps first sousht a system of 
walls indevendent of their force of passive resistance. Had he 
brought from the Bast this knowledge very advanced for his t 
time? That is difficult for us to know. Was this a remnant of 
Roman traditions? 1 Or indeed had that prince in conseauence 
of practical observation found in his own genius ideas, of 
which he then made such a remarkable anvplication? In the last 


a a 
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2 as sh rT ha . A fPB 6g ,waag fonmare 6f0) | fe 
eS 6 Bo Beenstebh te icebetentinne eidd: wod see sono te (Lede of; os 
‘oe ctis edd to eeveo edt tisq ¢se1b ni ylestosig esw seis {leme 
bo! Wipevdertonss : ~bisilis® elteso to 
, -eodd cotton ow , ff iF nt osig edd mo eoys ino teso ow YT | 
828 ek etdd joauvseolone L[soitatils sesl edd to o101 aeiuante 
~9ee aft Of tuode to ebrede dhtw eforto s Io einembse to seit 
-& Bo: dose asi aI itt. £.¢ yao to enoisioe sisdtivoe yd betes 
if Bineze1d: gadt .(Sf) sassti aniwoliot sat eevis ednemkee oesdid 
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ss wGLel nT: cont betdob edd yd betsoibni es .foogs isdd Yo emts 
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aoe et tole of .(&t) tL. sonexsecos st sldsbimiot ef dota odd doin 
7 betasy1s eh stacteh eritne edt :taeq aswel edt af besaeae 
vo oanitesrsdnh eee on ers asset ert to eeansteb ofT S cod odd 
ie e1eted betcobs seodt [fe wont doeisttib sevsoed ybude od 
“benidwoo virsluetsiso ors vedd tedd bos .(sotnod dd) Saisie © 
df tdawoe svad od emece histotfi .fosdss asen yisv & To veiw i 
(et 4b1s[1ied efseso to gesneteb sit to noidouxrtenco sedi ni 
entm sdt Beebni’ ‘qonim eft to xa0nw edt denisss ifoemid sinose 
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f Rnorde si to efisw edd fossid of etsieteed yd bsyolame villas 
os futsenog yitueioittse ton sisw eonidosm baiteso 10% ,sosfo 
Fo ety of bausdolf ¢edd eeton enO .nidd asvewod ef{sw dozerd © 
Pol Beesd odd duel? vilvterso of betiesb ,fosdds Yo ensem dadd 
‘ade - Sotgtoerg, Lewes edt of viontine anitenit ton .enmisdavo ons nee 
| sine lisees: edt cose o¢ esdotib edt to ddgeb edt od bas iM 
of JAord2 datienom 0 4vatvtvom7oK 96 moslk .88.q 4h fon | : 
72 teasgotao sy HetTIO9g Fodt aatassy ,yTetAss dt i 8b ght : 
ponte atotrso 0 gadosfasd frosdaotd edt Srotoft Fo redtoy | 
idee e. CasHe -eudtegsY fo settostt eee Rttatad EtOH: i, 
tu otomnonorte pdt. bosbal. .Recg Hone, BIO +OPaget SFO)! 
| okceaean penne ee yon aod sti" ea: baa’ tog: edt Atte 


.-— # 
pate 


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65 
enclosure of castle Gaillard, that surroundins the keep on the 
tree north, south and east sides, that one can particularly 
recosnize the putting intoppractice the ingenious ideas of R 
Richard. 

Wote 3.p.88. “See how beautiful is wy dovghter of o yeart” 
Bromton. Hist. AnaV-Sorivnrte antiquity. Gol. 1276.-- Hist. de 
chot. Goilbord vy &. Deville. As QUAL. Guiart says Vt wass-- 
LOVE French poew, p. 82). 

We shall at once see how this combimation of defenses on a 
small area was precisely in great part the cause of the taking 
of castle Gaillard. 

If we cast our eyes on the plan in Figs. 11, we notice the 
singular form of the last elliptical enclosure; this is a se- 
ries of segments of a circle with chords of about 10 ft, sep- 
arated by curtain portions of only 3.3 ft. In plan each of t 
these sesments gives the following fisure (12), that vresents 
a very strong continuous flankins, with resard to the shootings 
arms of that epoch, as indicated by the dotted lines. In ele- 
vation this crooked wall, whose base rests on the rock dressed 
with the pick, is formidable in appearance. - (13). No slot is 
opened in the lower part; the entire defense is arransed at 
the boo. The defenses of the keeo are no less interestins 
to study because different from all those adopted before Ri- 
chard (Art. Donjon), and that they are varticularly combined 
in view of a very near attack. Richard seems to have sousht i 
in the construction of the defenses of castle Gaillard, to. 
secure himself against the work of the miner; indeed the mine 
and sap were then (in the 12 th eentury) the means most sgene- 
rally employed by besiesgers to breach the walls of a strons 
place, for castins machines were not sufficiently powerful to 
preach walls however thin. One notes that Richard, in view of 
that means of attack, desired to carefully flank the bases of 
the curtains, not trusting entirely to the natural precipice 
and to the depth of the ditches to stop the assailant. 

Note 1. H-89. Jean de Wormourtrer, o MONnKISh chronicler of 
she 12 th century, relortes thot Geoffrey Plontogenet, grond- 
fovher of Richord the Btonheart, vesriesins a cortain strong 
caste, studied the treatise of Vegetius. 

Not] 100-20. OLA French poem. Indeed the Gitches were curt 
with the pick, and aos HiLiiown says, no one could go to seek 


re 
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80108 4 to betootind suod sw ed ,tow fo saeco af etuouges oat 
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i? So dasa edd nO eetsotbnt tuoysl edi ytecisdni teeat to exdt 

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; -si00 soseistni Sud dosibs edt to dined edt o¢ vileditasy hase 
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| - betestts eoela s to soneteiger sedrede 10 sedn0l edd no eone : 
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<j ate 


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A SP \ } rice nol oe ot ‘a "eZ he el mY a ie 7 


66 
who hod fallen to the botton. 

Note 2.9.90. #ne structures are now torn down to the Level 
of the point O (FIS. 18), 2% Vs provable that defensive Hol- 
Vertes or boys were ploced at the top of the outer part of % 
she segments in cose of war, os we hove indicated at B, SO 08 
Be sweep the ALrtches, to hit their bottoms, Thus preventing & 
the winer from stayind there. ae 

The plan of a portion of the elliptical wall (Fis. 12), is 
thus of sreat interest; its layout indicates on the part of 
its author eare and research, study and experience of the ef- 
fect of casting eauipment, that left nothing for surprise. T 
The vortions of a cylinder composing that curtain do not des- 
cend vertically to the bank of the ditch, but intersect port- 
jons of cones near the base, so that the reentrant ansles be- 
tween these cones and the intermediate walls cannot shield a 
miner. Finally the line drawn throush the axes of the lateral 
slots A fixed the points B of the intersection of the bases 
of the lower cones with the slope of the foot of the wall. F 
Further, by the slots A one could see a miner at the tangent 
point D by the arrangement of the several surfaces, as indi- 
cated by the line CO D. “If the cylindrical portions had des- 
cended vertically, or if these segments had been portions of 
3 cone without warped surfaces and without change of curves, 
as indicated at X, Fis. 12 (assuming no batter exceeding that 
given to the rampart of castle Gaillard, so as not to facili- 
tate scaling), the triangles P would have been sheltered from 
shots fired in the axes of the lateral slots A. By these very 
subtle intersections of cylinders and cones, visible in Fis. 
13, Richard uncovered all points of the base of the curtain 
for a continuous flanking, which was very important in a time 
when the attack and defense of strons places only became ser- 
ious when they were very closely approached. «soday all milit- 
ary engineers tell us that the layout of a bastion, its erof- 
iles well or badly calculated, may have a considerable influ- 
ence on the longer or shorter resistance of a place attacked. 
This minute care devoted by Richard in tracings the last defe- 
nse of castle Gaillard, a defense that only foresaw an attack 
at the base of the work by sap and mine, indicates sufficient- 
ly to us the special genius of that warrior, knowing how to 
calculate and foresee, attaching considerable importance to 


ib 


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7 -eeb tesars ailtdd .10eesoshexgq eid to simemeansiis Ofgetszse 4 
:beiewooons, ee1sinte? lo sivenineo edd bawot enies edd saifaso 
 ofeemedt nods edi baeteb of wet ord Snisd eacoris nemio% eds 
s- *batyed asdis:yyiebaa olfsid bos elieso elsétil sit otal sev 
mbt odd Yo siasd sid enitoensos sahiad ashoow edd awob nextord 
ett of gmso etd aatdeifdsies yd heonemmoe dail eonert ed? .qeVv ; 
'y -~I{tvy edt no o¢84& cid Snitess .elteso edt etisocoo sIueninsa 4 
+ Babtoennco: (COL".229) inScT no tddia eid faa esteinasg-2o0 e880 
wens {fide 918 3°49 esosid seodw ,[isw s yd sieoq owd seed ai. 
q ot bebnedsi sifitoli sai svisoe1 od esids od cf» .yebos bev 
ig “nh haiaised sbeicote edd beeuse gilidd yameo eid nobeiy 
seo miote eaprehaee eidt bos ,etemmive Intfide yd»netioiwd sd: OW ¥i08 
<eeoene ef ghee Goird. suc dd A pymens edd yd tone. x Seventy *. 
i Pogue aoe BAcgizcd i emecg Monette 2/0 «ePeGel 9FOK- jie 
7 © Rathod moter | ? meitiith ayee “,ebiswiedis yloteibenst® » an 
ae no-Rallise-vse. ew es dove .sdguomd ed of eaide ehas{ be1sbr0 
ha i thetedqacess ashe sate bas Sve me end to ses1n09. mT ) 


67 
details least important apparently, thus possessing what makes 
Sreat men, namely; correct views in the general conception, c 
care and even research in the execution of the details. 

Tn all these works is found neither sculpture nor mouldings; 
all has been sacrificed to defense; the masonry is well built, 
composed of a flint rubble connected by excellent mortar, fa- 
ced with a surface of small ashlars carefully executed and p 
presenting at some points alternate courses of white and red- 
dish stones. 

While Richard lived, Philip Ausust, in spite of his well a 
acquired reputation as a Sreat conqueror of fortresses, dared 
not lay siege to castle Gaillard; but after the death of that 
prince, and when Normandy had fallen into the hands of John 
Lackland, the Prench kins having resolved to possess himself 
of this military post, that would open to himhthe sates of R 
Rouen. The siege of the place as told in the most minute det- 
il by Willian the Breton, chaplain of the kins, an eyewitness, 
was one of the greatest military feats of the reign of that 
prince: and if Richard showed remarkable talent in the seneral 
arrangement and details of the defense of that place, Philip 
Ausust conducted his undertakins as a consummate warrior. 

The sloomy John Lackland did not know how to profit by the 
strategic arrangements of his predecessor. Philip Ausust des- 
cending the Seine found the peninsula of Bernieres unoccupied ; 
the Norman troops beins txo few to defend it, threw themsel- 
ves into the little castle and Little Andely, after havins 
prokea down the wooden bridge connecting the banks of the ri- 
yer. The Frence king commenced by establishing his camp in the 
peninsula opposite the castle, restins his tefts on the vill- 
ase of Bernieres and his right on To&ni (Fis. 10), connectins 
these two vosts by a wall, whose traces K L are still vercei- 
ved today. To be able to receive the flotilla intended to pro- 
yision his camo, Philip caused the stockade barrins the river 
to be broken by skilful swimmers, and this under a storm of 
projectiles shot by the enemy. 

Note A.p-Qee OVA French poew. 

“Fmmediately afterwards,” says William le Breton, “the kins 
ordered large ships to be brought, such as we saw sailing on 
the course of the Seine, and that ordinarily transported ani- 
mals and wagons alons the river. The king had them sunk in t 


dvs raat aE te . ‘ 7 a, 7 
— Be zr . ae ane 6 it - wt ; re ih 


rae) 


dte aioe fa angen edd bdo sintsees: stevia oft to: eibbim ode: ee 

oe Sar ipn ngamena ‘eletaleae edd woled ofttif s soneupee ai text 
a ©) «wend svom tom tdaim seten sdd Yo tasiive biest sit tedt bos aie 
bas awe | vodd at neviah eslic to eosem yd benidmoo siew yods 
end ‘goied esiia sd? .edood bas ebtoo dtiw tedtexet bensdest — 3 
,bemsat ylinteiso emasd mo ethiad s bedefidetes andi edd .bextt = 


th ie 


spake wot me dLivd ed ned? .ansd sdbia edd of easq ot 2s o8% ‘ 
 ~-- emged teeta to bus eesat to efauit to Estoutsenco .erewod ond ‘ 
nt elem od ,bedotsite [isw entero yd aedt¢ehet bnvod ~iso nes1k to a 
a aniiostis tovensom s fne ebbind sit to ¢e0q eviensteb s déod - 


wo Llite dtiw fedoesi6 sated taow edd med? .eldeso slttil od 
yédaied ¢se1s.s douse of betoetS ssw siewod edd .eqide seedd 
: nwoh eworrs siedd goode biuoo etdeiad sid 200d atedd mort gadd 
Pi. tev bedsoci efdeso elterL edd to seodT) “.elisw eliteod edd no 
~orane wi . ») Cbaeleli-edd to s{bbim edd 
ood sesaic | odd: svesioss of betomedia Ore bios] adol. smidnaev 
 yileveo COC boe astdated OOF Yo bseoomoo eatoco ymis ne Jase 
; 1sotadd evomet edt to based edd Bas yidnstnt COOD yd bhedacqane 
.sendwaA oilidd to effew oft no tdkin vd tieedi words yhod aid? 
_yiedd otad neviab oved ywieisiiso bluow bone ,slddai sd3i bedvex 
Bstostotg meed*son bei yous ti ydonerT edd to ames odd aevia 
“deere sibnid of hatos .etdeind enoe Yo dnomionentai edd vd 
| {ecto@"enlt sobetifss gon bed yeds Ti bos ,eisdwyieve sertt Me 
rae dd sbtetuo yasasverit svor1b bee esvienstic sat hemuees tedd .s 
ss se NdeMtets yLevoonsdinmte osarsco of silisoll asm10% A .eentl 
geet edt youteebh gon Eluoo ti :etsl oof beviais donett edt 
-—tido eswobos .entee edat.to efbbim odd ni sfind e1swos nmsboow 
,eretiay edd exc .e26f tee1s diiw stits1 of bet 
Yo: ewecolece + emg0g doaeTt S/0 «6 .g «8 SPOK: 
--{fiW benntinos “ adéian {utfide yrov s .tisdisd nistaso A 
~Ioeyefsoo antadod dtiw eleesev boflit gnived® note19 ef msil 
ss haigcee aoliedee sdt no nompsid dtiw meds beddnr bas sedt beeo eth 
se gmeddt-r6tas of aetew TO efdisecomi gusoed tt tadd .ylintit ae 
wesw edd Salbneasne hice eds ybod eid Enwois benstest ed ned? aaa 
- enouns: yd nese anied suodtin qetew odt ofat aotansio fbos*,eles "7 
ss bag Boow fodiind eghseilec eft te Ensl o¢ yltetoee tnsw ed 
--yelteso edt -ettecaae biellied toot eft to shite edd biswot iso 
ie _«“kewest Beived ton yaens odd .en0 on yd bebnetsb sew tedd bos) 
eee peneaten one" sds yledsifemm] .tnica aan ts. arenes sad 


” 


68 


the middle of the river, resting on the side and placins them 
just in sequence 4 little below the ramparts of the castle, 
and that the rapid current of the water might not move then, 
they were combined by means of piles driven in the sroumd and 
fastened together with cords and hooks. The piles being thus 
fixed, the kind established a bridge on beams carefully framed, 
“sq as to pass to the right bank. Then he built om four ships 
two towers, constructed of trunks of trees and of sreat beams 
of green oak, bound together by chains well stretched, to make 
both a defensive vost of the bridge and a means of attacking 
the little castle. Then the work being directed with skill on 
these ships, the towers were erected to such a sgreat heisht, 
that from their tops the knights could shoot their arrows down 
on the hostile walls.” (Those of the little castle located at 
the middle of the island). 

Meantime John Lackland attemoted to recieve the place; he 
sent an army coros composed of 300 knights and 3009 cavalry, 


supported by 4000 imfantry and the band of the famous Lupicar. 


This body threw itself by night on the walls of Philio Ausust, 
routed the rabble, and would certainly have driven into the 
river the camo of the French, if they had not been protected 
by the intrenchment of some knights, Soins to kindle sreat 
fires everywhere, and if they had not rallied a fine corps, 
that resumed the offensive and drove thevenemy outside the 
lines. A Norman flotilla to operate simultaneously against t 
the French arrived too late; it could not destroy the sreat 
wooden towers built in the middle of the Seine, and was obli- 
ged to retire with sreat loss. 

Note Bo PeWhe OLGA French poew. 

A certain Galbert, 2 very skilful swimmer,” continued Wil- 
liam le Breton, “having filled vessels with burnings coals,acl- 
osed them and rubbed them with bitumen on the exterior so sk- 
ilfully, that it became impossible for water to enter them. 
Then he fastened around his body the cord suspendins the ves- 
sels, and vlunging into the water without beins seen by anyone, 
he went secretly to land at the valisades built of wood and 
oak, toward the side of the rock Gaillard opposite the castle, 
and that was defended by no one, the enemy not havins feared 
an attack at that point. Tmmediately the fire attacked the w 
wooden beams forming the inteenchments and the walls enclosing 


i of ee oO Pee Me 
+ 20 noeia ie elss te aft bPcekaene: ptéeet 4 | a agent ents 
| il ou % edd $0 eeerk0IG sit tourtedo of slides amied Seco eldd 
a _permsaan eiiter geuon .da6ee edd mort baiw anowe 8 yd be10v 
| gd 30 etnasidedat odd ,eredeesib seed? 1ed3A .blveo ved es 
. Bog, doos deunod ailidd bos ,éso hlod ton hersh yfebad eftdid 
sreerere bus sideso olstif edd to omit emee oft de sotsece 
we anivel seabiad edt ¢{indes od slidw bextsge1 ef esensieh seordw 
a oe elt exsteed o¢ snow ed ,edeog eens ni hoed tosise « beoslg 
bad bedandeth sien etezatot eld eeneoed ,dnocebeh Io siieao 
sd Btnandes bos dinom s to bao edd da di soiiad enosiaiss edi 
(agege o¢ moter of meiili® wolfe nises tuf .bislliad eitseo of 
7 @ éadd 10% enoitereqe1q edt to sevin of tsdt alisdeb eft sot 
‘ s See $ee5> oo wtugreted seeveemh oft to e18 erkete oidesoMmeRm 
 getet aaied 189% oF svad gon bib bialiied aoor sdt aevswoH” 
; ~ommse ei di eonte bas ediscmsa adi So seusoed diod .steie vd 
ss poitq. odd, déiw beeecrh eXoor yd .eveliev yd eebie [is no beias 
q ti) neve dedd om .eonote yd hesevoo eecole qeete dtiw elfid vd 
) potticoq fsinten ett ,sortsoltisact lo buid isdtfo om bed di 
_-iv edt) Yo etastidsini edt .ti bueteb of soktive encls bluow 
| .Waegorq atedt {fe dtiw sosiq tedd ot shotex toot nedd yinto 
: fis tedt diew boiese aid ed? .ysetes asiseik of 9d OF B& Of 
P) _-gennem yos ot nomddievo son binco etiusees bos esnidoem 180 
«= =ffis betfags oot edd %o aot edd no ¢fied effew edt s9vstedn 
hy ooo bas deco yas te eacoone to ensem teddo bridece of baim eid 
10%) fis doidw to deon tedd to tisemitd &ateseeeog 10% ,eleuord 
gaat pos “.boo1g of ean yboen 
sa & to seh ods pie pe ea i edd fstebhio aati oft meds 
.2veliav edt esors bus ellis ‘ed¢ Yo eegole et no dotih. elds 
to easeolone siidne odd tedd of .(noits{levitotto to enti es) 
-esq ed tom bivoo tedt .teiised 8 yd bebisse ed gtdhim omso: eid 
ete esedd bukyimso etodsl teetssxe edt Yo afed edt yd bas ,bes 
~bwwot eon dedt .[iid off to aot edd of tevia edt mort eedosid 
sh ogatosfo *ytivddsened edreomar wol edd to nioee ni ee ynevseh 
eddo) eliew edt wort sonedeib tnoiottive s ts setosih seeds bc 
_ wodg2o70. eiduob s wort amtenowsty tode worrs os dads i (odte0 


a) ct ae 


= 


Armenian 4 as evise aivve mend to foes teat. aatused dows 
ag stedivenonras _dowe ai hesetdnonns anerert fnus. aut tor + 


69 
the interi r of the little castle.” The little sarrison of t 
this vost being able to obstruct the orosress of the fire, fa- 
yored by a strong wind from the east, must retire to the boats 
as they could. After these disasters, the inhabitants of the 
Bittle Andely dared not hold out, and Philio August took pos- 
gession at the same time of the little castle and the city, 
whose defenses he repaired while he rebuilt the bridge... Having 
placed a select band in these posts, he went to besiese the 
castle of Radepont, because his foragers were disturbed by i 
its sarrison, taking it at the end of a month and returaings 
to castle Gaillard. But again allow William le Breton to speak, 
for the details that he gives of the preparations for that m 
memorable siege are of the greatest interest. 

“However the rocs Gaillard did not have to fear being taken 
by sieSe, both because of its ramxarts and since it is surro- 
unded on all sides by valleys, by rocks dressed with the pick, 
by hills with steep slopes covered by stones, so that even if 
it had no other kind of fortification, its natural position 
would alone suffice to defend it. The inhabitants ef the vi- 
cinity then took refuse in that vlace with all their property, 
so as to be in sreater safety. The king seeing well that all 
war machines and assaults coald not overthrow in any manner 
whatever the walls built on the top of the rock, applied all 
his mind to seeking other means of success at any cost and 
trouble, for possessing himself of that nest of which all Nor- 
mandy was so proud.” 7 

phen the king ordered the excavation in the ground of a d- 
uble ditch on the slopes of the hills and across the valleys, 
(a lime of circumvallation), so that the entire enclosure of 
nis camp might be sgaarded by a barrier, that could not be pas- 
sed, and by the help of the Sreatest labors carryins these 
ditches from the river to the top of the hill, that was toward 
heaven, as in scorn of the low ramparts beneath it, 1 placins 
these ditches at a sufficient distance from the walls (of the 
castle), that an arrow shot visorously from a double crossbow 
coulda only reach them with difficulty. Then between the two d 
ditches the king caused to be erected a wooden tower and four- 
teen other works of the same kind, all so well built and of 
such beauty, that each of them could serve as an ornament to 
a city, and further scattered in such manner, that as many 


* a) 

ice ray es 
oo)  __a “a! 8 
> = 


Bee verry nggetivp hay ‘bildd bne bacoss edd nsewtsd Bano’ 
praising edt ,eddeiad evorsmmn bas nem dtiw exswot seeds [ia 
Fes eit go foe (eaco1t etd yd betausow od’ ot elavistat eft heoerac 
i ‘ ) Be ‘eyeuls veds tedt of .elenttnee feosia sonsistavotio erisne 
a — RnebALT seodd yxedtons of Motsste ono mort anissaretis ,Bedodan 
ss etd eewLoemeds Qatbfind ot eevieemedt bsilocs edd ebiesno 
-2qmeo ‘Yo mofevo odd tette weite yrbh Hae eesit to esdonard dvin 
A gett eomte .bfoo bus seort .nisi mort esvissmeds aed lode of 
| ig Sud esw stedt sonie bat seeoelg osedt ni aiswet snol tenn 
(efteso sit ‘Yo)elfew ‘eft dogser bleoo yodt doidw ds taiog cfkaia 
S ebned guotusy déiw yiewoiide tatbretxs désaq es antwol{ct yd 
if £ Bae tdeta dotew bivode brawk elduch s sedi belliw onid ost 
a .tntog eiddt to sensteb edt swsvo eiso taedse1h edi dtiw foe yah 
| _Sbietno sd¢ mort omeo sit otnt etsisensq blues saon sedt o8 
, oF Siseso oft to estst odd mnogo ot ssh bilwote enor tedd bas 
~etsg oben “10 beok Aouttes yvlotethomat anied suodd ty tk eves! 
ben i 48 * Steno 

#e nee sad#t anfotaxe gltéeprsg sgoasog ehat .89.Gef StOX 
no. YSsetostg ~(Of .879) T fo bavc} Feuguh géJEAI Fo guvo sat 
Wao bro ,btoJsiod Fo #004 aadt daitoadwod Sidd sdé Jo ort silF 
-Sosoftusm ylavoiverqg baos Fo subaot ott gd tf diia Satoennos 
-motéio sft Fo esd otlé Gut sit Fo a3on7F dt saga ano -89btes8 
suvod gshodo0sd To ettow oasd? .gaéH att yd batoveoxs wottol leg 
oe reed yo bediroesh ssodt dtéw nottosaacs stométad Feom sat 


* 


Te 


. pa 


q yodt gofssti fo shoto0sd edt Fo aaseng00 sat no batwosxs bao- 


#gu7st Fo sesése ant ai. aussi? argv osetia ssodse Jfo0et seéesxé J 
radqanoe y!* ¢ | o# ato 
ogiaiea mouenhs Sat to BSalbas Afog sates afadt e380 GeS StON 

© °°, 6908S F039 gfteoo of sowottas silos oat bsshat sou fF srt 
| ~'’edw \demRod qilkdt BOSI-FOSE Io asiniw exidas edd aatiot 
—s BnOtetwoud ‘bad flise bisllis) sfieso to noeiniss edd Test wood 
ss pgm F/edtsd®” .sdete asides s sistisbnw of bebioob .desy s 104 
ss gest? eid Td tise tetsere s fetoelfoo of “.dased eid ai tneis 

"ei @onedt motg OL .BFF nc f bedaem usetela Saenimoh edt so 
“‘et0ted: basor ‘eds fevel of aebi0 nt SfLind ad oF bsot sa heenso 
SOF LEM edd YS Ftmmive ody mort sodT f.( tr .278) A reWod edd 
—-SYEB WeatY ond Yo Brebi0d “etd oF bad YSllev odd Yo mofsod of8 
bi Yc qsSt0 “edt Usit efolq vd hevoms1 esW né1se ‘eds .eedo 
St god ‘wort ‘Eneoesb “bIuco one Ssdt 08 en yioot est 


i; 5 7 ae SON Le . ee 
ee oe aL Ne ie 


Mecteiessiit Yantai attest ara 28 5 16326 Y0 oss 


79 
feet of distance as between the first and second towers were 
found between the second and third, etc. After having furnished - 
all these towers with men and numerous knishts, the king also 
caused the intervals to be occupied by his troops, and on the 
entire circumference placed sentinels, so that they always w 
watched, alternating from one station to another; those finding 
outside then applied themselves to buildings themselves huts | 
with branches of trees and dry straw after the custom of camps, 
to shelter themselves from rain, frost and cold, since they 
must long remain in these places. And since there was but a 
single point at which they could reach the walls(of the castle) 
by followings a path extendins obliquely with various bends, 
the king willed that a double guard should watch nisht and 4 
day and with the greatest care over the defense of this point, 
so that none could penetrate into the camp from the outside, 
and that none should dare to open the sates of the castle to 
leave it, without beins immediately struck dead or made pris- 
oners..” 

Note 1.9.96. This passage perfestly explains the site of *% 
he comp of PHILIP August found ot B (PVE. A0), precisely on 
she son of the WALL dominating the rock of GoriLVora, ond only 
connected with 1% by the tongue of Vand previously mentioned. 
Besides, one sees the traces of the wo &avrches of the orirew - 
palLartvon excevarted by the king. These works of blockade hove 
She wost Wartimate ConnectVon with Those BJVesoeriveds vy Gesor a 
ond executed on the occasion of the vvockode of ALesiag they 
Likewsse recoly those ordered by Titus Wa the siege of Jerus- 
ALS. 

Note JepeWe This Vs the porth ending ot The posterw SUPA. 
Aa), Le wos VWadeed The sole entrance to castle Gaillara. 

#uring the entire winter of 1203-1204, Philip August, who 
knew that the garrison of castle Gaillard still had provisions 
for a year, decided to undertake a reshlar siege, “beins impa- 
tient in his heart.” He collected a sreater part of his forces 
on the dominant vlateau marked R on Wis. 10. Prom thence he 
caused a road to be built in order to level the ground before 
the tower A (Fis. 11).1 Then from the summit of tke hill to 
the bottom of the valley and to the porders of the first dit- 
ches, the earth was removed by picks with the order to level 
its rocky unevenness, so that one could descend from top to 


Be f a 
5 ig } ihe id - 
id A 


7 ‘ 
i. on 
oe 


roe ' 
al w vt obte soe naa ‘her bie: edt yd bemiot anted .esxre to: eew 
2 oft ni doe eteoa dao avotemun yd eine déod ds hedxosace 
pr we ttetse oi bedowsm new beer eidd:enofA .sheetiaa # mi0t of 
. sana: weed ,esett to sinvid bas eedonsid ,eegode anidaogensas 
a 4 tb etd aHit[it sot evess Bailie bes .boe nesi tin déase to 
Pre g 
a bed gnon gens divest 8) etmton evotrev de eo nooe ~.(hf).dod 
2 geodw .efenotnem bone etewords-snode exor]emsn (aot scot hersh 
B.-  eeante tad¢ bos .owed bobeded need yidneces yiev bad exsdmid 
.& Robiatdw etobised to erstaevp bas eonote eifsw edd tenieses 
em etiod: bas eworre .etreb sdt eonie yilaniG .1ia edd dasouds 
.pebanon vileunttnoo aliaw edt to aged odd mort yidior0l gnee 
eyeetigoetoig Snisgiogensid emsH ofw ,eretodsl hae enseidse odd 
--88w svedd .ymens edd to seodds yd doetds of beeogxe etew bas 
Sed etsrsbom to ebseifeg s edisomar ot bne most meentsd Jee 
»(wolliw tnatia yd betosnnoo eelia bsa eelfbiund to bemsoi shal 
—binede exediow edt anitostoxus obeetiea eidy Jadt of .ebind 
 sbetrevib ewo1rs selages biwode bas ewold) dexit edt svisoet 
. bemred ovls ,arowod lind er9ew ebte.aedéons tA .noitoerib at 
4), eheo neex. vieriéine bans esers ynem to bis edd vi .estaiied 
Hhommindg xidguot aetved yino oxs sdé .awed need don bed tert 
sh bstonatence meed enivad srewod seedt Hone ;eenonsid edd Yio 
codddted « dove ot ais edt ni ee0m .danotte tesiee12 edi dtiv 
 ~Sfoeti anthard yh beldvois doom eaw Liew Bnieoaco edd sand 
is i sit 2ole “.medd woled fovea 
Sontians ¢ ewohot sidléso White eh hoor 2fAt oF SeGst 27 AK 
.) e¥teno fo weig sysebrid o etasastgey AL S/T ~TReGeS Stok 
-s¥qaoo ylrosa galved esdovorgge oat. natu ,oaft adi to btefiéaa 
ad A tA edotsd ott SSH} OF QadgrorTO srau eregsiasd sat ,baF 
tn o ed of, nom etteugua Ghisiigd yd avo naxord abodaose eat #998 
“til ef D to 28 toved sdt Saédootto 10} afood edt eenq of aldo 
| - syfebaa tos7) Sno sJétdd assated Seog ett XT Fo eylabad ols 
gitidt yd beo0%t salsolJovmuorsa Fo oud! adt. Jo ateewcs stp 
Ae ee gq soto /i0d sitevo fo tasutescad sdt gtsignoo of fauveuk 
 attopaa, oat fo teow yreata bao vebaudodd 8b avedu yaiiic ant 
170g, 9th tott bro, 9tteos sfé ad sgutet astot bod ofw ,esfonut 
 p oT9dT ~saovalvorg aff Savodxs st toa 30 08 .f¥o SuoTh soei 
71D, aa dgodsod ott yd 2bom boot sit fo bas att to a9se odo 970 


Bi at iton bsonoebo ott fo dotih sdt sasdout ao ¥o Woe9T OF wm 


] 


7g oar Si 4 oe 
0 lee De i aan re WANs Tet ees i Pa 


te dois meget ees eat rsttod todd aTeMOMS -enore sree” 


ara d Shin : mer hi | el ean HO s ea Dees Ys i 


71 
bottom. Tmmediately a road was made of sufficient width by the 
use of axes, being formed by the aid of beams set side by side, 
supported at both ends by numerous oak posts set in the ground 
to form a palisade. Alongithis road wen marched in safety, tr- 
transporting stones, branches and trunks of trees, heavy lumos 
of earth with green sod, and pilin’ these for filling the di- 
tch.-(14).* Soon arose at various points (a result that none had 
dared hope for) numerous stone-throwers and mansonels, whose 
timbers had very recently been tuteand hewn, and that threw 
against the walls stones and quarters of boulders whirlins t 
through the air. Finally since the darts, arrows and bolts s 
sent forcibly from the tops of the walls continually wounded 
the artisans and laborers, who were transportins projectiles, 
and were exposed to attack by those of the enemy, there was 
set between them and the ramparts a palisade of moderate he- 
isht formed of hurdles and piles connected by pliant willow 
twigs, so that this palisade protecting the workers should 
receive the first blows and should repulse arrows diverted 
in direction. At another side were built towers, also termed 
pelfries, by the aid of many trees and entirely sreen oaks, 
that had not been hewn, the axe only having roughly trimmed | 
off the branches: and these towers havins been constructed wi 
with the greatest effort, rose in the air to such a height, 
that the opposing wall was much troubled by findings itself 
much below them.” 

Note 1ep-B%. This rood Ve srtivv voisivole today. 

Note Qop-BVe FIS 14 vepresents a virdseye view of castle 
Gaillard ot the time, when the approvches verine nearly conple- 
tea, the vesrtesgers were orranging to FIL the ditch. AY A VB 
seen the stockade broken down by Philip Ausust?s wen tO ve a 
able to pass the boats for attacking the Velet By at © Ve LVt- 
se Andely, at B the pond between Little ond Great Andeluy, D 
ore towers of the Vine of cirounvallation troced vy PRVVVO 
August to complete the Lavestnent of castle Gaillora, F Vs % 
she valley where died Vachunger and misery wost of the unfor- 
junates, who hod taken refuse in the castle, and that the gor- 
rison Grove OUr, 8O AS NOV t3 exhoust L4s provisions. There 9 
ore also seen at the end of the rood made by the pesiedsing ar- 
my to Teach by an Vnoline the dvtoh of the advanced work, tw 
areort stone-throwers, hart wbatrter the projecting tower against 


us 


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ait, ts efans anitosiew s ot aniteninset [fen s yd esbie ows 
_  sehastedtd most enil elduobh s ao bebnedxs Liew eidT .cottonst 
e ginsit owt odd beeolone bore .(A sewot) edaow heonevba odd to 
ss om amo sdoide evorokiv s gadn yd see wok | tow sewol sit Yo 
F fA) sowot tedt to eteteam eovisemeds Yatism derit ni basooue 
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evods .fostib edi to shite sasdéo eds, ot aashbhal siedt ddavord os 
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edd snimishan og beiodsel neds yedd ,medg oF sont Bosom sdz 
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| ~tiede. godt. fos .tesiter of meds eor0t sAdin gilavaidnoo. aedd 
esvisemeds. [econoo o¢.eldiseoc esw ti Litany esvisemerds anias 
woled Setevsoxe tool Snived sedis [law sdt mi esion sit as 


aufaest ,essit tocadriwis dtiw esfod seeds Soll? yedt.asd? .tt 


Ifst bivode ats odd nt. antansd, edt Ifew ont to tisa ssdv deal 

3.28 moos es cedt ybonedsen gnied ni yitser® meds exntoi bus 
up seety.odt of sirt dea yeds aninsoo eidd bebselne bed veds 
dd. ,benisd onived essode ed? “.yseise to sonia s, od borides 
~sees ond balzgogao to bheaisaest usd tez0f .{ist yltis0 aswes 


wh 


nies, soivome odd sogn esvieemeds weiss donest eat .eiseolons 
lt eteate tertt oobs®. tdbind aissiso s bee .doseid odd ds 
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or vA V4 
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72 | 

which the entire attack ts directed, then wehind Vs a wovable 
Lower wroughs forward to bartrter al the upper part of *that ad- 
ypanced work, and TO prevent The vesieged from remaining there. 

“At the extremity of the rock and in the eastern (southeast) 
direction was a lofty tower (tower A, Fis. 11), flanked at t 
two sides by a wall terminatins in a projecting angle at its 
junction. This wall extended on a double line from the larger 
of the advanced works (tower A), and enclosed the two flanks 
of the lower work.” Now see by what a visorous stroke our men 
succeed in first making themselves masters of that tower (A). 
When they saw the ditch nearly filled, they set their ladders 
there and auickly descended. Impatient of all delay, they th- 
en brought their ladders to the other side of the ditch, above 
which was the tower founded on the rock. But mo ladder however 
long could be found sufficient to reach the foot of the wall, 
not even the top of the rock, from which rose the foot of the 
tower. Filled with audacity, our men then set themselves to 
pierce the rock with their dassers or swords, to make holes 
in which they could place their feet and hands, and thus sli- 
ding along the roughness of the rock, they suddenly found th- 
amselves at the beginning of the foundations of the tower. 
These reaching their hands to their companions following then, 
they called them to take part en their undertaking; employing 
the means known to them, they then labored to undermine the 
flanks and foundations of the tower, always covering themsel- 
ves with their shields, for fear that the arrows sent against 
them continually might force them to retreat, and thus shelt- 
ering themselves until it was possible to conceal themselves 
in the holes in the wall, after havins longs excavated below 
it. Then they filled these holes with trunkssof trees, fearins 
lest that part of the wall thus hansgins in the air should fall 
and injure them sreatly in beins weakened: then as soon as t 
they had enlarged this opening, they set fire to the trees aad 
retired to a place of safety.” The shores havins burned, the | 
tower partly fell. Roser then despaired of opposing the assa- 
vlt and set fire to the advanced work, retiring to the second 
enclosure. The French threw themselves upon the smoking ruins 
at the breach, and a certain knight Cadoc first planted his 
banner on the top of the half destroyed tower. The little sta- 
irway of that tower, visible in our plan; dates from the orim- 


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primitive construction; because of its enclosed position, it 
mast have remained standing. Probably by it Cadoc could reach 
the parapet. 

Mote 1.0.99. AS One woy See, Of the entire sdvancea work, 
AALS concerns the two wolls forming on ooure angle at thertr 
Junction with the principal tower A, become Lower by following 
4he stone of the Sround. The &esoriprtion by Wivrton Vs then 
perf ectry accurate. ' 

Note 2. poe. The sorupulous fFide_irty of the norrartion by 
WAVLAaW plainly appears, when one exomines the point Aesorived 
here. Indeed the Gitoh Ve cut in the rock ot V4s bottom, Vt VS 
ebourt 33 Tt. wide vy 23 to 26 Tt. Geen. I% As wel\ understood, 
that the sovarers of PHILIP August hoving cost sone fascoines 
ond baskets of earth into the AULGH were VaportrVent, and ploced 
LVodderes alongs the ovtside bank, daring to use shese Vadders 
Aw scaling the other side, hoping thus so reach the vase of 
she tower, burt Ve is evident thot the aizeh would ve partly 
KAVVed next the ourtsrtde, while Tt was nor so at the VWaner side, 
since this was curt to the vottow of the Aitch, hence Loaders 
sufficiently Vong to descend were not Longs enoveh to ascend 
she other svae. The episode of the holes aus with Aaggsgers Va 
she Laner side hos nothing surprisind, The rock veine cholk 
MIKEY. With TVints. A Vedse of avout 2.0 Fx. existing vertween 
the vonk of the Aiton and the bose of the tower courd PerMLT 
HOLA Winers tO ottooherthenselves ot he vose of the work. AS- 
ain todoy with the text of RWAVViow in hand, one follous step 
by step AVL the operations of the attack, and he con eastvy 
Find asain the holes pierced by these brave prloneers Ln the 
Ghotk, when they found their Vadders too short to reach the 
sop of the precipice. 

Bur the Normans hod rertored into the castle separated From 
the advanced work by a deeo and wide ditch. [t was necessary 
to undertake a new siege. “John had caused in the previous y 
year the erection of 4 certain house ajacent to the wall and 
placed at the risht side of the castle facins the south. | The 
lower story of this house was destined for a service always 
to be performed in the mystery of the closet,“ and the upper 
part servins as a chapel, was consecrated for the celebration 
of the mass; there was no door on the outside, but inside (op- 
enins on the court) were was one for reachinas the upper story 


rn aA 


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a ae 


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74 

and another leading to the lower story. In the latter part of 
the house was a window openings to the country and intended f 
for lighting the privies.” A certain Bogis having seen that 
window, glided alongs the ditch accompanied by some brave com- 
panions, and helping each other, all succeeded in entering t 
through that window into the closet located in the ground st- 
ory.. Gathered in that narrow space, they broke through the d ~~ 
doors, and the alarm spread among the garrison occupying the 
lower court, and believins that a numerous pody had invaded 
the basement of the chapel, the defenders gathered fascines 
and set fire to them to stop the assailants; but the. flames 
extendins into the second enckosure of the castle, Bosis and 
his companions passed. through the burning house and took ref- 
uge in the galleries marked G on our plan. (Fis. 11). Roger de 
Lascy and the defenders being reduced in numbers to 180, were 
compelled to fly to the last enclosure, driven by the fire.” 
“Soarcely had the smoke diminished atlittle, when Bogis leav- 
ing his retreat and running over the burning coals, aided by 
his companions cut the ropes and let down the movable bridse 
rotating on its axis, | so as to open a way to the French to 
escape by the gate. The French then advanced awickly and pre- 
pared to assault the high citadel into which the enemy had j 
just retired in flight before Bosis.” 

Note t+ p-100. That Vs the HVAVAIRE BH Grown on Our PLON. 
FAVS. Ate 

Note 2ep.100. These were the privies, in his prose history 
the author expresses Himself thus: --“*because V% seemed Object - 
Jonable to certain reirverious.” The privies were then placed 
beneath the chopel, and their establishnent veside the preci- 
price 410 NOt sufficrently protect against ecoving, as we shal\ 
see. The privies ploy an Lmportant port Vn the attacks of cos- 
sles by surprise, thus one will see thot An the 13 th ond 14 
sh centuries, they were the object of o Quite special Study. 

Note 1.p.i0i. This is the vridge marked on Our plan ond ex- 
sending frow the advanced work to she Lower court ete 

‘At the foot of the rook by which one reached this citadel 
was a bridge cut in the solid rock, 2 that Richard had caused 
to be cut thus formerly, at the same time that he caused the 
ditches to be cut. Having moved a machine over this bridge, > 
our men under its protection commenced to excavate under the 


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5 
foot of the wall. On his part the enemy also labored to coun- 
termine, amd having made an opening, he shot arrows against 
our miners, and they forced him to retire.” The besieged how- 
ever had not so undermined their wall, that it threatened ts 
fall; but soon a catapult threw against it enormous blocks of 
stone. Unable to resist this shock, the wall cracked im all 
parts, and bursting at the middle, a part of the wall fell.” 
The French took possession of the breach, and the sarrison 
being then too few to defend the last enclosure and beings sur- 
rounded, had not even time to take refuge im the keep and sh- 
ut itself up there. This was March 6, 1204. Thus Philip Augu- 
st took possession of that castle, which his contemporaries 
regarded as impresnable. 

Note 2ep.iSLe This ie the bridge L.(PIG. 141). 

Note Bepeidie & cart (shed). (Art. Arohitecture MIVAtoire). 
Note AePeiOL. Richard wos in error tn nor arranging slots 
In the Ground story to sweep thot wrVage, and the cot protesrt- 
{ng the French winers {row projectiles cost from the sop of 
the worl, the vesrieded were compelled to form battlements on 

She wold at the Level of the ground of the COUT. 

If we have siven nearly the entire description of this mem- 
orable siese writtem by William le Breton, this is because it 
places in evidence a curious fact in the history of the fort- 
ification of castlesGG@aillard,in spite of its location and +t 
the skill displayed by Richard in the details of the defense, 
is too compact! the obstacles accumulated in a small area must 
obstruct the defenders by preventins them from Soins in a body 
to the point attacked. Richard abused intrenchments and inter- 
nal ditches; works accumulated on each other served to shelter 
assailants, who took them successively; it was no lonser pos- 
sible to dislodge them; by massing themselves behind these 4d 
djJefenses acauired, they could approach in force to points so 
far not attacked, t3o small to be held by numerous soldiers. 
Asainst surprise or a sudden attack attempted by an arayyin 
small numbers, castle Gaillard was excellent; but asainst a 
regular siege directed by 4 skilfal seneral, supported by 4 
considerable army and wéll equipved with machines, having ti- 
me to make his arrangements and men in sreat numbers to put 
them in execution without delay, it must fall auickly after t 
the moment that the first defense was forced; That is what oc- 


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«soo ased syst Bblrow si eqadisa bes .e90itisose tasi12 ywisw Yo 
-dte anived saoted buslited elveso Io sbhete edt seisxn oF belies 
esetds to: acoieesesog bad silidd es aooe #4 .adi0owino edi bed 
yige fositesd adot ,biadols xd oseodo [lew of .gniog olgetsite 
Seesfoemis tuofe s.brb od doidw .ybasm1ok aaitevosve Yo stdauods 
~gyaeeeeisizot seddo edd brsuk ot Snitomeséea nove tuodtin .ast 
(sonmivorg dads at woedaent dse1> ot mis of bentemes (lide sacs 
' to asses edt yd hie bp toelts favem edd ean svietosbh os 
: | | t pasifis® efteso 
ev tawaua seeds ud Soréaget sow Srosssiod séfeod o8Ot.dek ston 
ttodt boosiisd od of af fi bro ,th Fo aofvessasog andvot rset}o 
#80 700 970 24 .98a9726 SHt. Fo ativaqg alotr1so bsgorqud a909 af 
ted tasigqg #907 suleson gat hsssetggqws of ,gobot. tlsentad. siH8 
A stuacsoas Jaovtgidss. tees sit Fo Hotib edt Po slbbinm odt ae 
$ eat gasdot ad Lobio- taticod taéq aedAt ,agbdiad sat trogque oF 
bn0o0s8 0 69gedesd soy btof/iod sffecd .stweotons tedt Fo stog 
LIV s9dsvéuetgwéwiydiaesto%st sow bao yTwtanso At EL ski ad saét 
to yroteadd. edd. ne estotey veltrodd atodh a0 ,dsidead sdt mor} . 
- Jedossase sdt.,(@aat}) redastgee fo diwom sifT* .soadtg toat 
er739d¢9 sonore Fo. Jodavow ,taotiud sh toabéssrok hao wottog fo 
90798879 oft ad avodto Jorsese bao yiiiotd sé egasd ,92978 98 
afised fuotiov evedta ,Ste¢si08 afteoo of ssofe bfa8 Sade adt Fo 
¢ 09 .a70/ sow sgove ad? .Jogirvo asdf. to srsw amro sad}. bas 
fo Setooe/ ,ywbhsomr0k% Jo sevieoo fasgaorss sdt fo sao as adit 
-/foom om tedt o8 ;9ad9% yeoss ott gadnfo{pho door @¢ fo got oat 
|. etd ot gafasys edt ah boavutes gat edt tt stuiad bfvoo aon 
-} bro see ot twow orsde sJidw yliob bro. ,areiguod to gat gbod 
-79098 tiiud sd of bsau0o sd. doddw 10F ,sasés bios sat yfitro} 
—BbTOs doastd bias sit aodtootyiiro7 edt ast}o bad .etroy Jo 
ane » bsodt (Ode pydlinde sbhibao sxe7d a6 béos eat sens ,banTHvISy Bas)! 


4 


= 


: ry a > 7 - 7’ t 
' “ao Wake, ;~ «1 eRe ee | Bi ea ee 
of ; a aa oe . — . 235. oe ) : a a 


fo) brows, orriehs sTotore dorett Jorsase yd Ssénognoooo cll : 


76 
oecurred.. It is no less necessary to recognize that castle 
Gaillard was only the citadel of a vast entirety of fortifica- 
tions designed and laid out by the hand of a master, that Ph- 
ilip August armed with all his power required eight months to 
reduce it, and finally that John Lackland only made one atte- 
mpt to relieve it. During the life of Richard, the French ar- 
my was harassed from the outside, and had no leisure to arran- 
ge its attacks with much method; it could only have conauered 
that important fortress, the bulwark of Normandy, at the price 
of very Sreat sacrifices, and perhaps it would have been con- 
pelled to raise the siege of castle Gaillard before having sab- 
dued its outworks. As soon as Philip had possession of this 
strategic point, so well chosen by Richard, John Lackland only 
thought of evacuating Normandy, which he did a short time la- 
ter, without even attempting to guard the other fortresses, 
that still remained to him in ¢reat mumber in that province, 
30 decisive was the moral effect produced by the takins of 
castle Gaillard! 

Note 1.p.102-. Gastle Garilrord wos repaired vy Philip August 
after taking possession of Vt, ond 1% Vs tO be believed thar 
he even improved certain parts of the defense. As One Con as- 
gure himeely today, he suppressed the massive rock pier Left 
An the wrddle of the A\toh of the Last el\iprtical enclosure 
4O support the obridge, this pier Hoviwge aided in stoking the & 
éarte of thot enclosure. Gostve Goriirlara wos vbesiesed a second 
time wn the AB th century, ond wos KetokenvdytKbnal Charkbes Vil 
from the Enalish, os Alain Chartrer retotes in his History of 
shat prince. “This month of September (4449), the seneschal 
of Poitou ond Monsevgnor de Cullont, wmorshat of Fronce, Pierre 
ae Breze, Denys de Shaiily and several others in the presence 
of the kind Bald siege to castle Gaillard, where valiant deers 
ana fine arms were at the arrival. The eiese wos Vong. For % 
ShiLs Ve one of the strongest castles of Normandy, Located on 
She top of Oo TOCK BdjoiNing the river Seine, so That no woohi- 
AVS COULG injure it. The kine returned ia she evening to his 
Voasine ot Louviers, ond daily while there went to see ond. f 
Lorrify she said siege, for which he caused to be bUIVY sever- 
ar forts. And after the fortification the sara French Lords 
returned, save the sald de Breze andsde Ghail\y, who Lived 
Shere accompanied by several French archers for the gucrd of 


iia 
oe ivilecin bos yidon exedt ifs bentevos vedT .at20% bise eds 
beishrevise deifand edt ,etieew svit to fns sdé de dadt oe doun 
* poit,odt ot consibedo oi buellisd slteso bise edt beoelo bree 
.-#ed¢ bus®géhsioold a ylao esw shisie eidi tadét tnebive ei tT 
--o%g to toatl edt ;etivasee aisiene of svad son bib deifeak oft 
«se ttel yesdt 102 ,rehnsaswe of meds bebioeh yidedoig enoisiv 
+088 to hesogmoo ean nogiizex edt ebook hos eevll dtiw ylet 
ber. a/ St9u fonnoS asda ,fo0qa fodt av afoga aaeF .etastadnoo 
Rated 0900/9 Sa07%8 YISG DvBOw bral sho adfBos 

ag tt edd to eelteso sera0l fitiw sevieeiso beiguooe sved ef 
antush betoere seods Ile ot soneirstsia ni ssiantneo di SI bas 
esedt seusosd .gons1% to enoleseseog aefto edd ok botseq eidsd 
S&niog yosm at. eniaettifb .sastosusio asfvoliisg « sved eeiteeo 
Sngiawbh slisd bas ,eeks slbbim sit Yo. eseesasa0? teqait edd mot 
-gs,yeds, oensoed ylisiosoee bane ,fioe domed oc emit eomse ond 
to dus edt mi eonsvbs sldsishiesos s sham svad oF en oF ISS8¢ 
onofssoltisact 

"bed dt0%q eved ot moose esiteso donetS yisinso dt ft oft al 
» ateds at: eusmi0¥ edt yd sbam elieteb to efmemstosiyes edd yd 
bas asizaivoiws eft to Sniddemoe bnintete1 [Lise ind .esite2so 
. e6tdt- tc sfomsxs sidsigansi a Hort sW .eacitifbasd nstaatvolss2 

»,-edd ai. esteb moitouiseneos saodu ,etsistase¥ Yo slieeo edi ni 
wialq ano ¢ling..(2t) svid-cw-nafo seodw bus .yandase dé Ft 
“add Beeesa tsdt .eass[10 »¢ atasS mort baos edd hebus@moo fi 
x9 od3 bebssowise S eedostiqG «8 bus A sete bebasteb sii dose 
-nsf{t fno1t es yd Ans[t ni dqone-esw bsor odT .eeensteb [soxst 
#2 otsh.s yd elteso edd déiw tnitecioumaca: base e1swod yd bex 
betsloei gsei2 8 davoids Raieesa ¢ etsk.ssdsonA e(etaed. 2th) 
@ ow tsdt bos .s1iod edé ot Sutnistieo hodiem s mwstte) aswod 
d,aewol sdz no yrstines di ht odd ai heettosiq vilstoesqas ase 
esw.,(moeeiiO eb asivilC eldatenoo edd yd enstsiad das saiod 
to siaometnsise [antetai edd yv0ot eA .ee9098 Jinolittib vasv to 
-otsoibnt yflissio bas tesretni ise14 to 918 vodt .siteso odd 
eaT..esiteso doasi1 to enoeisase sit to ensom sviensteb odj 
:{few modt Aansft o¢ es of anistaiso edd moit dowm tostors sisHwos 
betoo1s esw leew sioteredt bos tniog dneilsa e .dda0n odd te 
etedto odd bnided eno,,el{ew doidd owd Suitneaerg Axon daeid s 
_ ott nedt aetasl easweds ows vd bodnsli [{sw antaisiet s ditw 
godt doidwnt.eetaode.owd oi {isd deserve 9dd sean 9 tA .e1sdto 
pot bas, ,etebr0 .eviede: of betedte® ed bluoo soaiais® eritas 


7F 
the said forts. They governed all these nobly and wisely; so 
much so that at the end of five weeks, the English surrendered, 
and placed the said castle Gaillard in obedience to the king.” 
It is evédent that this siege was only a blockade;<and that 
the Fndlish did not have to sustain assaults; the lack of pro- 
visions probably decided them to surrender, for they left sa-- 
fely with lives and goods; the Sgarrison was composed of 220 
combatants. Boen again in that epoch, when connon wore Vn use, 
caste GALILLVara wosse very strong prloce. 

We have occupied ourselves with Norman castles of the i1 th 
and 12 th centuries in preference to all those erected durins 
this period in the other possessions of France, because these 
castles have a particular character, differing in many point 
from the first fortresses of the middle ases, and built duricns 
the same time on Fremch soil, and especially because they ap- 
pear to us to have made a considerable advance in the art of 
fortification. 

Tn the 13 th century French castles seem to have profited 
py the arrangements of details made by the Normans in their 
castles, but still retainins something of the Merovingian and 
Carlovingian traditions. We find a remarkable example of this 
in the castle of Montarsis, whose construction dates in the 
43 th century, and whose plan we sive (15). Built ona plain, 
it commanded the road from Paris tic Orleans, that passed thr- 
ough the defended gates A and B. Ditches S surrounded the ex- 
ternal defenses. The road was swept in flank by a front flan- 
ked by towers and communicatins with the castle by a sate C. 
(Art. Porte). Another sate D passing throush a Sreat isolated 
tower (after a method pertaining to the Loire, and that we s 
see especially practised in the 14 th century on the lower L 
Loire and Brittany by the constable Olivier de Clisson), was 
of very difficult access. As for the internal arrangements of 
the castle, they are of sreat interest and clearly indicate 
the defensive means of the sarrisons of French castles. The 
towers vroject much from the curtains so as to flank them well; 
at the north, a salient point and therefore weak, was erected 
a Sreat work presentius two thick walls, one behind the other, 
with a retaining wall flanked by two towers larger than the 
others. At G was the Sreat hall in two stories in which the 
entire garrison could be gathered to receive orders, and to 


; > ee, ’ ny 
q xv es ag 


ete OX ye ouen fon » et Yo : giniog Then ; res di ) tale 


‘ewaie poate tent 0. adbtverses ef? .ed¢dbil?, sows ddin I 


dee eters 


ee tea 103 beviee [isd ¢se1: edd bus ,tuo sd bluoo [isd sse7e 
‘ 7 


a8 it. 20. en0. si {isd sserb. edt -beotot esew eiseolons sdv ti ts 
Pdi -od edt te betsde ow ef .olteso donet® edt to eoiteinetosieado 
aa: fed tse1k odd aalaod semro% odd al .efolias eidd to Raiants 
— dpemb, edt ylao et qoei edd s9edtax 10 .gesd odd ni bsteutie ef 
 - Et, edt, So eliaso done1t edt oI .senetob {scionixe « shem Lied 
me —Baisd ,aeen edt soxt bedacaqges ei [isd tseik sdt .yisinso ds 
ny o> pbtol fione1% edd Yo emis ge nom edt aniiaets® rot sosla add 
| a ‘Yeido mamied, edd to emotevo edd to Istiomem test s ei sedd 
‘o> Megas y+ eencinsomoo eid baer 
en _g ett ni.26 tapoo edd to satneo edd sl at 7 goed dse1b AT 


©nwamco oi feosfa ean si peitneo. edd te tivoo. 1eivotio 8 tin 
| ~»to sosom yd yrote baoose odt nt IIed tse1xk odd dtin noisact 
 qeuicetdPrebss ati te to two ed cele, biuoo dsdé HF yrsllse » 
 Ratved dud qekeibliod asi: bes ommeolone etiins ed? bebssmnoo 
Hetto, ton bib ti, .qeed aemicl odd exif ebhietue ods of tixe on 
edosi1ed bed mogtases sdf .oeneteb sit 1ct, eekatasvie emee sid 
-. teom esw eiueofone edd ox)sdw J ebie edd ds etaiblind edd ni 
de yeeenodstote bua yxsied ,coldsde edt s19w 0 SA .aldieasoor 
ot H edT..0. sonsiise odd teen Jeoa # caw Vi ds.ins .iegedo edt F 
madd tetel eteb s to s1ew qesd edd Saihavéaise esisdosiie ols 
_ medd,enebhis® seav ot eesoor svsh # nisteog sfT .ncitosis ett 
eéftue t4. . I saneclone. ne vd Sebavyoiige esvios 
-9s9. rota edt ,tshaos on stetixe astaes BAT 5 2OLeGet SHOU 
¥@. gd asats aro bao ,teerstal tosts. fo s1o edéots4 S20 anasto 
“SP ba satan he .99a07F 9b #aJoyor. agoetek aid ad #esortad 
~09, ods pret astgnivolied sit moxt ybuswqoX Ens const af 
7 pdnsd edd no #oS .etewot yd beinelt e1sw eoldeso Yo seaweols 
a B90» di ,ynemisS.to esontvoig jnsostis edd has snidh sAt Yo 
Ef edd eroted Isueu es eenctoh to ensem eidd Jedd. aeedce Jon 
1 Roldeslt sad tedt ,noltieoqave odd esenso doidw .yisieso di 
nite poe) fous » Ss sodtibsad. agmof-ollad s erew exons 
; wt0. 68, Lites vaca ih dé Of odd mort atasmunom Ishuet edT? 
Miperrhames fO sqytd nommoo afeds eved*S petal eb .M exse teshse 
— wat Lys, yeast), tewos sisupe edt esentt ebott en .omtdsh edd Yo 
/7g0s 18, .enoitshavet asmofi so beoslg tedéie ei doidw (feoiah 
pipe 


ae “a 


a , 
Te ; a. she yrs i 


_egtaose Isusvee mt-eF ¢i.<(2 «Bi®) elteso [svesifem svitiairzg 


meeeneenpestis ti elebom esedt sevte ylewoibifes bei 
a | * ny ati a ats, i Ebiee. 2)" al a ete 


~ 


73 
disperse quickly to all points of the enclosure by a stairs 
T with three flights. The connection of that stairs with the 
Sreat hall could be cut, and the sreat hall served for retre- 
at if the enclosure were forced. The Sreat hall is one of the 
characteristics of the French castle, as we stated at the be- 
Sinnins of this Article. In the Norman castles the great hall 
is situated im the keep, or rather the keep is only the great 
hall made a principal defense. In the French castle of the 13 
th century, the great hall is separated from the keep, being 
the place for gatering the men at arms of the French lord; t 
that is a last memorial of the customs of the German chief a 
and his companions. 

The great keep F is in the centre of the court as in the o 
primitive mediaeval castle (Fis. 1); it is in several stories 
with a circular court at the centre; it was placed in commun- 
ication with the sreat hall in the second story by means of 
a gallery K, that could also be cut off at its ends Thiso keep 
commanded the entire enclosure and its buildings; but having 
no exit to the outside like the Norman keep, it did not offer 
the same advantages for the defense. The Sarrison had barracks 
in the buildings at the side L where the enclosure was most 
accessible. At 0 were the stables, bakery and storehouses; at 
H the chapel, and at N was a post near the entrance D. The lit- 
tle structures surréundins the keep were of a date later than 
its erection. The postern # Save access to vast Sardens, them- 
selves surrounded by an enclosure. - 

Note 1.p-105. Mis castle exists no Longer, the plon, elev- 
otions and Aetoiwls are of areort interest, and sre given by Du 
Serceav im his Waisons royoles de Fronce. 

In France and Vormandy from the Carlovinsian epoch, the en- 
closures of castles were flanked by towers. But on the banks 
of the Rhine and the adjacent provinces of Germany, it does 
not appear that this means of defense was usual before the 13 
th century, which causes the supposition, that the flankins 
towers were a Gallo-Roman tradition. 

“The feudal monuments from the 10 th century until the cru- 
sades” says M. de Kries, *“have their common type on both banks 
of the Rhine. One finds there the sauare tower (rarely cylin- 
drical), which is either placed on Roman foundations, or cop- 
ied religiously after these models with their base, their en- 


re ¢ cy Pie 


btetasea? idiot edt oe mel 7 eodeatne 7 


7 og rah onan tet ‘Yo man seamed. ond #003 exswot 


oie Fe o dnetons erom seedd to eetsectone ecT .yaxtled dones? ni 
ae sinsortse e18 A seni rpeeiehtaie {fsnteixe-edt foal yletulceds esi 
ae wee 6) Bei 15) LaF) wf | Sied¢nemelstad te getase a vd 
sein aseiesnter eebaon oSSUd at Sattsent @8Fank 2 oOle Ge 9FOK 
oe neve [fede base peti ef .Wonsdt vedtasd o8 [fede of 
‘tad? oe asineolone Sdi taidas{t rot beyolams e1svot edz gedit 
e enide eds to atned’ edt no eelteso sat ai bovot visist yasyv 
AB Yorefteso od? cytwdns0 dé Cf sid eucted eeseoY sii oi Bae 
tedd awudekintidool to alteso sdi to noidaoo Blo edt .dotall 
-ndnéo°dt Af haa dt &f sdF aatash tited devodt{[s .Sandesa2 to 
x g onde ate seed? © esenod Snidoelt toodtiw vilettins ess ests 
_= Iaptesxe: esisstt Isoiagesoets to ,eslaas snetise Yatmiot eared 
ms to teou wwatied's0 asea edt havo heanors bas asenilitee: vf 
a thedt sist  hns ataiog s{diersoosnt no tlind sew ealteso essdt 
. - -pneteb yletersbom tod Snted ,etie atesdd moit Astsneiate satias 
| -ts yrevooers etimyea etalthiied sdi svodsa enisi«x ceed edT whe 
bentsw anted soetr1ee edt ns .ymete ns fo sensesiq Ssdt to v2 
' eit asd .esaole esste edd to anifese said tnsveqq vyiiess Eiuoo 
d twottiw .efteso 6d¢ fort ast vers scvorsemen #8 gote bos edisea 


; 

Poy 

Aner: 
| 


Sb, 


‘a “ve “e)e)->® selfew edt Buided eaftsy ct belisqnmoo tnied nasvs 
y@ perreere Sh xwostotio seuntsup THE BSFOH .eOle ge SFON 
oot 6 CG8i ~.s8f709 .smoe .fA LK 


ss SF ebrol domext ods tasweaq ton beh enoitsoo!l evokolens s38Y 
 e6fena Snidostoiq Bae edasfl sit erewos diiw sotdeinrs? mer? 
seetassneo ds Bt Boe ds SE [Ast SE edd Qatawh eeliese ateds to 

=“Jino00 Yausnso a¢ Ff edt at eelteso to notdowusenos sat nT 
| (Betelenoo ssonsiteet eeodt neds [itn .esnedo sidsion s be 
~ jevienefxe ees! 10 stom eetseofons to ylno .neee svsd sw es 
‘dotdw .qeei edt seot ‘dotde Yo sfbbim odé ni .efduob 10 slasie 
a 9 semitemoa ‘ffed odd bne biol sdd° to sonsbiesy sdé es beviee 
7 © Sune ‘emer asathited aeito sd? .tleesé geod ed? ni beetsarce 
sas edd tedtéaq anived ,refito dose moit betsasase sheds sebeow 
2 weotebress bexit a to nasd dostied yisvedsed & Yo sonsiess 
Ts seldate bas *esedoderote ,enedosid .estidsoste1 .foasdo sd? 
o Jon ster Bae siveofons edd to qofaednt edd ot beosic 915¥ 
ON soe ened ot Jedottsoitityot sit déiwasaneam yos nt bstosn 
_ vbsentk its & seit) eteaetno¥ Yo eldeao off Yo nalo edd nt tend 


ors ye: 


. My Yr br. ear CA, <" Pt». oe T ' > = =~ ~ 


v= mo 7 a, iy ies ; 


eel vaccal edt ‘ot fedosts ote ehorbtted eoivise odd 


=e 


79 
entrance doorway above the ground and their platform. These 
towers took the German name of Bersfried, Latin Berefridus, 
in French belfry. The enclosures of these more ancient cast- 
les absolutely lack the external flankins. They are surmounte d 
by a series of battlements.” 

Note 2.p.idv. Notes Wnserted in Bull. RonuM. YoV.8, 0-246 © Se 

We shall go farther than M. Ge Kries, and shall even say t 
that the towers employed for flanking the enclosures are but 
very rarely found in the castles on the banks of the Rhine a 
and in the Vosges before the 15 th century. The castle of S$. 
Ulrich, the old portion of the castle of Hochk8nissburs, that 
of Spesburs, although built durins the 13 th and 14 th centu- 
ries, are entirely without flanking towers. > These sre struc- 
tures forming salient ansles, of geometrical fisures external - 
ly rectilinear and srouped around the keep or belfry. Most of 
these castles were built on inaccessible points and take their 
entire strensth from their site, being but moderately defend- 
ed. The keep rising above the buildinss permits discovery af- 
ar of the presence of an enemy, and the Sarrison being warned 
could easily prevent the scaling of the steeno slopes, bar the 
paths and stop 4 numerous army far from the castle, without b 
even being compelled to retire behind its walls. 

Note Bepeide. Notes sur auelaues chateoux de Viaveace, vy 
Me. ALe Rawme. POris. 1855. 

Yet analogous locations did not prevent the French lords’ ? 
from furnishing with towers the flanks and projectins angles 
of their castles during the 12 th, 13 th and 14 th centuries. 

Tn the construction of castles in the 13 th century occurr- 
ed a notable change. Until then these residences consisted, 
as we have seen, only of enclosures more or less extensive, 
single or double, in the middle of which rose the keep, which 
served as the residence of the lord and the hall sometimes c 
comprised in the keep itself. The other buildings were only 
wooden sheds separated from each other, having rather the ap- 
pearance of a temporary barrack than of a fixed residence. T 
The chanel, refectories, kitchens, storehouses and stables w 
were placed in the interior of the enclosure and were not con- 
nected in any manner with the fortifications. We have seen, 
that in the plan of the castle of Montarsis (Fis. 15), already 
the service buildings are attached to the walls, that they are 


Te ee ee ee ee a ee 


oe a 


» : “em 
- ry 


 jeknidbol bexft ove veds Sadt bos ,yebi0 aietiso 6 al ¢lind 
ebyol ‘si¥ Yo efidad eft yretneo de Fr ont nt dadt evesqas JT 
bsPhemeh vedd tsdd bas .Bextfivin siom siew sem Tiett to brs 
"°" .gedd {tyaw Befosoos ezodd ssdd oiisdisd eesl etnomebasitis 
~edo ni Bed {fite-evniebol bexlt eonsticami sissif wod see s¥ 
bos edd ts betosre setersvoe edt to sonefhiess « ,bsellisd sis 
-97eb 8 wod bnaterebay yfeowsoe neo enO .yrodoe0 dé Sf sft Yo 
-~fe (sets [fame tedd at svit bivoo sem berbnud Lexrsvez to noek 
geum eustbloe ed? .esenetob edd yd betavooo yieviesfoxs teom 
emt ebede emoe tebsy Bae etewos edt at moboe1 tse seele 
Siler ent oF 

’ eft of antdale1 bavods einemvoobh nedsiaw stedw Sasiews ot 
m S¥asio eidt Yo etoors ebati sco .eeldon to anvidstided bio 
“[syot Beftisvxct edt dooas Jedt FA .yisdneo di Sf sdi ai shan 
bsfoors etatbfind L[ivio to enctt#tbhe svo1smsn evieost esos lag 
. @ @ etet enoised edt to esiteso odd Boe .yteeel aistaso « dtiw 
<489 SM ee .aset odd nove yistassos1t jretosiado oitessoh s10M 
aot Esnobueds esw L euutoed nora olvessoG eid ni estate 19x 
e¥dT .saueo0fones usani sedi atdéfw dfind sisdmaio bas [fad a 
-teso to enctictrocesh [fe ylissa ai dedi .sensdo Jedi Peeuso 
“$6618 ‘sft .I Baswbh bas TIT yuneh “to emis edt most tfind eel 
‘ete “bodsbioslib s ai anied es betasasi0e1 sis eqsed 10 e1sHOd 
es fenobnsds fised bad yedT .etoor fuoddiw vileisnse bas ste 
“edt wi danodtis ,eeoretnevnoont afedd to seneosd esonshises 
‘beyolqms sd [fite bluop ysdt noisgonrtence sieds to dtaverte 
=fa1otess tot sishi0 sdT .eataqer smee istts stew Yo emit of 
-Semen yiev sis esiieso snofisv ai “seeuod Isyor* edi t0% noi 
-t686 Sdt ot viogs tom ob oeedT .ytuduso dt Ff edt Baitah. eve 
@dftud yilerenss esoftiis .(eefseso asibiswif) haswb® to eef 
-fiév act Bbeboetal etnomtisas tneasttib déftow ai .I haawhF yd 
Besbat tod \nela fatene: 2 oF Snibaooos beins11s s1sW esen eae 
-~G2d0 edd bemvees osdt dotdw .botasq nemr0% edf to eslieeso oF 
=f sishto eff .eoandsonase tneos1 stom yd esnshiest s to 3msd98 
-an [syor sdf ot enotsiibbs bas eiis0st aot TIT yvensh vd navies 
t$ asdw .bstoqobs een nala otismsteye on tedt svoid Beever tof 
“w Bns0ik "to Bets eSisl 8 ned .beatsonoo sis enoisibte sessd 
q - gswtadw Bbemiot bas ,eisecfons beitisaet 8 yd bebsroiwtwe esw 
a “f Gewbatshol svidsimiag edt doidw at .(attwo) s1909 @ bells 
q ot yioinse dv FL odd ni nommoo sdinp omsoed JI .dusioitiveci 
~tos1e ylevieeesous yd ebesn of Snifrooos Onisbel tefd sareloo 


80 
built in a certain order, and that they are fixed lodsings. 
Tt appears that im the 13 th century the habits of the lords 
and of their men were more civilized, and that they demanded 
arrangements less barbaric than those accepted until then. 
We see hou little importance fixed lodgings still had im cas- 
tle Gaillard, a residence of the sovereign erected at the end 
of the 12 th century. One can scarcely understand how a sarr- 
ison of several hundred men could live in that small area, al- 
most exclusively occupied by the defenses. The soldiers mast 
sleep at random in the towers and under some sheds attached t 
to the walls. 

In Easland where written documents abound relating to the 
old habitations of mobles, one finds proofs of this chanse m 
made in the 13 th century. At that epoch the fortified royal 
palaces receive numerous additions of civil buildings erected 
with a certain luxury, and the castles of the barons take am . 
more domestic character; freauently even the keep, as Ma Par- 
ker states in his Domestic Architectura, - was abandoned for 
a hall and chambers built within the inner enclosure. This 
caused that change, that in nearly all descriptions of cast- 
les built from the time of Henry III and fdward I, the great 
towers or keeps are represented as beings in a dilapidated st- 
ate and generally without roofs. They had been abandoned es 
residences because of their inconveniences, although by the 
streusth of their construction they could still be employed 
in time of war, after some repairs. The orders for restorat— 
ion for the “royal houses” in various castles are very numer- 
ous during the 13 th century. These do not apply to the cast- 
les of Fdward (Rdwardian castles), edifices generally built b 
by Edward I, in which different apartments intended for vari- 
ous uses were arranged accordins to a general plan, but indeed 
to castles of the Norman period, which then assumed the char- 
acter of a residence by more recent structures. The orders di - 
Siven by Hensy III for repairs and additions to the royal ma- 
nor houses prove that no systematic plan was adopted, when @ 
these additions are concerned. When a larse area of sround w 
was surrounded by a fortified enclosure, and formed what was 
called a court (curia), in which the primitive lodsins was i 
insufficient, it became quite common in the 13 th century to 
enlarge that lodging accordins to needs by successively erect- 


a ry By of | ee 
tb jeleqedo .2% A dtunesetences wise tot Sabtoers ie 
ony 10d t bas e1ed. berstisos siew legeme ds bol 
od sauath Ltad eeedt Yo sedesio sistiso s ced¥ .eweofoas ond ie 
2 a cee sien yodt .bstseto io besetagoisds seed eedt 
4) -—pyaemttenoe ,beow to ¢lind (étels) estseesc barevoo yd betosa 
ae) ee $e beeolo yltnsups7t stom tod ,ecetst10eq neqo to mot sad at 
edt to elbbie sd¢ otni mwoids ot]ew ehaiblind sesd? .eshte edd 
es wat0 ysito e sd Blucn ea .sext esenetoh edi tatvssl exrgeclons 
-geotvise edd -yiotneo dt EL sdé al selfew yd Sesolone steiliv 
setetnl sdt dotdw .Ifeati eyvectfoue sit of betosnnoo s10m aisw , 
edt erssagacdeds yieo saaiaediaseite ai bebhis sistonate Isa os 
-dsteo Ankbsoeia edt .ydtialimie [eqntoetidors yas déiw elteao 
~bnedtxe hus gnoiwe eeslo1o etcm esensiebh yino anied ednemdall 
-tegevieve to einiblind soivise bas eaciésticed anieolons be 
si¢os ms to eeki on diiw eaoienemib *nerettib yiev te brs ete 
said. betoste celieso sneoilinssm wee yiwines dv Fi sAT .yser 
- «blest tasoitinzem to dsdt sesatdaiot lo wilswp aisdt of bebbe 
-gispesa [fe bos esotvise aisdt déin bebivoig ylinabends ssone 
~Nismob eid Yo tebim edd wi Raiwil biel s Yo etil ed¢ a03 bs 
«no0etate® s bne tinoo elsti{ a yd hebavorine 
| 908 ai grutostidova. offeswod Fo ¢muoo0k smok .80Ll.g.t stor 
e8sqadovytwstaso At Et sit Fo Snes sat oF Fesupn0d sd#t mort baad ) 
 ydigyou vd bedtoeds ask ti phsnew meilebyet eivod .2 asa tA ; 
~teddo edd mo efqee0 odd yd no fertosotone fos .fned eno sst ao 
_@ fsoitifec eidt tfs? ylisistsn bedooss si dedé esoitibe sit 
rsonsaltat bemueet yedd eredw Lice edt mo seote yodt noitenutie 
-miteoodd fas rewoq Ieyou sii sisiw iesiccs 10 19787 918 yedt 
dissh edi tA .bexiosti0 fas ishn0ate smeoed nolisexinsea0 Is 
soning dedt fobis Sac Jedt ,meiisheyst FSi ni gestwA gtlidd Yo 
+ e@omev® te eeonivors geenrt eit nwore odd sashes onidviane: ni 
anid edt Io elaqmexs odd setts ;,ulsewod bus dota Meeti Baxyot 
yd sendis .etstt to 1dmnn a hexatupos bad siaesevy fase soe 
edt ‘to seusced 10 .esoivise tisdt to soixc edd es yo ssonsilf[e 
eidto esbsesio afd Qniavb [fe seol bad ode ,eeldon to nine — 
«2 Yo ytitonim edd to exeey geTit oft SatieG .yindmeo dt SE 
aes ace URE 8 hemtot ean seid .wond Iie es eivod 
bas Rowoy Slide cemow s vd hebiesk .some7$ Yo nwote edd den 
- elnces: off pnomh «2eitifsup [soisilog tse12 io Eetosqerve ton 
= Rott Jnstoi edd dentade bepdee! sons7% to aor ods 0 
fein it _ oe fo biol. JER tema rennntnticate Satya Same edt too 


| Mei 
‘6 Tae ie af as, Pi 


scailllog 


; , 
A 
af 


81 
erecting new structures, such as chambers, chapels, kitchens, 
that at first were scattered here and there in the area of +t 
the enclosure. When a certain number of these buildings had 
thus been appropriated or created, they were successively coils 
nected by covered passases (aleia) built of wood, sometimes 
in the form of open porticos, but more frequently closed at 
the sides. These buildings were throwm into the middle of the 
enclosure leaving the defenses free, as would be a city or ¥ 
villase enclosed by walls. In the 13 th century the services 
were more connected to the enclosure itself, which the inter- 
nal structure aided in strengthening; only thehr appears the 
castle with any architectural similarity, the precedins estab- 
lishments being only defenses more or less strons and extend- 
ed, enclosing habitations and service buildings of every nat- 
ure and of very different dimensions with no idea of an enti- 
rety. The 13 th century saw magnificent castles erected, that 
added to their quality of fortress that of masnificent resid- 
ences abundantly provided with their services and all requir- 
ed for the life of a lord living in the midst of his domain, 
surrounded by a little court and a garrison. 

Not?) 1oP2106. Some Account of Dowesrtro Architecture Wn Bné- 
Lona from the Gonguest to the end of the 13 th contury.-Chap.de 
Rfter &. Louis feudalism waned; it was absorbed by royalty 
on the one hand, and encroached on by the people on the other; 

the edifices that it erected naturally felt this political s 
situation. they arose on the soil where they resumed influence; 
they are rarer or poorer where the royal power and the natim- 
al organization became stronger and organized. At the death 

of Philip August in 1223 feudalism, that had aided that prince 
in reuniting under the crown the finest provinces of France, 
found itself rich and vowerfu,; after the example of the kins 
some great vassals had acauired a number of fiefs, either by 
alliances or as the price of their services, or because of the 
ruin of nobles, who had lost all durias the crusades of the 

42 th century. During the first years of the minority ef a8. 
Louis as all know, there was formed a formidable leasue asai- 
nst the crown of France, suarded by a woman still young and 
not suspected of sreat political gualities. Among the vassals 
of the crown of France leagued against the infaat king, one 

of the most powerful was Ensuerrand III, lord of Goucy, S- 


ae ae. (ae t vf ; 
4 cS : 7 7 } * 


. he «$e ay at Bet: ie , 
 efdst. bs! iiees se Seva eet ye: eecantehbevebeined 
se a _ooegsr area e1eH tesssiedo ¢nebasogebnt bas tixiae 
_— eimovebued enivyel to tdawodt [aeesv eidt inesmom a 10% ido ison 
: guoitidms dns yosxicenoe exolise eid gad ;eona1g to aworo edd 
j Bs gedodede nesuo to cattifog siowbe eft Yd béltisd saew esoshorg 
q -| gti Yo eno noitif{soo [sheet oft mort evomer oF wod went odw 
al youod eh biod serbeamsdd to tnuoo edt .esi0cens Intiewog) seom 
eboed edd neewded yiitebhit to déiso ans sisi of bekildo noe, een 
ei ti .edostorg eid ssdweme1 od deiw ton bib odw .tatd odd to 
dadde, TIT basaies2n% to etostoua escoitidms edi Yo deoge edd o¢ 
» @peottinzem edd to anoitopiatenoo edd aste1 od yiseseoen ai ct 
: efiteso-edT sasee ed of [Lite sis enior Iseectoo eeodw .slteso 
7 . 9 sé¢ es [few es .vibtosa yiev diind sesd sved denm yonod. te 
-tosiesio edT .O€SI of @SSI mort yiio snsostbs edd to saveoione 
noittourtenos eft es [few es etnibivom bus sistofvee sdt to a9 
«99 stom s 10 weifiee ns of sbeoudees ed od di timieg son esob 
we . -dooas gneo 
etsd.noftasa toa 04 gw todt Sootershau ef $1 .GOL.g.L 9F0% 
o, «edt Fo bas edt fo innit aint bao asdtotrebauw encéforotest att 


. oututasa AF AL 
»- yd» betas [2 erus0fone ns tounol on ek, youod Io eldgeso sd 
hevisonoo ,soitibs tesy s ei di yeonsdo yd Estastis ebotbhlind 
‘ Inta9woc gs sebon ,trotts elaniea s ds hetoers bose ofodw s es 
«se ouldarimbs et edie etl .senxn0ze1 gesv to easso yd bos Iliw 
doidw to gig ne dtiw betnerte sxe seenetsh esi bns .aseodo 
. 896i ofdsest s gud evi ose aditaitozeb sdt 
898° youd: yo eaJ/taeno aft fo sfia sat TO¥ .8OLege8 SFou 
ie | . «OS 2209 ,srdotilémMistetostidorth .Fth 
edt .mu0t rwsivesa1i-yiev to usetelace to bas edt ao Ling. 
de-esin dsdt ,seqole geste yisv sit eetenimob youod. to eltess 
/-pddt0n edd ts beteniwist ysilev doix s evods .tt sof tueds 
tedt vd tesedtaon-dti0n sdt ge bes sovok Yo ytio edt yd gee 
eg nsewted .estos @.8 ylasen to ss1s as 2xsveo si ;yawe|dd to 
© esis seodw .div0m a9ewol heitisacl veew s ei siéeso bas ysio — 
-9lde80 edt yd beianooo sedé eoiist desel ts ei (asi08 2.1%) 
) Yo ,evienstxe yl¢nsioittice efisd bentainoo daw0o sesHwol eidT 
o bes enmufoo yd bedoiane ,vebot sidieiv nismes esoatd doin 
“bststneizo) as bas ecidsta ,eileev e019 déinw .elasiaso beviso 
 <eidTe.(Of)eqiote hovers edt to ns{o ave 00 4 ds owode [eqsdo 
© 30 seansonnte sca: enibsosia doogs ns to yiduskive esw {feqefo 


a ln” 7 ay ‘ Tv 
i 7 a a 7: we heey. ; 


se 


82 
Gobain, Assis, Marle, Fere, Folembray, etc. His indomitable 
spirit and independent character were stimulated by immense 
wealth; for a moment this vassal thousht of layins hands on 
the crown of France; but his serious conspiracy and ambitious 
projects were baffléd-by the adroit politico of queen Blanchex 
who knew how to remove from the feudal coalition one of its 
gost powerful supports, the count of Champasne. Lord de Coucy 
was soon obliged to take an oath of fidelity between the hands 
of the king, who did not wish to remember his projects. It is 
$0 the epoch of the ambitious projects of Rnosuerrard III, that 
it is necessary to refer the construction of the nasnificent 
castle, whose colossal ruins are still to be seen. The castle 
of Coucy must have been built very rapidly, as well as tke e 
enclosure of the adjacent city from 1225 to 1230. The charact- 
er of the sculpture and mouldings as well as the construction 
does not permit it to be assigned to an earlier or a more re- 
cent epoch. 

Note 1-9-1908. 1% Vs understood that we do not mention here 
she restorations undertaken ond completed at the end of the 
4h th Gontury. 

The castle of Coucy is no longer an enclosure flanked by 
puildings arranged by chance; it is a vast edifice, conceived 
as a whole and erected at a single effort, under a powerful 
will and by ceans of vast resources. Its site is admirably 
chosen, and its defenses are arransed with an art of which 
the descrivtion can sive but a feeble idea. 

Note 2epeidS. For the site of the castle of Coucy, see 
AVL. AVGHVLYSctur|eL MILITALrTES, FIS. 20~ 

Built on the end of acplateau of very irresular form, the 
castle of Coucy dominates the very steep slopes, that rise ab 
about 164 ft. above a rich valley terminated at the northw- 
est by the city of Noyon and at the north-northeast by that 
ef Chauny; it covers an area of nearly 2.5 acres. Between the 
city and castle is a vast fortified lower court, whose area o 
(7.5 acres) is at least thrice that occupied by the castle. 
This lower court contained halls sufficiently extensive, of 
which traces remain visible today, enriched by columns and c 
carved capitals, with cross vaults, stables and an orientated 
chapel shown at A on our plan of the ground story (16). This 
chapel was evidently of an epoch preceding the structures of 


Sener news ofvedd 40 ee basrnort ‘nolésotnmamet “amt bneereer 
ig ee 2, b bebasted: bana yiieo sdé ciety aia egea as yd yieo caw 
vi elt Ud Betootona ean tatoo aswol sat © ere wot Ifseme ond yd si 

mt ~Bdteqmen etl bas astemiisq saitne eti betsnimoh dotin .§ aeed 
a (492/353 dostb A .oldesd sdt tod 9 e19ewot owt ost yd bedasi? 
wb itd-sfbwte A-sdanoo sewol edé mort sliees edt sedsrsqee sbiw 
; _»peddeao eds od sonstdne evel dotib eidd seve owoi1dt @ te 92 
| eenbiadweth asbhoow ond dtiu eusta betslost to beeoqmoo eaw ti 
 — ® eeevodbasna ovt bas) .“G .*8 eetet beonevbs ows yd bebneteb 
 yeext dotib edt Yo wotsod sds evael of 28 of sisiq no tee *F 
eid? .sevest Snibfot bos eseif{feodicg ef{duob bed 5 ts sisk dT 
bane bebnsteb yitese .skseesq betfusv 2nof s ofni keneqo egsh 
-meoletds Yo eobie deed tA .eaditefootdosm hed oved teom ted 
.pistnoe of sfds bas fetivev .f emoorbised beansiis ssew r0bi 
_fmob. esitirote [asevee ni doaatead s seo1 evodA .steoq eyo1smen 
sgonstdas edd moat sli nistavo sdt oniciot bos stss ext atten 
yd bebnworive sfieso edt to Y saves edt besastne sno s0bia1ce9 
| -epd sotvass bovot saew'd ¢A .enisdiso edd eninioti bs etatbhlind 
-sgode Ond yd hednnomase ,ytotve Sawor edi of Betivev .esaibLi 
ie ett.ts eetuote esidt ni etnomtisee sonshiees edt M ta sei 
bevaee bos .ebietro mort sldteesoos teasl siteso edt to sbie 
betinavy ,smocterete gead orsw Vots {4M yawiiede basis edd vd 
yd beseveo ddesned exsfleo déiw (easileo) yrote baosor edd oi 
boeose odd ot betiocave Vi senodsazcte edcT .edfuav [ennut bstaioe 
edt ek © tA .totretxe oft mort hetdeil [isd seeik sad Yiods 
tiseti Bawot yaote bnoose edt ot doidw .feasdo sid to insmeesd 
ssdodbeyssy orem euddodtt odT sfled seer oft détw level acne 
Win goitsoinommoo ‘9 yswiiate [sipsce a déin 9 ts heoesle yid 
-y¥d bedoss1 {Ff ta tunco eteviag « beeeseeoq yodt ye1ssf{leo edd 
snsqo: benisms1 ysote bowor2 seodw .fscsdo edd ftsensd tateeso 
‘ to bas ersliso to selaote ows bseeseeoa T .fo .d {0 easwos edt 
-ate edd enitaveo tuodtiw .bavor evods elied Yo asinote seidd 
sos Borde Yisy toetosrq eesdd .eton Iliw eno 8A .et001 sd Yo xy 
7 ‘eaenod seesT .ifew med¢ Aneit od es of, enisdavo sad moat yi 
dt @2f tuods base ebhieduo astemeib .cI Cc neds eesl ton sis 
Ls Sm gi edt sbiced gniddon e1s .sbieduo bnvors svods sdbiod 
| - dodib ont Yo mostod: odd mort .d3 OLS yd sbhietwo .f3 V.fOLr ef 
. 1einorio: 8 eseeseeoa gest aids dotih asi eshieas® .owoto sds ot 
axe ent oe ti eteetorg: tact nna 10 en adh 1S 


4 
- 
i 


83 
EnSperrand III. Communication from the city to the lower court 
was only by a gate Opemingiinto the city and defended asainst 
it by two small towers.” The lower court was protected by the 
keep B, which dominated its entire perimeter and its ramparts 
flanked by the two towers C D of the castle. A ditch 65.6 ft. 
wide separates the castle from the lower court. A single brid- 
se at & thrown over this ditch gave entrance to tke castle; 
it was composed of isolated piers with two wooden drawbridses 
defended by two advanced gates f’, B”, and two suardhouses F, 
F? get on piers so as to leave the bottom of the ditch free. 
The gate at G had double portcullises and foldins leaves. This 
sate opened into a long vaulted passase, easily defended and 
that must have had machicolations. At both sides of this corr- 
idor were arranged suardrooms H, vaulted and able to contain 
numerous posts. Above rose a barrack in several stories domi- 
natins the gate and joining the curtain I. From the entrance 
corridor one entered the court K of the castle surrounded by 
buildings adjoining the curtains. At L were found service bu- 
ildings, vaulted in the ground story, surmounted by two stor- 
ies; at M the residence apartments in three stories at the si 
side of the castle least accessible from outside, and served 
by the grand stairway M’; at N were vast storerooms, vaulted 
in the ground story (cellars) with cellars beneath covered by 
pointed tunnel vaults. The storehouse N supoorted in the second 
story the great hall lishted from the exterior. At 0 is the 
basement of the chapel, which in the second story found itself 
on a level with the Sreat hall. The kitchens were veryebroba- 
ply placed at P with a special stairway P’ communicatins with 
the cellars; they possessed a private court at R, reached by 
passing beneath the chapel, whose ground story remained open. 
The towers Cj D, S, T vossessed two stories of cellars and t 
three stories of halls above sround, without countins the sto- 
ry of the roofs. As one will note, these project very strons- 
ly from the curtains,so as to flank them well. These towers 
are not less than 59 ft. diameter outside and about 115 ft. 
height above sround outside, are nothing beside the keep, that 
is 101-7 ft. outside by 210 ft. from the bottom of the ditch 
to the crown. Besides its ditch this keep possesses 4 circular 
outer emclosure or cortain, that protects it asainst the exte- 
rior next the lower court. One ascended from the sround ag the 


i, i ? Fis. 
es, A | Sell Sie Died 


es ifs a io Fest 


at " A ei Be 5 ~ 
a. ao pol séesons t to aot tee: ts yew Pei ei B 108 i 4 


. rort: pottsoinumeen ase edt to sonsites eft asen V ettese 
osbneds> Yo modtted edt of e1isse 6 to enssm yd eaw'S allied sdt 


Bog 8 yd aOlt9dxS sit dtiw bos (fiew asfvosto aids baided dos 


ss mogidosm ,esveel Gniblot déiw bedeitnaast bos X ts beoustg n19F 
¥ masteoa brocea « ot Bnibnoagei109 .eil{notsog bas enotisl 

ss aggwod edd yd bedesm bas ecole sdt no boineqo sshiadwsib ddin 
| bos sivev fonnws tied & yd bersvoo esw ‘X%¥ shseeso aswof 4 .9 
$ watwollot .,dotth edd to mottod eft to [evel edd te hsorela 
~Bengtiesh vidgnebive esw boas .nisdavo edd to sonsistavoilo odd 
——s—“ ss Sememise Yo estieflek a0 s¥il events to daow edd agode of 
-itesd fae catetiso to ednort sdt yetow betnsite esnimredaveo 
tneffeoxs ce baoct esw*¥ te yrsi{s® ssenstistdue eidd oT .eno 
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© Mesdt 10d (lew oft Yo eesmlotds ods at sbaa vetviad ove W oA 
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,beyorteeh od yliese hivoo teis .etisde seboow s dtiw [isd s 


% Igvoo eden sdt dtiw yielI[ss nasnaivisidss edi Hstosnnes dordy 
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edd dtiw betoennoo tfeett eaw *X yisliae nseneiiedtdse aswel 
yehefeed edi IT .stst edd to siaow tecqn sid Bnivise U eriste 
~/o°esw Si gonte .s[uolttib esx doidw) X¥ atedeo0 edd nexsd bed 
teas eslitostoie sdt asbhbeue¥ sted terit sdt eceso os Yiseesoon 
-sitéed eit bas [isw astv0 asisorig sdt to d1eq is¢qu sdt mo1t 
e100f AcibIot ows sotot o¢ .L few ed mo bensao edcom 

fnodsoa #2 Sstost Mfeewtd bavct of ,(emotiscolidosm eft sost 
_asipoilo asivo edt txeoa dotib sdt te motiod edt ot Sniasao af 
-ttod edd tnieols s0och fenort edd Isl eid te Saived .wnistave 
eemewol sdt ni becaote bos .nsdotid edt Yo ysutisse odd To mo 
fish's rt Liew [autos os et doidw .“X eniace edt yd *X yieliss 
=stod odd ot betsrteneo od ,eilivosiog eft beowot ed Ti .asiiso 
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"  =ed @ mort mid so eelisoetotq taso tadt .ceed edt lo esenstel 
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7 i _nsenetietdue edt ‘odnt eesa .8 etiste sit baeseeh binoo y1e!l 
Rents Molsdo bus Anse sno Rnitoe eds coors \*X yreliee 
odd mort SI .mid baided misteog odd tnivsie: yd tse1 


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84 

court to the covered way at the top of the outer wall by the 
stairs V near the entrance of the keep. communication from na 
the halls P was by means of a stairs to the bottom of the di- 
tch, behind this circular wall, and with the exterior by a pos- 
tern prerced at X and furnished with foldinas leaves, machico- 
lations and portcullis, correspondins to a second postern Y 
with drawbridge openings on the slope and masked by the tower. 
C. A lower passage X’ was covered by a half tunnel vault and 
pierced at the level of the bottom of the ditch, followins t 
the circumference of the curtain, and was evidently designed 
to stop the work of miners, like our galleries of permanent 
countermines arranged under the fronts of curtains and basti- 
ons. In this subterranean sallery at X”was found an excellent 
spring at the level of the sround for the use of the kitchen, 
At W are vrivies made in the thickness of the wall for the a 
sSuard oftbhat enclosure and the men in the kitchens. At Z was 
3 hall with a wooden stairs, that could easily be destroyed, 
which connected the subterranean sSallery with the upper cover- 
ed gallery. The little stairway Q opening into the hall P ser- 
ved the portcullis and mathicolations of the postern X. The 
lower subterranean gallery X’ was itself connected with the 
stairs U serving the uover works of the gate. If the besieser 
had taken the posterm X (which was difficult, since it was 
necessary to pass the first gate Yyunder the vrojectiles cast 
from the upper part of the circular outer wall and the battle- 
ments opened on the wall J, to force two folding doors and \f. 
face the machilocations), he found himself facings a portcull» 
is opening to the bottom of the ditch next the outer circular 
curtain, having at his left the ironed door closings the bott- 
om of the stairway of the kitchen, and stopped in the lower 
gallery X’ by the sorins X”, which is an actual well in a dark 
cellar. If he forced the portcullis, he penétrated to the bot- 
tom of the internal ditch V’, which is paved and without com- 
munication with the ground of the court; beaten by the upper 
defenses of the keep, that cast projectiles on him from a he- 
isht of 197 ft. and from the covered way on the curtain, he 
was lost, the more so that the men occupying this covered sal- 
lery could descend the stairs Z, pass into the subterranean 
gallery X’, cross the springs on a plank, and cut off his ret- 
reat by retakins the postern behind him. If from the bottom 


aie ; ; a be Ui Fe 


git 20 sod ext: ado it lel do hil te nad ro noe 
fe PoP aad eden 9a bouot ed Lew csihwies ta ISI UO 
i  efom Lfte eno act .ifew eidt nedsew eatwon bluoo ose aidd ;bet 
x oy eontdedne 8 ,ooole a nid¢tw ei yrolis> nsenssisidue eidt sad 
ss Seutostot entemet [law odd to ysnoeem edd doidw baided .o10d 
 bfvewoe dowatud ,bobaa7sb 9d cada biv00 sit .BOteqge& ston 
ni aneetates e1ow tott og00 wf ,ttwoo Tev0d oft enfegzo »yldest 
+ , MES) CD94 | sytio edt er 
mg ef pain odd aia ¢0 e{tesao edd to esenotebh sdt [Ie 10. 
19m sintosite esnit gedT .bedssid geod bas Jeshnoise edt dovm 
fesnofaed .t24 ni stebioule iisde ow tedd .vbute letoeae ert 
 sbedetai? ems youod to siteso edt to eqset bas exowod eT 
« Beboetat eledico snote anivostoi0 dviw edssq asaqn afedd at 
_ ed th .(biwoh .d1A).eotsellad eviensteh nebhcow edt evieoet o¢ 
cearem edt bos {isd tes1® oft .euntoeo fo bE edt to dos eds 
ade Ro’ estaote ascqu sit es [few en ,tlindsa stew Mo eonibliud 
oh ed¢ bas .t0iwsdxe edt ni beorsia sisw eanineoo asbisl esses 
-qoo0s' snote Yo etsosiac diixn enoitsicotdosm beviess1 eristino 
iw eefoenon sit to bsstens ,omtt tedd to meteye edt od anit 
| Ps | ne sit to etisea tedéo sit .boow to setae lee svienstehb 
| eusdt ttel bed ITI basrisweah 2s hentemes 
) elit tedd ,ebnort edt to enottommoo sdv tatauh vino esw tI 
VOR Bil .botevex [oxtine esw eonebhiee. e‘nemsidon tnsoitinges 
© od ntaers¥ ienithieo yd Ssnommue caw .omsn vd daedsH .a0H19 
aH .mosd Yo 1wemisvo8 sot) ‘fb fadersm of sosla ods Ishne1ise 
“oo wisitnco Yo Jxsterxq edd no bnemsb tect betetee. Qnived tied 
vdio edd ot biel esy okete \. ITIX efvod anti vd mid dtel e1asha0 
 =wiedte emis emoe nodd :nedat noose esw fioidn .Stdr .OL yey a0 
<tiqso ot belfeomoo tisedi wee eiteso sii to mosiaiss edd bas 
 gnoktsottiti0t ed¢ hesuso yledstheumt nianessM Isnibisd .ststy 
 stomatence tedd tesntene sft to noe ,usseteM .belinemeibh sd of 
 Otgnee lenthieo oft ¢edt nem odd enn .sfledoof io edib sii be 
~~ ieentm to ensem ya .coktovitesh to Aion edd etslqmoo oF youod 
bos asst sit ebfetuve {isw edt Yo nottica tnost sit ow weld of 
~elteso ‘edd to ekntblind edt benisd .erewod asddo sit to Jeon 
youod: to atnatidadni edt sedt sont? .oldstidadninn si sham Lae 
| edt to emeolons eit mort anidet eaeso gon bib yvidnece: Lisan 
Bir <aeeod atedd anibiind 103 beheen yedd dads .aenode ons Sfieso 
sot sntenal to tow ond betolomoo moitourdash eaol eid fas 
“yan a amabame Hint to eseuso seeds Yo siica at 


ay BY eat bh 3 eae : r tan fe 


a 


85 
of the external ditch he succeeded in mining the foot of the 
outer circular wall, he found the subterranean gallery occup- 
ied; this sap could nowise weaken this wall, for one will note 
that this subterranean gallery is within a slope, a substruc- 
ture, behind which the masonry of the wall remains intact. 

Note 3.p.108. This could also ve defended, but wuch wore f 
Leebly, agains the Lower court, Ww case thot were oken vefo- 
Te Lhe GVtYs 

Of all the defenses of the castle of Courcy, the keep is m 
much the strongest and best treated. That fine structure mer- 
its special study, that we shall elucidate in Art. Don jon. 

The towers and keeps of the castle of Coucy are furnished 
in their upper parts with projecting stone corbels intended 
to receive the wooden defensive galleries.(Art. Hourd). At t 
the end of the 14 th century, the Sreat hall and the residence 
puildings M were rebuilt, as well as the upver stories of the 
Sate: larger openings were pierced in the exterior, and the 
curtains received machicolations with parapets of stone accor- 
ding to the system of that time, anstead of the consoles with 
defensive galleries of wood. The other parts of the castle r 
remained as Hnsuerrand III had left them. 

It was only during the commotions of the Fronde, that this 
magnificent nobleman’s residence was entirel ravased. Its sov- 
ernor, Hebert by name, was summoned by cardinal Mazarin to s 
surrender the place to marshal d’stree, sovernor of haon. He- 
pert having resisted that demand on the pretext of contrary 
orders left him by king Louis XIII, siege was laid to the city 
on way 10, 1652, which was soon taken; then some time afterw- 
ard the Sarrison of the castle saw itself compelled to capit- 
ulate. Cardinal Mazarin immediately caused the fortifications 
to be dismantled. Metezau, son of the ensineer that construct- 
ed the dike of Rochelle, was the man that the cardinal sent to 
coucy to complete the work of destruction. By means of mines, 
he blew up the front portion of the wall outside the keep and 
most of the other towers, burned the buildings of the castle 
and made it uninhabitable. Since then the inhabitants of Coucy 
until recently did not cease taking from the enclosure of the 
castie the stones, that they needed for buildings their houses, 
and this long destruction completed the work of Mazarin. Yet 
in spite of these causes of ruin, the mass of the castle of 


—6COB at ve 2) ob Oia 
tn teoc mi peeves dt. tO ene : tener ona bos ue fase sl died 
ee od bed: reuethtonte ot 21‘ .dooee Ishust edt to efevrsm 
at © ebrol edd to soneblee: [ebuet edd aatvoutesh Yo teas sag 
eorstowite evomzone seeds yshos see [fide biuode ew ,youed 
aitanes to eleizedem edd s0% .10bsefae evitimiaa aieds Lis 
hevisonon otew esatbhlind eft rstnedo on borstive eved ysilevo 
 ghnigated [entegnt ef¢ bos ,yilsnrese sivbae os aencem 6 mi 
ae -x9. nesd teot. bad er St es deert es sxe esoato benst lode at 
i = aytes WRN | betuoe 
 ba0 etot2 fo vwetetale edt ,goade galt F70d8 4 chiiede? STOR 
| ee -y87ah710 syoe (ITI roslogqou) rorsqad sat. fo sevok sft Fo 
(~6¢- bluods e#ottouooxs bac ,beerveastqg sd bsv0de eatonsy ssadt 
getetgrtesquve ed? tebn7 b9209mar0 sTeg ex7Tow essdtT: gasdotta bag 
| mort gooe Jiia bao ,atagaunok Joatroteaéh Fo aofeatima#od sft Fo 
rs, he fou ytsvoos7 off téateg-bae ,yovod Fo sltano sdf aéur Sotat 
<rroF} fo #70 edt tot faervetas:foovs fo etusmegaort19 Slo sit 
| a@ Iuav wae ii -- | 9 e880 afb8éa edt. Fo aoltzo# 
a md havo} Ifite redaun tests af egadtadog sal chile qGet afox 
engi teiore youoD to afteoo sat fo etawot edt fo srvodtsial ott 
; prbemede Fo xos¢e of aofsoo00 sood Jioda sw bao ,taststas tos 
wegtibe seo0s estutnisg .t7a 
ovedd ,notstbaos fasteo edi ot sstna0os1 nso°sn0 as 18% OF 
ebiaé evoismun yd hodoseisi al enotsshavot ead yowod to. slteso 
vitsotiamesaye need sved of mese tgedd ,esieeesc neonsiisddue 
_ «elle meented enottsoinommoo befsesonoo deildatee of he’narsts 
seve goltsibses? .10tsastxe od¢ bos eeneteh Idavetnt sct te etaaa 
sesso neonsiieddse sesdt Yo eno ¢sdt state og es 18% O8 e908 
wbrosdéeaebow: ersiieo tas1h edd at nees ei sonsttce seedy jes 
ewelliey bos el{{id edt daeords ebhbootxs .¥ esarhlind sorehiess 
 .fovedd Satestnaisnd mot ast 918 eS .e1tnome1d Yo yedds sd od 
«$e elec to entor odd: od beostte eis eboetel selimie sonte tos? 
 - «tedtoatstise eiodi dnd) ;s0ne17 ai eons elbbim eft to eelteso 
 -e[wsv 30 ekuineco. edt bevieorse e1s edavoo sdé mi esbie [fs no 
86 wet se Sedetddon dtiw boLlit won sis vedd .eetaetiae bed 
iy. -de ont tostlo of bao tevooes& of wocereqod SH s88L.GeFS ston 
id ofdo- 9d of bao. \peovee fo sefossog nogsaorrstdus sat Fo also 
anotenetbttestetectres: awoad edttél asidt ao: brow teed sdz yos 
ane aneranec aieted? . eaves bopeel) eptataso AP o8t ods ad 
ae elieso odd bibbuebeddnntes: edd to nslq edd (Yr) evie sf. 
be ideo eddors8n. beosiqrexosiuad ons nese 898 A th .youo? 


(A a, 


rn #2 » ‘ee r hi "i t * oa 
* 2 f 67” ( 4 J ‘ 2 
ue* 4) Nhe), 6 » 7 v2.) Et a a. a od , i ee 


86 

Goucy still stands, and has remained one of the most imposins 
marvels of the feudal epoch. + Tf to time alone had been left 
the task of destroying the feudal residence of the lords of 
Couey, we should still see today these enormous structures in 
all their primitive splendor, for the materials of excellent 
quality have suffered no chanse; the buildings were conceived 
in a manner to endure eternally, and the internal paintings 
in sheltered places are as fresh as if they had just been ex- 
ecated.* 

Nowe APotit. g SHOTL time since, the Minister of State and 
of the House of the Ewperor (NopoLeon LIL} gave orders, AROr 
shese remains shoulda ve preserved, and excaportions shoura ve 
wncertakem.e These works were commenced under the supervision 
of the Gowmission of Hisrtoricar Monuments, ond et\VW save from 
Aotal Twin the castle of Soucy, ond permit tWe recovery of *% 
She old orrangenents of great interest for the ars of fortrvy- 
Loation of the widdle ages. 

Note 1.p.t12. The paintings in areat nunbver SLAVL Found a 
the watervors of the towers of the castle of Coucy are of ar- 
eor% interest, and we sholl hove occasion *%O speak of thew in 
Art. Peinrture. 

Yo far as one cam recognize in the catual condition, the c 
castle of Coucy has foundations intersected by numerous darge 
subterranean passages, that seem to have been systematically 
arranged to establish concealed communications between all 
parts of the internal defense and the exterior. Tradition even 
goes so far as to state that one of these subterranean Dassa- 
Ses, whose entrance is seen in the Sreat cellars under the 
residence buildings M, extends through the hills and valleys 
to the abbey of Premontre. We are far from suaranteeins the 
fact, since similar legends are attached to the ruins of all 
castles of the middle ages in France; but it is certain that 
on all sides in the courts are perceived the openings of vaul- 
ted galleries, that are now filled with rubbish. 

Note 2-p-1ia. Ke Hopessoon to Aiscover and to clear the wh- 
ole of the subterranean passages Of Govucy, and to be aoe to 
soy the Lost word on thie Virtbe Known port of Fortification 
An the 13 th contury. 

We sive (17) the plan of the second story of the castle of 
Goucy. At A are seen the barracks placed near the entrance, 


3 bitens? ett svt geiral teen’ aes 
me eer Veubunttaiae! sidt to noitotioesb eds aot nod. .d1A 
a - betuoexs: \bevieoneo elbsoid bas betetnetizo .[eqedoweis ei F 
+fun to e¢nonzent ett yd etbet ew ti ,webss1s belespeny dtin 
oss sabreds eto G ts jbnvor eds ao berstésoe swobniw edt to enolrl 
a ‘oensced .etdaind edd to tadd beliso .[anudiss sft to Iliad tes 
ee owl .eddkind eatn eft to esntste eft eedoin edt st esse eno 
\ gaedtwos esi ta betdkif yienosate .[fed edd wisw esoeloerit 


 =89980° neboeW sided edd of hereqo wobriw eeele Jss1b 8 yd bae 


Ae ’ 


Se sabie 


6 
P 


Se da. Ifed edt beisvoo.ebased to sivev betaisq s diiw yutas 
7 “ede oTe8w eexskrt seodw .{F) emsteawad sain odd Yo (fed ads et 
#bpod Ao .eosfestit eft to eltnam edt no bawot sid ni beavtais 


-sqmooo0e hos nissavo efd to sesnioids edi mort seisst ek F alo 
n° aniw ebin bus sttsl s yd bosdetl ef moor tadt  ;ifsd efdd esina 
| _-aqtati6o ean bos: .novey hiswot yatnsoo edd no teo eaidool wob 
& yw bomisw esw si yelteso eft to tiso Snsesslo seom sas xi 
~tinusy eeo1o [iema s vd betevoo yiinshele bra eoalasalt sfssil 
:yastneo dio Sf edt Yo bne sdt moat sish eeintovrte seal edt 
yetntbiind ashio edd o¢ bebbs sisw yes wod yitootisa esse eno 
gs beetst ssw antsésvo eft .oldadidad e1om medt tobnet of wod 
~siiso seeds noltonistenoe evitintio sft ot set siedtid yaote 
7 ‘exewot evit sdt o¢ enivesl .fovel dkid s doesa ton bib ylier 
=p bad aottstidsd 10% etatbiind. edd bas .coidenimod aséserk s 
©) edt (IIT Saerzrsutatd to omits odd moxgd .eonatioomt esel ronm 
~p9t edd nodw ted :qsed odd eaw baol sdi jo nolvsdided Lengos 
Voysatavoo odd nb omeosd ,o1ew yods ebux isvewod ,emoteno [sh | 
@ eids ,yistnso dt Sf edt Yo bane sat suods benties bas tnatele 
. -ebhrofvedt ;tneinevnoont bos dish yymools yiev sasoas deom gsox 
‘edd no anineso esistonade tnagets seodt slind seas yous) to 
 sfloogs gedit te Hodtem edd oF Snibircooe meds saiytidiot ,vyatawoo 
t1sq rowol edd .erewot eftns anot sdd .niesavo esi bas gost edT 
lt -o18 edt .[fsd tssah edt to sastowadedue sdf ,anistavo eft to 
Ni _ gsapeofone edt es ifen es \L[eqsdo sit fas sonaatne sdv to bos 
* Yo nottourtence svitimiaa edt od Snoisd .tavoo t98eWwol edi to 
: alII bnswviewead ashaw youo> to siieso saz 
rr ‘évede asomedo dsce® .ebiow wet s ¢ivem exswot avot eesdT 
-2asce1 dtiv @ehie xie to beeoamoo yilsnasini ei yiote Barve 
Sts emodT ceed? ,esavesidus yd beo1sia e1s doidw to emoe ,e¢ 
 --@iebtfoe edd .yrode dose nf otantedis eedoin est bas bet ivev 
Sw eoosigertd .(an0T .t14).serev solv bas ebiov edd seve anied 


bs i 
Q Le Peed) : : es ; 
“or ; t¢... ot it ar be - i > fo 


87 

at B beings the keep with its enclosinsS wall. One will find in 
Art. Donjon the description of this masnificent structure. At 
R is-thecchapel, orientated and broadly conceived, executed 
with unequaled grandeur, if we judge by the fragments of mul- 
lions of the windows scattered on the sround; at D is the sr- 
eat hall of the tribunal, called that of the knishts, because 
one sees in the niches the statues of the nine knishts. Two 
fireplaces warm the hall, strongly lishted at its southern 

end by a great slass window opened in the Sable. Wooden carpe- 
entry with a painted vault of boards covered the hall. At & 

is the hall of the nine Prussians (7), whose fisures were sc- 
ulptured in the round on the mantle of the fireplace. A boud- 
oir F is taken from the thickness of the curtain and accompa- 
nies this hall: that room is lishted by a larse and wide win- 
dow looking out on the country toward Noyon, and was certain- 
ly the most pleasant vart of the castle; it was warmed by a 
little fireplace and elegantly covered by a small cross vault. 

The last structures date from the end of the 14 th century; 
one sees perfectly how they were added to the older buildings; 
how to render them more habitable, the curtains were raised a 
story higher; for in the primitive construction, these certa- 
inly did not reach a hish level, leaving to the five towers 
a greater domination, and the buildings for habitation had a 
much less importance. wrom the time of Ensuerrand ITI, the 
actual habitation of the lord was the keep; but when the feu- 
dal customs, however rude they were, became in the country 
elegant and refined about the end of the 14 th century, this 
keep must appear very sloomy, fark and inconvenient. the lords 
of Coucy then built those elegant structures opening on the 
country, fortifying them according to the method of that epoch. 
The keep and its curtain, the four angle towers, the lower part 
of the curtains, the substructure of the great hall, the gro- 
und of the entrance and the chapel, as well as the enclosure 
of the lower court, belons to the primitive construction of 
the castle of Coucy under Bnsuerrand ITT. 

These four towers merit a few words. Bach champer above the 
sround story is internally composed of six sides with recess- 
es, some of which are pierced by embrasures. These rooms are 
vaulted and the niches alternate in each story, the solids b 
peing over the voids and vice versa.(Art. Tour). Fireplaces a 


4. . a Ri 
| 2 
eee | bet somooos s rede aie. joa kalo. ak aicale rea 


0b et a pmo ston Ifiw sn0 ype 89h) .eetv 
| a. we 8 peluntechesgantetations tad: .mostod edd mort boeses too 
a ~ od ts eos sonaatas odd. te sbie-tedto edt edst of .yrode bao 
—s bkows of \dowge’ted¢ Yo stewed at soemedns11s sommoe.e Bi eidT 
 -staqiedt od. baeoes of datitesh eaoeted [ecmoo of bas sowssad 
‘peas got easem s esw eid? selfed efd to sso dauoids eeso oF tea. 
E bods to nem sd¢ Quiainseoo1 103 bas yese nolietvisave oniten 
en | oeds got ysoivises tot seqsisq edt ot bebnsoes ofw .noeiarsd 
| ¥  etenod odd mort oléteesoss yino enied enistavo sit to atsoatea 
‘ fi ~eh 1800n oft fie beviee yltesupeenon e1swot edd to eriede edd 
ay 

-) 


» 


“gbtad eldsvomodt (ft .2t9) D ds hetnseetges sven s¥ -208n9% 
| yn bersvoo sit déiw soitdsotanmmoo at [fad sse12 oft aniogig 
— wisas: odd goifeoe yd Tl .ebie dtpos edt te Jivoa sewel sis Yo 
ine /1etuo edt to H yew horevoo ont to nolessseoa benisddo bad 
od / I s00b eit sozet od mid a0l yrseeooen sew ti, .nistaso asise 
aIdasee eteog st? .elteso odd ofnt steiseneq of Y 9488 ect 10 
 dottbeedd ot¢ai 10 teqsiso odd aevo mid wordt J 10 A ds beset 
| woldtadidatw i soeries edd bevies A geoo efT .«fiew oft bnided 
ss Petewveo edd hevioe d saog sid as test .etse edd svods etnem 
e\g@eed) edt tot 2A .D esbisd eidavom edt aaibnamaco ¥ yusl fee 
edd to yrel{sa besevoo sid og bonego ti yaode bacose sat ai 
~brant edt dhvowld onteveso tud .0 sthiad eidevom a yd aiedavo 
ed-ot esw seiaaawe on ,benkiesb [few oe eeensteb déiW .2 moon 
glint sewelteso ofd to noetisis® sdf eltsil asvewor ,beresi 
yd) beistio, esoswoes: eid .eaniss euoismun od DIL bes ntaupos 
eysebtid) A .e1s0 emoe déiw fisws Hiwode vedd ganas bos .sasdd 
etiam Lfiw {tino sewol edd to ehie edd wort newed, (21) welv 
‘te elveso eit Yo ednemexnsixe [eniedxe bne L[entedsd edd aselo 
. «36a o0 ; vowed 
rh hendeetunt| note fo eslem pas aie af woto @fAT shtteg«f 9F0O% 
7 ry taedfeoxs avs I eld. ad ubeortsy wd yd veed@ wety ett bao ensure 
A. silt. Fo woltivog 0 betwesstgs7 syod sf "900047 396 atnams iso 
“tl : ‘t foo bao qoox ont aay are edt to soodg av ezedé7ed/es sos/asastea 
gfe Baaresuare f : eVowot, FAgie sat 
Mi, Bid, to sities 8 en paws bool s tadé besingeoset od denum Ji. 
 etbow eit exoted ylrelvoisase .yiseth yrev ed deum sonsdsoomi 
_ fees yltcebive estnsdo .yredase dé df sit of ebsa enoivecit 
Aaeeny wc Qo wotssquoeo eds Bnizebner to nolénetat edd ddiv 
Te ie \P1HOO eff .tneineveoo stom bas ai sude weed sone 


. al RS 
ae ie Siees: ne , ee as Sey & <i 
_ 4 eprati: 14D)" pale: By al as eo 7 . ; zm y Lv ey 


. fa 


a 


88 
are opened in the halls, that are further accompanied by pri- 
vies.(Art. Prives). One will note that the windins stairs do 
not ascend from the bottom, but are interrupted above the sec- 
ond story, to take the other side of the entrance to the tower.. 
This is a common arrangement in towers of that epoch, to avoid 
treason and to compel persons desiring to ascend to the para- 
pet to pass through one of the halls. This was a means for 
making supervision easy and for recognizins the men of the 8 
Sarrison, who ascended to the parapet for service; for the p 
parapets of the curtains beins only accessible from the towers, 
the stairs of the towers conseauently served all the upper de- 
fenses. We have represented at G (Fis. 17) the movable bridge 
placing the great hall in communication with the covered way 
of the lower court at the south side. If by scaling the eneny 
had obtained possession of the covered way H of the outer cir- 
cular curtain, it was necessary for him to force the door I 
or the gate K to penetrate into the castle. The posts establ- 
ished at A or L threw him over the parapet or into the ditch 
behind the wall. The post A served the terrace M withibattle- 
ments above the gate, just as the post L served the covered 
Sallery N commandins the movable bridge G. As for the keep, 
in the second story it opened to the covered gallery of the 
curtain by a movable bridge 0, but passins throush the suard- 
room Ie With defenses so well designed, no surprise was to be 
feared, however little the garrison of the castle was fully 
acquainted with the numerous turns, the resouecces offered by 
these, and that they should suard with some care. A birdseye 
view (18),taken from the side of the lower court, will make 
clear the anternal and external arrangements of the castle of 
Coucy.! 

Note Lepetith. This worlew is node vy wneans of the existing vr 
ruins and the view given by Du Gerceav in His “Plus excevVent 
Bostiments de France.” We have represented a portion of the 
aQefensive galleries in place or the tops of the keep and of % 
the TLEht tower. 

It must be recognized that a longs stay in a castle of this 

importance must be very dreary, particularly before the modi- 
fications made in the 14 th century, changes evidently caused 
with the imtention of rendering the occupation of this resid- 
ence less shut in and more convenient. The court, shadowed by 


4 ‘ iy ee i oh a 
en ; ah At ce iy = i avi © 
Pad! : : 


a4 | a ae oo 
Steves vide dh seilohebniteaund-Adakdasemndbe eine 
ite et bok wi od ese es \¥18b bos betosiisco sees sum ,oonstescos 
le deeend0% aint nt ieesoloo saw [fA . (Of). .mevke weiv eds 

| epttanenssed soitesitenoo edt .e1s0o vas1s dtinw beduoexs dagod 
——i“ws pt ST .emit awo to nom odd velttilsd tedd .ebsvse bas ebhux 
—si‘(s“sog# Qa0fed seum sonebise: {sbust eidd Io einsdidednt edé todd 
ye ego fe eb sam yrsmoteve 10% &eiddyrevs 101 .aseeit Ye sost 8 
eatetée oft to easte sdT .ysbod beddimbe tends ot iciiasaue eleoe 
odd (vantage dd &£ edt Yo sexndousde edt to aniteeqe era sR) 
 §gae eedosed odd bus .etneasitiad sdz of etniasso oft to ellie 
& III. basrr98sand biG sddeied yvieethio edt svode sem 10% sbhem 
-tesh .soisaisw biqeiini as ,exsenem eorsit déiw bool Letaenot 
7 .dganeiwte aamud nad¢ siem to sonestesace sidd yd eestcmi oF 94 
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teav bas exsileo sdf .tiveo aswol sdz bea siveso edi basus of 

A eto eeisoge bowors sid dtasaed tetxre [lite tedi .esztoteuseie 
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edt ffs ytel Hinoo ,1ssy 8 to etsie gs eniivh enoieivoig hoe 

| s/ epfao sddeton-esw youoh to huol- edd wot! .omid eid to coins 
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| eve= vinovton denank oilidd Yo egies sit to ercedst ebua sat 
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bas yiivitos edi vd gisla dt wo tast evewlA .etil ese asw mo 
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;  -\pas Antdoiane to ensem's bavot .eoniag deed dedt rniselees 
emis eti Yo daogane sdt mid gaoibast ai jentemob edi aniesstont 
eager of soeser on bed ti dud \iswog {eyor edd hotnembhus ti 
sisw ebiol [sheet teom sadt bef{soe1 sd teum ¢I .esoivice eti 
Revad it da odw igo stale naar fisiiso a yd befovorsse — : 


= i ere yy he — aa | | od \ oe . 7 a Pa 


89 
snis enormous keep, surrounded by hish structures of severe 
appearance, must seem contracted and dark, as may be judged by 
the view given. (19). 7 All was colossal in this fortress; alt- 
hough executed with Sreat care, the construction has somethins 
rude and savage, that belittles the men of our time. It seems 
that the inhabitants of this feudal residence must belons to 
a race of Ssiants, for everythings for customary use is at a 
scale superior to that admitted today. The steps of the stairs 
(we are speaking of the structures of the 13 th century), the 
sills of the openings in the battlements, and the benches are 
made for men above the ordinary heisht. Did Rnguerrand ITI, a 
fowerful lord with fierce manners, an intrepid warrior, desi- 
re to impress by this appearance of more than human strensth, 
or did he form the garrison of selected men? We cannot decide 
this. But in erecting his castle, he certainly thousht of man- 
ning it with siants. This lord always had fifty knishts with 
him, which gives a number of at least five hundred men at arms 
in ordinary times. Not less numerous a garrison was reauired 
to suard the castle and the lower court. The cellars and vast 
storehouses, that still exist beneath the sround stories of 
the buildings of the castle allowed the storage of provisions 
for more than a year, assuming a garrison of a thousand men.. 
In the 13 th century a feudal lord possessing a similar fort- 
ress and with wealth sufficient to surround himself with such 
a number of men at arms, and to supply them with munitions a 
and provisions during a siege of a year, could defy all the 
armies of his time. Now the lord of Coucy was not the only 
vassal of the king of France, whose power was to be feared. 
The rude labors of the reign of Philip Ausust not only gave 
vivid splendor ts the crown of Franci, but gave him the adv- 
antase of occupyins without interruption his nobolity, to wh- 
om war was life. Always kept on the alert by the activity and 
ambition of Philip August, who had to conauer rich provinces, 
to struggle against enemies as powerful as himself, but less 
obstinate and less skilful, feudalism lost its leisure amd in 
assisting that sreat prince, found a means of enrichins and 
increasins its domains. im lending him the suvoport of its arms, 
it augmented the royal power, but it had no reason to resret 
its services. It must be recalled that most feudal lords were 
surrounded by a certain number of knishts, who were not paid, 


as 7 i eae tai 
oO i 


Meany ER ti bebis pn Re aTEA | b id Sa dotde hak 

Ion 2809 Son jieit Yo elsia oft ssbhau bast to noitaoq elds 
gf ronam atedsd tLivd ysdt .ntemob thiol edt Yo sottoeat sadd 
a thas petewos to gest duéddiw eoesod Seititzot ..9-1 .esauod 
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ss gtememane Yo .evoddeten eid to exseoxs edt ta niemod aid gat 
| _RMsemid anibavowise Yo baa ,elieso edd od hataistiea eteit edd 
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eatotiua tedugtio aff to yrsding 879000 
_tadd iinatéee Lemond biveo tapaud agilidS .edesupnoo eid ya. 
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vib sot ,aiemob [gyo1.edd ot eteit sdt aniviay 103 fetasesag 
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oo tnsbasgeb yitoertbh etsit edt Gnidem yd ,efseesy dseag sad 
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asd bevil bed gevaoA gilidd tI .ysiaeib. oJ yiividos evel base 
extins si esontvoig eid benzevo2 eved bluoo bas ,19as0l eissy 
~90 ot enob oved.bisoo of tadw wont oc G[noillib ef Si ysosed 
wed Bus ,awots sdi to elseesv gee1% sdt to noisidms edt yao 
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-da edt .ytisyou 2aieaerost edi to Isvia s wos tleeti sveited 
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-so elseesy tss1z sdé to noidileoo 8 31 eivod lo ysiaonin ond 
-otio etsanti0§ .tesgeA qilidS Yo Asow odd Satyoutesb.aseq om 
_-wdtom edt to yilids.odt..esifls edd te nofeivibh s.,esonstemu 
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hae Sedwar yes -wens bensdsgnsiate ed o¢ beasseqe asw0g Is 
~mbe Pet eno tedd ,eivod «2 Yo 1e¢0stedo efi to.ebie.enC.. 
edd to bas smit odd to eabelwond stostiso sds 2f .dowm.cosy sti 
gid Yo-sonsvbs af doum baim e déin yhevil od modx 2o0ms nom 


. F 
ony: Maal Vatt ’ i" 


90 

but which received according to merit a more or less consider- 
able portion of land under the title of fief; once vossers of 
that fraction of the lord’s domain, they built their manor h 
houses, i.e., fortified houses withdut keep or towers, and t 
thus lived as proprietors of the soil, havins onty some duti- 
es toward the lord, lending him their aid and that of their 
men in case of war, and rendering homage to him. By prolonging 
a state of war, each feudal lord then had the hove of increas- 
ing his domain at the expense of his neighbors, of ausmentins 
the fiefs pertaining to the castle, and of surroundings himself 
with a great number of vassals disposed to support hin. 

Note Bepetihe. shis view of the enterrvor of the court of the 
castle of Goucy is -assuneddtoobe token Tron the siae of the 
chopel nearest the entrance. On the riaht Vs seen the keep w 
With VES POStern ond Arawbridage, MW the third plane is the 
principal gore and the circular wal, in the {First plone is 
she chapel ond the bestuning of the stairs ascending to the 
covered gallery of the circulor curtain. 

By his conquests, Philip Ausust could largely satisfy that 
hierarchy of ambitious men, and althoush he lost no occasion 
presented for uniting the fiefs to the royal domain, for div- 
idins them and for diminishing the political*importance of t 
the great vassals, by makins the fiefs directly dependent on 
the crown, yet in dying he left a sood number of lords, whose 
power could sive umbrase to a sovereisn havins less strensth 
and less activity to display. If Philip Ausust had lived ten 
years longer, and could have governed his provinces in entire 
peace, it is difficult to know what he could have done to oc- 
cupy the ambition of the great vassals of the crown, and how 
he could have undertaken to suppress that power, which could 
believe itself now a rival of the increasins royalty. The sh- 
ort reignsoffLouis VITI was asain filled by wars; but during 
the minority of Louis IX a coalition of the sreat vassals ca- 
me near destroying the work of Philio Ausust. Fortunate circ- 
umstances, @ division of the allies, the ability of the moth-- 
er of the king, saved the crown; contests ceased and the roy- 
al power avveared to be strensthened anew. 

Jne side of the character of S. Louis, that one cannot adm- 
ire too much, is the perfect knowledge of the time and of the 
men among whom he lived; with a mind much in advance of his 


P y, \ 


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Pet. 2 Pa, , = ne ius 


91 

age} he understood that peace was for royalty a solvent for 
ambitious feudalism, accustomed to arms, always discontented 
when it no longer had the hope for extension; the reforms mei - 
itated by him were not yet suffifienctly rooted in the midst 
of the people to oppose an obstacle to the turbulent spirit 

of the lords. It was necessary to oust from their nests those 
dangerous neighbors that surrounded the throne, to wear out 
their vower, to impair their wealth, to secure this result, 
had then the king of France any means other than the crusades? 
Ne can scarcely believe, that a prince with such a mind, direct, 
just and enlightened, as that of S. Louis, when he undertook 
his first expedition to the Hast, had in view merely a persm- 
al aim. He could not be ignorant, that in abandoning his dom- 
ains to reconguer the holy land, im a time when the spirit of 
the crusades was no less than popular, he was leavins in sus- 
pense the Sreat reforms, that he had undertaken, and that be- 
fore God he was responsible for the evils, that his voluntary 
absence might cause among his people. The kingdom at vdeace, 
the members of the feudality began to strussle with each oth- 
er: this was permanent civil war, a return to barbarism; to 
desire to oppose by force the pretensions of the great vassals 
was to provoke new coalitions against the crown. To carry th- 
ese powerful rivals far from France was for the monarchy in 
the 13 th century the sole means of thoroughly impairing feu- 
dalism, and for reducing those imoresnable fortresses seated 
just on the steps of the throne. Had 3. Louis been surrounded 
only by vassals of the temper of lord de Joinville, it is do- 
ubtful that he would have undertaken his crusades; but the 
moral ascendant that he had acquired, his attempts in monarch- 
ical government perhaps could not have broken the feudal all- 
iance, if he had not occupied and at the same time ruined the 
nobility by these distant expeditions. S. Louis had for hims- 
elf the experience acauired by his predecessors, and each cr- 
usade, whatever its result, had been during the 11 th ard 12 
th centuries a cause of the decline of feudalism, a means for 
the sovereign to extend the monarchical power. What time did 
3. Louis choose for his expedition? It was after havins van- 
guished the armed coalition, at the head of which was found 
the count of Brittany, after having orotected the lands of 

the count of Champagne from the lords leasued asainst hin, 


a ; : ? “ e Pe 
: co oo ; * 
s 


t Sgeeh ds to ebnad : als Sidanejba tas: besevitit ranted Raat 
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my As _bIn90 tebi0 bee micter ,deiup .soseq ,sonsiss900 aelimie sal 
teoinpoy as Yo debim eds ai exshash enolase teom sdi etsaiginzo 
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utéda “Ge -asooliving sii so taidosotoge 

we baed. fes0n 8. ine exed? .enotien to yroseid edi ai isdia0% 
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* asi beieveo 

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Nae 
BE oe Ae | Peis 
win 7 ios TOF : ; “ad ie ee - +, me OP é ray | ae 


92 

after having delivered Saintonse from the hands of the king 

of England and of the count of Marche, finally after having 
given peace to his kingdom with as much good fortune as sour- 
ase, and having substituted actual for nominal sovereignty. 

In a similar occurrence, peace, quiet, reform and order could 
originate the most serious dangers in the midst of an unquiet 
and idle nobility, that already felt the hand of the sovereign 
encroaching on its privileges. 

Further im the history of nations, there is e moral tenden- 
cy, to which perhaps historians do not attacheenoush importan- 
ce, because they cannot enter into the private life of indiv- 
iduals, this is weariness. When war emded and order was rest- 
ored and consequently the sway of the sovernment, what could 
these feudal lords do, shut up in their castles and surrounded 
py their companions and men at arms? If they spent the days 
in the chase and the evenings in enjoyments, if they enterta- 
ined around them pleasant companions to kill the time, then 
they soon saw their resources expended, for t ey no longer h 
had the possible resources brought to them by the troubles a 
and disorders of a state of war. Ef more prudently they redu- 
ced their train, discharged their soldiers, and resigned them- 
selves to live as peaceful proprietors; ,their fortresses bec- 
ame an insupportable residence, time for them must be of al 
length and a hopeless monotony; for if some nobles in the 13 
th century possesses a certain culture and devoted themselves 
to the pleasures of the mind, the great majority conceived no 
othe 1 occupations, than those of war and future exoeditions. 
Veariness then produced the most extravasant projects in those 
heads accustomed to the noisy life, to the emotions of war. 

3. Louis had not yielded to the armed and menacing nobles, 
after having compelled them to sheathe their swords, but per- 
haps did not believe himself in condition to contest the weer - 
iness and idleness of his vassals, to pursueythe reforms med 
itated, amons the jealous fortresses by which the soil was c 
covered. 

“The crusades devoured a Ssreat number of nobles, and resto- 
red to the throne their vacant fiefs. But under no reign did 
they contribute more to the increase of the royal domain, than 
ander that of 3. Louis; it is easy to find the reason; the c 
crusades had already become slishtly out of date in the time 


te, 
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bos bloke nt (She) efoniwet eeavil COS asvo son dese ni mid of 
-etdewied eid to seeds Bas steaseq eid Bisa bed ed nodw ,r9evlis 
“esavil 008 mid svee bos sid aot tose ,etdt enioasel etvo] .2 
daemon edt tA .nottiieexe edd nt exaisnoo of (888%) etonanos 
‘Bas sonst% to tatd eds* ehsents fnooee edt rot suo Saitier to 
8 .eb070 sid exist ot om boeesiq\ Yfkootse etrevsY Yo emit odd 
j “"betLoet T ‘tnd .2e0t0 odd to stameratig edt edsdieban of bas 
to sotvies sit ni 10 see edé Baoyed esw I slidw decd .meds oF 
~pegnow bad sons7% to anid edd Yo exeoltto bas mem edt . 500 
Sx pbaabotadt ‘eaw I don doum o@ ,etostdue yu heasetaqo Nas 


ae 


m, 
4 


i 4. 

\! . : 1 ' * a3 

a + ‘ q 
Sa te -ou tits Bt Ns 


93 
of §. Louis, the nobles no longer believed they would be exp- 
osed to them, and consequently had neither arms nor horses, 
nor war equipment; it was necessary to borrow; they mortsased 
their fiefs to the king, who was rich and could lend. At the 
end of the crusade, those of the lords surviving their compan- 
ions in arms returned so poor and miserable, that they were | 
in no condition to redeem their fiefs, which then became def- 
initely the property of those, who had received them as secu- 
rity. This species of political usury seemed natural in the 
time that it occurred; the encroachments of S. Louis were con- 
cealed by the legality of his purposes; no one would have dared 
to suspect him of an unjust matter. By the power of his virt- 
ues, he appeared to consecrate even the vast results of his 
politics. . 

Note 1.9.120. Instit. de Saint Louis, by count Beusnor. 

3. Louis by means of these expeditions oversea, not only r 
ruined feudalism and deprived it of its castles, but also cen- 
tralized under his command a numerous army, that on his retu- 
rn and in spite of his misfortunes, he knew how to use for e 
extending the royal domain under a relisious pretext. Just as 
under the pretext of protectins himself from the menaces of 
the Old Man of the Mountain, he established a special suard 
about his person, which Tday amd night took care diligently 
to guard his body,”~ but which in fact was far more intended 
to prevent treachery of the nobles. 

Note BoHel BO. WIVVAaw de Nongis. 

Joinville relates that in leaving for the crusade and to p 
prepare himself, he mortsased to his friends a sreat part of 
his domain, “so that there remained to him mot more than 1200 
livres of rent for land.” Arrived in Cyprus, there was left 
to him in cash not over 200 livres tournois ($42) in sold and 
silver, when he had paid his passage and those of his knights. 
%, Louis learnins this, sent for him aud gave him 800 livres 
tournois ($168) to continue in the expedition. At the moment 
of settings out for the second crusade, “the kins of France and 
the king of Navarre,stronsly pressed me to take the cross, a 
and to undertake the pildéramage of the cross. But I replied 
to them, that while I was beyond the sea or in the service of 
God, the men and officers of the king of France had wronsed 
and oppressed my subjects, so much that I was impoverished; 


Ae beh kom ae 7 a 


. T BRAS ae # a" 
feubtetdoviews seul bivow I sate oe 
- beok 8: ‘ede ebre vere. Sait eveiled o¢ moese1 yrove 
Gisbiae ntisd at evedte yasm wot ted iin edoce ef tsxtt be 
aadieeed yo benrevon ed o¢ etookdue atedd tnivesl! bar evoro 
*  ehtagtenanedt ne mort esea oF endd modd bedtimisaq .tatk ent to 

‘pe fe00f eel seusoed tnemnteved anteesied eeol s vebas ofvy 
_ t aBve yttrodtus Letothet Hoewaseeoa ebicl [ebuse? sd? Tasdeid 
 deuten gifidd yd Bodiedo stew sttifted [syor edd sesos aiedé 
si“ oH Yo adatelqmon odd eontees edd ts dtoom does svisoes of 
 4edmnn atasiso 8 eteovorg edd enome omen oF .etostdue e*antd 
16d Biseo acttio edd aniniedn00 setsem of modw tuoddiw oom to 
ebned edd ni seeds Bae .eetaiteiten edd seivisave of .bsbioeh 
. Tabuset odd tenieds betoestbh mxa [ntrewog s sis" eiuoed .2 to 
 ~—-s igOH ods at beotoursent sd ot beewso soutag ted? .esvissszorst 
4 @f qettiliad to enoitonnt ed% aot bentsesbh ed tedd ,seodd wal 
nt ‘meds Saboasio yd efsandtas oft sbhtetuo exowog atedd bsbnedys 
‘@ betoveb nom eeedt nove bns .nolieitetatmbs ssisid edd diin 
eid to ettrodsns Letwtbut sfd bedostis yinsao seueo Leyor eda 
Ss heorotss yet {.sit .seuso [syor dd Setssero wd enoxa|d 
3 ‘evo .tHemATEVOR febust eft to teiIdo es .Snti edt fo’ sfetoniao 
| ~etotevedy .e6e80 ntatieo tatabsaft to tdeia sdd bed eiedio Ii[s 
-nistene 6d Blseo seintoo stadt ylevor08th .esenso [ayot boxtsd 
-so [ayor edt ylaselo detwkatteib o¢ yiseesoen saw ci tad pbs 
nm assidaa sit omooed Said sdt Sniser to 19ane6 odd Atiw ese 
=8q fettilited edi yd bealeah seven eaw elds won festeqeib {Is 
iP aot meds shtoeh bined aaiddon ,etseidsd .eeitsertns .enoisid 

% .etaoo Isbust edt at bseewoetb buses ysds tad? omit vievs 

-viotnti yeds .anit edt to vitootisue efqy toetTts os Bomeee tend 
bas eno fayot & Seuso Sdt bewslosbh ,esitiasq acd neewdad bare 
-$ Yo etnemdosotons sit Ligtineo tiedt ofak motetoeb edt dood 

t yd besaoqgue e19ew enoivotbetart sheet edt no ettilied edd 
Rin ?2ilisd edt bentotne esess ulssice at doidw ,dnemsifasq sad 
Be eisdd oxtse of Bas (ebael Isbyet odd to ebasf edd no sete od 

- /(eetaatsitest deid saew ehiol seedd dboodtis ,etsnoeita dove 
=nef aiedd mo detone o¢ emis ised Hivco wel of 2aibr0cDe hos 

: | © ekd ot mommee Bluoo oait edd wal Ishust va Se eteit bas 2b 
 -noetaq” 2 mid O¢ IeVileb of beevtet bed ofw .[seesv edt tavoo 


: ose laos tea 


ee etd baee ton blwod sud .motend yd bexit eottienea edt mid 
# Bbi06: don bEb ee ‘qidebiol a at etiaw svise of extit 


el a: 2 “ars si Ls. sa # a | ‘iw, » 2 ' i ot 


- ptentets’ ‘eonvono1e .so8 evornefet s es Isente1 eid bisker .16 


us 


ce 


94 

so that I would never recover therefrom.” Certainly there is 
every reason to believe that Joinville was a good nobleman, 
and that he spoke truth: but how many others in takins the. 
cross and leaving their subjects to be governed by officers 

of the king, permitted them thus to pass from an insupportable 
rule under a less harassing government because less local and 
higher? The feudal lords possessed judicial authority over t 
their acts; the royal bailiffs were charged by Philip Ausust 
to receive each month at the assizes the complaints of the k 
king’s subjects, to name amons the provosts a certain number 
of men without whom no matter concerning the cities could be 
decided, to supervise the masistrates, and these in the hands 
of &. Louis were a powerful arm directed asainst the feudal 
prerogatives. That prince caused to be instructed in the Roman 
law those, that he destined for the functions of bailiffs; he 
extended their powers outside the tribunals by charsins them 
with the higher administration, and soon these men devoted to 
the royal cause openly attacked the judicial authority of the 
barons by creating the royal cause, i.e., they enforced the 
principle of the kins, as chief of the feudal sovernment, over 
all others had the right of jjudsinés certain cases, therefore 
termed royal causes. Risorously that opinion could be sustain- 
edy but it was necessary to distinguish clearly the royal ca- 
ses, with the danger of seeing the king become the arbiter in 
all disputes’ now this was never desired by the bailiffs: pe- 
titions, entreaties, threats, nothing could decide them for it; 
every time that they heard discussed in the feudal courts, t 
that seemed to affect the authority of the kins, they interv- 
ened between the parties, declared the cause a royal one, and 
took the decision into their courts.! The encroachments of t 
the bailiffs on the feudal jurisdictions were supported by t 
the parliament, which in certain cases enjoined the bailiff 

to enter on the lands of the feudal lords, and to seize there 
such prisoners, although these lords were high justiciaries, 
and according to law could. bear arms to punish on their lan- 
ds and fiefs.”- By feudal law the king could summon to his 
court the vassal, who had refused to deliver to him a prison- 
er, regard his refusal as a felonious act, pronounce against 
him the penalties fixed by custom, but could not send his bat- 


liffs to serve writs in a lordship, that did not belons to him. 


3 


 etomgues: Swe ae. cai 2 ape laa P stSteqet otox 
ve. be Satth eat with ela alJ0 89d «fSleqeS ot ox 
St aes doe Lament & 2 ak R0yeteM .9m0e: OAT stRteq. 8 atox 
ar edd vdi-bentes | adbaataieae yisinse st ¢r edt to bne odd 7A. 
ane _® .tewog SJeyou oft yd noitesinaaio esi ni bedostta .esbaenis 
—aom ‘edd ef eiset enoivea seuso oF noidtbans ak 1ebsel on ean 
 Beatiot tos1e ot tasbascebnt bas dots yitoetoitice ton .ydous 
 thfweo biol on fooge tedd mi eebiesf# .youoD to dadt sill eee 
sis htwoditiw ,oltesslagvwens ytitiot to egisine neve ton sowitenoo 
ss nt oN. adterevor eid movt noieelmisg benisédo seit snived 
 guetdam aids 20 seonsatbro bus asexbsh redto Srome mil0 etd ni 
_—ssgokag edd dentists soisos ws tdkvord exovey to godaid edt Jeds 
-eeetdi0t e« toe1e o¢ bedeiw ef szusoed .etioJ-ase-stiasi} to 
_ got gard odd to D2iiied edd vd bhonmoitsos ased tleemid Sed dns 
e@iwod .2 .avo eid to-atnemeltiad odd betisoss ylgmie soived 
 efonatesoo edd Anicutet 1 Saitasi® to ddzia edd bemsees bad 
-ze ted? [fe woadiaeve ton biwos ed Ii fae yesesotdi10t Yo aoi 
_soveh tedd bosevetiamoeb eifi to seis edd no emis etd ai betel 
«) mobtoets sdt inevertq of bemtsio ef dasel ts. mid oF shards 
it eonsiiconi %o selteso wet ebnit sno beehai Snes ;sea0 wen to 
 -99f edd to botieo ¢sdd aniwh oir ,ObFE oF OBSE mort tfind 
saswoq to yiiew biswot Anpeteg ebeesoig dadd .ysowsnom don 
bea hone -dnemazesvo> to brs 
+ 8h .¥isisA0o add no yintnes dt Sf edt fio efbbim edz mort 
_=9e19 Beseortrot won ,tiiwdex so berisges aslieso blo eft ses 
 reeelb bas esidvois eft to 1eveo ishop ewiotinisd done? so be 
ttatas [shust edd medi gud syasanoo sit heisloesk ged¢ sized 
| -dt bas ,ytilidom sit te emoteno odt es ilew es ,beitibeom ean 
—s e Ratauh mesodo saodt wort saerstifbh emrot eis. esonsbiss? 936 
| 2 to dadé to Batnsiged eft fa bone tevduk gilidd to neiss ont 
di &t sdt of qu slidw .eeosiag boititsot smsosd ysdt yetwoi 
~stided dtiw bebiveriq esese1sts0% yisiem siew eslieso yindaso 
 -«glieee yisv sis eoiteiretosiadio daetetIib yiev seedT .enois 
taiog Isausoetidois sft most sonsticomi ¢ss1h sved yeds ,a9se 
-ted beteixs evad) tenm ti es youoD to elteso edd Sas .weiv fo 
eav1es awintoso dt Bf edt to bne odd ts. noidovitencoss sid s10 
?. »buoose boa s2e1td odd to esiseso edd neewsed noitiensad 8 es 
 sded herstisoe aninistnco sweolone ns tebael on ai si jebnit 
+ oa nepentovetae a yd hetentmob oxelliv beitisiot s edil ,ancitsti 


Pg 
; ne a ry . * i> a , > i 
; Li aw © = os ' : as :- ae _ ” : Tt 


aes oe apcgie gonneo ti base wqsed sfig .d10T | 


95 

Note Leveleie Inst. de S. Louris, by count Beugnor. 

Note 2opeiBi. bes OVim (ordinances). Vole 1. pe Aii- 

Note Sopoi2eine The sawe. Note 35. 

At the end of the 13 th century feudalism, ruined by the o 
crusades, attacked in its organization by the royal power, w 
was no longer in condition to cause serious fears to the mon- 
archy, nor sufficiently rich and independent to erect fortres- 
ges like that of Coucy. Besides in that epoch no lord could 
construct nor even enlarge or fortify anewsaleastle, without 
having first obtained permission from his sovereign. We find 
in the Olim among other decrees and ordinances on this matter, 
that the bishop of Nevers brought au action against the prior 
of Gharite-sur-Loire, because he wished to erect a fortress, 
and had himself been actioned by the bailiff of the king for 
having simply repaired the battlements. of his own. S. Louis 
had assumed the right of sranting or refusing the construct- 
jiom of fortresses; and if he could not overthrow all that ex- 
isted in his time on the area of his domainsjsand that save 
umbrage to him, at least he claimed to prevent the erection 
of new ones: and indeed one finds few castles of importance 
built from 1240 to 1340, i.e., during that period of the Pre- 
nch monarchy, that proceeds resolutely toward unity of power 
and of sovernment. 

From the middle of the 14 th century on the contrary, we 
see the old castles repaired or rebuilt, new fortresses erec- 
ed on French territory, under cover of the troubles and disas- 
ters that desolated the country; but then the feudal spirit 
was modified, as well as the customs of the nobility, and th- 
ese residences take forms different from those chosen durins 
the reign of Philip Ausust and at the besinnins of that ef §. 
Louis; they became fortified palaces, while up to the 13 th 
century castles were merely fortresses provided with habita.. 
tions. These very different characteristics are very easily 
seen; they have great importance from the architectural point 
of wiew, and the castle of Coucy as it must have existed bef- 
ore the reconstruction at the end of the 14 th century, serves 
as a transition between the castles of the first and second 
kinds; it is no longer an enclosure containing scattered hab- 
itations, like a fortified villase dominated by a princely 
fort, the keep; and it cannot either be the palace, the comb=- 


iki 
uf ‘ 
fost dee .reb10 salute ab bocts entity Wi Yo) aes 

| pois +i dents. apr ee «arte ahanianiones edt ot ie otid, 
es “~ 8 ‘ “faaened & od Raibiooos betourtenco elteao [eox odd si 
ae aatoes idows Yo niemob edg of Aniaioter ylerites tnemesca1I6 

| ke dads .enoniwi of 918 asonshiee: febust evedd [ila yebor 
rr aot hoivaee pirvsc sdt to sebi tosxs ne aniatdo y[sousoe azo 
eitthiente sedoidt ems entesiwo Bos exr)swot edt .noisstided edd 
gap | Ratvecl ,nolttoniteeb geleer biaoo bas ,eeiusowise Aninismes 
Ae _ duoddiw setnomeansi1s onteneteh Jneasmisa oss to skbut oF an 
i oe 40 ,noktodiateib {envedat oft to Lisseb sdé eu anivis, 
F _ edd Yo ybod edt hetoesors dads .esonsbacged Ienasixe evotemno 
sab need eved teus ol¢eeo @ tadw aehienoo od s19610 al .soasla 
- tot yiseesoon et +i .vwineo dé Fr edt to tied deail edd oni 
ie eafoinordo at henietaoo enoitciiessbh oF eeiwoost sved of an 
ie “aakdnen ton 918 eanotiqtiozeb eeedi eieianutioy ,eeonamo1 bus 
ee -o-etnetons teom edt Io on0 whelisteb etino nezto sexs yodt fas 
on Yo tusao t¢eritedd nt bentatooo dedt ei selognie bas sislqnoo 
| “eso edt %o swan efit sebaw doidw bone .9208 edt to sonsmod ofd 
eh enol .devgud qilidd to exvuod edt stoigqsb .yevolsel to old 
| — thind eaw sivod edt to geai 10 1ewod desi edgy daddt snstonti 
| _eviee ot been ds bne sivessrs eid evisoss of sociig tedd yd 
wort bled stew sone19. to eleit [fs ;ederS edd 102 nosito 6 4s 
Sadinhain eleeecy teert oft doidw of .eiveod edé to aewod edt 
- fsdio ed? anid sdt of ytilebhit to diso sit wood bas. .ehenmod 
ako @iLidd yd betoo1e seiveitl sien olteso tend 0 eeindonate 
a; pane bi0)..teeqe o¢ ¢ elar0d eb Asif Lit wolls 409 .ten 
er yea + FSI. SSF +o 

be ey tlw? vi alse. servag ,9808 oJ 38 maned ef&Sieda lt Stour 

- enodanamth otteastduodh ota, @217Od 8H wos sli sESLi Get 9FQk 
ot etsoq wollo of yrosssoon as ti sud ;tboTd bun Atgned as 
yor “os 3 ; : s + SF OTPSZOxXS 

N e brawot Kees oton sal sat sr9fed besbal. .£8l.ge8 ston 
Pian} a adatace of Ssiqoba ATO" bsonagho sittid o sow seats? sat 
ie a 08 Ciarree x38) | , a - 610 

ne |, M estorensg Leomhbaoune ap ST9u adh TuOFP SA9AT wBSL.GE SFOK 
_ i out teom toto sa0 ylno 6382898809 M90G9 Fodt ad BSITB90 
sar - atess (948 pad eite0o 0 G20 otawad att tua -eatsteog amoe At sw 
Reh a vs ed bsauno eow estos fo rsdmun Sat bao ,ytio Foe7e Oo THOSE 
bre nin at _~taotroqal yte¢ stew todd ,ssasasfekh Jaoursixs 


a 


Le i 


i 


os 
RIS rarh Guecenesiete ot entoeerpevatéotontn rst? 7OF etter 
Pil + ie : 


ee a m Se ke X, 
eee. eae : ; Aap ie hh mi, ie i ea ue 


96 
combination of buildings placed im resular order, subjectins 
the defense to the arransements required by the habitation, 
the real castle constructed accordins to a Seneral scheme, a 
arrangement entirely returning to the domain of architecture. 

Today all these feudal residences are so rwinous, that one 
can scarcely obtain an exact idea of the parts servings for t 
the habitation, the towers and curtains are thicker than the 
remaining’ structures, and could resist destruction, leavins 
us to judge of the permanent defensive arrangements, without 
siving us the detail of the internal distribution, or of the 
numerous external dependances, that protected the body of the 
place. In order to consider what a castle must have been dur- 
ing the first half of the 13 th century, it is nocessary for 
us to have recourse to descriptions contained in chronicles 
and romances; fortunately these descriptions are not wanting 
and they ere often quite detailed. One of the most ancient, 
complete and singular is that contained in the first part of 
the Romance of the Rose, and which under the name of the cas- 
tle of Jealousy, depicts the Louvre of Philip August. None is 
ignorant that the great tower or keep of the Louvre was built 
by that prince to receive his treasure and at need to serve 
as a prison for the State; all fiefs of France were held from 
the tower of the Louvre, in which the great vassals rendered 
homage, and took the oath of fidelity to the kins. The other 
structures of that castle were likewise erected by Philip Aus- 
ust. But allow Villiam de Lorris 1 to speak. (Old French Poem. 
ps 122, 123.1 

Note 1-p.-122. Rowan Ge Va ROSe, verse B814. 

Note 1.p.123. WALVLiow de Lorrie here doubvessthe dimensions 
AWN Length ova breadth, but 1% Vs necessary to allow poets to 
exaederate. 

Note BeH-1ABe Indeed vefore the principal gate ond towerd 
she Seine wos a Little advanced work adapted to contain ao Su- 
Orde 

Note 3-0-1223. These four gortes were an exception, generally 
castles in that epoch possessed only one or at most Wo gates 
with some posterns. But the Louvre was o castle im the plain 
near o rent city, and the numver of gates was caused by the 
external aefenses, that were very important, and vy the neces~ 


sity for the sovererven Be recelwe Vn Nis castle ao great asesen- 


af 


ss 


a) on 


- - ¢ fm > 


aaa 4h 


. sqoog od? SHomo ftosgeot avetntom oF ai70d Fo ytio sat bavoro 
9 SHIT Plasatd basfeh bas qu tude of s7Ted yroessosnne sow FT 
9809 gaisestg co af afoto tud ,#iomoh afd fo tabla sat ad Sv0s 
tlousr a yetio sdf to #70q@ o OF woafvr10es BAF Fo traq 0 base oF 
““@ wo yd beboto00sd sod of Pleaaid wolfe tor of yitasuoseroa bn0 
~$f03 si¥ata sit svofed bsbsofrTed stew ode ,etnsetuant Fo ybod 
-08 Juvsese svod of Sisw tt? #dguOont FIT et#sh sStowrst io gao0g 


ee f Oe .. 


Ss7Td#rol eff of eof 
esesilaosieg of srstet eddt font tushivsa ef FI skoheg. fb Stor 
atid tswot oc Sstosts Avow gdt-Fo #toteom SH% cASLi. Teh OFOH 
-69Hp 6 S794 af #2 .stusotons Sat Fo ofbbim sat ni Shida toore 
asdtevo sd# of pcrevttn0o todt ,svevod sd#?+ Fo gest sdt Fo nott 
TO sJébia sat to yltooxs sow @ettutasa At BS bao dt St sAt Fo 
fo qse# eft fout ,#sg707 fon av fst #uG .erwsofons. stouns sat 
o eo ‘sows eo yrwsosts o ,.rswot Jnnoftasoxs £0 sbew St¢Hwog sAt 
sfiaoo0s sdf afotaqxs ystosfrsg estos twoy sat seksseg .seas iss 
180} JSo FO asxo sdf no cow bao bsdeow toads , Gad asdt Fo wo 
=<7od sh motSliw yd wottorsagoxns Siite af sve8 ASL. Ge SFR 
yd rvetemosi .tf 53 Tuvodo pilxo sow stevold sat vo gsexv sat sed 
-Powbtvogms fasasftib yrse fo ef yowos Fo gsexv sift (wadd .tF se 
toy Fit SES tuodn FAdssd sti Sao .tF VeLOL sated TEfsmOss ets 
efor" fog quo note bsfoste aasd syot feue voxron FO qasnv sdf 
vstto tive ulao sow qss¥ sédt todt aéotre9 af ¢T .8onener eva 
w gat gutevos yoros Fo bvof beorg st .teugud géilid? Fo Foods? 
‘-otq fo god sat nd sted wi bstoors od of sf#600 add fo alsow 
‘evom of oF datw sd S75 .G080 Bid HO soHeTe FO aAwOTd sat salso 
| $besoowe of bom/oso sd aagéstscos adt aodt Tettsd bao 
~10.) 96 WOsSSEN FO omtt edt at sostlod wom BFS eASEeGod OtoK 
at ricien Srotiom tstied show tosenta itiw bstoss eait todt .eit 
Paes ee Sem . | : Sisyotqus JSéte hodtea todt 
74 Itustto avoérse teow ott etirsm sbeesog afAT AS. G22 SFON 


"9 edt Fo yteritas eAt td good sit aarsonoo sist regHos on tt 


ftom ere" fevgvk glide Fo svevol edt Fo ensotivsa off .etiso9 
9 0U0g sdf Fo ofteos edt Sano ,asatbiiud foarvstas yd bsSduob 


aedetee 20 _ cen fos ad at St bao dt tr sdt Fo eslteno sat Leyesitk: 


ite yS ~ a : me > ny oh a : a hd 


if : dy eA S ae eae os m ba Dh wi | 
tibds. ote: rrr aera a orld? Yo egetedssds 
oat h sibeos ase: fo bro eenaaont¥ to grvtroo dc At edt wt beaéotss 
Bt “ae shaegataw’ elseétorogaoo gino shu veuswod todd ,sJéfand sat Fo 
Pe. oe ow ,bstéupst yilososqes 97194 s9to) Tu0t 8iT .tastus nd tad 
Ty booosG ‘988977107 seatt gaitosrs TOF Ytieesosa sHt yd .90oFTEd 


ey 


97 
sssenblage of people. Ke see thot arrangement of four Sates 
retoined Va the 14 sh Centuny at Vincennes and at the castle 
of the Baste, thot however was ONLY COMPOTEtively URiMpPOTt— 
ant wn extent. The four gates were especially required, we % 
believe, by the necessity for erecting these fortresses placed 
around the city of Portis to maintain respect among the people. 
Tt was wnnecessary here to shut up and defend Winserlf Vike a 
Vora in the widest of his domain, Kut again Ln ao pressins case 
to send ao part of the Sarrison to a part of the city WH revort, 
And CONSSOUSHt*LY tO NOt ALLOW himself to ve wvockaded by Oo % 
pody of Ansurgents, who were barricaded before the single gate. 
Long ofterwards Henray TTT thought 1% werd to have several go- 
tes to MRS LOUOTE. 

Note 1- poi. Tt Vs evident that this vefers to porrtoa\iise s. 
Mote WeHPeiShe ahe wosters of the work erected a tower with 
Sreat SkILV in the widdrle of the enclosure, % is herve a ques- 
sion of the keep of the Louvre, thor contramy to the custons 
of the 12 th ond 13 th centuries was exactly ot the widdle of 
the saquore enclosure. But Lert us not forget, that the keep of 
she Lowore was on exceptional tower, a treasury os WUch as a 
GZefense. Besides, the four sates perfectryy explain the Looartr- 
on of this keep, hot masked and was ON the axes of al\ four. 

Notes) Bepei®he Hore Vs Srtiv\y exasserartion by WAVWViow de Lor- 
ris, the keep of the Louvre wos only about 6G Ft. ArLaneter vy 
QB ft. HSH) the Keep Of Goucy Vs of very Af feeent Luportiuce, 
Ate ArLamerter beins 101.7 Tt. and Lts herent ovourt 213 ft., yor 
the keep of coucy must have been erected when our poet wrote 
WLS rowonce. I% Vs Gertoin that this keep was only Out of ter 
Shot of PHIVAp August. The proud Lord of Bouncy cousin the w 
wovls of his castle to ve erected in Weete iw the hop of pla- 
eine the crown of France on wis Head, AI he wish to dO more 
and verter than the soverevén he claimed to succeed? 

Note AePeAQhe wed wen vKelieve in the time of Rien de Lor- 
ris, thot Liwe slaked with oinesor wmode better nortar? Was th 
hat weshod stivV enployed? 

Note Sepoi®he This passage merits the wost serious attentions 
A% no Longer here concerns the keep out the entirety of Wide 
castle. The curtains of the Louvre of Philip August were NOX 
Joubled by internal KuiILAings, and the castve of the youvre, 
Vike the castles of the 144 th ond 12 th centuries was composed 


_ Pt ee | ae 
, +, & ui - 3, a a 
a vi rf ve 


ir : 


) o1nso edt 40 4 pee yah i lesarerntn ts doviadl, Pea pee 
: lbndirerse? os? scddewabs ott bao gest sdt batéidodad b10S 907 | 


ewe seted, sit evodo 998 bfuoo sao samét todt to wod sbhnotertsbay 

m, bn0 BT EWOTHEH EROS 8 to estveqg Teggv sat enfotrus, stt; To atas 

fr oddiesoq. ton. eow tI .tvwoo att jo asta sdt no S90ndq efonogaon 

; -TH0 ott jo sefves/sog edt ao esaiaas. sssdt saéoosg Fo xanédt of 
: bsebad eaeyor aétt0d 95 wosd sti serowot edt ao ses! Séiéte ,eadod 
~gérossd sit bao lellow sdf addtia peoud ",a¢teno edt aldtéa® 
» Bgalbiied FI .sed¢oatg syouso gro afr10d 06 anédssisll Jo, anott 
-goo seed svod Sbiuwow godt ,andotirvea edd? teantoho fiiud sed bod. 


if = 


used. sevod ton Sivoo esaseas sat Fo sqot edt ban ,.sjoor yd 4978 
geatotgxs: moog oft Fo sgoeaog edt#t .etnsastdtiod edt 940 #898 

_ ~ffitro? sdt seadmoxs 920. H#9du .PanoTte Bsyouse Bow toast FoBz a 
gltolsodtieq .ytutasa dt SL edt Fo Plod tars} edt Fo anotfoo 
er toat to, soaesti7o? Jobus} ott fo. ylveen +8ad/faoo Fe ssodt 
redvwtase dt ef bao dt it edt af hséfibou toa srew fodt .A#9098 
wot ydseitotdsy bao srswot aiéd yrag Fo. eesyse 9 taseerG 88 
.eteoqg gafsd ssewot oft asd? sewnoed e+ hsabas add? yanéatauo 
-ovftve tow Sod todt ,srveolsas #0, gafsostorg ef70} sittis 10 
deuons- ton fucd ,ssaidoow Sufiteco tos7s tastorg of tAgésd saad 

4 -maltted sdt#+ +800 a@snote gSusteacc mort asnéidoom sdt tasusaq ot 
a <JSyof S9¢a¢esd t70}tHOn 96 woale aed .atnodiosen edt no stags 
| yttdate ro gleaorw todd ,esteo0a Joarvstixs odt Hoot. af .esvo 
., 99 .dbéd. yrew sr1ew aidow saotwoetud .NIOwW AOMOH O TOF S8880g 
-~s@ot oft nesuted alfow sit 1900s fadt tedtor ,saitoyd b9889 
-»/e9et beavoo ad. ,esasgns ftosty stt tatdedJdosas. témtsq OF e798 
eedtsoo: fo wefeya sodiaanatsé edt avd? .sbhiaal tééud sd of 89007 
aTewot fo stedenoo yrutuse At &f sit fo Flad bao098 st s70F90 

~an/ 997} ,talotruo wod yd betosnn0o ,baownos sidorshsisnoo Fo 
~2eadhocwe gafteoo Jutranog bawore od? ao tatsodg tiatsg.of sbé 
¥ ~7t of #998 39d yaw @etiaeoo sasdi fo taom as dw satolgqus sid? 
edtepo fa ssaiotiue seodt teatoso aasttude saroftetidod Fo sso 
0 edt of bedootte 970, eXoot1ed owt ylno ,ey/saak jo bradsiog 
toand ott aéoreito sdt a0 fru0D Yetwe Sdi wd on0 ,8usosTHO 


g edt fusa give sdt. no Sstos7s svo exo01ted sasdt stud ;trv09 
_sméd deéidotes of reaetéssd edt wolso ton fh todt ,sofqios7g 
edad yda bros wod. 99a wooe Jfode oh .atvagmey edt etéisogqo tise 
e000) .6e) -eyretago at ot odt af bsétibom ylstétas som aoteys 
beqqgéupe etsw gsev: eit Fo asérteslog.s9qqu SSP eoSle Gel Stok — 


ud 
ay 


Lg ea 


a _ Satereeare sédotvog edt agifesd ,seatdoons satteco boast aide 


; & 
Ai ts > © ; 4 a 
1 ~-_ 7 ¥ : 7 = wre | a . - ¥ ’ ¥ v > 


98 

of an enclosure flanked by towers with oa keep at the centre. 
The Lora Whovited the keep and the garrison the towers. One 
wunaerstands how at thot time one could see sbove the battLen= 
ents of the curtains the upper parts of stone+throwers and w 
wongonels ploced on the area of the court. It wos not possiore 
4o think of placing these endSines on the Galleries of the cur- 
Sains, StiLL Less on the towers. Killiow de Lorrie soys tndeed 
Mpirthin the castle,” Vee0., within the walls, and the desoriyp- 
Svons of WiVViaw de Lorris are alwoys precise. If ovuilarings 
wad been HUILE Gsoinst the curtains, they would have been cov- 
ered vy roofs, and the tops of the engines courd not have veon 
seen over the battlements. This passage of the poem explains 
a foot thot wos olwoys strange, when one examines the Torvwr{t- 
cottons of the first half of the 12 th contury, particularly 
those of costes. Nearly aL. the feudod fortresses of that e 
epoch, that were not modified In the 14 th ond 16 th coenturi— 
es, present oa series of very hish towers ond reLatively Low 
curtaims, this Vadeed is becouse then the towers being posts 
or Virttbe forts protecting an enclosure, that hod not suffrc- 
Vent HEvanrt to protect great castiug wochines, but not enough 
4o prevent the wochines from costwe stones over the vottlem- 
ents OW the assailants. When Simon de HYontforrt vesiesged Toul- 
ouse, he took the external castle, thar wrongly or rrehtly 
passed for o Rowan work, but whose wolls were very high. PY 
essed by time, rother thos Lower the wolls between the tow- 
ers tO permit estaolishing the great engines, he caused ter- 
races to ve bVALE Inside. Thus the defensive system of castles 
vefore the second half of the 13 th century consists of towers 
of considerable command, connected vy Low curtains, {ree \Wus- 
Vae LO permit Placing on the ground powerful costing nochines. 
This explains why in wost of these castles moy ve seen nO tr- 
ace of habitations abutting against these Curtoins. At castle 
gavlVara of Andelys, only two barracks cre attached to whe © 
Curtains, one iu the outer court and the other in the vaner 
court, but these barracks are erected on the side next whe 
precipice, thot G14 not allow the vesriesger to establish hin- 
Sevf~ opposite the romports. Ke sholl soon see how and why tars 
system was entirely modified in the 1. th century. 

Note 1ePei®e. The upper golvertes of the keep wore eauipped 
with Lixed casting wachines, vesides the portoole arms borne 


| 5-3) Rie : ; 


_ eet a .. g cee ae Ll et i et 
“eee bm) eee: ide ae feb fo. ERPS ay ae sbloe Aoos. ne 
wo Qatasgo.sto8 (Jogtonirg) dtuos ott sbistu0 weShegeS 9t0X 
ene ed &adtaos} sansjeh wot stéiup fn0 grawitg © eats? sat 
‘ft perewod oat Fo sonmottas. sit et0ted abtay 02 twodoa tléuvd aow 


-9a 94¢ STaped galaroz alioa yd bshavorrtes gyno slttit o sdéJl 


feo moairt12§g oft of that pads tO}. ,290netvOGms fasT2 hod. sxtew 
_ bebio th ;wadt Sfsd té P4 ,aoston Fo wahest? até Jie sféaoo 0 
q@ gaortte foes To} savotdted fo saolg sat halii} bac asétroe 
ts sv¥1ow wos sesdt ,syos afttod 9h modisih @h .f9ofd .t14).2800Sq 
| _ @ mar? qoortt séiteod sdt hatasestg ,afoom sat sbistuo ba0as¢ 
~om tuwodtie toow sdt Fo sho odt oF teens feTéy sAt to safmos 
goa 644 eanidoog guitaeo asde Aoogs #0 al .sonotefas? dasts 


at bavettvs of taottogné yrse eae Th 0097 Za0/ YT9G © acod. 


tigia to setutedto 10> ;exvowtue gidéysbsanos yrou dtla siteoe 

etessom us} o md dotth sat fff} bluoo qoort o sadrqiva yd 10 

«add sdt até avosgqge ultnsuvost} toof afAT .adiow sdt sfiooe bao 

; Jéowa fo saJtaos anrson0asds asda ,90a077 af atow THO Fo ytot 

-utuo sat aon of faadod} jus woes s198 o toa Sod. todt 10 ,9ulog 

a wee ‘ «2NIG 
ton -slorreauh $d adomt9d «2 FO shies BhF AO eB8hegGel stouk 

ne ew asos3 oti stodugaie yasu af egaeend 2fAl c88leGe8S St0K.. 


, 


boate?} sto dood .esitaooa as atecg fo fasasgnatte aft Fo os bd 
-1¢#10% of% Jo test oft¢ mov} betotoss sd bivoo teds .sans7psé o 
~ellod ,eso07rst eff dtéiw bsaqéups sdtene slttit Joutoo a0 .&ea 
bsteurttas bros sat pidéa aags a9 TadJao «flew ~ASYO ,ASHOTEN 


auto fo nom fo TEedaun AfotT99 o Atsu aédotqea2 o of brauwe sds 
fo etewot.Jo brove sdt to} save sit sow FE .279h10 804, TehH8u 
ad a0 bsasiio7 ton ylnommoa stow etecg sssdt .sonottogad suoa 
~oatdaoo edt ylao asdt sew siteas 2 fo nosir1pg sdt gayoh two 
sdt to ytorétas adi so taug ,snoetrte3g stttis Jovsese fo nolt 
sido besa fo ,ett0f slétis Fo aodteatdweo 0 glad S0w 898N9794h 
. Sobes? te esomsupsanoo oA? wylstaregss ese/senadt Sas7zad of 
aotweolons ott ant angus F497? agatsemsds Shom audt aolasuibdua 
-ba0d 970 9ht no enosaatt taswupev} 930dt sonst .3sf/t200 sAt fo 
 Atdte toate ateog Jo ,1sdto sdf ao esensfsh sietsgesh seodt 70 
sonsk .astdfo} bod assttroy a fo aeXtow Tsdto Jiao asda botesest 
nde brot sat tostorg bfuoo.todt ,8gaax to sonotdtogas sit casa 


A le ul Ae 


abe #I «549 doves ad gtng o Atéw addvoh eow asastoh tars} added, 


w e200? .etetd bsJJoo aedt gow todw sveved sdt fo sbooot Ate 


ae Abeta. Cy ead. Sauzoto snosittog sfovoqgse sdJttis sant +onde si 


: a , 


99 
oy each solarier at the wnoment of aefense. 

Note VePoiVee Outside the south (principal) sate opening on 
the Seine, ao primary ond quite Low defense flanked by toners 
WAS HWUALY GbHOUrT 5O yards before the entrance of the Lowre, > 
this first defense wos double with o gate in each end. 1% wes 
Vike a Little comp surrounded by walls forming before the so- 
wth facade of the Louvre what was then cavleds Vists. These w 
works hod Great importance, for they Left to the garrison of 
a castle aV\\ its freedom of action, tf VE held thew, Tt orded 
sorties and FVLL)ed the place of barbicans for great strong YP 
places. (art. Lice). As WiLLiom de Lorris says, these Vow works 
placed ourtesrvae the woorts, prevented the hostile troop frow o 
coming at the first onset to the eage of the woot without ne- 
etings vesistonce. In on epoch when casting wochines BAG nor, 
Hove a very Vong reach, 1% wos very importont to surround the 
castle with very Sonstaerodsle ourtworks, for otherwise ot NIG* 
or by surprise a troop could FILL the aLtoh in a few wonents 
ond scale the walls. This foct frequently oappects in the his- 
tory of our wore in Fronce, when teeconcerns castles of swat 
palue, or that had not o garrison sufficient to won the ourtw- 
Orkse 

Note 1.p.i2G~- On the side of S. Germain V Auxerrois. 

Note 2.Poise.- This passage is very singular, Vt ives us ON 
‘dea of the orraongenment of posts in castles. Bach gate forned 
a Zefense, thot could be isolated from the rest of the fortr- 
@S8, GW Actual Little castle equipped with ts terraces, hairs, 
Kitohen, oven, well, cellar and even willy the Lora entrusted 
the guard to a captain with a certain number of men ot arms 
under His orders. Tt wos the sone for the guard of towers of 
sone UWportonce. These posts were commonly not relreved as An 
our doysy the garrison of o castle wes then only the combine= 
Sion Of several Little garrisons, just as the entirety of the 
Qefenses wos OnLy O COMbination Of Little forts, at need aole 
So Gefend thenselves separately. The consequences of feudar\ 
subdivision thus wade theuselves felt even in the enclosures 
ef the castle. Hence those frequent treasons on the one hand, 
or those desperate defenses on the other, of posts that Strirr0 
resisted when at\ other works of a fortress hod falten. Hence 
also she importance of keeps, thor could protect the Vora ag- 
ainst those Virttbe separate garrisons cround Hin. We stvvr 


Be als ne a i tiincd 


vr: sey iad 1 nH. 


= ere 16a: Ore jo nostgtrosss gdt Fo seoesoq “er awe baéy 
Agyts SRS edt gnfartesonco batote faut sow todw Fo noétomstF 
«Sef eenaea skrow bsfoloas gafisd esvewot .siswot bao eatotrvo Fo 
<<JF726 stow ebavor sdt yhsbsoamoo yest todt ,sadettus yd wlao 
«-eted exostootavanos sytote owe af ylao shom od bsaoo 16 tio 


edt fo téivesy o sow ald? ;wole srsuv etaog storceqse seadt #98 
etaurtaia Jounétnoe no bseod ,doogs todt Fo astaye soésaetob 
-3d saéotive wot adt ,t ghsreqo srew xontto Jors9ss o of eva? 
setyvogaoy sd#t T9¢0 eetttostorg gaifecs ssaifoom s1se daoide bald. 
o 640 etedeto yd SadsF} eaéotrus sesdt 79 stasugditad sdf ,8 
vofo yvtavos shit bebmomags fodf# srawot sit ,& 3a38mH wodesors 
-og0 browg ef .s<daéJooa ud asdot stew yott Ff .eaéoitus sd¢ bac 
po aor? wosssrt Joétrog oc taogstg ot .tdeéan gd ssérvgrwae tend 
Je shvod sdt ofall ffo} of asanstoh sdt fo gistétas edt gaiaw 
-roges visdt otaf tude stsu ateog sft gasiusee does ,yusns. sit 
-TEHtsgot etootaunmaa of S9wolso ton s1sw ysdt bro ,stswor ste 
gat gdiartswot sat Fo eataomssifod weqqu sat no Asond gt Asan orton 
wgd aesfétetifod sdt aé 900/79 eJsafitase ,svsdt Ssrstisde eteog 
wAt al hseasons steoq sdt no tasbasqeh foa bao siéatenos sit 
e712 seed? .tigiersvo bsitovtaoo bao Sfetowt Lseforaxs .erewvosr 
Bo steog o To todt ban txst af/gnte o a2 380d sortasosinoo ton 
taos won etnamvoes fo veduun fost 2 tivanoa bSireo eda ,sogune 
\9sdmedo gait nf aedtow Joyor sdf Fo aersfaégev sdt exstto enone 
gaitotst testatad tos72 Jo eflfotéh assole? odw Sno ,8taugos2 Fo 
doos hod te0q b008 o” sfitogq ,TIV #00G) seyoe staovod sat oF 

“ vewot sit ao feliisowop ses/ ve stow ,1sqesH TO asotqva ets 
aTsvs% FO tnvoo saT .eTewol edt mor}? S9%0078h 16 sert0t aow 
be leo gdt 08 etqee@ ne ,Sabaiw Fo sodt Fo veqsew Lal ad Ssaon sow 
bao sevJoa'] ,efod Fo todt Fo eafotgqoo oat ,TV ssirodd rebau 
Tewot © fo brommoo sdf” .eemsés Jorvscse bseeimetS stea ssa07H 


y@ asete teoq bex/f o tud ,noltoawy yrovoqmset 6 ton asdf sou 
ee «6970f sat 

ans j Sng oAt To shia SAF FO oTSEeGet SFOU 

-yors sat mov? Test .pod a6 sv Fo shit sat AD TELS Stout 
 syoulo wéd of Ssteurtars stog sdf sssidotenos baorg stt Fo 8g 
-70d 36 wos JSi# Fo oast sat mov} todd ewase tI .tude Seniouse 
- od ,6980s0 yltasupst? Seem bsatousy sto Ktvon sit tant est 
Pip tay taédtoa vedt1e} eow stog aint .binta Atton sdt to seve 
gadots# pldodorg ,rewot tes72 © Fo seod sdt af heorveig atsteog 
eons fo brow? sevewod sit Jo sldetanos edt vo} gatgbos a me 


wT de 
. : 
wae é 


‘ - - éf > » arene Pye 


100 
Find Tn this passage of the deacription of the Louvre the con- 
Lirmartion of what wos just stated concerning the arrangement 
of curtains and towers. sowers being Leolated works connected 
Only vy curtains, that they commanded, the rounds were AVE TF V- 
Cults or coulda be wode only in one story, communications vetu- 
een these separate posts were slow, this was a result of the 
Aefensive system of thot epoch, vased on CONnTIBVOL WistTust. 
Thus to a general attack were opened, 1, the Low curtoins be- 
PARA Which were wachines casting projectiles over the rawparts, 
2, the vortt\enents $f these curtains Filled vy archers and © 
crossbow men, 8, the towers that commanded the country ofar 
ond the curtains, if they were token by scaling. To guard oso - 
inst surprise by NLEht, to prevent a portval treason from ca- 
USING the entirety of the defenses to fall Vito the hands of 
EHS eneny, each evening the posts were shut into their separ- 
ate towers, and they were not allowed to communicate together. 
Kotchmentploced on the upper battlements of the towers by the 
posts sheltered there, sentinels piloced in the galleries by 
he constable and nort dependent on the posts enclosed in the 
Sowers, exercised twofold and controlrved oversriéht. Phese are 
not Conjectures based On a single text and thot of o poet, S$ 
Sauval, who COUtd Consult ao reat nunber of documents now Lost, 
awond others the registers of the royol works in the chander 
of accounts, and who Sives detarls of Sreot terest relating 
to the Louvre says, (Book VII, poid)y “a good post had each 
A+B captain or keeper, more or Less aualified os the tower 
wos Lorgse or detached from the Louvre. The count of Nevers 
was nomed tn 1411 keeper of thot of RVndol, on Sept. 20 Thy, 
under SGhartes VI, the captains of thot of Bois, L*Boluse ond 
Grosse were Gismissed severol times. “The command of a tower 
pas then not a temporary function, but ao fixed post siven by 
the Lord. 

Note Lepsi2Z7. On the side of the Seine. 

Note 2.p.127% On the side of Rue du Goo. Fear fron the char- 
6e@ of the Srond constobole, the gate entrusted to him always 
remained shut. 1% seens thot from the time of HilLtiaw de Lor- 
Tis, thot the north gate rewoined most freavently closed, veo- 
use of the north wind. This gate wos further wothing Out Oo 
postern pierced in the vase of a great Lower, probably servurvas 
as a Loading for the constaole of the Louvre. Guord of this 


A ee 
ar. ee 


ee oy . af 

ee ie. = ap of on Or os o | oF - ie Ce, fei ; 
j ybenote ste v9.08 | ban we ron -eow sé aad i Ue eveteog 
eae » erodtonuy Matebtattatenes odt of bSeteurtas.3sd hiuoo 
Pas arebTo Jorsasg gatos? af ,ateog adt Séo gai 89atego ad bot 


Pe passe Jo syoxt sd# gnéaovs. doos. mid at tdeusord gavood ad bao 


| oe «89fa% tastes} 
s8aomTon edt. oF bsaastéibo woreiqe a6 sf sédF oF SLeGeE SION 
tae -eastetiul sat Fo abla att a0 sVSteqed ston 
. Dear xs ~e10omu7 bod bhoavqe .oss OF «¥F8teG.d Ston 


epi earet al bedetow asd# taoqg a fo fetdoa dood .F8kL.g.3 stou 
»eoaiq ot biol s tol ytieaeoen eft ysiteso I[syou s ei eidT 
- Ss ett beenso (otss dose nt yltetdo noeiaier slidil 10 teoq a 
-geis e1sw etoadés sonia s10om edt .beotdgidium ed ot ton atixe 
af eb nsmoS. edt to oxemesd eis? .etatog seodd ts betemedta ay 
«poet eseneteb to 1edmnn edd eelteso chisel ni dads evode eeo0h 
-ninz enoeiire® seeds wo wenceisisk avoismun ylovitelies besa 
-qobs meseye eviensteh oft .booubsa oisw yes Ti (ebiof edt be 
-o1g asin snelisoxe .yawsaso dé Ff add to katanised eft ss bed 
ed tomebivoo einteo Ife modw bed asw ,nsm dtiw begatspe yiied 
edd ot cote fos enavt esods nodT .neseteve bas beagiups {few 
Betesd edt ot eldseeso smsced yisttnoo sit ao snoitsoingmmos 
-‘rnivad ebrol edd wod yusinso dd bf ond ni sea Iisde eW .e1e 
Badteb otf bos .medd yheme1 of dddavoe etostsh seedi Lexinkooss 
eeudrot 1iedd to etste odd tedd (emoeiaiss yd [few eevleamedd 
wFVOUL SAA - .evorsmnn yisv geet od medd bods imieg aséno0l on 
ideténse edd nt bedvosexs ediow to enoiiqiacesh snimezs wol 
ili ceaetnedt dooge omee ety mort etsb geds .ehiol [ebset to 
.(mso0q donera B10) .(yantaeso dé fk ont 
tsom sat Fo Sessoqmoo .gss# edt foe sosfrs0g 9AT .88hs gel stor 
On 228i tb2 . stodwun sooves af Sao Jufvdtiot 
th eeetepee se. eonee Ss7oVY .t7079E UH ADBOT «B8SLeq«e8 Ofer 
‘2 aaeareees add aft. apater sovot bao asad} F7TOHOT -B8Leqe8 Stok 
oe ID ~bsvéogst end sad dotda 
sat otad betavom tetas of sao TOF STOTT SOW TE e88lLeGed STON 
ewe! Sit ad théud ylioren9g gaisd seidots sat. Floats sJtevo 


|  ydVeredsg svew esavod yoTws0J ons teats} sdt ad Laaistwoo sravoo 


Wet? ef .svewe sg vv .ostevo sat to sghdre sat st0fsd tisé 
tsa tlhe taial dadéal} of aomdirvow 8980388 FTOMOR «88LoqsE OTon 
ee -egltquetg 


] ‘paste’ “ inches bas soot no nem ,eireibi{oe edd elfso of 
a ais pa ~+fiso eid gs exedman deetb nf emoo yedst s«oldteso odd 


28. ate Pie 
a Ly, A Cy, “a me. ai i ’ a * ‘ 


101 

postern was easy, since Vt wos norrow ond Seaneral\y closed, 
coulda be entrusted to the constable, whose functions consis- 
tea in overseeing olLV\ the posts, in GVOIng General orders, 6 
and HW hoving brovgeht to Him ecoch evenins the keys of the dtf- 
ferent sates. 

Notes Sopoiat. Mhie is on eprigram addressed to the Normans. 

Note AcHoiS%e Om the side of the Tuileries. 

Note SepetBye. TO Vie, spread vad rumors. 

Note Ge-i27%e Hash chief of a post then wortched im turn. 

This is a royal castle; the necessity for a lord to place 
a post or little garrison chiefly im each Sate, caused the 
exits not to be multiplied, the more since attacks were alwa- 
ys attempted at those points. This pasaase of the Roman de la 
Rose shous that in large castles the number of defenses requ- 
ired relatively numerous garrisons. Now these Sarrisons ruin- 
ed the lords: if they were reduced, the defensive system adop- 
ted at the beginning of the 13 th century, excellent when pro- 
perly equipped with men, was bad whem all points could not be 
well equipped and overseen. Then those turns and stops in the 
communications on the contrary became vassable to the besies- 
ers. We shall see in the 14 th century how the lords having 
recognized these defects sought to remedy them, and to defend 
themselves well by garrisons, that the state of their fortunes 
no longer permitted them to keep very numerous. 

Now examine descriptions of works executed in the castles 
of feudal lords, that date from the same epoch (beginnins of 
the 13 th century). (Old prench poem). 

Note 1.p-128. The garrison of the keep, composed of the wost 
Larvthful ond In Ervreot number. 

Note BeHeoiSBe Rowan Gu Renort. Verse 18463 et sea. 

Note BepoiQs. Renart frees ond takes refuse in his castle, — 
which he Kas reparred. 
— Nore AePoiBBow Lt wos rare for one to enter wounted to the 
castle Viself, the stables beings Generally Hurile in the Vower 
court contained in the first enclosures horses were generally 
Left before the vridge of the CASTLES. 

Note Bepoiss. Rewort engoges workmen to finish therr work 
ProOWPty- | 

He calls the soldiers, men on foot and mounted to defend t 
the castles they come in Sreat numbers at his call. 


— Sere ais is a oe 
aston tit ie oe of 94 birdwors © nteneere es see) weak, 
per atdovabext}; Yo: wodteoup 9 aéogo ad. or gf map otox 
‘er oF ee7sws sdt Fo eoduetveges eat a0 bso 
| stotew of vswot fons #0 tééud sewed dotew o bod § a otox 
Me “a sat "Jos be j top Poo sobietvo edt 
im edt sbtetuo tétud ‘sotvedias Baftos{otg bod 88 .C08iegGeA SFO 
We a a oe veo ® pen fb190H .t4h) veSfow 
wires edt, bastsh of Soom fo s¥Tow heonocha «OSLigee 9F0% 
gt déud oren esdtevo Fo ebésivo ,row Fo saét Al sG@8lobe8 Bt0K 
ion SsJ/f00 eato fo asa yd Ssa0elfrT92 ,h00w Fo savoldrtod tasty 
a. th srusoloas. sdt otad sowbottad of ax#if tos bfh of .b70F edt 


 _poteTss yrorogass wid gaéwo woe ,saftansartsa aifsoo sit Flees 


eee 


’ aT i f 


y ao) tes 6 so -bhsrwsas, gifostieq od. ton Sivoo yti sbi} seode bao 
e Pedt To eaoteva sit astoigah siete taal FAT 6CSLeG.F ston 
ae "etbpesd 0 > eBROttastal edd usad sbhietvo sao ot .bh10d, fobust 


sanoo edt vd ebi0ol Lebset edd o¢ heenss eseneors edt esbies® 
. eaggt tostoittse s to. sonsastoiem edd fas eelteso to noitouits 
ss oF medt aot yist¢eecen esw ci .gostte to seasoo10% ge ni soeis 
(-itibsoo | giv sd o¢ bertesh yved¢ ti .eris0ow si[darshiencs sisosrs 
Bint -tvord to ytidnenp s sbhive10 od ,ebsie asivber s getesa oF no 
 -miv diin boow ‘to esiasifed evianstsS eft .enoit¢iawm fas enolie 
eSt edd ai antes2uo bees erswot Yo ecod edd beaginpe stew dot 
fRAntmsit .noltstaccensiad edt boriupss ,2zeimudnso dé Ff bas dd 
-tnsnosenco,.visasqiso to dnvome eldsisbienoo # to &afeela bas 
-e9tebh sfiow yistoomes escedT .nemirvow to isdmps enomaone os ¥l 
" haareaaine ot ststte Ifeme on eaw ti teneea ni ylbigqs1 fsrsiols 
wteen -foous tadéd at slieso s nisinoiam od. bos 
hauhenteed? teal odd d¢iw eucenetoamsinoe ,ms0c asddéone ol 
gon .elisteb anisesrednt bait alsts ow .{vantaeo dd FL adit Yo 
-oh .enntebol edt no ind ,eslteso edt to eseneteb edisno yino 
-19q sgesupes SW .ebiol edd Yo semisveso end bow em1s .esonebasd 
=-1% £10) yeteeeso eidd thakaesto ot exebasa wo moat noieeta 
“ie 42. parodveyas fe Pyare ‘i 2 -(msoq done 
«Lote SOR 9, 47809799 8h sodtogosod 96 SIEOTSKE sO82cGel Sfox 
8D) 49omoTtHS. S90 YdaO ewod esdisoa Jsoa USTOOK 2 O8le gas ofoxk . 
) ae sat al .stevod sdt¢ Saéarvson0d svodo betate ghostso svor sw 
te -997 6/0) yeearse sasay teary ow pe hewredas od sate 96 snoaod 
| hr ied bs Cheer o. 1  Sloeefaseg doa 
| | biwkaued: of AnedupAbiicauok oé Rovdonaad: buccem of nd bak 
¥ aoe : 1B ‘Goud “dug .¥aBd NBO dj Sf ,bnslof ob noensin ese) con 


He 
o yea 
& 


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i Ie ©) be X a ms ee Pi ld i 


102 

Note 1e)ep.122. He caused o draowbridge to hanbdub\tuheees Pont). 

Note 2.p.it2W.- 1% Vs ahoim a question of fixed machines plo- 
cea on the galleries of the tWwers. 

Note inde had ao wortoh house vbuilt on each tower tO watoh 
the outside. 

Note Aep.i2%. He had projecting golleries ouilt outside the 
wos. (Art. Bourd). 

Note B.p-12Se Advanced works of wood to defend the exterior . 

Note Get.i129. In time of war, ovrtside of castles were built 
éreort varbvicons of wood, garrisoned by wen at orns called by 
ane Vora. He AVA not Vike to introduce into the enclosure VWW- 
se1vf the castle wercenories, nen owing him Lemporory service, 
ond whose Fidelity could not be perfectly ensured. 

Note %TeHeiWWe This Last troirt depicts the custons of the f 
Feudal Vora. No one outside knew his intentions. 

Besides the expenses caused to the feudal lords by the con- 
struction of castles and the maintenance of a sufficient Sar- 
rison in s forecast of attack, it was necessary for them to 
execute considerable works, if they desired to be in conditi- 
on to resist a regular siege, to provide a quantity of provi- 
sions and munitions. The defensive galleries of wood with wh- 
ich were equipped the tops of towers and curtains in the 12 
th and 13 th centuries, required the transportation, framing 
and placing of a considerable amount of carpentry, consequent- 
ly an enormous number of workmen. These temporary works dete- 
riorated rapidly in peace; it was no small affair to posses 
and to maintain a castle in that epoch. 

In another poem, contemporaneous with the last (besinnins 
of the 13 th century), we asain find interesting details, not 
only onethe defenses of the castles, but on the lodsinsgs, de- 
pendances, arms and the pastimes of the lords. We request per- 
mission from our readers to cite again this vassase; (Old Fr- 
ench poem). 

Note 1-p.180~. Bxtraite de Dolopathos ae Hervers,p. 282-6 

Note BepetBO. Nearly ald’ caostses have only one entrance, as 
we have already started above concerning the Lovore. In the Bo 
Romans &e Parise Va Buchesse, we Find these versesy (OVA Fre- 
noh poewn). 

And in the second branch of the Roman d’Auberi le Boursuis- 
non (see ahanson de Roland, 12 th century, pub. by Francisaque 


| | a ere 1a ita “gt ts oo. 
wats Aad boos, pda demew ory’ — ca ae 

bares roo evens oa otog odt sine sersTsi eat oLSteget efor 
a coe pat teas 3 i 19 | eSnorte gree ed teum ¢4¢ todt 
alae Sf otf wd 9404 Ofiup STEW BSZS/TOWOTE LIELLgeS BtOX 
- a Wont Yo exvow sat oF gn0fed toy ton Sf6 ystt tenss to Lytut 
i Land god ‘oat to .medt stoped beoolg srsa tud ,asatseagdt asdv3 
7) “om teste? » fo bse0qgmoo stow bao .9ebiad sit Po slbbim vo Yad 
“ni wo Sstoulg -eteog wo ereigq ow? a0 Qaltesy avrottes¢ sédou 
~fovk seth) eatoto woteneqeve owt Fo eave yd bestoy bno stxo 
hoa tf Len ‘ - - gftHot ,ariotis sk ssutooté 

yrTee aon aivied -sonorttas edt of bad hoor & .LEisgG «8 stow 


- 


‘ > j 


f 


=I bro eyoliod ssewted show ef aodtondétadh & .t8tiqed ofon . 
gntod ,esupTh Jo séfeoo sit fo nase avodt sw so ,.TemTay att ere 
~ geo0gs orsw etetd sat ytruoo Tewol o ,stusotons Sentetxs Ho 
alfow st assated ,sstvactons Ssisoreg ylzoon owt neowtsd tes 
~{teessawi 8ob0e/Joq Jnarsixs sat Sao sfé#s00 sat Fo 
. ott ta betoa/es. eow eJfevo o Jo eiée sit WOAH .SELLGeT stoxk 
“=taeupeT? gow seod so ti Safetee A007 SAF , aac qéosTq 0 fo gor 
S06 motto to/dpbiato} srom eofgiostg sat esxow OF 80 os two of 
SsWaoe ,dtos/ fod e/te09 fo eo ,H004 st af fo aSCs. SIsH BSHOF 
edt ad tua sensfeé Sonrstxs. 165 Seevsast aow svent bao ,wnayvd 
ater #0 epcdunedd setiens Savors somm#00 S70 attow saan? O07 
wnsgd gee ' -ovotesadd Ffoe TO Afoto 
“EO! 4 ONS LES Leeaaasie eyotesava etsy STEA? .SELoGe8 SFOU 
osx ont bavore begnorito ffFte srsw exoog7.® s8ELeqeF SF OX% 
~teéh ,670/ sat Fo Satlsowd oft af sootag SAT .8ELeGek OtOK 
70} rivals 8D weenie pees todt ,@¢aigios odt wort tond 
@ Reewsed hives . nostaros oat 
& ok Npuesenapieannd todd pVtod. Soev8 abt Sh ahAT 88.97 OFON 
PeOIO > ..¢ -9/fa09 yrags Fo sonobasqod 
bao shlotie .sato b9bineqeve srew eifont sdt al .S8h.ge8 ston 
pe Wt perotrstasr Fo woftoreosh Joqéonitg sat sou efdt peaton 
~fonte eft Fo esooty ott weve Siite @/ ,ealizoo fo 19dmuH tOETs 
tf aoaqtups bao @mre Froqque of gavuv79e efex¥osr1d aorvd bao ase 
‘J ~Iqaags FAK 2) Jact « | ~880%5 Ont Bo Tow TOF 
we Sbovotise dovtbh edt ao tno beiool edasatasas to ewobniw edt 
- evetfed of ehast teou ett) berod nedw biof ed¢ ;elveso edt gai 
= a aaeney om ost neds .19dsw edd 0 tuo hexool (sw ob oe ins eidt 


aA on. * : ; a Nee 


i doin 


: 4 a2 -ese0q fon Sfvoo frovt wf age ow? .worrod. 


oy os ot we, eid Bs liso bos ,tsedw tos bsead meds os geso of 


103 
Michil, p. 40. 1837; (01d French poem). 

Kote 1.p-idie The defense of the gorte Vs always consiaered, 
that VW wast be very strong. 

Note BepoiBie Brawvriases were quite rore in the 13 Sh Gen- 
tury? ot Veost they 414 not yot velong %4o the works of the & 
gates thenselves, but were ploced vwefore then, ot the beginn- 
Wns or WAALS of Lhe wvridse, ond were composed of ao &reat non 
vpobLe platform resting on two prlers or posts, pivoted on an 
axis and raised by wneans of two suspension choins. (Avrtse Avoh- 
Vrectuee WiLirtaire, Pont). 

Note Be. peoiBie A road Led to the entrance, which wos very 
pnorrow. Two nen ia front could not poss. 

Norte AepoiSis. A Aistincrtion Vs wmode between baileys ana VLi- 
sts, the forner, as we have seen at she caste of Arques, vetngd 
an externod enclosure, a Lower court, the Lists were spaces 
Vert between two nearly poralrer enclosures, vetween the wolls 
ef the castle ond the external paLisades. 

Yote 1.6.132. When the site of a castle wos selected at the 
sop of a precipice, the rock serving Ve os base was frequent- 
ly cut so as to wake she precipice wore formidable, often di- 
tohes were even cus im the rook, os ot Gastle Gaillard, Roche- 
Guyon, ond there wos reserved an external defense curt Wn the 
rook. These works are common around costes Locorted on tufa, 
chavk or soft Limestone. 

Note {epeiB2. Phere were numerous Lodgings. 

Note BepeiB2. Barracks were Sti orranged around the keep. 

Note HeGei82. The poloce is the awelling of the Lora, avet- 
Anot From the Lodgings, thot appear \ntenaded as barracks for 
the gorrrv.son. 

Note Sepeids- This Vs the greort hall, hort AndAspensavtle & 
Jependonce of every castle. 

Note SeHe132-. In the halls were suspended arms, shielas and 
horney this wos the principal Jecorartion of Wierriorsy Wn a 
areot nunver of castles, is StLLV seen the proces of the shel- 
wes and tron brackets servuine To support arms and eourlpwment 
for wor and the chase. 

The windows of apartments looked out on the ditch surround- 
ing the castle; the lord when bored (the poet tends to believe 
this and so do we) looked out on the water, then the sways, 
he cast to them bread anf wheat, and called his men to enjoy 


fb fie = ae 
j , oe ’ re A 
Sad +. | book. Pee ~ 5 SO MN Ee 


& odw 920 it i amdale 
_ tom m sir 
- _Btnebioss ieekieas or qu ceded .Qnidaud 10 18% Pe beiqueoe 
) Leaks edooad tect niaalig edt .ooidosiseib s medd ni Bait of 
rH _ tadt doom odd etdian sd¢ act yiiletiqecd emisio hos etss odd 
diet, eliste: sisdt tooq edt .,yistesnom eid act sed od semoo 
> : eseds, idiiv sBisiuo sort eves bas esomu1 sdtuo1d enols 694 
ciorsd .eyel sesdt to eeeoone sdt enisiqxe dad? .elfen saslis 
ar bas fooge stadt at bobmnodse dotdw ,ehnokel bas ehelisd .emsog 
bas yfimat eid .namefdon % io e1od eetel saci ext hetouooe 
a 19m sid 
ae arate eid deilisdas of sdavoe od Gott stew biol sat 3 
| alate vd di betsicosh .betosis ed ot I[eqsio se beerso Pie? 
~aed dtin etsomsisgs etd bedeinwit ed ieeeis beniste bas eani 
-tadau tsd¢ eoned ,emis Intitueed bne emdstiowi yiseoo .esals 


- gti ebai? yindaso dt €f ent mort seds ,vinxul 10% stead belb — 


-itsoigsat edt te taemetiones gadd .sbho1 [iidge nom Snoms sonia 
-hosh bas yslq ,oleum ,yids0q 10% .evolsviem sid 10% evol no 


~ot emsoed ,.yisavoo eds to stil Igoiséted sdi af stom bsisato 
~209, yd fetquooo yloaitnas esx .fofa yiinevosanoo fas exciasesd 
i esw biol edd .sosiq ashisl & Yood andi bos sooeteixs aviti 
og eetemido ae noisjeniazemi eid bei bas slteso eid ai fetelosi 
-nigdteine ,esoniveni jnstudawd eid. yslwoitiit avin bestsasess 
~sd , o8ifse1 of s{uoiltib s10m bos s10m asosiouq evoltidus bs 
bas bebnetze e1om bas wan01te smsasd dedd yilayou sdéi soswd 
sthoe 7 » vetfoatL wont has {est of Beonsmmoo ssst noidsa oid 

ri e10m Of &8¥ metishyst doses .eivod .2 te doogs eat so1f 
© sedgani biooo jadi ,stese odd ai yhod evoenskoisied s neds 
_ Yo ers odd .weiv to dniog wisdilim odd most .«ssssioeb yao 
beore?. ,sonsiiegai misdieo s ti od hewodee1 yisdeso dd AL eds 
Bhai ,esotaens stanviiotas qebnu§ etil oildua wstne0e1 of tt 
- berieces ywilides edd ysonsteixe eti betnofoig ands bone (svat 
lL pdiepe etslagorgas sensieh io eneom wen betqobs .selieso ati 
= fitis wwoltsottisiod te ste odd ai sonevbe o8 sbem suds .omit 
| _— =Leamce ean ti tedt.ce .tostis to ensem Ininewoa s emsoed vis! 
mai WtLsyor | ot yisbnoose tisq s ysic ylno of Ileedi abiees oF bel 
Pane ai heviezera emis blo es yino esiteso ati busaet od haa 
ee b ot meit antes 30 eqod suodsin .berehne1, eeoivies to v1 


-itasq ylieh esitto edi to siaceq sit elidh® .esistnevbs avois — 


as i dREnen. Bape odd, IK etnod of IV eelisdd mow® .3fendt 


ag 
i 


i ! , : 
ae B; on ; "ik a ;  * : : a a a: vie 
~ Ae a > 7 7 7 be - Pde, » a hi . Da 


104 
the sisht in his company. Rverythins is good for those who a 
are bored, and that monotonous life in the castle, when not 
occupied by war or hunting, takes up the smallest accidents 
to find in them a distraction. The pilgrim that knocks at t 
the gate and claims hospitality for the night, the monk that 
comes to bes for his monastery, the poet that retails his ver- 
ses, alone brought rumors and news from outside within these 
silent walls. That explains the success of these lays, heroic 
poems, ballads and legends, which abounded in that epoch and 
occupied the long leisure hours of a nobleman, his family and 
his men. 

If the lord were rich, he sousht to embellish his feudal 4 
domain, caused a chapel to be erected, decorated it by paint- 
ings and stained glass; he furnished his apartments with hana- 
Sings, costly furniture and beautiful arms; hence that unbri- 
dled taste for luxury, that from the 13 th century finds its .. 
place among men still rude, that excitement of the imasinati- 
on, love for the marvelous, for poetry, music, play and dans- 
erous adventures. While the people of the cities daily parti- 
cipated more in the political life of the country, became in- 
dustrious and consequently rich, was entirely occupied by pos- 
itive existence and thus took a larser place, the lord was i 
isolated in his castle and fed his imagination on chimeras, 
restrained with difficulty his turbulent instincts, entertain- 
ed ambitious projects more and more difficult to realize , be- 
tween the royalty that became stronser and more extended and 
the nation that commenced to feel and know itself. 

rom the epoch of 8. Louis, French feudalism was no more t 
than a heterogeneous body in the State, that could further o 
only decrease. From the military point of view, the wars of 
the 14 th century restored to it a certain importance, forced 
it to reenter public life funder unfortunate auspices, it is 
true), and thus prolonged its existence; the nobility repaired 
its castles, adopted new means of defense appropriate to the 
time, thus made an advance in the art of fortification, artil - 
lery became a powerful means of attack, so that it was compel-— 
led to resign itself to only play a part secondary to royalty, 
and to regard its castles only as old arms preserved in memo- 
ry of services rendered, without hope of using them to defend 
itself. From Charles VI to Louis XI, the barons seemed to be 


* ae : 


at 2 pio po igo eatsingoos ve ewe enttein neni nnn | 
ame db i betas) sen ab beteiedeg vert eolteso ateds te noltouy 
i -1d80b esostie eldiaies eti node tnomom sd o¢ au ,tauooes od 
p i noaneo eninge fevevee Yo eisen vd sestora nisv eid beyo 
pL saiemtanne ane + vetted 
mR ise ‘Peon sit to bas edt to wese oalo ton sw suok ofErsget ston 
i ‘Jo sonmsestg sit wt too gti lidon donert sit yrutase (at 82) 
‘om . | fod o bao owt baton th 80 teut ssonodtsteté voluqog foes 
P. ‘\pfeetnd bie  Syredsitva Fo soasastg ai rTetJr08 sobtarKen: 
‘ aw, nottiensat to docos tedd te fPevidise fey ton even ow Sus 
a) yistifim te motasdo miev 8 nadd evom on si efteso end — 
a gpnoktrbert sowxot to trenwes s vd alseonco Ifise bos  .cenet 
te 2 " ,somersedos siilsaw s dtsened senord sivessig eft 
“49 to sivvod eft of t9hnel on .etveos sdv of nantes en ted 
*edt ..8.6 (Vv eoftedd yo stel ee exuveod edd gud ,tewawA gilt 
st ebsen sdt tninidmon .soasitsa 2 ctni Hemaotensid eesrt10% 
7’ 4 * ws ~eeneteb fenvetze dtiw neitstided [ayos 
. os inetd ens to yiote bnoort eft to mala efit ei (CS) ereF 
eelxedd vebas treq deers of tiindet bos Herisae1 sivs0] ods 
D: eebietuo stvvod eft to elteso edt tlind bed senend ofl tad hy 
-38) woled! entel sdt to eiasd sit beetsh ot eizel to efisw ond 
-? gee o¢ cels bre \satel aewol edd wort Snimoo eeimens sents 
Yo mobsest eid Quisisted olidw .ysiagddns ein saebny yio edd 
-fas ,ytio sis. trisdostosao t10t bedoatebh & edil eew ¢1. .noitos 
iv enefe a0 .2tnetidadni ett tenisss tieedi anifrsteh been se 
“=poos teom ed¢v mort awevh osas[0 eb towoo io dads r9dee1 10 
etieo I 7 8 O ut ewode \vshot fhentstdo sd nso Jedd stab ster 
» © Igteneb ed? .tewhwh of {tid yd hetoete eiasS to [few sdd To 
. -[if yd nottatiseeb end déin besitke doidw .nsio eids to sqede 
ss wR etIOWOS OW bentstet V eolusdO gait anode ,eivr0] sf mst! 
_ =L28 to nottotroesh off TI .yindaso dz &f eit to ceed bre cod 
ontosge bes enotenomib .mxot edd .teixe ton fib efasod sh eet! 
_ =Bext0d bivow eetst oft. to tnemetnstis edd bus .etewos eid to 
zi -cined ext te betaobs meteve sviensteh edd of wedsted Novum brog 
Pouce wee -eotuvines dt af odd Yo dedt madd dt SL edt To Sein 
| ee7d-eeb-mismied | 4B to vedds odd ni bevieeerag yltemrot oni 
- pene (VInsneo dé 7r eds Yo Qninoiged sit mort eateb test Pos 
— destel to ebatveiios edt .ysdde edd bus erveo] edd batdinses — 
- ~nenas: eviensteb edé ar9wos sit r0t steoibni son ob prennene 
it oe suid odd mort sommoo aaa 


yo 
ae UPS ve Ree eo ie 4 ag my, \ sabe oe ry 


| a 


105 
unwillins to honor artillery by recosnizins it; in the const- 
ruction of their castles, they persisted in not takings it in- 
to account, uo to the moment when its terrible effects destr- 
oyed this vain protest by means of several volleys of cannon 
patis:* | 

Note 1.p.i183< Hove we not also seen at the end of the Last 
(ag wh) century the French nobility oct in the presence of 
great popular Gisturbances Just as V% acted two and a half 
centuries eoriier im presence of artillery? 

But we have not yet arrived at that epoch of transition, wm 
when the castle is no more than a vain phantom of military de- 
fense, and still conceals by a remnant of former traditions 
the pleasure house beneath a warlike appearance. 

Let us return to the Louvre, no lonser to the Louvre of Ph- 
ilip August, but the Louvre as left by Charles V, i.e., the 
fortress transformed into a valace, combining the needs of a 
royal habitation with external defense.. 

Here (20) is the plan of the Sround story of the castle of 
the Louvre repaired and rebuilt in great part under Charles 
#3 Philip August had built the castle of the houvre outside 
the walls of Paris to defewd the banks of the Seine below as- 
ainst enemies comins from the lower Seine, and also to keep 
the city under his authgrity, while retaining his freedom of 
action. It was like a detached fort vrotectins the city, and — 
at need defending itself asainst its inhabitants. Our plan, 
or rather that of count de Clarac drawn from the most accu- 
rate data, that can be obtained today, shows in S HLT parts 
of the wall of Paris erected by Philip August. The seneral 
shape of this plan, which agrees with the description by Wit 
liam de Lorris, shows that Charles V retained the towers, sa- 
tes and keep of the 13 th century. If the description of Wil- 
lias de Lorris did not exist, the form, dimensions and spacins 
of the towers, and the arrangement of the sates would corres- 
pond much better to the defensive system adopted at the besin- 
nius of the 13 th than that of the 14 th centuries. The vaint- 
ing formerly preserved in the abbey of S. Sermain-des-Pres, 
and that detas from the besinnins of the 15 th century, repr- 
esentins the Louvre and the abbey, the ensravinss of Israel 
Sylvestre, do not indicate for the towers the defensive arran- 
Sements common from the time of Sharbess¥, but much rather 


| beriet: Vv ~? wade: $08. « sat ala oven poe pai noxt. b eae asad ¥ 
, net Dek sai moody. senisas enoltsiidsd tiiad base enisdino. rd 
a yawiisie. baeid ost to anibLind odg beevso od-;(notsiao. at 
sg: ott d¢iw coktsotaupmoo nt geet odd kaotosl{q yreliss edgy saa 
.. efteso ed¢ Yo redemiteq edt beveifer ed eosdied .edee déaos 
Mattosse yd teew odd Haewot & obfa odd most teodwA gifidd Yo 
edt dtedt mese bivow ¢1 -ebmiabol geeh yrov déniog tedd te te 
+ bos .8 a]ewot og ts ebke eidd oo gose esxstourse svitimixa 
‘sntedauo blo odd eax anitw otedeer odd tov{{ew Isaisties sii tedd 
bosmmoo setied bilyoo bas nistive edd. 1s90 een coset sat nedT 
teom etaw doette eroixzes 8 dotiw ¢s gnioa edd issn yitnvoo edt 
-pe esx9n V eoiced® yd osdetisbns eowstonite sit .beiset sd: os 
te tneetise bevoled [fow aid, .elqmeT oh Baomieh od beteuad 
«#ti . “.cosem bas ania 
tawoo od segfs todt wort baouvbher af A BiNT gpbLeGel SLOK 
oF OS L-9882 .b0a ts .tao ,etwtglvod 9h ssavk ef ad caves oh 
~otgust wh baowiod gafatesonoa ssvtsT adit 992 »38L.Gef tou 
8 NT98 .8 r.1S97F7049 296 SJOOE adhd «V aa/710d9 for wh fasisfdatrs 
ads V gsadtodQ vosa- bheaidaaa siqae? uh baomiod «Be “4 08 JOY 
odt, bao ,sktow sit Fo reteom bao emro fo FHOITss Jo srottomuF 
todt ,mestes Fo. gadJss97 sit awoad sdow Sanotétnan s1sa. asltit 
-fostidoroe 620 btewg-ybod afd tof heassforg sosorg te. gale ot 
er-ont noented tixe bobsotts (CS, .8f8) ytio edd to ete® od. 
spines bos .zevia edd ebhiesd easwot elézil vd bednelt elisw 
tadoqg odd ts .Ifid end no tnineao N etse Jenisdxe deri s si be 
.-e98 .offogd to vyaeilfs2 edd to ynooled edt fool won ei sisdw 
- edt ot bebnogeetz00° dads gate to r9wod odd caw Oded ind obi 
gm yito edd mort .otutidenl. sd¢.to etie siz no sleek to sewos 
1H sted edt yd eivuod edt to s1veolfone Isnietxe edd. besedns 
eawedt ,etdeso oid: redne o¢ dof .odse Ieqioniag: edd. esw eidd 
, ent) ebietno tlind % s10t slisil a dano1dd eesq od YIseEs0Sn 
-189 teorrsen enise edd no elena sit hemxot I zswod sAT .dosib 
ano, e¢i yd hebovoriwe ,denrvA oilidd 3o geek. odd eam A JA .2i 
w 9 dA .B senodbaeve s yd betostso1a sew sonsitas edi :8.de0m 
ss =aVOO, ,orsoetetavoo, heost dziw U deom sbiw A .aistnvot s esy 
ss emi cefteso, edd. bavors vlerisce bebnetxe etemtut bas. yew be 
Fi _y) Liew edd) needed, fi ts bavot e1]ew ytio edd sxen Rdavco aswol 


efbas od? .eoriiieat doin ensbisk heinelq s1sw © sostied edt © 
ie Pevsioad Dewerhentk: eti-didiw eds Isqionixe edt foe ¥ deed 


i. bos ots ebie dtron edt nO .teom edd bos geabwA qilidd to 


106 

these employed from the time of S. Louis. Yet Charles V raised 
the curtains and built habitations against them (this is Sau- 
val’s opinion); he caused the buildins of the srand stairway 
and the gallery placins the keep in commumication with the n 
north gate. perhaps he relieved the perimeter of the castle 
of Philip August from the side J toward the west by ereeting® 
at at that point very deep lodgings. It would seem that the 
primitive structures stop on this side at the tower Z, and t 
that the enternal wallsof the western wins was the old curtain. 
Then the keep was near the curtain and could better command 
the country near the point at which a serious attack was most 
to be feared. The structures undertaken by Charles V were en- 
trusted to Raimond du Temple, his well beloved serseant at 
arms and mason.” 

Kote ~A-pei3a4- THIS Plon 1s reduced From that Siven by count 
Ze Giares in his Musee de Sculpture, ant. Et wmode. 1826-18297. 

Note @.H.185. See the Titres concerning Roiwmond du Tenple, 
architect au ror Ghorties VY. LVo. Boole des Ghortres. 2. Series. 
VOo\n 3. De SSe ROLWOnd Gu Tewple combined neor Gharles V the 
functions of sergeant ot arms and waster of the works, and the 
sLrtLes here mentioned make known the feeling of esteem, Thor 
the king of Fronce professed for his vody-guord and architect. 

The Sate of the city (Fis. 20) afforded exit between two wa 
walls flanked by little towers beside the river, and terminat- 
ed in a first external gate K openings on the hill, at the point 
where is now found the balcony of the sallery of Apollo. Bes- 
ide this sate was the tower of Bois; that corresponded to the 
tower of Nesle on the site of the Institute. From the city ome 
entered the external enclosure of the Louvre by the gate H: 
this was the principal sate. But to enter the castle, it was 
necessary to pass through a little fort N built outside the 
ditch. The tower I formed the angle on the Seine nearest Par- 
is. At A was the keep of Philip Ausust, surrounded by its own 
moat B; its entrance was protected by a Suardhouse G. At Fw 
was a fountain. A wide moat U with faced counterscarp, cover- 
ed way and turrets extended entirely around the castle. The 
lower courts next the city were found at R between the wall 
of Philio Augast and the moat. On the north side at W and on 
the terrace 0 were planted sardens with trellises. The angle 
towers X and the principal sate with its two towers Y must 


; 


x01 fee : Pa idm ay ¥ 


: ¥ 


- ane0! dd’ e2 odd Yo: Ratent tithe sis! te notsowssencoederor'saores 
a iv ik veseaseee eeirnté esw te ts de eaw rebate eat’ tad | 
i‘ -ahiw edt heiewooo nesuo oft to eirsmdits0s eff .moorbssHd es 

‘ Co Wigntblind ent’ .2 Tad eds tiwoo etnnet edd pt ye (od 
eet seivise yrstitsas edt 9 T FY Ene ,Sirstaaem oat Hontssnco 
sw 63 B6W OfomeT Db Hnomtseh to shias edt eew tedW .V velrsdd 
ss «@ fego Ae \sostetedeem a 1Od heeeeg tedéd (fF vewrisde Qaibaty 
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geod se tnitoennoo C yuelleh edd nodt ;eoner® to eainid eds 
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_ Wednsito° edd 40° secesW RaIH edd YO Fontdeo oft ‘2g teWOs oft 
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gaisd setts! edt .igasdo sewol edd aevo @ew M Leqede a90qn HA 
bheose & ban Sait edt W th .eldeso et to nom edd rot bevie20% 
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7 “hos \O ta tenl(enetit edd to) [fsd stste sit .9§ fF tentdso bas 
beteixs sisi? .o ts. een efeo)] .2 retts. bemsn [isd Ise1s ons 

UP base X .V af etete to [fed odd dtiw «zotod to taemtasqs ns 
-n0O° .emoos HOt at Hebivib eaw J oeed odd to yiote baoose eT 
=—~wo 10° esiielTis® off .etentdeo baa yviotero .1edmado & &Sninist 
‘eved on @8 bos .soiviée sot enottsoinummoo es bevase Y eootd 

ywte bocoee eft of noteetabs syst % yrotiee oft .bise yhssale 
“hi SOBs “De 7 asst sit to 

9 £a0 sodanstxe aow ¥ asttodd fo yrordsd aff .B8L.qGet STON 

ngewe fo evstoua sn0- rr sew Sioa bavor sltths etdt ne gdade 

ly aos Jogtsqal yretdsd 

-sizos edd i skevdoamotdaeed .2 to anitniao eit to ensem ye 
© Sninotted eft mort aotwarb s bre ,satesvive Iesiet To e&niv 

«| oF betamette eved ow \noteeseeco m0 oi yintaso dé VI edt to 
. eelisd® to saveod edt to elteso edt To netv eyeebatd 8 s1oseot 
- tedd et neeodo sved ew dedt wetv es? .(€S) sted tr evity ow 7VO 
oT ed meer oTWO/ edd to Sbie seid no 10d \tesedtvoe ett mort , 


= 


Le - oa 


cf - "I 


107 
pelons to the construction at the beSinnins of the 13 th cen- 
tury. The chapel was at a; at m was a Sreat vestibule serving 
as suardroom. The apartments of the queen occupied the wins 
h, c, e, f, ky the tennis court the hall sg. The buildings V c 
contained the menaserie, and F T Q the artillery service after 
Charles V. What was the pride of Raimond du Temple was the Wi 
winding stairway %, that passed for a masterpiece, an open c 
construction ornamented by niches and statues reoresentins t 
the kinss of France; then the gallery D connectins the keep 
with the second story of the north wins. 

Tn the second story (21) the chaber of accounts occupied D 
over the principal sate: the hall of jewels (the treasury of 
Charles V was very rich in articles of sold and silver) was 
placed at A over the Suardroom, the library being in the lit- 
tle tower 8. The cabinet of the king was at Cy the chamber 
of requests at #; the bedchamber of the kins was at F, his o 
oratory at G: a cabinet and bathroom at H H. The tennis court 
occupied the heights of the ground and second stories at I. 

An upper chapel M was over the lower chapel, the latter beins 
reserved for the men of the castle. At N the kins had a second 
bedroom, preceded by an anteroom P, an oratory 0, 4 bathroom 
and cabinet R R. The state hall (of the throne)was at Q, and 
the sreat hall named after S. Losis was at S. There existed 

an apartment of honor with the hall of state in V, x and T. 
The second story of the keep L was divided in four rooms, con- 
tainins a chamber, oratory and cabinets. The galleries or por- 
ticos Y served as communications for service, and as we have 
already said, the sallery K save admission to the second story 
of the keep. 

Kote? 10.136. The Viorory of Gharles ¥ wos extensive ond + 
ricoh, UW this Little round holl was found one nucleus of the 
Lvorary Tmperial. 

By means of the vaintins of S. Germain-des-Pres, the ensra- 
vings of Israel Sylvestre, and a drawins from the besinnins 
of the 17 th century in our possession, we have attempted to 
restore a birdseye view of the castle of the Louvre of Gharles 
V; we give it here (22). The view that we have chosen is that 
from the southeast, for on that side of the Louvre can be ga- 
thered more documents preceding the reconstructions of the 16 
th and 17 th centuries. Our view shows the series of defenses 


, ses a 
AS Bor 7 Po Pere 


’ 7 | 7 
* 


ee ie 


setad: ai vedtob elt 380° add Yo risedxe ik Puli iia tedt ; 
Be | estat ewode. aie, at, \nottouidencoes edd at V esfisd® vd 


1 eipebeantelan yd betoetie assed oved taum teukud ailidd-to e219 
am 8 esaniblind won edt tot sebsos? Lenisixs es oniviee enteaetano 
ijavaune wb SnomisS to yswiiste edt bevisoiss e¢ déton odd nO 
} ouek edd n0 .eneoce syed si dotdy ot ebatblind dots edt bas 
Yo e1vectons edt-eeeesa kaiweib ao to tnozt sit mo shia 

dgid s yd sate? odd ts hetanimieds .deudwA ailidg vd tlind ytio 

‘ywwineo di VE edd to aninnited odd Litou Senismes tads 19708 

otak cossitas Saivit sno .esds> owd sdd oie asw0ed eiddy batded 

sefto edd ,stveod edd to exseolone sextt odd aools yo edd 
+ eited Yo e1ssolone sdéi to dsort sid? .empeclons tait Sniasias 
“ segs mott tleeti bobnetsh yitaseeseosn deuewA ailids yd ¢Lind 
eto asivisd odd od soie® edd mort woivetat edt of t0Orasdxs 
iy sexew si9owod bas enistiso esi io geom ..9.1 ivitnsehises edt 
~a] sd¢ to tedd so ton bas yiio edt txen shia oft no betaveoxe 
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4 edit bas stveol sdt to siteso sft VY aoluedd to smiv sdi mort 
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edd -,moor yrteso odd: .eiseoiage edd ,sinesense sdt ,siaetennsa 
-s, ymv0r Sailtiod odt .eirennoonsdos edt .gresdiaat odd .bebasi 
~yisisd sdt bavet siew sisd? .esio0cgid Saiienm 101 sosla st 
-~fo9. ,meo1 boow .moort ‘exoliat .yrinest .vistaint-.se0ot asnil 

-I[st ,moo1 soifoc. moor etisaqsedroeb edd asdéanut ;moor [scois 

yitinog ,easilso to tedmun 2 eshtesd ,visilivis edd One yideo 

to etaiblind sd? “.cisten tadé to etusmdsece isdéo Bas ,ebhasy 
 -gbotset bed bas tesodtuce odd ta betantie exew vislitdaa edd 

Pe Ge vad (0D 82%) aslo two no betsorbat o1s yodt {sonsda1oa 

.9 edt of heasiner sonst} to sttilisd edt to adnuooos edd ai” 
Yo noldnmem gaspps1t et e1sds™ .{avus2 ayse *,OO8r ait asdmsdo 
_=[fdis edt ai tas ewoderecto Yo bos ,asxo fo avenie bas esbid 
eft to noteasesco dood ensteizued sit nedW¥ .savec) sdz to yrsl 
wool feedw.-,enonise .esnidosm setdy Honot ysdt .8eFI ai sivued 
ed? “*aytidness ¢sets ni yvieliitis awedto bas erevel (stsieum 
 eevode bas nebisd s bed ystedt betbol esw yielfisis.to asteem 
yletwt stew yedst .nvond vose1is sisw nonnso davodtis ~rest at 


ah: Sis) 5 ‘ cegiab bus e¥OU1s pes 


nt im Py a 5 a pate tae 


aN 
4 


“,oefs esw s1edT™ .esostq ano1te to sensteh edt a0t beyolgme — te 
x cgmenioet scmaiaamentnda teduads 3 s omit tedd te” [evose ebis : 


108 

that protected the exterior of the castle, and the care taken 
by Charles V in the reconstruction, it also shows how the tew- 
ers of Philip Ausust must have been affected by raising the 
curtains serving as external facades for the new buildings. 9 
On the north is perceived the stairway of Raimond du Temple 
and the rich buildings to which it Save access. On the east s 
side on the front of our drawings passes the enckosure of the . 
city built by Philip Ausust, terminated at the Seine by a high 
tower, that remained until the beginnins of the 17 th century; 
pehind this tower are the two sates, one sgivins entrance into 
the city alongs the first enclosure of the Louvre, the other 
entering that enclosure. This front of the enclosure of Paris, 
built by Philip Ausust necessarily defended itself from the 
exterior to the interior, from the Seine to the barrier of th 
the sgerseantry: i.e., most of its curtains and towers were 
excavated on the side next the city and not on that of the lb- 
uvree This portion of the enclosure thus devended on the cast- 
le and protected it against the undertakings of the inhabitants. 

From the time of Charles V the castle of the Louvre and its 
dependances contained everythings necessary for the life of.a 
prince. Sauval says,“there were the house of the oven, the p 
panneterie, the sausserie, the epicerie, the pastry room, the 
larded, the fruitery, the echanconnerie, the bottling room, 
the place for makins hippocras. There were found the bakery, 
linen room, furriery, laundry, tailors’ room, wood room, ch- 
arcoal room; further the doorkeeper’s room, police room, fal- 
conry and the artillery, besides a number of cellars, poultry 
yards, and other apartments of that nature.” The buildings of 
the artillery were situated at the southeast and had sreat im- 
portance! they are indicated on our plan (Fis. 26) «bye Pen Oye T. 
“Tn the accounts of the bailiffs of France rendered in the ec 
chamber in 1296,” says Sauval, “there is frequent mention of 
hides and sinews of oxen, and of crossbows keot in the artil- 
lery of the Louvre. When the Parisians took possession of the 
Louvre in 1358, they found thise machines, cannons, wheel lock 
muskets, levers and other artillery in Sreat auantity.” The 
master of artillery was lodged there, had a sarden and stoves; 
in 1391, although cannon were already known, they were rarely 
emoloyed for the defense of strons places. “There was also,” 
adds Sauval,“at that time a chamber for the women that feath- 


ered arrows ang j 
darts; further & shoo where were roughed out 


’ Pa 


Or 4 Mal ih ae i ae Sa 
: bead: 20% 


“s re . lia ase 
oekew! ' siete bei saat? Suatan ‘sei ae “a: Sbvoabiat s 
tapes i yeobie. heieith ete yrom7e ng dtiw ,ewours bas etush to 


is 


a + “RORSER“<hbGE \eabiowe (eéxe .atemled (ebieide {tem to essco 


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 BedtO" eisdeinast ot Sntsioest to hosn Fvodtiw tleett sot sott 
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ateso febnet [fe eitl .onvedd Sdd to eiteed ods ,sonshiees Is 
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shenom s beseseetq ssddint ti stsedw bos ers .yitinog ylaque 
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x _ -niV'toe siteso edt tA ssavwed edt to sfteso edt oF astinoeq si 
| “#6 bsosfa ei asef edd .yaninso dé bf edé antash slind esnnes 
“) tlegdi’edam bluco di siotewsdt fos .eobie teSn0l odd to eno 
ost nego n1sse00 eft enived yd eiveofons edt Yo Snebneuehni 
| pfteso! Sis nk see ot yrseesoon et ti ted sebteduo sit o¢ vit 
Treat hhebe weed vem tesv s .soslg anomse s eenneoniV to 
‘ “erstosdinors ‘staa) S.belleo ce’yiteqord siteso s asdt 12 
ae , ‘enksdiio esi Ansit Jedd erewos etsupe ent ch ngage 
, BRC Wee bed. .c8a ie eAl daar Kees ieee OO DANO EE Kee 


“Onde Na oe ‘ ee ; ; ra 


14) 9 berote: Siow siédhk .ebiw tt S\E S one Aetd .t UC emoddst F 


are rerrewee: emis to ebnid weito to ystitnesp « foe eyetédows 


199 
feathered arrows and darts; further a shop where were roushed 
out darts and arrows, with an armory with three sides, lensth 
5 fathoms, 7 ft. high and 2 1/2 ft wide, where were stored c 
coats of mail, shields, helmets, axes, swords, spear heads, 
archesays and a quantity of other kinds of arms necessary for 
the sarrison of the Louvre.” Thus in the 14 th century, a cas- 
tle mast contain not only what was necessary for daily life, 
but numerous shops for making and repairing arms; it must suf- 
fice for itself without need of resortins to furnishers outs- 
ide. Like an abbey in the i2 th century, the feudal castte f 
formed an isolated community, a little city containins its 
soldiers, workmen, fabricators and its special police. A roy- 
al residence, the Gastle of the Louvre, like all feudal cast- 
les, had im its lower courts farmers, who by their leases must 
supply poultry, egés and wheat; it further possessed a menas- 
erie built by Philip of Valois in 1333 om the site of barns 
purchased from Geoffry and Jacaues Vauriel; beautiful gardens 
planted in the fashion of the time, i.e., with trellises, rose 
bushes, arbors, lawns and auincunxes. 

Wote 129.189. Nhen Ghortes V desired to do the honors oft .% 
the Louvre to the ewperor _horves IV, he had that prince taken 
there in a boat, they arrived at the Louvres the king showed 
she enperor the beautiful wolls ond mnosonry, thot he hod cous- 
2a to be constructed at the Louvre; the ewperor, his son ond 
His Harons WIAHt well Lodse there, ond the ploce wos very rV- 
only furnished, ta the hod’ arined the kind with the vorons, 
and the emperor in his chamber.” (ves forlts du sage Roy Char- 
Ves Ve Gristine de Pisan. Shopter 42. 

The plan of a sauare or parallelosram appears to have been 
adopted for feudal castles tin the plain from the 13 th centu- 
ry? but it is rare to find, as we have previously stated, the 
keep placed at the middle of the rectansle; this arransement 
is peculiar to the castle of the Louvre. At the castle of Vin- 
cemnes built during the 14 th century, the keep is placed on 
one of the longer sides, and therefore it could make itself 
independent of the enclosure by having its posterm open direc- 
tly to the outside; but it is necessary to see in the castle 
of Vincennes 3 strons place, a vast fortified enclosure, rath- 
er than a castle properly so called.* (Art. Architecture Mil- 
itaire). The square towers that flank its curtains belong ra- 


OP hoe &: yo a ats Pan y 
t ti A wr ‘f ] Ep ri 7 ie tent 7 


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je os sisi von omést nennery ad.gpacds oa baoash of ,e9butéertse 


ry 


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ag 


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olbbim edd. sonia tiivd pai 1890 sussboolitd to sitaso siT 
‘org e19KOt bnoite yiev en ewode ybsorls .yustaso dd ff edt. to 
_»efef{sasq s sfkas dose ts -2nides(t .enistivo odd most Saisost, 
 -duq need. ebsoils esd oldeso eid? .obient .tt OSI ™« det msaa0l 
-o1iD. sdt 20, e¢nemnao¥ Isoiaoseif to seiseimmod edd yd boedeil 
| ~skex yidootisa ei bns .(FS) asia edd eviea ow doidw mort she 
ss ggonstdae ebie esi: jaisia edd si eelieso Ife ylisen edil .ref 
ss gow etoatisd yerewod Aoidd base aoowte yiev ond. yd beinsli. ei 
— evseLy0d' es: 08 | (etnorts1w0t sdé Qcols rcivedni odd oft betasate 
-=p80 edt sedter 10: ,geed on et sist I $9.89 « $8 suods. daiyoo.s 
a ee --geeb bas. sbin yd hsbawowise good Lentos o8.emi0t Yseti oft 
bd -— peeawecfons. Issxetzs sit yidadorg bas eeonsbnegsh sd? .edsom 
—— teddonot bebaeteb Lew yrev esu doidw.,.eee1s10t dsdd besostoid 
¢ iti 20, noseBeecog pi dnied sreszesf{ edd SCCI ai eonie.,feces 
bas | nol ean tect odeie ysl tenm somtisel sh iedetan wosla 


rea es. a 


‘3 ‘ 


110 
rather to the defense of cities and of strong places of that 
epoch, than to that of castles. 

Note 2opoisWe What again proves that the place of Vincennes 
wos not resorded by tes founder os ao castle Is this passage 
of Gristine de Pison, an extract from his Livre des faites et 
bounes wnoeurs du sage Roy ahortes V¥. “item, outside Ports, % 
the castle of the wood of Vincennes, thot is very notable and 
fine, where the kind hod the Watention of making on enclosed 
City, Ond there hod estabdVished im fine monors the residences 
of several novbbes, kinahts ond others of his best friends, a 
ond to each one he assigned these rent free for \ife accoraind 
4o there rank, this ploce the king desired to be free from alt 
servitudes, to demand no change in future time nor rent.” Ch- 
apter it. 

One of the characters peculiar to castles of the end of the 
13 th and the 14 th centuries, is the relative importance of 
towersssthat with rare exceptions are cylindrical, of sreat 
diameter, thick masonry, high and stronslg projecting beyond 
the curtains, so as to flank them well. Machines for attack 
being perfected in the 13 th century, it was judsed necessary 
to increase the diameters of towers, to make their walls thi- 
cker, and to make them very commandins. This observation again 
confirms our opinion of the date of the defenses of the Louvre. 
Tf Charles V had rebuilt them, he would certainly not have re- 
tained those towers of small diameters and larsely ensased in 
the curtains. 

The castle of Villandraut near Bazas, built about the middle 
of the 13 th century, already shows us very strons towers pro- 
jecting from the curtains, flankins at each angle a parallel- 
logram 156 x 128 ft. inside. This castle has already been pub- 
lished by the Commission of Historical Monuments of the Giro- 
nde, from which we give the plan (23), and is perfectly resu- 
lar, like nearly all castles in the plain; its side entrance 
is flanked by two very strong and thick towers; barracks were 
arranged in the interior alons the four fronts, so as to leave 
a court about 82 x 98 ft. Here is no keep, or rather the cas- 
tle itself forms an actual keep surrounded by wide and deep 
moats. The dependances and probably the external enclosures 
protected that fortress, which was very well defended for that 
epoch, since in 1592 the leasuers beins in possession of the 
place, marshal de Matisnon must lay siege, that was lons and 


ate: . a aot 19, ba och ieee ‘iiaich Pe rt oe 
51 1 chaner bei dsecaiiadt: to eiswod eaT adeds as ste 
Pigns Pwo yednomeltiad: beyoutesh edd Yo sviewloxe .dhid $2 9.82 
> edd meds tedzid dowmere yods ~.d1 0d od Gf Yo erstemeth 
I pepeenon ot exseaos nsig eid? .32 e.8 ai sesodoidt seodw ented 
a steo@t edd to tisd bnoose edd mo1t bewoliot yiénsupea) need 
ob odd dey ,oie{a 8 ot dnetxe sisuebem to esitess rot yrstnse 
ae ot saieq edt) eotsh eft to seneteb edt of hedostis sonsdaiogni 
Owe - (noaneo sicted tnafisese edd to etrotis ada [fs hebned dotdy 
enon anes dtiw betnstnoo enols fon stew nem tadd .beenso 
be: bin edt ai tnort ni tlied ean trot hedeloet elstil « iedt bos 
$0 efteso edt to sted sit bebuoteb ssw endT .teom etd to ofb 
= dRosthietsov ob ose* yd IV eefisdd ashaw besoeie .eeiovoo sé 
-  «bascdt St edd to ensoidisd blo sdt bsoefasi ed1rot sitsil ses 
Bes, sae. So exion yioe siew yideoupsit deom tedd .eeiandase ag FL 
Sie _«%o bns edd de beoslae1 saew mst tieds wi bos yredmist bre dd 
.eantost eabel 40 dtin déase to efasoss: yd witness dt @r edd 


ee scongso svieoet of tLliad 
ri Al. Lssieubnnets edt ad sone? sod PoTsHAadvQ abdul «6K sOALeGel Stok 
— BeAF PO gana sdf atosd todt ,sgodsia o (9dita09 6/0) eeatva jo 


"i a fF arevofos edt-yd ytutaoo At BL sét ad Sstardsisa sinm sJtano 
ad of tf gaésuve tet fo ,Ated 96 oaorwtsss godaiidarve Fo sraat 
edt. Fo Safinatssd sar fo ~toredotwd «Kot Sasb16904 stliudst 
-asesog a¢ ,28q0%4 gyaol&4 aog ,yooasé? fo tofaug o ytuinseo ax Et 
dotda fo ,snce owt bod. (obmorhst of f4¥}) tuortbhantséi¥ Fo wove 
-woda fo eféive sdf ad sanovt oF oroo ,wevhaa nod .*sanuoy sat 
-Jq sit aé ,2nz05 tose sansive af baqgets S00 ,ss#teod fo sHo 
ms yretago ao fiok stuorthaalsi¥ fo smon At bandaist aod todt 800 
wena fo retdavobbaotg 70 TE¢AguOH SAF FO SZovrTOM SAF ~TEtOd 
: at Oteqtdshrod sédt bseun0 dé08 Jo yiimot otf Fo redHSH Oo Ati4 
i ‘5 odw ,atd Jo motesse2s0g att otad anses han sewod todt of#s s2aq 
ot) botoes/s ao0e sow a0 ,xuvositeod fo gedadddera eow tard? to 
a HOsObeQOEs eV¥itaomet) To smon sai T9hnU T9FSF9 «EF FO sHordAt sd? 
is On BALGT Rt ¥ oe eshnordd of 96 «tate .nom @98 amo’ 

7 emboisteto: ghltddeboaintetoeds qhhked. fod. ddGhLtdd- sehn9 
eal toa! ‘bib sonar] sbetasho slssii een eslteso io Snomernsirs ont 
ae ‘bas bnoite ‘asw si yenoiesvaoi axisr0t testes Hasinos os even 
- ddynobfar od, bengise: heiseacas viiliden Isbseet sdJ- :futaswoa 


Ete er Bi vedade eds iat yin caren evi s sisi o¢ venient 
F ware 


re 


111 
stubborn, the besieged only surrendering after having received 
1260 cannon shots. The towers of the castle of Villandraut are 
38.6 ft. high, exclusive of the destroyed battlements, with 
diameters of 35 to 40 ft.; they are much higher than the cur- 
tains, whose thickness is 8.9 ft. This plan appears to have 
been frequently followed from the second half of the 13 the 
century for castles of moderate extent in a plain; yet the i 
importance attached to the defense of the sates (the point to 
which tended all the efforts of the assailant before cannon) 
caused, that men were not alone contented with flankins towers, 
and that a little isolated fort was bwilt in front in the mid- 
dle of the moat. Thus was defended the sate of the castle of 
Marcoucies, erected under Charles VI by “ean de Montaisu. Th- 
ese little forts replaced the old barbicans of the 12 th and 
13 th centuries, that most frequeutly were only works of ear- 
th and timber, and im their turm were replaced at the end of 
the 15 th century by ramparts of earth with or without facings, 
built to receive cannon. 

Note 1ePetAO. Ne. Jules Quicherat has found in the province 
of Burgos (OLG Gostile) ao village, thot veors the nawe of This 
castle wade celebrated in the 13 th century by the sojourn % 
there of orohbishop Bertrand de Goth, softer causing 1% to be 
rebuilt. Accoraine to HM. Quicherat, at the beginning Of the 
43 th century a junior of Biscay, Don ALonze ~popez, in posses 
sion of Villondraut (Vio Aladvrando) hod two sons, of which 
she younger, Don Andrew, came to Fronce in the suite of BYan- 
che of Gastile, ond stopped in Guienne near Eozas, tn the pl- 
ace thot has retained the nome of VilVondrourt. Holf ao contury 
Voter, the worriage of the dGovghter or sranddaughter of Andrew 
wish a nenoer of the fomi\ly of Goth caused this Vordship to 
pass into thot house ond even Vato the possession of Hin, who 
ot first wos orohoishop of Bordeaux, and was Soon elevated to 
ahe throne of S. Peter under the nome of Clement VY. 1306-1313. 
Gomme BES won. Hist. de Lo Gironde. 

Under Philip the Bold, Philip the Pair and Philino of Valois, 
the arrangement of castles was little changed; France did not 
have to contend against foreign invasions; it was strons and 
powerful; the feudal nobility appeared resigned to allow the 
monarchy to take a Sreater place in the State. S. Louis had 
only one danger to the throne; it was what he had to combat 


Sa ate ay } i bh) i a! ake 
gaia ot aR cs 
adhe 6 safes y s00n8. bt Labidaieauaal akcieiae “a 
ane til ood 6¢ etoomennsais wen yd sdau0e od 
" qusagarkanigh (448: to owotovedd seol ot mid beenso ylissn isdé 
a eb m bus etddit-ateds ao betniaiai ,enoisd aid bentns ed efidw 
‘4 \tsaaos bobso ed ,aseeeusist toe1s of sedt 10% sidfesoqmi ti 
eno(aot Soefani to III gicsh sotd of escnivera donet4 sit to 
#orlttibo won at tf sulav seodw ,enoisisisbisnos {enceresq ylesit 
fp Temeremthenonacos eats: ysoteid to eeys oft ot .ssingcos1 ot tin 
ysonltiq eidt yd bettimmoo eno yino odd eosdisq .1011s Overs s 
ie - 9 beesso boss (edinees evorteseth bead si astal exssy berbosd-s 
-ttiso dgiér bas dé bt odd aniaebh sonsaf ni evesisve1 anol sad 
gtk bestsimmoo Bed odw mid Sovesianehest edt ct yiesstnoo +esit 
_ =Isbueteto sonsteixze sdi snzenolore to tives: sdi bed oiets gk 
eniibus asidso1t seeds ,e1sv evortesaib eeedd Batawh tot jmes 
eisido|toisstosisdo tied? bemwees eeidon sdt .etnsmael tnsaeeo 
 -qaq°sefto siz¢ a0 ono OF esoiviee aisdt sisd of bloe ,ebaad Yo 
ensaebni tedd Kentaber 2mitosmss edgy ts diod-ot tewitemoe .yt 
-ou ¢eddt ,dosdnoo duodtin nottesimob Jedd .moiisioet bas soagsh 
-twiesvisemedt tutie o¢ medt bef Bad ensignivolasd teal edd seb 
stovsbh of wedé 10% wehio sigeesasbised efdaaketesi s20dd sind 
qedth seados svieesieas bas ehosbaim to etaoe Ils od eevisemens 
_~bapot tists \Vieeliedd aebev sonar? .eieizo eldiaist tevit a 
| -don'edé-ebte [fs nO seresy [srevee rot yiteqso1q hna sossq 
-~ysuposl edé¢ yd elaceq eft mo1t west of bad yedt tadu weod asi 
 gptaatidedni edd to eonsnimobsiag Saiesseioni sdt moat bee  .sia 
_-« #modthbaoo nt ssonshiest tieds Ratosiq to sAanods ¢esitio Yo 
ssn" -udLexox to etaemdosorone edd .etiover tsivoog setaes o¢ 
 hemotesose gbhseilA’.estmene abtexo0t Yo enciesvai osboiasa edd 
 -g9 fteso bedoote seid asidon dé yotil betoetts os bas yaoxnl od 
 -besduetons tied beitibom .yavdnes dt bf edd to hae sds brewos 
4 bo iivengw isasvse sacl somsisecgs ne medt Snivie.yo encidatices 
| - -sonebiees odd Qiidem ymsdtyat esstoluoe eoubortni of beesela 
addin moedt snibauorise .emotbommoo bas eviensixs siom eeniblive 
il ot 88-08 asdeve svicastsh odd Ynivytibom ,ebtsdoio bas ensbass 
 eyotemmn eeel déiw noteesihde {sn1esxs yitasioltie e1om teize1 
. geisesoredt ,toeqeer tadt cl .enoeiaier benidetoeib exom tod 
sit bus ,eldsitsme1 yisv 918 yiotneo dt sf sdt to Bune sdt to 
& -otamrereneseai ‘sesq tanum metishset doldw sdvowds esisio - 
 ugite eeodT sesonsbieet ati Saivtitiot to sis edd ni eeetko19 
ss [ar oeaend evistnes 6+ Sf add nbes teasef oe. 


ona’ Nf : 
vio ve ” A 
e week: - , riloOoma 4 ‘ rN P cae ne 


‘o at 


22 
in his youth, the excessive power of the Sreat vassals. While 
he sought by new arrangements to forever drive away a danser, 
that nearly caused him to lose the crown of Philip Ausust; w 
while he ruined his barons, infringed on their rights and made 
it impossible for them to erect fortresses, he ceded a part 
of the French provinces to king Henry III of Ensland for en- 
tirely personal considerations, whose value it is now diffic- 
ult to recosnize. In the eyes of history this concession was 
a érave error, perhaps the only one committed by this prince; 
a hundred years later it had disastrous results, and caused 
the lonés reverses in France during the 14 th and 15 th centu- 
ries; contrary to the tendencies of him who had committed it, 
it again had the result of prolonsins the existence of feudal- 
ism; for during these disastrous wars, these troubles and in- 
cessant ferments, the nobles resumed their character of chiefs 
of bands, sold in turn their services to one or the other par- 
ty, sometimes to both at the same time, regained that indepen- 
dence and isolation, that domination without control, that un- 
der the last Carlovingians had led them to shut themselves wi- 
thin those impregnable *residences;in order for them to devote 
themselves to all sorts of misdeeds and assressive acts. After 
2 first terrible crisis, France under Gharles V asain found 
peace and prosperity for several years. On all sides the nob- 
les knew what they had to fear from the people by the Jacquer- 
rie, and from the increasins predominance of the inhabitants 
of cities, thought of placims their residences in condition t 
to resist popular revolts, the encroachments of royalty, and 
the periodic invasions of foreign enemies. Already accustomed 
to luxury and an affected life, the nobles that erected castles 
toward the end of the 14 th century, modified their ancient 
nabitations by Sivins them an appearance less severe, were 
oleased to introduce sculpture in them, making the residence 
buildings more extensive and commodious, surroundins them with 
Sardens and orchards, modifyins the defensive system so as to 
- pesist more efficiently external assression with less numerous 
but more disciplined sarrisons. In that respect, the castles 
of the end of the 14 th century are very remarkable, and the 
cities through which feudalism must pass had caused notable 
progress in the art of fortifying its residences. These are 
mo longer as in the 12 th century, quite low and extensive e 


ee a: oy) eT 

7988 ong .e% 06 ati font & (Lema emoe yd bexnel wore lone. ie 

 st109) eltttt to ineinatnd vino aninistoco bos accede yd bet 
| yiev denies t{ind eeonsbies1 evotosgs bus sidon eas tnd eon : 

10% bos asdéo doses 1860 siewcd yd bedosit {few .enktetavo ddid . 

 déiw beaqiups seiwotil fas .eysn herevoo yd Sedoennoo .sidshin 

—s«@ fi mo e9ifex asex edT .medt favors yleriias eeanstebh hoor 

“ tw ,ersdto odd Snitenimobh eonshizer s Raied gennol on .efteso 

J ~280 Siitas eft sbetostoig rwedied base asioids ei yincaem sacdw 

ss Eb Mle ni s1so dserb déiw sind qeed deev a stil esmooed slt 

; -gmit ett eoeol sanstebh betsloet to meteye odd yhserld ~Listeb 

—«ss god .eest, moeisied eti tenatelb ot arssage biol edt ,9OHEII0, 
 gieh of bas .eldiecog es tonm es ti somhe1 of bel{eqmoo ei ed. 

mi eseol of tadw .slodw edd Io dnemetnsiis svisneteh edi yd 

geddt ersbiceibh (uttdaiat edé retts ,wel edd ei vdieeeos% .osm 

 gainiotbs seonivoig oft ylisiveidasg fas ,sons1t beningnsans 

# setts .yietaso di bf edd Io elbbim edt duods eonsit-eh-elT 

. ,beaeotaque ‘nesd bad fsiasupost) etnseseq edt to sloves edd 

 agoaebh e1ew esitio Eleme edt neve bas ,zousiliv .yidanoo edd 

bseolons bus esdtio sdf o¢ belt bad etastidsdal odt theteln 

tatawstes ebsol oft .bsvotvset eaw dsiup nad .enncd tedaem 

benohbaeds ehnel aiedt bavot. enoeize deilank x0 enkisomso mort 

~itio ed] .aoiddon ot boowhs1 enied eeoimoeer iieds stoitsiesé 

-dd baided obutes notst Sed ofw ,ataseesq odd beeitioneiias se 

vy boa esivel mout .gismdiom Yo shativise sedi mort .ellaw sis 

-si edt no tostdwe e1ew veds dotdw of ebnid [is to anolisxeyv 

-egeeonco siam o¢ helfeamoo sien eno1sd ent .eeiden sit to eba 

senntet ttedt rehid of ..oei .abnel atadd anilgoedss r0t eno 

edd .eniemob atedt nobusds o¢ Suinstasidd eeods Ohne etoosfduve 

-« ¢TIV baatt]epan® eodT .esitio edd ni Havot yeds isdd eogstnevbs 

~—s Hoa lank od tase Bnied astis somet% of Qniniséer ,youod to biol 

 belfeamoo tieemid wee ,ndol anid to mosmen odd 10% easteod 8 as 

: mort Antblod eetel[liv bas enwos tediem ows ysnewd ot -bicoos oF 

 gteduisdo eid? .dnemeetdonsitns to asdisdo [aiemsh s .elteso eid 

knbeuso eevitom odd entaloxe yliselo .beviexsig ai axed sxodw 

,eooe1ea dotdh .eebsessqg I[stsvee o18 sited ;hatasik sd os di 

-~mot) eeteizizem ebiedvo to bas oismtiom Yo nemow fas nem 180). 

189 nk ebsal ise 100 ehiedue ebise1 od dnio® ys + ((sastiem 

- Biwoo, bas .dnsanco wo Jduodtiw eevisemeds beert. seosia ated vi 

dadt to heased 10% bas ;heeselq yet eomis Ife gs. se1t emooed 
sweioiee quo no sonsbies1 benobnads enceieq emoe saetibeanl | 


113 
enclosures, flanked by some small and isolated towers, protec- 
ted by a keep amd containing only buildings of little importa - 
nee, but are noble and spacious residences built asainst very 
hish curtains, well flanked by towers near each other and for- 
midable, connected by covered ways, and likewise equipped with 
sood defenses entirely aroumd them. The keep relies on the c 
castle, no longer being a residence dominatins the others, wh 
whose masonry is thicker and better protected; the entire cas- 
tle becomes like a vast keep built with great care in all its 
detail. Already the system of isolated defense loses its imp- 
ortance; the lord appears to distrust its sarrison less, for 
he is compelled to reduce it as much as possible, and to sain 
by the defensive arrangement of the whole, what he loses in 
men. Necessity is the law. after the frightful disorders that 
ensansuined France, and particularly the provinces adjoining 
Tle-de-France about the middle of the 14 th century, after t 
the revolt of the peasants (Jacauerie) had been suppressed, 
the country, villages, and even the small cities were depop- 
ulated; the inhabitants had fled to the cittes amd enclosed 
market towns. When quiet was restored, the lords returning 
from campaigns or Bnslish orisons found their lands abandoned, 
therefore their resources being reduced to nothing. The citi- 
es enfranchised the peasants, who had taken refuge behind th- 
eir walls, from the servitude of mortmain, from levies and v 
vexations of all kinds to which they were subject on the la- 
nds of the nobles. The barons were compelled to make concess- 
ions for repeoplins théir lands, i.e., to offer their refusee 
subjects and those threateniné to abandon their domains, the 
advantages that they found in the cities. Thus Ensuerrand VIT, 
lord of Goucy, returning to Framce after being sent to Ensland 
as a hostage for the ransom of kins John, saw himself compell ed 
to accord to twenty two market towns and villages hélding from 
his castle, a gemeral charter of enfranchisement. This charter, 
whose text is preserved, clearly explains the motives causing 
it to be Sranted; here are several passages. “Nhich persons” 
(our mem and women of mortmain and of outside marriages (four - 
mariase)) by Soint to reside outside our said lands in cer- 
tain places, freed themselves without our consent, and could 
become free at all times they pleased; and for hatred of that 
servitude some persons abandoned residence on our said lands, 


Kage 8) Mahe: ot, Sy i 
eh hee ee $hy Mire, es ee , a 
Ivonne of: diate Pie Fach ni bos evs ebnsf blee ed’ eidt yd bos 
- ercetharer bise wo stoteredw .wel{st bas betzow gon \bosevid 
ot =csharaactaale fas youtesh ot bons sefdeviav eesl doum yrev 
~[sioeaes bas youoD to ebiol .e10tesone 190 sean eemit ot ebud 
) ~~ bod dgiw et fuoe seodwW .rsdist bevoled bna issh yrev avo yf 
«go om kt odd act etastidedst odd Yo tisq edd mo betsenpe1 esw 
| SV epneve4 Isntso1ec nistiso 8 medt yd Qnisetto ni .bosf fise 
© to dnemvotine [Ivt eved Ene she to emooed sved sw sonte boa 
Lg. bise odd no esitio wo to etnstidadei edd .ebnsl bitse 4H0 
°°" edt Gedd teitesnoe1 .eemisd Isrevee eu siotesd smoo sved ebna 
0 bas .belivane bas beyortesh ed binode ehew bne moteno Diss 
“Stwint bos tneesta etnetidednt [fe .aeitto far efnel bree a0 
‘Gis bre cobutivise bise ent mest Bes rt od .ntereds aatbiest 
eH Snisetto .yifsnteoteq emis [fs 10% 19vetadw etest [enoeieq 
\g eettto bise eft to t1sq asdse1s edd sot 10 ysio does mort 
“@ a0 .en hae 7 wilsutequsa asvite to ernmeved foe inea nisdaso 
-fa1sm sbhiesvo bas aismsxom [fs wort sort sf .ote ,eroeesoone 
‘eno doss of bose .wobestt sartne fos [I[ut medt ovis bas ests 
“es golasfo smoosd of dtiod .smit [Is x0t yiIlevteqreo ment to 
“mister: Suodtiw <mobeeat to estste seddo [fe svad of es [few 
sevo0 skodfvise yoe &nitisvos to 1swog ton eu oF shativise Sak 
~IItw bas eaob evad ew svods fetste etnids oisee oft [fk .meds 
S¥soifqave sw biol foidw .faol aso amid sft seaeslo Fi Ti .ob 
. ew tedd tesit edt ditensd Bos sesstont of .ns0 sw Be donmeent 
wolfe \mrttnoo [fiw ed tedt .svode betete es .mid mort blod 
eft mi S0ft seey sd? .evods boiste etntds sdt Yo svotqcs brs 
= hd ok @ ahahdeand erat beeritnoo ontt sdT “.testuA to dicom 
S aedmevoy to dtnom triwol 
@ 198 » fodt xot vo ,saévoaelTOy ,abotromTwoT «EAL. qet STON 
sis Do abitbeind or Menge tpn vo? Bro! e¢d yogq of baiseqmoo enw 


SRO's ebros *9dtone Fo Free o TO nonOw 
apa pais a -woetonO-sl-youod a6 .Fé8fH «8ALlege& & ston 

‘ eSASt wood 
seeds tne of ebrol [ehvet edd efamoo Blvoo enols viiersosY © 
1 bexit msdé heavens beshni fads ,snemeesdonsitns to erstasdo 
a -sifiv bos esttio’ .enwod teodtem Yo etostdee edd t0%) pennsved — 
“god (tnet Isnane ns biol edt Snived yd meds benistdo y{no 288 
toy bos .beeude Yisnovpes? vedt dedé esdeia odd modt wort food — 
q'to horsibnop edd ot tesd .ebntd [fs to esornceer of bre os 
_ efqoeq edd Bnoms bait of wod wend enorsd sat meilshyet ere 


eae 7 z 
bo) aoe 


4 
>s 
ars , : . . 1 », =) 


114 

and by this the said lands are and in great part remain uncul - 
tivated, not worked and fallow, wherefore our said lands are 
very much less valuable; and to destroy and annul that servi- 
tude in times past our ancestors, lords of Coucy and especial- 
ly our very dear and beloved father, whose soul is with God, 
was requested on the part of the inhabitants for the time on 
said land, in offering by them a certain pervetual revenue. 
And since we have become of ase and have full enjoyment of o 
our said lands, the inhabitants of our cities on the said la- 
nds have come before us several times, requesting that the 
gaid custom and wage should be destroyed and annulled, and o 
our said lands and cities, all inhabitants present and future 
residing therein, be freed from the said servitudes and all 
personal tasks whatever for all time pervetually, offerins us 
from each city or for the greater part of the said cities a 
certain rent and revenue of silver perpetually for us, our s 
successors, etc. We free from all mortmain and outside marri- 
ages, and sive them full and entire freedom, and to each one 
of them vervetually for all time, both to become clerics as 
well as to have all other states of freedom; without retain- 
ins servitude to us nor power of acouirins any servitude over 
them. All the said things stated above we have done and will 
do, if it please the king our lord, which lord we supplicate 
inasmuch as we can, to increase and benefit the fief that we 
hold from him, as stated above, that he will confirm, allow 
and approve of the things stated above. The year 1368 in the 
month of Ausust.” The kins confirmed this charter in the fol- 
lowing month of November. 2 

ywote 1.p.-143- Pournoriage, forimorige, a tox that o 2erft w 
WOS GoMpelLed to poy His Lora for permission to worry a free 
poman or o Serf of another Lord. 

Note BepotASe HISt-. AS Goucy-Le-Ghoteau, vy Nelvervilbe, 
Leon. ABSABe 

Necessity alone could comple the feudal lords to Srant these 
charters of enfranchesement, that indeed ensured them fixed r 
revenues (for the subjects of market towns, cities and villa- 
Ses only obtained them by payins the lord an annual rent), but 
took from them the rishts that they frequently abused, and mt 
an end to resources of all kinds, that in the condition of p 
pure feudalism, the barons knew how to find amons the people 


| 


et . 7 ae: < 4, re 


bref eid een ovestates baie dis hash ia 4 teas ‘He ‘gntess 
86 han ne eeansadé yd beteifdstes bas besimtl eiew 


eens ae 
— hak ae 
Pi cemmmartetes eeansoxe Satstinmti ashience oF yiseesosn eaw of or 

| SSRs. touome odd oF soidefet ni stil an esd of yesoeiaiss yl 
aonb of pesoaelb ton si6w etostdue odd doidw bee ,etnex bexit 

 $nsesolq 10% .yauxol rotiedest odd .basd asddo oft oO corse 


Been oft es [few 2&8 ,eno1sd edd Snome heassionl bed ssonebiest # 
 $beneteb So siege S{detoouse: 8 yd efowsq odd Betezemmi 10% i, 
eisn od pellsamoo et end doliw of etostdve to eesnblod edd 10% ; 

onedt tO Mfeeti snetxe sid ah noeset yd bsesstoni enoieesonoo a 
‘eetsci tee | -enotessonoo i 


-efebuet eiom edt ,1tewog to ytinw ot ebust soidsn & e10m edt 
‘Bis \nottssineds0 ano adi vd 6latontia tadt od heeogco usw mei 
¢mbaemaeG at ysetoor betsfori ns miot oF eelsesoneds ul tdgpoe 
d bos 8htd odd mort aedgis anivenems tos yusve of noid ifeogao 
ot elds gaied ov .tnemttnes asincoo most 10 .etmemeilasgq eid 
Saidstw son has .eivod 6 settee bedetidetes tnetiso sd acosve 
ot eslostedo seslq ot sess! Js gdawoe ebsol sdd¢ .ti wollod od 
e1sw ebaad seodw esoniza tebaU .sewog tisdd ai enssm [fe yd tf 
gedd .oonebwaa smoitze yd bedadoib siew etos afedd bes .dude 
 B bas 1eb10 Qvsinw teniats metfebset to nosifotenoo InensmisG 
-nedro beystisd bas .euorsansh ton esw .otete edt ai eatiotoeth - 
SWOG feyou edt ti tod pbeeestaque nooe taifdmoth yd elno Ife " 
ss | @UBlgot sonitent ett bstevoos1 *mailebsel .ebaad Asew ofnt [fet 
‘lmettots bas’ sonsgetis ,enokenetora edi isin nottssinstsoath 
aldia of euotitat eelaisvia eft jeailotoeib 10% sqnetnoo ett 
wrens odd e1oted betos meilebest \vyiedeisqse sveta .eatetts of 
® yibtenoo need bed si ti ee .ysr1s eltted at yidawoo edt To 
samo Bevoae teom edd ebita etki oF Qntottisose cedio ,avo1dierd 
ss Wad Ud vItawED nego ext ni betedpN0® .nottss ods to eseotsd 
if aso (ono won tlind eelteso edi ni egutes dood Sf .tlost nwo 
” geqebat edd 190m yadmvoo odd To r0H0d Odd aot xeftien ania | 
_.. tud \noiten’ edt of atetesetbh oft 10 na isasvoe edz to : 
~7sT etd? .eotwgso ati to atesrodar [enocessa esi oF anthaio00s 
edsondietay eit to avtey edd rebsw metishyet Yo notisinseet 
[tat tet add et snd .benedaeh yLlenoisnedat som ei IV eelasdd— 
aggreatoene, oteff wort txet donett IC) .foogs bee sedt Yo saeni 
LeVARLG sPLOL -t469 LaPltoscns ougoddrbord 8d sdategst ston <i 
no bentaten yleousce bed sadd ytifidon benifatogibaw eid? © p 
soregy at BER onw ebine edt aedd e10om meifebuet snotons odd iv 


raf: py 


(ate 


a 


aa 
—- 


a 


® 


Lv 
a, 5 
—— J 
‘ule i a, a 
4 ; in ; ; ‘4 
U i : . 7 a % 
20) ¢ ' 
( iD . 


$15 
living on their domains. Once that the revenues of the lands 
were Limited and established by charters confirmed by the king, 
it was necessary to consider limitins expenses, reducing cost- 
ly garrisons, to take up life in relation to the amount of f 
fixed rents, and which the subjects were not disposed to ine- 
ease. On the other hand, the tasteifor luxury, for pleasant. 
residences had increased amons the barons, as well as the need 
for imaessing the people by a respectable state of defense, 
for the boldness of subjects to which one is compelled to make 
concessions increased by reason of the extent itself of these 
concessions. 

The more a nation tends to unity of power, the more feudal- 
ism was opposed to that principle by its own organization, and 
sought in itsccastles to form an isolated society in permanert 
opposition to every act emamatins either from the king and h 
his parliaments, or from popular sentiment. Not being able to 
stop the current established after 5. Louis, and not wishins 
to follow it, the lords sought at least to place obstacles to 
it by all means in their power. Under priaces whose hands were 
shut, and their acts were dictated by extreme prudence, that 
permanent consipiracr of feudalism against unity, order and d 
discipline in the State, was not dangerous, and betrayed its- 
elf only by grumblins soon suppressed; but if the royal power 
fell into weak hands, leudalism’ recovered its instinct ford 
disossanization with its pretensions, arrogance and esotism, 
its contempt for discipline, its rivalries injurious to puble 
ic affairs. Brave separately, feudalism acted. before the enemy 
of the country in battle array, as if it had been cowardly or 
traitorous, often sacrificing to its pride the most sacred in- 
terests of the nation, Gonavered in the open country by itso 
own fault, it took refuge in its castles, built new ones, ca- 
ring neither for the honor of the country nor the independence 
of the sovereign or the disasters to the nation, but actins 
according to its personal interests or its caprice. This rep- 
resentation of feudalism under the reisn of the unfortunate 
Sharles VI is not intentionally darkened, but is the faithful 
image of that sad epoch. (Old French text from Alain Chartier). 

Note ~pethhe LE Quadvilogue invectifs. BGLt. 1617. pehATe 

This undisciplined nobility that had scarcely retained of 
the ancient feudalism more than its pride, who fhed in part 


i 


pi! : 


Orr aoe uleeee ? ai? 5 
bevel, varxol 03 _ bomos eno! hsinnaneditin: scotia ~ cig ie 10 
é li ee ee even boo? nidvin tleett iais of par 


dwdels som eeo fo) eos eBLeit odd oved od asdd .dsdeiais? bas 
- ars, aeidasd0 nis{A ayee nisks ” .ereddeit tfo book edT*- 
domes? BIC). “atyane te ntgancd yo base yaueas to {ist eserev 
Paki etd tes: ngca 
yp gne8Qege teat thE .99mog poiaes 296 sacl »Gikeqet ston 

» Bevel. nem, ;noidest ai dows stew yrlevido to seoasmo1 cesT 
_op tsdt reban biol yiisq cose rewaiver ,2dnemacisot ,e{sviteed 

- 90¢ baagneb .ohem anoteesogoo edt bedterk01 aiea oi vdotsd0m 
owt ont teol.fasl ods [fs regpneee1 of .énadsoami Weenid ofen 
 wbaol.yd tud,,etsie adi od bessbass eeotvies vo gon ,feiindaso 

a To, enienea oft bokbivib ,teom anissiio ese sc3 o¢ bis eid oat 
bas eetéto aotballio ,sigosa edd Snieesraq0e .seveg Layo. sid 
_« edd bexevoo enorsd odd .ydiavami oxnene ct bas .yidanoo edd 

ylo arenas ofT .19¥ve ned asited bebsotebh aefiaso diiw ioe 

4 enot{svido 3¢ sistxim. asivasie s betneesta nedt aside edd 

d, Iutomsde. te bus yesiivoo to ,etsbnekiid to bas einemenites 
-[e2 oitnamos 8 bas ,10eed te gafeo nisiiso s bnoysd .eniszasd 

.2tst2 odt biswot bstiiniea anidivieve beveiled yedd wast 

» veds gedt elqosa edt bas ,ceye stiedd ai deixe dom Pib doidw 
~10%, need ybsesle bed yedt sensoed .e10m eft ntone at betoetis 
tnemom eidd mort betsh od oF ei eucT .medd dtiwmeice: of bso 
evitos tadé .berivoos meilsbust dagisks beouted asinqog edt tadd 
-gto1id ¢sdt ,ncoitdsisnek of ncitsyeve: mord bedsinensid ,ysisns 
(dt 82) deel odd. to bns.edg te remnsm eddtused 8 dove ai do 
ecedt dod | bise od deum ti, beititent, [lew oot eded A. yintnso 
fas oiteistose .meilshyet dquayes bus enorlevine to semis teal 
-198 sensumi edt Soisiazxo00e7 mort au daevera Ji deum .benites 
gnibsosig edd Qoirsh bowshne1 yilidon febuet edd isit .esoiv 
gt titigqe Isnoiten edd to reqmed sii eon weilsiveY Teelisutnaso 
egiteso.tsbuet odd tsdd ysboT .book ei isomsd dadt bas yoous1e — 
«sg .deeions aiedt biswot taut ed aso sw ,1svetol heyomwtesh sis 
_. tad veanldaeins siedt enimaxe of sved Jon ob ew jei0nEsezcq 

ot) GHA _. etenoq aiedd to atiueot bas stostis edt 

ett Antaanate aginetescom sit esiatneo dé If sdt al. 
| seth dotddaiad eds yd bellido einoe Seakte1 vine Jon .medd cd 
Bain male edt yd hesebbse ehoim .ersdwyisve hedeixe dedd aan 


ie: a x : 
8 mapero 


rye 


sy 7 7 + . ® , 4, _™ 1 é i 
ee te rome ie, AS et”, Coe 


116 
on the day of Asincourt, corrupt, accustomed to luxury, loved 
best ta shut itself within good fortresses, elegantly built 
and furnished, than to take the field. 

“The Sood olf fighters,“ again says Alain Chartier in his 
verses full of energy and of honesty of heart. + (Old. Prench 
poem). 

Wore 120-145. Livwe des guotre Dames. BAT. 1617-p- 668. 

Then romances of chivalry were much im fashion; men loved 
festivals, tournaments, reviews; each petty lord under that 
monarchy in rain regretted the concessions made, desired to 
nake himself important, to reconauer all the land lost in two 
centuries, not by services rendered to the State, but by lend- 
ing his aid to the one offering most, dividing the remains of 
the royal power, oppressins the people, pillasins cities and 
the country, and to ensure impunity, the barons covered the 
soil with castles defended better than ever- The manners of 
the nobles then presented a sinSular mixture of chivalrous r 
refinements and of brigamdasge, of courtesy and of shameful b 
pargains. Beyond a certain point of honor, and a romantic sal- 
lantrw, they believed everythins permitted toward the State, 
which did not exist in their eyes, and the people that they 
affected tc scorn the more, because they had aleeady been for- 
ced to reckonowith them. Thus is to be dated from this moment 
that the popular hatred adainst feadalism acquired that active 
energy, transmitted from seneration to Seneration, that broke. 
out in such a terribke manner at the end of the last (18 th) 
century . A hate too well justified,it must be said! But these 
last times of chivalrous and corrupt feudalism, esotistic am 
refined, must it prevent us from recosnizins the immense ser- 
vices, that the feudal nobility rendered during the preceding 
centuries? Feudalism was the temper of the national spirit in 
France; and that temper is good. Today that the feudal castles 
are destroyed forever, we can be just toward their ancient p 
possessors; we do not have to examine their intentions, but 
the effects and results of their power. 

In the 11 th centuries the monasteries attracted everyone 
to them, not only refined souls chilled by the frightful dis- 
order, that existed everywhere, minds saddened by the view of 
a barbarous society, where nothins was certain, whose brutal 
force made the law, but also grand characters, who foresaw 4 


Sea eg eh ot ae nt ees owe 
a _ Aa *& 6 ‘ n Z = 7 , i r as a 
: : | : d : rt rere? oP 4 


Cir 

“Gb Setdelidstes at bekesoone sco ezeinn naidaloeeib [ersnen 
~g¢dfoeds bas sonstfsdo to asiatoniag eosdo dedd to debian eds 
-~fasib soa saw tedt teweq sefdid elee <i no beasd .ythrodsns 
 -PSebHE nook .(sHoisesncW eipsoetidowA «dih) .bod Yo deds bed 
segisw: .siqoed odd to'teaed edd beeolous sedd jesixsdesnom sad 
-xs yedt tnd .eno yiao edd bne ,snomnisvos to [ebom s vino toa 
péfedtoigaed bus steteiofo to ebiatuo sonsultni sient bshaot 
gH@ i¢esWo odd Yo ettatts L[soksifogq bas evoiaiie tse: [is sk 
.oisstism b{voo dinice oitessom edt ,mettouatect aif to sessood 
q $2 taebioerh sadh no shisitesa Iataswog = secaco bos fort noo 
HOtsterHb e+ base .noften es to etkl edd esutiteanoo ton Hlaoe 
\Sfotto eddseesomi ae aiddgiw molierilivio fheeolore evan blyow 
vino wexsbase ‘eno dofdw dort sitdaso 8 ese asbio swoikifsa dosh 
San } smetyadisd ogni’ oisas Ifat of 

~aialeswt¢irice ottesnom efd: vintnse di Sf eid to bos sedi sé 
ysl edd sod? west eti holiitint bed st tentfoeb asi at ybes 
“eanid’ bas ecodeid :esitio eso{sqeg ni beqoleveb ssw inemsis 
. ‘Ss ged 6dd gathfind oi°¢aiog sniyifes1 8 naus tiedt ai beastto 
‘ed ot ef tr aot ,teadsb asdtend lolssbedtan ataA).elsabedd 
sndsages veqodeid sit yd ebacose ,rswog [ayo eat tadt heaset 
é[destnedonn .gnemnrsvet olsisisc|eds #& oF Yeiooe aids sostdne 
eonuees maiiehyet? aodT .tevee to Inoemnisv0ea Fasions eddy exif 
eesf om ei dotdw tad ,vievoioenoonn eqstisa ,gisq isotvifoaq & 
thas yileyvor neswied tleeti eteso FI .oxsinkoosd od tnssacemi 
=m00' mort exsKoaconds $e0ad “anitsinevesq (sonsuttar feotielo sit 
eno BE @m18 edit to ¢ddiew edd Qntos{o eno efbais * ni Sninid 
t eesesiqqo ¢I .1eddo odd ni eomittomoe ,sonaisd sdi to ofsoe 
| “© etedmoo (mods seenots ievil ot medt seo10t isd ,eloosq sad 
@ ‘sdmoo ot .eevisemedd wont oF modi eleqmoo nedd dad ,mecdd ebis 
ot [esqaa neve has .msdd eenoeth —atdeia aredd baeteb ,ent 
-pd2dd Isyot ods oF batdroeed Yo motevo edt medst esvib ysox0t 
Seqd newe.¢wel to ybsde edz ot sleosa nommoo edd seviah .elsn 
oe beeestaqo edd to solisnkibni edd seeuois Ji .eseseoxe ati 
esmoded eotsiiviaa efi yd beeuso yas ed? .soeesiggo edz tenis 
ti 20% bested yertulse to gpomtet s .tosfomide oitediee ne 
“ehotaece1g aieds Bnidses103 mort eseesto aswol edd etnsvers 
ot ylisb towesta: ot modt veor0t bas ,snsseni ns 10% soisibnoo 
mw bne eelgaoat]e ett yd {lite aedteS .si mort sevisenenswestt 
-qe yistilim eds bensaisde boa fentatatam meilabyet .tevastelia 
yemrs to dvanerte edd ylno weed ¢£ 10k .vasnvoo edt mi dist 


117 
general dissolution unless one succeeded in establishing in 
the midst of that chaos principles of obedience and absolute 
authority, based on the sole hisher power that was not dispu- 
ted, that of God. (Art. Architecture Monastique). Soon iudeed 
the monasteries, that euclosed the best of the people, were 
not only a model of sovernment, and the only one, but they ex- 
tended their influence outside of cloisters and participated 
in all Sreat relisious and political affairs of the West. But 
because of its instruction, the monastic spirit could maintain, 
control and oppose a powerful restraint on that disorder; it 
could not constitute the life of a nation, and its duration 
would have enclosed civilization within an impassabke circle. 
Bach religious order was a centre from which one wandered only 
to fall asain into barbarism. 

At the end of the 12 th century the monastic spirit was alr- 
eady in its decline; it had fulfilled its task. Then the lay 
element was developed in populous cities; bishops and’kinss 
offered in their turn a rallying point in building the sreat 
thedrals.(Art. Gathedrale). Another danger, for it is to be 
feared that the royal power, seconded by the bishops, might 
subject this society to a theocratic sovernment, unchangeable 
like the ancient sovernment of Hsypt. Then feudalism assumes 
a political part, perhaps unconsciously, but which is no less 
important to recognize. It casts itself between royalty and t 
the clerical inflwence, preventing chese twoovowers from com- 
bining in a single one, placings the weisht of its arms in one 
scale of the balance, sometimes in the other. It oppresses t 
‘the people, but forces them to live; arouses them, combats or 
aids them, but then compels them to know themselves, to comb- 
ine, defend their rishts, discuss them, and even appeal to 
force; sives them the custom of resorting to the royal tribu- 
nals, drives the common people to the study of law; even by 
its excesses, it arouses the indignation of the oppressed ag- 
ainst the oppressor. The envy caused by its privileges becomes 
an enersetic stimulant, a ferment of salutray hatred, for it 
prevents the lower classes from forgetting their precarious 
condition for an instant, and forces them to attemot daily to 
 freexthemselves from it. Better still by its struggles and m 
mistrust, feudalism maintained and sharpened the military sp- 
irit in the country, for it knew only the strensth of arms: 


4 re 3 “2. 
U wit, J 4 f Lis" ri , 


it hae Mc Het 3 eae Bl Bie ap 
_smoo yeoi isoit bi 20 t Bo tis ed gektie Yo < 2 foe 290 ont at ae, ti 
ert 1o- nieter redton? he spovioenosé toetora ot. ment bsilec 
(99 ‘9 38. bivoo anidion tadd .20ned enorlevine to eslaionizc al 
its -semritgi dar bos dt of edd gaianh yossceteins siz hetsvele doidw 
‘cme fone’ edd etni bedsatenso yilevbs1s tedd bas .esiaud 
aan eredvytsr? -¥dsioos To 
 sbivibal. to. sti dtiw 28 aie te soitsorbe sai dtinw ei ¢I 
et L>arsel- ,tnemsisamst gendor s dtiw bewobse rsdw odw .elsy 
 Mhensdé,er9sdesn dentan seve hos basd .{eoiemidw rebay iedded 
—-oe99 odd t9bnU .eltwst edt te ebned fenredsq bos dosdinbes edd 
~ fBvS «vibsd gasanoo edt febasteb mgileboot .IVY eefaadn to sti 
.enkemob eti ni. seve oadsd stom Yieadt gniytissol ti anivasied 
-esveb: .coididms {encereq te coidosleisdse nedd ewoiv om Snived 
> 8 Sniwied to éxsie10c asbap eoidie eft bas yasanoo odd Banived 
~1sd0, bas veennen edt, to sboad eft ot emis Osesic ,.ydisa smor 
veers: ¥ -bemae wedd bawot IV cei 
sianeniy oitesnon mort beeesa bed esonivosa donei® oft 27 
eves. vinisiase binew yedt .efet {soidoissom stduloada os ashe 
9 at aebau kaisvedtss aiesdé jdisoy [ivpasat bas woosd stom gs fsa 
dud oode- jasloiv sstuodtiv ebsm sesd sved Jdzim 19n0g teddsl 
fenottes to. ,noiayv to been inefie dedt slot sved yens binow 
-eeso1on&. of shned bas ysbhod dtkocate io amiol dedd .ydion 
 opnosmt ae bad aeddaut meiisbys® .f[uiddoob ef t2 Fyseb yisve 
» sleet edd benistnism si. ;olaoeq eniaolsveb s &nome sesdnevbs 
edt mo sewog Isoidoisnom dadd .xtilidienocare: Isnoessq To ani 
rere does bemotesoos Ji ifeiweoidxs o¢ shned yisisnoo 
jd) 4emdke1) ancitsxev. bas oviereteco .bisd s aew Si fiadmoo of 
por antif{sqmoo ai saswoa.[syo1 sit bebnoose J1 .ydtleod scons 
ares ot apadiees: to exsnwo bebivib edt teniexs stinn ot slaosa 
envatoe tis oF #ec Nolgsn 8 
woueds .en oF Sieiceiiat asesoqs isdi ewel [ebust sedi SaomA 
dedd woo, .esingooer senm ow mobein seodw .s9n0 book asm s15% 
_'# gpmigmob edd-to vsilideneileni off .medt beyordesh sved on 
 elno.doa siew ,e1sdto anome bagdett bas anitaud to addeia odd 
spp eteerot deay hevieesag yods dud ,ebiol edd oF exoozsdnsvbe 
 @ edt, emsosd sksnisih entvesfo seodn .ebnoo exoismen fas 
 - Békewso, yd. ,yTOdidass edt aot evedesetbh sidsiyolsont to sause 
— gdkedodedt.,adtuoib {soiboisea bas enoitsbaust sats an 107 
i sagan ypernge aboiddyteve bait o¢ beeoasif abnim-toetis oF 


Bes erode s¥s -bsoi Bot T3GOE 


vr 


aes 
1 


eoquen: dedy gl» .ystnuoo edd to sottestaibanst Ineasic 180 
me 09 Len erimexs o¢ ifaw #f 3? ie 


. 
i 


118 
it taught the people of cities the art of fortification; com- 
pelled them to protect themselves, it further retained certa- 
in principles of chivalrous honor, that nothing could efface, 
which elevated the aristocracy during the 16 th amd 16 th cen- 
turies, and that gradually penetrated into the lowest classes 
of society. 

Tt is with the education of peoples as with that of individ-. 
uals, who when endowed with a robust temperament, learn life 
better under whimsical, hard and even unjust masters, than in. 
the endulsent and paternal hands of the family. Under the re- 
ign of charles VI, feudalism defended the country badly, evan 
betraying it, fortifyins itself more than ever in its domains, 
having no views than satisfaction ef personal ambition, devas- 
tatims the country and the cities under pretext of harming s 
some party, olaced arms in the hands of the people, and Char- 
les VI found them armed. 

If the French orovinces had passed from monastic influence 
under an absolute monarchical rule, they would certainly have 
had a more happy and tranguil youth; their Satherings under the 
latter power might have been made withoutsa violent shock, but 
would they have felt that ardent need of union, of national u 
unity, that forms our strensth today and tends to mincrease e 
every day? It is doubtful. Feudalism further had an immense 
advantage among a developins people; it maintained the feel- 
ing of personal responsibility, that monarchical power on the 
contrahy tends to extinsuwish; it accustomed each individual 
to combat* it was a hard, oppressive and vexatious resime, t 
though healthy. It seconded the royal power in compelling the 
people to unite against the divided owners of castles, to form 
a nation. 

Amons the feudal laws that appear barbarous to us, there w 
were many good ones, whose wisdom we must recosnize, now that 
we have destroyed them. The inalienability of the domains, t 
the rights of huntins and fishing amons others, were not only 
advantageous to the lords, but they preserved vast forests a 
and numerous ponds, whose clearins and drainase became the ce 
-egause of incalculable disasters for the territory, by causins 
for us those inundations and periodical drouths, that besin 
to affect minds disposed to find everythings for the bést in 
‘-onr present reorginkzation of the country. In that respect 


r > 7 


’ a: Oiaad 5 4 . 
mee Ate bab Me | 
Ye ie 


ef sacs. meatiants ute ron - dtin PASS so Lfew at th 


ob Eebaet odd to. pottsvasesiqesds oo elisteb pidalauitidches 


end d ,sonsbytg vd botatoth yilssened sts ewal sesdT .enism 
gh aleaseas: Yo esdoky edt to edean edd Saidaeverg 10% been 
i song dtin bemis toamireve2 sd¢ to siso [Is to etioe xr ysbos 
_ syetedwytevs antbnetzre nodiisiteinishs oa sshnw .ensl evitoss 
| etheeete ‘6 noletvib edt mi esends tnewsxg of S{uoktTIb ei +i 
_ «Esteevad yidavoo eit to emstivo odd fH{sow tebsceib sedw odni 
 pbedaotetat need ton bed metinbuet ti .eeks olbbim odd ni sel 
 afag jebssi to ercesseeog edd to eensliviaa edd bcinistaism oi 
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—s—s“séapghenoted sesdt tuseetqe: of dein deeds .ebneiat risdd to see 
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+ emooed tnivad ewolew sed¢ of easdica ei ti 102 .e2udlLowb 
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6 edt tnette ot suntdgnoo anoi [fiw hue betoetts eved sonesil 
) was n'y : -ogous to eeinisesh 
. poetonesiay Eubost adit to sesda tes{ eidd onimexs woo en ged 
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oatved yedt) metishyet to emit enit edd oi es yyitanoo edt bas 


sec jhodeyertshuet edt to beitsd Sevotorg sieds betestiase - 
; evotenash e10m need eved bivow sonsdeizes beoret atieds sedd 


~qelsevev dooxth sid ot dev1s eroteisdd seom od pfutees neds 
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119 

it is well to examine with an unprejudiced eye those laws fil- 
Led with minute details on thespreservation of the feudal do- 
mains. These laws are Ssenerally dictated by prudence, by the 
need for preventing the waste of the riches of the soil. If 
today in spite of all care of the Sovernment armed with pro- 
tective laws, under an administration extending everywhere, 
it is difficult to prevent abuses in the division of property, 
into what disorder would the culture of the country have fal- 
len in the middle ages, if feudalism had not been interested 
in maintaining the vrivileges of the possessors of lands, pri- 
vileges attacked with more passion than reflection, by a feel- 
ing of envy rather than a love of the seneral sood. If these 
pritlieses are forever destroyed, if they are contrary to the 
national feelings, which we recosnize; aif they cannot find pl- 
ace im our modern civilization, let us at least state this; 
that they were not only profitable to the Sreat proprietors 
of the soil, but to the soil itself, i-e., to the country. 
Let us then leave aside the vulgar discourses of the belated 
detractors of 6verthrown feudalism, who see in each feudal — 
lord only 2 petty tyrant occupied in excavating dungeons, th- 
ose of their friends, that wish to represent these barons as 
knightly defenders of the oppressed and protectors of their 
vassals, crowning rose gueems, and always ready to mount a 
horse for God and the kins; but let us take feudalism for wht 
it was in France, an energetic stimulant, one of those provi- 
dential elements, that concur (blindly, it matters little) in 
the grandeur of our country; let us respect the ruins of their 
dwellings, for it is perhaps to them we owe havins become the 
most united nation in the West, that whose strensth and intel- 
ligence have affected and will lons continue to affect the d 
destinies of Burope. 

Let us now examine this last phase of the feudal habitation, 
asain brilliant, which commences with the reisn of Charles Vi. 

The political situation of the nobleman was chansed; he co- 
uld no longer count on the service of his men in the villages 
and tke country, as in the fine time of feudalism (they having 
manifested their profound hatred of the feudal system; he knew 
that their forced assistance would have been more danserous 
‘than useful; he must therefore trust to his direct vassals, 
to the knights holding fiefs dependant on the lordship, and 


2 by ean | re Oe we a | aN |S ) ee we ee 7 i? % 
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jal . ost 

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120 
to men masin#’ a porofession of arms, i.e., to all those moved 
by the same interests and the same tastes; that is why the c 
castle of the end of the 14 th century takes the appearance 
of a fortress, more than before that epoch, although the feu- 
dal power may have lost the best part of its prestige. The 
castle of the beginning of the 15 th century protests against 
the pooular tendencies of its time, it is more isolated and 
enclosed than ever: defenses become wiser because only occup- 
ied by soldiers. It is no lonser a protection for the country, 
but a refuse for a privileged class, that feels itself attack- 
ed on all sides, and that makes a final effort to seize om p 
power asain. 

In the 12 th century, the castle of Pierrefonds, or rather 
of Pierrefonts, was already a military post of sreat importan- 
ce, possessed by a count of Soissons named Conon. At the dea- 
th of this lord without heirs, it was acouired by Philip Aus- 
ust, and that prince had entrusted the administration of the 
lands to a bailiff and a provost, abandoning the use of the 
seigniorial buildings to the religious of 8. Sulpice. By rea- 
son of this acquisition, the leading men of the town had obta- 
ined from the king “a charter of a commune that prohibited t 
the exercise of the rishts of servitude, mortmain and marriase, 
and in recognition of this immunity, the citizens of Pierref- 
ends must furnish to the kins sixty serseants, with E:) carriase 
drawn by four horses.”* f Because of this dismemberins of the 
old domain, the castle was little more than a rural habitati- 
on; but under the reish of Charles VI, Louis of Orbeanss; first 
duke of Valois, judged it well to extend his safe places, and 
in 1390 he took up the duty of rebuilding the castle of Pier- 
refonds on a stronger and better selected site, i.e., at the 
end of a promontory dominatins one of the richest valleys in 
the suburbs of Compiesne, profiting by the natural vorecipices 
to protect the defense on three sides, while the old castle 
was placed on the vlateau at about 1640 ft. from the precipice. 
The Sood location of the place was not the only reason, that 
must have determined the choice of the duke of Orleans. Ifvo 
one looks at the map of the vicinity of Compiedgne, it is seen 
that the forest of the same name is surrounded on all sides 
by streams of water; the Oise, Aisne and the two small rivers 
of Vandi and of Automne. Pierrefonds, sheltered by the forest 


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~ 
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amob dnooiti ake peldbdhtgotndtesst: besoti'ent be nee yede no 
peers bieoe ets ett de batved .ecbie Lis no delete: qltess 
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» odd feiquooo moorbiend efdT .M moowbiswa: “ats to: Atrrces 


hte m | 
r ry re eB a i. : <i : : } gl 


121 

on the north, thus found itself dominate a masnificent domain 
easily Suarded on all sides, havins at its Sate one of the m 
most beautiful forests in the vicinity of Paris. It was thus 
an admirable place, able to serve as a refuse and to offer t 
the pleasures of the chase to the possessor. The court of Ch- 
arles VI was very advanced in luxury, and amond the great vas- 
sals of this prince, Louis of Orleans was one of the most mag- 
nificent lords, loving the arts and cultured, which did not 
prevent him from beins full of ambition and love of power; so 
he desired his new castle to be both one of the most sumptuo- 
us residences of that epoch, and a fortress built in a manner 
to defy all attacks. Monstrelet speaks of it as a place of the 
first order and an admirable location. 

Note 1ep.ih. Sowmpredne et ses environs, vy Le Ewis. 

The castle of Pierrefonds, whose plan we give (24) at the 
level of the ground story of the court, is both a fortress 
of the first order and a residence containins all the servic- 
es designed to provide for the existence of a sreat nobleman 
and a numerous assemblase of knights. Separated from the pla- 
teau at the emd of which it is located by a ditch A cut in the 
rock by man, its principal entrance G is preceded by a vast 
lower court C, around which rose the stables, cattle sheds and 
the lodgings of the servants. At © is still seen the circular 
waterins place for cattle and horses. The entrance sate of t 
the lower court was opened in the eastern enclosins wall. The 
three sides, north, west and east of the castle dominate very 
pronounced slopes, at the foot of which extends the town of 
Pierrefonds. To enter the castle, it was necessary to pass a 
Sate opened at the end of the wall of the lists at about the 
point D, follow beneath the ramparts the terraces i, and ent- 
er by the eastern sate from the lower court at Ff, traverse t 
the lower court diagonally, and present one’s self before the 
entrance G with carriage portal and a rectansular vostern op- 
ening at the side. This first defense being passed beneath t 
the enormous tower I of the keep, that commands it vertically, 
one finds himself on a wooden bridge supported by two isolat- 
ed piers, and arrives at the drawbridses H and K of the date 
and the postern. Besides the drawbridses, the entrance passa- 
ge I, had two gates and a vortcullis fallins behind the little 
gate of the suardroom M. This suardroom occupied the sround 


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story of a high square watch tower, furnished with its little 
private stairs and with privies N in all stories. By itself t 
this entrance is weblidefendedgiand the carriage gate of the — 
external defense being opened, it was impossible for men in 
the lower court to see what occurred in the internal court of 
the castle. But what rendered that entrance particularly dif- 
ficult to force was the great tower I of the keep, whose wal- 
ls of a considerable thickness (15.i1%t.) in the Sround story 
are not pierced by any openings, and whose upper machicolatio- 
ns permit crushing assailants in possession of the bridge or 
moat. The tower I is joined to the keep proper of sauare forn, 
and divided in several halls, and that by its position comma- 
nds afar the two sole accessible points of the castle, i.e., 
its south and southeast facades. But the construction of this 
keep merits that we study it with care, so much the more that 
it differs from those of the 12 th and 13 th centuries. 

Note 1.150. This plan is at a scale of 4 + 1000. 

At Pierrefonds the keep is not only the principal point of 
the defense, it is also the habitation of the lord, construot- 
ed with elegance, and containing a sreat number of services 
adapted to render the apartments pleasing. It consists of a 
story of cellars, a vaulted sround story whose plan is siven, 
that could only serve for storehouses and places for provisi- 
ons, and three stories of halls furnished with fireplaces. In 
each story the arransement is like that of the sround story; 
but the halls are separated by floors and no longer have the 
columns seen on our plan. From the principal halls of the up- 
per stories, reached by the srand stairway P, are communicat- 
ions with the square tower 0 by passages made in the angle of 
the junction, and these principal halls were lighted by two 
large and high windows pierced in the eastern wall at each 
gide of the fireplaces. This keep was covered by two roofs 
with intermediate sutter om the division wall from east to 
west. Two gables at the east and two at the west close these 
two roofs. Between the keep and the southeast tower were sr- 
eat orivies J reached by a bent passase; between these privi- 
es and the little hall southeast of the keep is a closet lish- 
ted from the court @. From this same southeast hall at the 1 
level of the cellars is a passage to a little postern R open- 
ins on the moat and the stairs of the corner tower. A Sreat 


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. gntbfet diiw besqaiups yewxoch & yd beoteia ai .¥ Iseade a 


~te timbs o¢ yiseesosn ssw di nedd 37 .eiifwedsee s bas eiroco0b 
bivoo seeds ,elteso ont noteivorg of 9 danoo odd oft er98 40887 
~10900 ¢edw eee move 10 dises [snisini edd odat siaittensa Jos 
soob etdd to wilite blotow? edt ese nece [fede of .s1edd bes 
| — ed¢ evods asixose evil bessseeog sswod sisnpe edt .x 
pas geet edd Yo sacolt odd mort gaiaetbib. elevel ddin yiose 
* id toed yd yloo .betsde sved ow es di ddin gnitsoingmmco Jon 
eteloei ed blyoo tsi 10 & sew eis? .eatsde: bns eedeeeso 
te eaivid: ddbied edt yd ebteswo odd baibssmmoo, been ts 


atae in. a, Ro eh Ok, e 


123 
buttress 3 at the angle of the keep on the principal court was 
probably terminated by a watch tower, a sort of small suardr- 
gom that commanded the entrance corridor L. The grand stairw- 
ay P, on the side most in sisht next the court, was preceded 
by a wide flight of steps and a box or portico, that permitt- 
ed the lord and his principal officers to draw up the sarris- 
on in the court and sive orders from an elevated point.- The 
arrangement of this flishtoéfesteps must be modified; we have 
reason to believe, that at the orisin it was only a terrace 
with a small stairway placed at the side. Am important annex 
of the keep of Pierrefonds is the square tower 0 placed at t 
the northeast angle, it is flanked by buttresses supportins 
watch towers, which permit seeims what passes in the country, 
over the curtains T, the omly one not adjoined by buildings, 
for the area Q is a court. At ¥ the curtain T is pierced by 
_@-wide postern equipped with foldins doors and a drawbridse; 
the threshold of that postern is placed at 26.3 ft. above the 
external base of the wall. Outside that base the slope of the 
plateau being quite steep, it is scarcely possible to admit, 
that a level bridge misht sive access to the postern, althoush 
opposite and about 164 ft. from the rampart exists a hill pa- 
rtly artificial, and that seems to have been surmounted by a 
Little fort. We should be disposed to believe that the postern 
V had one of those projecting bays auite frequently employed 
in castles for admitting provisions of all kinds by means of 
a windlass, without being oblised to admit persons unknown 
to the garrison into the internal enclosure; in this case the 
little fort on the hill outside was intended to mask and pro- 
tect the introduction of provisions. As an excess of precaut- 
ion, the northeast battlements of the tower 0, connected with 
the chanel Y, is pierced by a doorway equipped with foldins 
doors and a portcullis. If then it was necessary to admit st- 
rangers into the court @ to provision the castle, these could 
not penetrate into the internal court or even see what occur- 
red there. We shall soon see the twofold utility of this door 
X. The square tower vossessed five stories above the ground 
story with levels differing from the floors of the keep, and 
not communicating with it, as we have stated, only by bent 0 
passages and stairs. This was a work that could be isolated 
at need, commendins the outside by its height, siving signals 


‘ - - ¥, ‘. 


} amivteos’ s y bos T weno: Par reine ed jaialeaila ha al ve i se aie ; ie on 
,V bos 0 ts , elteso edd Yo seonsttus feutontag owt edt Y 
edt bos ,atiow Iwtrewog bas dbid yiev yd besosto1g yibnouse 
i »: Liew Snied .qood esd to eeltne teesdtion bus seowdsvoe owt ota 
“in “sdesodtvee eft 10% BA .esem esi besevoo ,feicslt os bedrogane fy"? 
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g et 100lt hanors edt svodA .ebnotertei? to eiteso eid to 48 
doin usifeo. set ti wofled bas .stinev evors yd ferevoo yiose 
» OQ .emob. Istnemher [sottqille as yd berevoo;.dt FS to ddosbh a 
-to Boineco ne dkvoms vino tel[leo tadd oto bneoceeb neo en0 
-bbel a to ensom yd \.8st .divev edd Yo disc. scan eft ai beo 
gl aelico selnotto eidt Yo edness edt ts ;hioo bedtond to 19 
wife ceesh .t2 €.99- ed oF ev of erseags tedd . {few s betevaoxre iy 
-maib tt &.2 Butpeqo os dtiw [few ew jal sefist yidweq dbvods | 
seg rL fe edt to sitneo eft oi aninege sii of Sutbsogeext0D ste 
sis seddien vevisos: asif{so eid? .asliso edd to dlusv Lsois 
oppAnies edd mt yvizg s ead tod .votvedxe sdt moat ddbil son 
_anted nemed s ovisoot of bsbnedni sedd ean dT .Lfew odd to 
; tes svsth & yidedow esx sadeso esi ds betavsoxe [lew edt bob 
— rsscoselh oF tosteeh esw ow .etenssotny eft aot nego eysn 
AB. de eed BREKRORH duor of. (eehwettetideme es: eowenet 
6 Eran Prete oo \aatoree vewot Yo free svat Ke amen sigs ee ns a 


124 

to the upper defenses of the sreat tower I and receivins them 
The two principal entrances of the castle at G and V were thus 
strongly protected by very hish and powerful works, and the 
two southwest and northeast angles of the keep, being well s 
supported an flanked, covered its mass. As for the southeast 
and most exoosed angle, it was preceded by a very high tower 
Z possessing a watch tower and five storier of defenses. It 
was not by its owm construction that the keep of Pierrefonds, 
the residence of the lord, was defended, but by the important 
additions surroundins it. 

Note 1.p.i15d2- The LVishts of steps plan an Luportant part 
an castles after the 13 th century.( Art. Perron). 

The other varts of the castle of Pierrefonds are no less in- 
teresting to examine. The sreat hall was at a, covered by car- 
pentry with visible tiebeams according to custom. A wide fire- 
place heated it. The sreat hall was in communication with a 
second hall b, from which one reached the corner tower c. The 
construction of this tower is very singular, and we think that 
it may be regarded as intended for dungeons (oubliettes). The- 
re is no castle in which the suides do not show you dungeons, 
and generally thése are vrivies, that are accused of havins 
received human victims sacrificed to the vengeance of the feu- 
dal nobles; but this time it seems difficult for us not tos 
see actual dungeons in the construction of the southwest tow- 
er of the castle of Pierrefonds. Above the Sround floor is a 
story covered by cross vaults, and below it is a cellar with 
a depth of 23 ft. covered by an elliptical sesmental dome. 0 
One can descend into that cellar only through an opemins pier- 
ced in the upper part of the vault, i.e., by means of a ladd- 
er or knotted cord; at the centre of this circular cellar is . 
excavated a well, that appears to us to be 26.3 ft. deep, al- 
though partly fallen in; a well with an openings 5.3 ft. diamn- 
eter correspondins to the opening in the centre of the ellip- 
tical vault of the cellar. This cellar receives neither air 
nor lisht from the exterior, but has a privy in the thickness 
of the wall. It was then intended to receive a human beins, 
and the well excavated at its centre was vrobably a grave al- 
ways open for the unfortunate, who was desired to disappear 
forever. (Art. Oubliettes). 

NOS LeHotehke This sort of tower serving as o prison was a 


a dd pe bu: a? &4 sat ear eee “ertirvoo" Fo smon edt yd betoagiast 
4y ips Thenlo evai se «(#soq doneTt b¢0) saestetasa 
“188 & Iiaikgynen3 od¢ tedd .ef notsiao 1v0 evedtaneite ded 

gated sed ett) motes of Baibroses soitent Yo ¢1woo 8 Bs fev 
eren fanwdiat e*bsol edd eroted bedio etiaaivd .(‘s te beosls 
tuoddtw 6 moot Quittew edd odni M eeuedbrs0o sdt mort tddnord. 
-ot1og edd sonte ,siteso edd te dtuco edi aséne ot eids nied 
edd to eonentns edd fmoved bsowefia ei J smsensa odd Yo eilin 
/poerzse on dadd .tniog Jnrstscoomi as beehai esw JI .moowbisss 
.siteso 2 cint stsitened emit dedé.ds binode soeiniss edd tad 
tenk Bberndi0d need toived asttA .noiesimisa isiosge yd Jasoxs 
i, bawot-erew beewoos sit 3 lied tse1k odd bnintol 2 1sKOd eat 
-edd seed o¢ “se mzotéefa oft stcted tdeuort stew yedt va lind 
© dswot zeH100 Sdd_o¢ nedsd sisw soneds moil fos ,sonednee 1s 
at .yrote favors odd oti iied edt ni sedvie henoefiomi ed oF 
~brooos beditoesb ‘Sent noebaob edd nt vileait 10 .rei{so edd 
oweyeds 22 shoretise sd o¢ soemdeinug sit Io 108i1 edt oF Bot 
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me baiteles elisteb desef{ edt evin of elds nied tnoddin .beistas 
-no bsd meer eonte .siteso edt to dnemetrsiss [soisssi edd of 
b -sesonmebnsasb edi bos Isnundias edd seee yl 
-¢dtted sattne ed? beiquooo d xenne sdi bos s [isd tse1s sat 
Yo estiete evit déiw beaaivos esp = wswod eff .antw 2idd To 
; shiwizersbsrene antl Senceuson ean nistano odd besnslt .eeenetsd 
- of Bea ceterl sd 
peeness ode - ous <aoin dt¢aen edt ni beshei noelars> sdT 
geome A il ts‘ beasties sisw yidsdo1g yiev ensdodsaiai sdé yaodse 
/evods sntw eidt “io eeficte ont od bebasoes 3 extsie tetbatw 
thee ni esiviag ehisl bentstnoo & sewod ed? .yiote bavowdy edd 
9d? .tntooseidt js noatizss evorsmen s esdeoifai doidw .yaote 
eyed yedT saobo biovse of bebasixe yienotneted e168 esiviaa ses 
a aot eheeesq Istetel es ddiw ¢fvav odasf 8 yiote sewol efit of 
“BoA .fowitrG .32A).toub Snitslisoev s bas ebewee edd Bnivomet 
‘steed \*Us,U er]ewod ont odT sd moor edd ni beos{o esw hissed 
g noitouttenco ai efdesinbs o18 .efteso edd Liss fo bevieseid 
~fe0 edt dasoxe ,esixote siedd Lis ;ednenetnsats eviensteb bas 
| -y98h edt t0¥ bevaeaes eliad sedio owl .eeoafoqsait eved .sael 
vy odd of bebnsoesh eno a iled odd YS .m te heteutie sas aoei 
a -eo@ ds evt® oW sbaiw deew edt disened Snibnedxe easifso Jesy 
_ So Level edd de goiw ddion edt Io ywiote rewol odd. to asia edd 


~ 


| 125 
Besvenored by the nowe of “cartre” durins the 13 th and 14 +h 
centuries. (OV French poen). 

What strengthens eur opinion is, that the sreatihall a ser- 
ved as a court of justice accordins to custom (its bar beings 
placed at a’). Culprits cited before the lord’s tribunal were 
brought from the suardhouse M into the waiting room b, without 
being able to enter the court of the castle, since the portc- 
ullis of the passame L is placed beyond the entrance of the 
suardroom. It was indeed an important point, that no person 
but the Sarrison should at that time penetrate into a castle, 
except by special permission. After havins been tortured in t 
the tower e joining the great hall, if the accused were -foand 
Suilty, they were brought before the platform a’ to hear the- 
ir sentence, and from thence were taken to the cormer tower c 
to be imorisoned either in the hall in the sround story, in 
the cellar, or finally in the dungeon just described, accord- 
ing to the rigor of the punishment to be suffered. If they w 
were found innocent, they left through the suardroom as they 
entered, without being able to sive the least details relating 
to the internal arrangement of the castle, since they had on- 
ly seem the tribunal and its dependances. 

The great hall a and the annex b occupied the entire heisht 
of this wing. The tower e was eouinped with five stories of 
defenses, flanked the curtain and commanded the exterior of 
the lists... 

The Sarrison lodged in the north wins, and im the sround 
story the kkitchens very probably were arramged at 1. A great 
winding stairs f ascended to two stories of this wins above 
the sround story. The tower $ contained larse privies in each 
story, which indicates a numerous Sarrison at this<voint.. Th- 
ese privies are ingeniously arranged to avoid odor. They have 
in the lower story a large vault with a lateral passage for 
removine the sewage and a ventilating duct.(Art. Prive). As 
suard was placed in the room h. The two towers JU, U*, best 
preserved of all the castle, are admirable in construction a 
and defensive arransements; all their stories, except the cel- 
lars, have fireplaces. Two other halls reserved for the sarr- 
ison are situated at m. By the hall n one descended to the v 
vast cellars extendins beneath the west wing. We sive at B 
the plan of the lower story of the north wing at the level of 


- 


‘ y 
“anne we fe resae | “bate biiteth tare edt Yo’ bn Honnreus | 
ie sbobkasctaseterrieal sei a th .tan0o peeriry Wins 
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7 7-9 i ee : ‘fm: es Se 


‘ Eon 


ad 


126 

the ground of the lists, that is found 26.3 ft. below the sr- 
ound of the inner court. At p is a small postern closed only 
by folding doors. By this postern must the watch leave andr 
renter in case of siese and before the takins of the lists. 
To cause the door to be opened, the watch made itself known 
by means of a speaking tube at the left.of this postern, and 
which was divided into two branches in the thickness of the 
division wall, corresponding to the suard at h on the sround 
floor and that on the second story. Thus it was necessary for 
twa. separate suards to have recosnized the watch, to cause t+ 
the door to be opened by men placed in a mezzanine located a 
about the soace s at the middle of the story. But these meu 
did not hear the password svoken by those outside into the s 
speaking tube, and did not so to open the postern by descend- 
ing a wooden stairs in u, only after havins received orders 
from the upper Suard. Besides in case of treason, the vaulted 
Suardroom of the mezzanine, not communicatins with the sround 
story of the court, would not have allowed the enemy to enter 
the castle, admitting that he had succeeded in surprisins this 
post. Once the passage was entered by the postern p, it was 
essential to take into account the internal arrangement of t 
the castle; for to reach the court, it was necessary to follow 
on the left the corridor s, to turn beneath the east wins, a 
ascend by the little winding stairs t, pass over a drawbridse 
guite high above the court Q, and to appear before the sate X, 
closed by folding doors and a portcullis. If a hostile force 
entered by the postern p, three passages presented themselves, 
two of which, the corridors r and k, had no outlets; thus it 
risked straying and losins precious time. 

Note 1.-p.18565e See Art. Prive. 

Tfethe defensive arrangements of the castle of Pierrefonds 
do not have the majestic srandeur of those of the castle of 
Coucy, they do not fail to be combined with an art, care and 
attention to details, that proves to what a desree of perfec- 
tion the construction of strons places for lords had arrived 
at the end of the 14 es century, and to what point their vos- 
sessors in that epoch mistrusted peoole outside. 

The lists = BR’ &” were formerly eauipped with battlements, 
destined to place cannon at a more recent epoch; they domina- 
ted the natural precipice, that is about 66 ft. above the bot- 


Ae : 
ts. 
apt prin petoensoo ef boe esbglas ,viistaosizod sidadah 
if | seeenda0t. ot ‘biswot evsonos eforicimee e at effid Ilene to 
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P | edt bettinzeq. ti 70% Qlostts to ensem yientbio sesemgosd yiel 
(207it gnegtevan0 Yo slorioimee 8 wd beqolevas sd ot shaogst dtsoe 
: esosts20dr yetto? diss ows .TIX eivod Yo extd edt mort exd? 
wousetsla -ed% to ncitonut<edt de tiind sien .favet I[fite,.s1s 
= tussda tise. aswol edt bus es10t seedt asewiss .ellid edt diin 
Sposheaenl e1xsw ysdi bos ,westelg edi no bebnodxs anshiae Inti 
cutk id os ‘sedseagisq divin el{sw sosszted yo beeolons 
pees tedd.,etoubeuos to, enismer odd niev ai sdbuoe syed of 
<sq7e84. to esasectose edd ofni-vetew dddword eved yiiasecoosa 
pombe asda stom op ,91ve0fome, dads. ai [few s to so813 0% .ebsot 
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ot yiseesoen sew dedd [fh sssedelo odd Sainioi hs effin elssil 
easy ceneteb efi 10% bos noeisziss esorsmua 8 te stil ylish esd 
edt: ydibetoveb e1so edt to tduob.s eveel od neseet0t Ilew ood 
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te 2 -9onstilietat yd betoe1ib enolisveoxs to 
eft. noat neat ,ebnoteiisia to el¢eso edt to wetv aeifeveo A 
etiofo yvieutine odd ewode (@$) déaom odd Sscedeil odd Yo ebie 
~ase edz to petnent wi, yehor batgogmi yiey esi doitw .duemetnei7e 
egtey sasistovite,odt Yo aiuy toved 
pide " sabtenbees ano tosisie ylisivoitiaa biwode gadw ied 
-gobs-yléineos1 seneteb to medey2 edt ei eonehiesi Jaeollinges 


t, RS 


ss egaotes tewof edd ,eetrelise to eeisofe owd vd ¢1sq seqem ett 
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ss mit Bevageeag etewos edt to eqod edT «(XE .biT ,saisdiLIM sad 
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op her ysode’ seagu ed¢ to Jevel sdt te ednemeléted bas enotisic 
ss mgmaetai dtin ednemelédied to! estiote ows 10 sno cenissave oda 
+» 4eteoreds bawors edmeasisied dtiw toqerac e bus edole sisib 
| (eistaeoedt Of) soisexteni{i tustens esto s of e19ie1 sno th 
er ee Ro elbbimeeds ai tiisd .e asw0t saz 


| ul 


a ,: se P 


quedt 1806 -tewol 96 “atl ar velisy edt % ahaa 


a 


basteb ei atsdivo odd to soidi90 dost -doogs tadd ts bed ~ 


mp Aumenentdagponnenel: to. vetaben! evih hesesceong .ytio edi | 


yi ee ‘ Tre as) oy: . oy i vas & ne 


127 
bottom of the valley. South of the lower court the plateau e 
extends horizontally, enlarges and is connected with a series 
of small hills in a semicircle concave toward the fortress. 
This location was bad for the castle from the time that artil- 
lery becamesan ordinary means of atteck, for it permitted the 
south facade to be enveloped by a semicircle of convergent fire. 
Thus from the time of Louis XII, two earth forts, whose traces 
are still found, were built at the junction of the plateau w 
with the hills. Between these forts and the lower courtsbeaut - 
iful gardens extended on the plateau, and they were themselves 
enclosed by terrace walls with parapets. 

We have sousht in vaim the remains of agqueducts, that must 
necessarily have brought water into the enclosures of Pierre- 
fonds. No trace of a well in that enclosure, no more than in 
the lower court. The supply of water was then obtained by me- 
ans of conduits from the sprinss found on the slopes of the 
little hills adjoining the plateau. All that was necessary to 
the daily life of a numerous garrison and for its defense was 
~o00 well foreseen to leave a doubt of the care devoted by the 
constructors to the execution of the aqueducts. It would. be 
interestins to recover the traces of these channels by means 
of excavations directed by intellisence. 

A cavalier view of the castle of Pierrefonds, taken from the 
side of the lists at the north (25) shows the entirety of its 
arransement, which is very imposins today in spite of the sta- 
te of ruin of the structures. 

But what should particularly attract our attention in this . 
masnificent residence is the system of defense recently adop- 
ted at that epoch. Bach portion of the curtain is defended at 
its woper part by two stories of galleries, the lower story 
having machicolations, battlements aod slots; the upper story 
under the root had only battlements and slots. (Art. Architec- 
ture Militaire, Fis. 37). The tops of the towers preserved th- 
ere, four or five stories of defenses, a gallery with machic- 
olations and battlements at the level of the upper story of 
the curtains, one or two stories of battlements with interme- 
diate slots and a parapet with battlements around the roofs. 
If one refers to a quite ancient illustration (16 th century) 
the tower e, built in the middle of the west curtain toward 
the city, possessed five stories of defenses, like those of 


‘et 


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i ‘ 7. ru ‘ A uF 
riers , : i ae oe 

sth i Jee on oy a ae 4 
s 


- svods. esor “19% ot 4 ih od be is ev A as wuts | 
a oF dt saasvthod inbainn: edt. to e¢iae ol perce ‘no > ddd 
oe [Prec ndenorert ylovideles s yd bennam od bison yeds .seans 
ss gts enoktéoinummoo .bexaatie ylrebic e1e" yeds 10% . .etebasteb 
geo foretemod¢2oitostora wd, beinell [lew o18 enisdiso efd . Yass 
| eo fchauets ylezitee level « ac sham sd aso ehasor end rsdsexos. 

_fnsoreb od boxildo anied guodtin dieq xsgqn sit si sloeao ont 

-upbomedt mort boeoes oF bas .eniadaso edd of eiewod edd moti 

edt Yo 'selieso ed? ni ob of belloamoo easy ene 22 ,2xeKnod oft 

.€7g etole on dadt hoton ed [lin d] .eeiautaeo di ff bas sd St 

<19dx9 ‘odd no etnemeltied .erevod edd to seesd edd at heowsia 
ata ed? .gedoso1ccs edd bnoteb onofs eietl edd Yeo sitsa Iso 
_mbesrutes aoos .siseofone de1it gedd.o¢ai newiah oedw ,aces 
bedoesors {fiew bane eeixzota seacga-odd anivyouces, bas ,olieao odd 
sot. Petqnedse odw (ednelieess odd bedeato ,steasise bosk yd 
gee -» oe@tisems1 edt to Joot eds. doseiges 
cia Hind si aas ynem botosdis bed mileess® ob bnsitasd 
sebte aisew eds yd anivitow bes ,esiasdnso di FL bas dé SI sad 
teom ed»,eeosia an0ute-osedt to atsemexestie evienstsh edz to 
sedea0.90d to eatstavo. vol edd Saofs eisbbsl beesio yliasynscat 
ydietebnsteb odd ysus evish of 9480 baited ,goocs dans to asf 

_ geoslaq foot bas botiusees yisdoiup.ed yeslivostore fo muode s 

.»seqse bos eooim: to ensem vole edt yd es ,2ailsoe yd dons 26 
odosdt to notdaiuoesh edd no eetdon odd ui bedsoibsi svad of 
mteso blovsdt to sensteb edt. wod .gis1ed to meilliW. to saveod 
asdaunitssta-s berzinpes aciivéneo dt FL bas dé St sdt to eal 
-pa-2aiqesi bas ayeddo edt eatsoeaepe dose .eieon sisisqee to 
egoowt tenisss boot esw sensteb Yo,sbom eidT .vistsisoge. bis 
~o1g .énemteevat yientimiferq s 19tte bas ,reddexes Baitos son 
sewedi geetioieiyd ie sezete Leidisq to 2ef1ee @ yd Saibeeo 
ep ledweeteido LIntiite.s yd bel eeture bentlaioeihb Jacietes bad 
diotie dse1a8 ebem bas. (ylesoivesa bevseiue ehoddiem. benohnsde 
it meat Rniwolls tuodtiw.eteog betsloai Bnites ,éniog eno te 
+me eseceteh bas enrd edt {{s-esiltss oF bas .300 bait oF om 
~smedd bosteb of .eeeseitsa0l odd to soivouitesoo sdé ai bedns 
et aan di. yantnes dt Ff edt to slteso edd ni [lew sovle 
eb dtorg od tastent os, sot. teo10t son of mogiaiae sit iol yis 
- soate deseL edt snoideoitisaot to. elisseb sdinitini odd Ils vd 
oat ,seelses yletem ton eelosdedo seeds beishass sosezi{gzen 10 | 
| abbot Lnepes squads ae.0f bee lesebasteb edd of enokmeial neve 


eet , ane 


= nay > hs 


128 
the angle % and the keep I. A very hish watch tower rose above 
that om the corner. In spite of the multiplicity of these def- 
enses, they could be manned by a relatively limited number of 
defenders, for they were orderly arransed, communications are 
easy, the curtains are well flanked by projectinsttowers close 
together, the rounds can be made on a level entirely around 
the castle in the upper part without being obliged to descem 
from the towers to the curtains, and to ascend from them in 
the towers, as one was compelled to do in the castles of the 
12 th and 13 th centuries. It will be noted that no slots are 
pierced in the bases of the towers. Battlements on the exter- 
nal walls of the lists alone defend the avvroaches. The sarr- 
ison, when driven into that first enclosure, took refuse in 
the castle, and occupying the upper stories and well protected 
by saod parapets, crushed the assailants, who attempted to a 
approach the foot of the ramparts. 

Bertrand du Guesclin had attacked many castles built durins 
the 12 th and 13 th centuries, and profiting by the weak side 
of the defensive arransements of these strons places, he most 
frequently placed ladders alons the low curtains of the cast- 
les of that epoch, taking care to drive away the defenders by 
a storm of projectiles; he quickly assaulted and took places 
as much by scaling, as by the slow means of mines and saps. 

Ne have indicated im the notes on the description of the L 
Louvre of William of Lorris, how the defense of the old cast-— 
les of the 12 th and 13 th centuries required a sgreat number 
of separate posts, each suspecting the others and keeping su- 
ard separately. This mode of defense was sood against troops 
not acting together, and after a preliminary investment, pro- 
ceeding by a series of partial sieges or by surprise; it was 
bad against disciplined armies led by a skilful chief, who 
abandoned methods oursued previously, and made a sreat effort 
at one point, takins isolated posts without allowins them ti- 
me to find out, and to utilize all the turns and defenses arr- 
anged in the construction of the fortresses. To defend thems- 
elves well in the castle of the 13 th century, it was necess- 
ary for the garrison to not forget for an instant to vrofit 
by all the infinite details of fortification. The least error 
or neglisence rendered these obstacles not merely useless, mt 
even injurious to the defenders! and in an abrupt assault dir- 


j 
bs 
5 & : eA / a) 
> ae © a 
Ae ae P i . ts ra 
F . : 


- 80ns tei er. te eng anna panreco iepieaeil Steeleceettss a 
-- oTt dE _Baitnevers “tefeatedo- te vtitsenp edd to eeseved: neve 
oe -iide S194 « grobneteh- edt. .bedosi¢s suited sd. o¢ eeam ni Baiod~ 5 
__» tude bra.ceqo ot .dategso. tuodsiw breoseh bus baeoes ot her . 
- -qaan bas er0bis100 nol mtoyibate efit od .ev00b to sedans: 
efde need griwed oxctesd neiet coetq edt Sucot bas .eeksesesg wo 
~sitened ylaistiso sonstisqxs sid? .esousoses aiedt [fsvsen cf 
‘yandnse dt St edt Yo bao edd-te seesowti0? te eishlied edt fe 
com .2autlade mot? sewleemedd dosto1q of eatataso hetoere yedd 
-%iter tud .etiow odd to tisq sswol edd sit edole hersco s9eanef 
-ense to etatnevhs sodtant edd bead tadd .eeqols yd medd bso10 
-tteloctdose edt mort aniiis? nedw Buvodes of eelisostozg ani. 
-nnmmoo toeiih ot-ents¢io bus eeiselish sid boosie vedt ;en0- 
98 molssoitisse? odd to qos edd ds gnsesig od es O8 ,cOolteci 
eeen ni sedsae eliese ot sides .erebrotsh to siisit nedowdas 
y _Yedd rywitbies: détiw esehie Raivisos1 fas befosise tniog edt te 
ss medeted dtiw eteveusa biloe déiwv esoitslogidoss edt begainos 
mort nwouds eoligostorta wort medé toesous of .beteveo bas edns 
-Rniwiee efled tecqu odd otni &nineqo esireliss siT .sbietso 
geotste titnd aedt Quiad etatbhlind) sqoort edd act edoesited ee) 
; bIuoo nupcteianngti bos omit vyeaods crsiblee edt .(esisiino sdé 
i . , -acisemex edt to sqot eft vauoce 
ashore mon eidd hellttiat qltosxe absotezseld to elteso edt 
eno nem of waseesoss som to asdanun edd betnques svsd ov .enms 
of feonbes sd bivoo s9odmun eid? .sldeso eitdit to ednort odt to 
U seebte {leme odd aot Ob o¢ bas atnoxrt teeth sot 03 nom Od: — 
emuees of -ysseuesoon ef ti .smid e te efnort ond dostis oF wow» 
edt eism ot tod .xnem OOOS tesel de Yo vhod exsousmon yisv s- 
oo oo eevieemeds detldsiss ,etesf{ eft sonct o¢ fns ssdosoigas 
| -sidosm eft gv 2nitad of .eliswiedd ebietuo “F “2 9 buvowk edd: 
ywiisolisqne text se bad nedd sensteb oft .msdd soeto1g bae es 
~faz aewol eft to encttsfooidosm sbiw edd yi -doatia siz sevo. 
-nsdt dostis of horiesh odu ,eseenola edt deuto blouse gi>,. viel 
side sd of axesnotq seedt 104 .elisw edi to seed edd of esvise 
-soxe of yiseesoen seed evsi bluow Jf .d10w afedd sonemmoo of. 
jboow to eekesese hersveo tonitence of 10 .eeitelleas enim sisy 
 98efe doum fos sem yosm ,emis dons hberiapet enoissiego seedd 
 * ote beototater ieddant 91s enietaso bes exswot ed? .{stiedaa 
 « # Yo eeentotds odd eolduoh ylisen tedd .redsad 8 yd ceed sad 
a ak betuosre e{deitmbs ef noltonisenco sit has .el{sx tteds . 


\9 
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429 Lom 
directed with energy, a garrisom lost its means of resistance 
even because of the quantity of obstacles preventins it from 


going in mass to the point attacked. The defenders were obli- 


sea to ascemd and descend without ceasing, to open and shut . 
a number of doors, to file sindgly<in lons corridors and narr- 
ow passages, and found the place taken before hawing bees able 
to use all their resources. This experience certainly benefit- 
ed the builders of fortresses at the end of the 14 th century; 
they erected curtains to protect themselves from scaliugs, n@ 
longer opened slots in the lower part of the works, but reinf - 
orced them by slopes, that had the further advantage of caus- 
ing projectiles to rebound when falling from the machicolati- 
ons; they placed the salleries and curtains in direct commun- 
ication, so as to present at the top of the fortification an 
unbroken sirdle of defenders, able to easily sather im nass 

at the point attacked and receiving orders with rapidity; they 
equipped the machitolations with solid parapets with batthea- — 
ents and covered, to protect them from projectiles thrown from 
outside. The galleries openins into the upper halls servings 

as barracks for the troops (buildings beings then built against 
the curtains), the soldiers atvuany time and instantly could 
occupy the tons of the ramparts. ; 

The castle of Pierrefonds exactly fulfilled this new prosr- 
amme. We have computed the number of men necessary to man one 
of the fronts of this castle. This number could be reduced to 
60 men for the sreat fronts and to 40 for the small sides. N 
Now to attack two fronts at a time, it is necessary to assume 
a very numerous body of at least 2000 men, both to make the 
approaches and to force the lests, establish themselves on 
the sround B&B” 8” outside the walls, to bring up the machina- 
es and protect them. The defense then had a sreat superiority 
over the attack. By the wide machicolations of the lower sal- 
lery, it could crush the pioneers, who desired to attach them- 
selves to the base of the walls. Por these pioneers to be able 
to commence their work, it would have been necessary to exca- 
vate mine galleries, or to construct covered passages of wood; 
these operations required much time, many men and much siese 
material. The towers and curtains are further reinforced at 
the base by a batter, that nearly doubles the thickness of t 
their walls, and the construction is admirable executed in s 


- 2 = cA ( LP me ie Oa m 7 
rs ae a oe a Pe Ag pt eae 


; Steves wer 6 y ve nod Diy tat: enti vinoceen book 
| ie | preva ‘antvdaar bowot vads .sdeil eft widsiw ‘said e1sw edn x 
er saoted Bre setgiserg s medd prided Snived .sete woUten 2 
~ Blwoo vets ,eetiote evtensts® [sisvee yd benworo eliew dgid 
. -esr1sdme ne emsoed tedinen Saot® aieds .cowleemeds Hosdxs gon 
a oatsetitst xiedd .Anelt bas. snort ci eelievim o¢ beeogxe -dnem 
ss am ed edt elidw :eeesol ofdtense to eeveo e snsoed dake eno ta 
| ~tenimok petaslist berevoo sists yd Hetoeto1g [lew stew behest 
tnidton hed .etascme1 odd Yo ezed edd ddbied tsouk 8 te bai 
: biod Hivos new OOF to noeiasse A .oem wet dud teol bas ist oF 
|  2T .eddnom fexevee 10t erszeived woe es eemis net dose oi 
ganeo ewol edd fue nebet odd ni etret owd oft Qnided is7te 
po bffeeo edt dostte ot botletw sebeived edz ,ehooterisid to 
yasv s to [fit of wid rol viseeenss exw Si ,ebie sonaidne ods 
ia “'yd bas gsed edt to I rswos gsoth ond yd bobelitcs dotibh qeet 
gee Od wot .ser0ow neve esw solstaog eid ;er])ewed efane ows ong 
, fine \eseretsh tocew 1aisedd asm od Snico eids 3s heoitive yliod 
j ‘em J mxsteod est yd Sivsoe & Bnidem ooomd s dostis ois bntawh 
=yet eis yd sedsie .tscm sit ot Anes{[I oi wrene odd eed bleoo 
edt ts ,eioteisds wbnoterist¢ te soteem oft .*“F yd 10 F ooa7 
~o1g Moevnid aehienco blyco .¢find ssw elteso eidd nedw docas 
yuis us bose bivode 2nid sit exofen fosdde yisve worl bedosd 
-ie islves1 s toubnoo fas shetoold of nem bnsenods [eteves to 
~sonetreoxes ns .ecotdact sedt subdoe Elvoo snole nownet sede 
%o ensem [utiwewoo jadd fenists book sew sosla ond teds bevorg 
-sd edd ot ntsve esw ti ttt sowbsy ot bedeix VI vineh posses 
.) petneesiaa roniecH To siub eds fe vusth fermen ssnesesl e& to ebn 
yous deotd s dtiw .reer ,dorell ni ebaoterierd escted Tfleamid 
~gie ott beetsa bea .stiedt priddon of Bineo sd dud yoonneo bas 
yd besfnqes fostis [stenek a aniash tode s 8nivieses 1edts 9% 
_os¥ .wtd d¢iw bed ed tedd .esbive Yo eforaboud emoe Bae xveif 
vem Bid Yo redsem ffeme 8 dtiw besiaaqise Satsd otstaso eins 
wooyol ds soud cew ,yreddot yerdieid ni hetetne ean od efinw 
sednerl sid to busmmoo eds sebow ebnoteureld Yo soslq edd fue 
Isyor oft wd beveresd miads ssw .ganomisiD .2 Yo snicdaé .saen 
-fed on bib odw .eniesl esh eltooner to exshio edd asirs yute 
nego Site od nevi venom to mee test & .nomiegh*h osdt u9t 
S aksmob Isvor edt ot eeeadact ged fevetses ebnoteisez% to gnsh 
Brot a FO. fetds afar 7 es svolTvo sAt 988 .08L.G.f StOK 
« £ ke eo aacines Fre. : -ssaqqrnek evitne sAtt a 


* i i 


on 


NO 
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130 

Sood masonry with facing of hard cut stone. When the assaila- 
nts were once within the lists, they found themselves within 
a narrow area, having behind them a precipice and before them 
high walls crowned by several defensive stories, they could 
not extend themselves, their Sreat number became an embarras- 
ment: exposed to missiles in front and flank, their sathering 
at one point became a cause of sensible losses; while the bes- 
ieged were well protected by their covered salleries dominat- 
ing at a Sreat height the base of the ramparts, had nothing 
to fear and lost but few men. A garrison of 300 men could hold 
in check ten times as many besiegers for several months. If 
after taking the two forts in the sarden and the lower court 
of Pierrefonds, the besieger wished to attack the castlé@ on 
the entrance side, it was necessary for him to fill ub a very 
deep ditch enfiladed by the sreat tower I of the keep and by 
the two angle towers; his position was even worse, for 60 men 
fully sufficed at this point to man their upper defenses, and 
during the attack a troop making a sortie by the postern P @ 
could take the enemy in flank in the moat, either by the ter- 
race # or by B”. The master of Pierrefonds therefore, at the 
epoch when this castle was built, could consider himself pro- 
tected from every attack, unless the king should send an army 
of several thousand men to blockade and conduct a regular si- 
ede. “Zannoa alone could subdue that fortress, and experience - 
proved that the place was Sood against that powerful means of 
attack; Heary IV wished to reduce it} it was again in the ha- 
nds of a leaguer named Rieux; 1 the duke of Bpernonm presented 
himself before Pierrefonds in March, 1591, with a Sreat army 
and cannon; but he could do nothing there, and raised the sie- 
ge after receiving a shot durins a general attack repulsed by 
Rieux and some hundreds of suides, that he had with him. Yet 
this captain being surprised with a small namber of his men, 
awhile he was engaged in hishway robbery, was huns at Noyon, 
and the vlace of Pierrefonds under the command of his lieute- 
nant, Antoine of S. Clermont, was again besieged by the royal 
army under the orders of Francois des Ursins, who did no bet- 
ter than d’Bpernon. A Sreat sum of money given to the comman- 
dant of Pierrefonds restored that fortress to the royal domain.” 

Kote A.p-i60. See the curious epeech of this chief of ao band, 
in the Satire Meniopec. 


® 7 iY 
- Par ; 
i 
. 


bi) v2 ae gies iv Oe ns aa Bike ms 
pth nae a ny A etapa piee” ae 
a0 F on" oni fone: ah betetue ered! abe ang 
ome e vain eudt patie -ehaopertsé® Fo wedo ‘tina o wostéeator 
| th oo) wwobgata edt Jo seo0dg tars? sd# fo rsdmva ott af Flos 
~#d .ebaoter1et to sissqso .sivss00 to einnism odd (OLor nT. | 
 wetfedoli {satbhuso ,etnstooolsm edd lo ysuso odd bentof saiv 
gd Bfwode sosla edd tadd .bnid edd to L[tonnoo edd ni bebioeh 
 bedostis ssw si owit sex? .enbievwwA To gnuco edd yd beteteed 
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gedt petiowddiss boos yd betosdorg stew seitsdiat -envitavele 
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Sd? uxdimetsxe dtsoe esi ta usetelq oft Saieofons ef[Iid to 
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ed ct soaic edd beewso weilsdoif bas .séalatiaso ot fenstesd 
912 sag Seaeeetaet bus eiswod dtaon sat anfonbea .beltasmerh 
«e¥ost1ed sdy Yo jzeq aste 
exewod edi bas nwob saod ehniblind dtiw yebos ef tf es doue 
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» Bevevoonn ybseils even emoisievsox’ .vyhude 10lt tosidue sidit 
‘sisw eitonw sesdt ti bos .tsom edt dxen disoe sit no ediow edt 
-pidt no 10% ynoldvemrotai suotoeig svit bloow yeds ,beunissco 
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_om %o Betetenco vitsido doidw ,soldsr0seh Isniedei atedd nid 
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sidsiiwe aaanoie dé¢iw elisn to ytitnevo s foe etotone evor)enne 
eidt to soitvonzdesh edd dasodtiA .estidesass trifmegene scl 
$f tedt deshow teum ono .ysieesoen s need eved ysm eeetd103 
~ -e91g Yinistiso ti rot ,eysh sso Ilid sosiai bentemss ton bed 
- /yemtt ono te sfiud efgeso s to nemtosae etelamoo deom edd batne 
«10% easem s ce beyolame sey ton asw yielfisas sedw dooge as Je 
ss @ edt Yo snogsew Snitoode nodw sey bne .eoesertrot anizosits 


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PAE 


7 
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ac byt W: x ree 


| 131 

Kote Bepoisd. Whore existed im the gallery of Cerfs of Fon- 
yainedbeau o painted view of Pierrefonds, which thus found Vt- 
seve WH the nundver of the first places of the kingdou. 

In 1616, the marquis of Coeuvre, captain of Pierrefonds, ha- 
ving joined the party of the malcontents, cardinal Richelieu — 
decided in the council of the king, that the place should be 
besieged by the count of Auvergne. That time it was attacked 
with system, profiting by the arrangement of the surrounding 
elevations. Batteries were protected by good earthworks, that 
still exist, and were erected on the crest of the semicircle 
of hills enclosing the plateau at its south extremity. The 
two forts having beem crushed by the fire were abandoned by 
the besieged; the count of Auvergne toak possession of them 
at once, placed there duns of sreat calibre, and without all- 
owins time for the garrison to recover, opened a terrible fire 
against the sreat tower of the keep, the south curtain and +t 
the two corner towers, which lasted two days without relaxat- 
ton. At the endoof the second day the Sreat tower of the keep 
fell, carrying down in its fall a part of the enclosing curte- 
gin. Gaotain Villeneuve, who commanded for the marquis, then 
hastened to capitulate, and Richelieu caused the place to be 
dismantled, reducing the north towers and destroying the sgre- 
ater part of the barracks. 

Sych as it is today with buildings torn down and its towers 
penetrated by saps, the castle of Pierrefonds is an inexhaus- 
tible subject for study. Excavations have already uncovered 
the works on the south next the moat, and if these works were 
continued, they would give precious information; for on this . 
side must be the stronger defenses, being most accessible.. 
One still sees in the ruined halls of the keep traces afdica- 
ting their intermal decoration, which chiefly consisted of w 
wainscot attached to the walls. The recesses intended ta rec- 
eive the grounds of this woodwork exist, as well as the the 
numerous anchors and a quantity of nails with prongs suitable 
for suspending tapestries. Although the destruction of this 
fortress may have been a necessity, one must regret that it 
had not remained intact till our days, for it certainly pres- 
ented the most complete specimen of a castle built at one time, 
at an epach when artillery was not yet employed as a means for 
attacking fortresses, and yet when shootings weapons of the m 


Os PRe hat ce Ne 
ee hed sentdoan ovate tte fns gee elbbia 
Be alee: apeteng ex]en tedu Yo seb os ev evi blnow J] .moktostise 
oe to emoseno euedw .vilentedni fess1cceb yidoia ybserle esooek 
ob sosig dei & sist of boonemmeo ticimes to seve bus yroxel 

sanity one ove so» e@otdon edt to sevil edt 
died sod. anes Om8E ens 40 efteso s ese of siiesh ow tI. 

(od ob OF au yo% yuapesoso ei tk ,emcisiedeig teehom os0m of 

| mee omee edt ds ef (0S) sneii eos nelq ea? .etiod-yse-yllve 

 mpesad1ot ond seeds fo esewods ofT I ebnotesrels Yo tedt ee of 

18m 9mEe edt mb bonidmoo sts foe ,19edemeth omee ed Io sis es 


io 


¥ nt eldeeo 6 et yiive clidw gicad aeete = no slind elieso s ai 


be qd yd bebawormse period odd to aned eit no bedss1e ofelo sda 
sf RekbEiwd Leqiontag ed? .tevix edd yd bol & edeom oseh Ens 
yd td mowd beteaxsaqee yino .sifod edd esos) Jedd .Qeex sad 81 
-vine efante sid srote® .tusmingdme woures sting s Ens reomes 
Hetosto1 fas tessw vd bebnwowwe Javco tewel edd ei 0 sons 
bnibroook syshot deixe sncis esesd seodn .eli{ew sniectons vc 
ei etek edt .yisdaso dé FL ocd mort betoohs atnomehnssis oF 
coe 8 toived dose .wisteca # fas stsk sbaiqiso & ojni bebivih 
eg nso ed .G dinoc edt foastne sed smo nedi erbiaswers esas 
~aidmeib faooee @ asve enteesa yd vino gest sit ovat eteidenes 
_. betnelt fae betoetora ifew ede s boe Jeom s tewo tesco shh 
edd Qnivase vawiiade end oninistroo 520 .ereswo? eldsil owd va 
-~yiede feotonixo eidd eebiess .eniblind eidd So esiaode seas 
+ odd to eotvode odT «etiede eoiviee edi ees sewed foss yen 
betersess ore dud ,bedlusv don eae ehaoteaisi® Js ee .s16Knod 
elisd ows ni bebivib ef ¥ koiblind oem ect -e100l3 seboow vd 
i weoinote ascan [wtitveed yiev ows bus yiode fhovowk s aed bre 
weeitelish edd déiw noitsoinummoo ni beoslo enisd bacoes sit 
-e1rs8@ ds onfe- eA .cinesslided bos stole ,esoisslooidosm ddin 
| ow Saiblind aism odd sienimob vidershience saswod sdt ,2bno% 
sds gebie ed. .tmiw edd oft stniblind sid eboemwoo Visedi doidx 
+ Simones tention s bas eniedano bersveo vd Lebseteb vino ste 
: esgicta feb Didise 0908: 2 ¢ o¢ efooe off .LOLeg.t Stan 
«Fo aottoss edt stmsqrody .t1h al meade Sood. 9H .8toget of OK 
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i et | * 


Ben ia ee ‘ 


ebroterieit duS .ecod aisdd moat seneteb to weiv ead déviw sen 


Pe aiaanteety ate bun ,% andbsiud ott Yo dtinad oattns sdt gud 

4 pat peg): wohersinagt to sJdot ted sat at tlivd gow t% bsar0~ 

a ee, peeevs rat ne «i; pacic le wt rte faz «249 ,weta wsé/ocoo — 
- 


132 
middle ages and all siege machines had attained their sreatest 
perfection. It would sive us an idea of what were those resi- 
deaces already richly decorated internally, where customs of 
luxury and even of comfort commenced to take a Sreat place in 
the lives of the nobles. 

Tf we desire to see a castle of the same epoch, but built 
in more modest proportions, it is necessary for us to go to 
Sully-sur-Loire. The plan given here (26) is at the same tea- 
le as that of Dierrefonds.! The towers of these two fortress- 
es are of the same diameter, and are combined in the same man- 
ner with the view of defense from their tops. But Pierrefonds 
is a castle built on a steep bank, while Sully is a castle in 
the plain erected on the bank of the Loire, surrounded by broad 
and deep moats B fed by the river. The principal buildings F 
is the keep, that faces the Loire, only separated from it by 
@imoatvand a quite narrow embankment. Before the single entr- 
ance C is the lower court surrounded by water and protected 
by enclosing walls, whose bases alone exist today. According 
to arransements adopted from the 13 th century, the sate is 
divided into a carriase gate and a postern, each havins a s@- 
arate drawbridse. When one has entered the court D, he can pe 
penetrate into the keep only by passing over a second drawbr- 
idge cast over a moat and a sate well protected and flanked 
by two little towers, one containins the stairway servins the 
three stories of this building. Besides this principal stair- 
way, each tower has its service stairs. The stories of the t 
towers, as at Pierrefonds, are not vaulted, but are separated 
by wooden floors. The main buildings F is divided in two halls, 
and has a ground story and two very beautiful upver stories, ! 
the second beings placed in communication with the salleries w 
with machicolations, slots and battlements. As also at Pierre - 
fonds, the towers considerably dominate the maim building F, 
which itself commands the buildings in the wins. The sides 6 
are only defended by covered curtains and a corner tower. 

NO%S]? AePeiGie The soate 18 1 + 1000- 

Note BePoiG2. Ne howe Siwen Wn Art. Gharpente the section of 
She upper story. Formerly there was only oa single holl oocupy- 
Und the entire Length of the ouilains F, and the fireploce hart 
warmed TE wos HWUILS Ln the Vefr Goble ot the west. (See the 
cavalier view, PAS. 21). 


pone vo 

wa on ek inane yo Hable Se vigniogee eroK 
. inet this ) - .€ew0o dt Jo bhawort sf% Seodo BhV0% SmOE OF 

| anensde! fiewod noted ({S) elteso elds to welv weklsvs0o on 
edd Yo staemotasi1s [erenst eft etisluxe qeed edt Yo olhne seen 
grote sro oud al eiedT senoitesaimoh evoitev est fas eanth live 
‘=s¥ ‘d¢tw fell{it etsom eds to déhiw edt tod .vilse is esensteh 
\(yiseesosn ton esw si ,eesq oF S{ooktTib eloesede os eew 19d 
edd Eas. alinatnadte ead nseye vtitizol of og easiest ts es 
» Facets ° esentm to r0¥ 

ED gltrog wom et stteog add ARUOTTIA .SSLeqe® Stok 
op ylrosa e710 qsex sdf bao arewot bsitnomess adt susie? oh ok 
smh Sebom o floett siiz0s sdf af ateéxs s73ns tud ;bancbrado 
~ytvtwss (st 82) tend sft ad betwosxs ebatbsisd edt Fo Fsdisr 
i att steSqmoo of ey beavse sod febow efAt ;tooxs. yis97 es dolia 
| «~dotas viluv@ fos7s 9AT aottulsoust SAF Bafouh Ssyortsash sitos¢e 
“:beswoo sf bas ~¥I yrase Fo Afosh ens wet fo slitsos sidt bots 
fon 676 dofdw ,ashrote oft Sfo af ewohadw sat Fo gadasqo s4s 
eat tusa show gasad i Net ssonvt ,doogs ftodt srofsd tasxs 


‘ : efvvoo Soaratas 
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‘seis ottine edt no yoolens Qnitiaie s eved eeindoutsa sesns 

-nersttib sldetou shail eno .visineo dé SE odt nf Ti .sonert te 

-gined sft te .ssonebies1 [ehust Bniviidict te sbhom eas ai ess 
=net odd ni vtinn tostis0 esw stsit yiudseo di ¢f odd to Rain 

 *9dt Yo emotens ont ni foe esosfa To senoteh to tedden [eas 
dsdt one .sevswod 8ntieceig eau moidnfover Jaswe A .e10REsEEOO 

. Iebuet ‘ond to sousdrogmié L[eottilog sdx yowesh asvet0t Jeon 

| :sanstebh bos doetts to ensom sidivies 8 smsood foanso resiteso 

«gan tt (estmens slitdom tentsde vadneoo edt of beyolams seri 

.eecesidx0t to senstsb rot evise biwoo st stadt ,bexingooe2 noose 

_ gnole ,eeldeso to e10iissxs edt mi boosla s1ew enue si10TeresT 

-ds ‘geol eiswot Bes edsedi vae¥ .emtotsels oft mo bas edeil eds 

“sfigaa Qatosia wot eeosvist yd beosiqe1 sien sofidw .etoot sais 

 gowbota teem etaiog dkid view no beosfo eauh seeds teY .vie 

bos eniveuio tiedt ,etnelisees odd of Wiviat ossd IdRiat c1oM 

‘ yaev foot eeosia sesiT).etsmsh teo1b on feevso etit wole yisw 

tdgword cels etnslisess oft . bred aeido sat nO (Bsol ot aac! 

“ts tieds boas (elisw sdt astisd et e@xdilso stosf yisv to ensd 

Dente soos asideso lo etoessseoa sdf tedd .done esr vost 


eG 
Ngens, 9 


133 

Note 2-9-1622. The Latter port of the castle is now tora down 
%4o sone yards above the round of the court. 

fhe cavalier view of this castle (27) taken toward the seut h- 
west angle of the keep explains the general arransement of the 
buildings and the various dominations. There is but one story 
defenses at Sully, but the width of the moats filled with wa- 
ter was an obstacle difficult to pass, it was not necessary, 
as at Pierrefonds, to fortify against the approaches and the 
work of miners. > 

Note Bep-162-. ALVtHOusH the costle is mow partly Wmhaoited by 
Me Ge Sully, the Avenontled towers and the keep are nearly oa 
aoandoned, burt there exists in the castle itself a node im 
revier of the vuildings executed in the Vast (18 th) century, 
which is very exact, this wodel has serped us to complete the 
ports destroyed during the revolution. The sreart Sully tahav- 
Vted this castle after the death of Henry IV, ond he coused 
the opening of the windows in all the stories, which dia not 
exist before that epoch, these openings veins wade next the 
Lnternal court. 

We do not believe it necessary to multiply examples of the 
castles built from 1390 to 1420, for in relation to defense, 
these structures have a striking analogy on the entire area 
of Prance. If in the 12 th century, one finds notable differen- 
ees in the mode of fortifyins feudal residences, at the besgin- 
ning of the 15 th century there was perfect unity in the sen- 
eral method of defense of places and in the customs of the 
possessors. A sreat revolution was preparins however, one that 
must forever destroy the political importauce of the feudal 
castles; cannon became a terrible means of attack and defense; 
first employed in the country asainst mobile enemies, it was 
soon recognized, that it could serve for defense of fortresses. 
Therefore suns were placed in the exteriors of castles, alons 
the lists and on the platforms. Many keeps and towers lost th- 
eir roofs, which were replaced by terraces for placins artil- 
ery. Yet these suns placed on wery high points must produce 
more fright than injury to the assailants. their plunging aud 
‘very slow fire caused no sreat damadge.(These vieces took very 
long to load). On the other hand, the assailants also brought 
suns of very large calibre to batter the walls, and their ef- 
fect was such, that the possessors of castles soon recosnized 


: re wise . 
¢ Oe" j ‘ aoe 4 “7 ; om . a Pa) a 
va a Fn bal ee ; 


medd bavi cab om teb L cabaiieee ot ssesactianilatiiadil 
a pres addin ‘gino saw ite snotdoortesh to eenitns wen otsdt moit 
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eff 10 seonebitace doum oe déiw weds borigent asitesxo atesd to 
«Ienekten edt yd westendiae déiw betcobs sexen nonnso .vistsn09 
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ated¢ at bed ylfant? yeds sedd ,bootexehen ylioino .noesey 10 
yodt doidwiot .xev00 Iehvot sadt Saiyoutash To sreem ond eboed 
oo Yoownis mA .yasdnse dt bf odé conte Heiated {st10om bewov bed 
-fenoos (wort ni bedéecde nom seodd seiees son binoe etnseesg 
-sbhitnoe tens gnieeoerog fas emis, oibned ot yvoratai mort hemo 
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. ‘pedetavg yifenro ased oefs bad sfovex neqe gs etqmssdA .219 
‘Qo esfteso blo sdt to sesfaq nt bas .yintmeo dg bf edd batanh 
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A 46 dads Yo Bninaiged edd ot bas V esfaedD io abies git Qnisab 
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pegnstis bua beaginps siew yeds es sonsissqgs ni paLeoqmt as 
“ toesétae nt (asve neit asboo1g sis" eaosed off -senstsk s0} 
ot eved gow bib bus .sewoq Isoitiloa afedd Yo noiduninib ead 
s epgo Book se Sntbhaster .ellew aiedt baided etfover sefwoco iset 
“gattsloeeh esitisa eds doin toententbe to ensem ¢ se nent els 
<pltoi svodtinw .beoior bos benedasw ,ysleyor ssf. .eivssoo edd 
) vedd ot bensede1 eved ot bomese .eiseesy dse12 eit IsvOE sone 
neve sotesvat ngte1oY .ensisatvolasd geal sas to anocissiliaud 
-niews1 edd ted¢edw.ebrol edd bus ,esasdrxoterm savdt of bedfs 
'-@ edt to tuse edé foot 10. comet] Yo datz odd od {etdtisi be 
op e8 esosla gnorte ateds bevieeeta .derlene bas sos ibesgand 
-od ydteq seddo oft a0 emo mot? enolessonos gainistde to enesa 
bin’ oi) beeasiaqo eysvis exw ofw .elaoeq odd to dnsmtaseb ond 
anpuen med tniassd enols ,etnemeeits eeeid bas esuotidoi ses 
} Be -1em ewowfeseib & Yo eebemeh bas 
‘ ron oushed s2renes of tdbwoe enseidze bee enesidio sag se¥ 
tee \beowbord neee bad yiedoso dz bt edd tadd .1ew0og yiesilin 
| gbsetfe biooo eetmas Isyoru eid .etaotte atedd yd OFDL Juods 
“epetidork. oth) cesiteso edd sx0fed sonnso to eeitetiad gaeio 
tidad@ sid bniies . py sfertss 1 end | 
© Ifs sisw slacsa ous eit ysiliden sit cones? ni sedd taf 
ee ods bas® mobgnid oft mort deilas® edt Raiviab at beiquooc 
—«b peeds tedd soa ,esidon sit to efetiaup odd beagose Jen sso. 
nets | ; i 


Ton AAA . J > 2 we wee pee yee tom 9 BER. 


134 

that it was necessary to modify the defenses to preserve them 
from these new engines of destraction. it was only with sreat 
difficulty that they yielded to the evidence, the old towers 
of their castles inspired. them with so much confidence. On the 
contrary, cannon weree adopted with enthusiasm by the national — 
armies, the people and royalty. The people, either by instinct 
or reason, quickly understood, that they finally had in their 
hands the means of destroyiné that feudal power, to which they 
had vowed mortal hatred since the 14 th century. An army of 
peasants could not resist those men sheathed in iron, accust- 
omed from infancy to handle arms and possessing that confide- 
nee in their strensth and courage,“ that compensated for numb- 
ers. Attempts at open revolt had also been cruelly punished 
during the 14 th century, and in place of the old castles of 
the 12 th century, the people of the country and market towns 
during the reign of Charles V and in the besinnins of that of 
Charles VI, had seen their feudal lords erect new fortresses, 
as imposing in appearance as they were equipped and arransea 
for defense. The barons were prouder than ever, in spite of 
the diminution of their political power, amd did not have to 
fear popular rewolts behind their walls, regarding a good cas- 
tle then as a means of adjustment with the parties desolating 
the country. The royalty, weakened and ruined, without influ- 
ence over its great vassals, seemed to have returned to the 
humiliations of the last Carlovingians. Foreign invasion even 
added to these misfortunes, and the lords, whether the remain - 
ed faithful to the king of France, or took the part of the B 
Burgundians and English, preserved their strons places as a 
means of obtaining concessions from one or the other party to 
the detriment of the people, who were always oppressed in th- 
ese intrisues and these asSreements, alone bearins the costs 
and damages of 2 disastrous war. 

Yet the citizens and artisans sousht to benefit by the new 
military power, that the 14 th century had seen produced, ani 
about 1430 by their efforts, the royal armies could already 
plant batteries of cannon before the castles. (Art. Architec- 
ture Militaire). 
| But then in France the nobility like the people were all o 
occupied in driving the English from the kingdom, and the sr- 
eat war stopped the quarrels of the nobles, not that these d 


ie Bit 4 


pall aes dae 3 Rae iy» | mene, 

~sve eft to weiv at eon nea + faded funaieanel steed ‘bee 
thant ‘he 9 AEN evi? .nottse odd cuitetizs eda 
-— taoda: sited seiteso edd nl .eolbhaite efdtaies Io boiveq sedt 
fede tusbive ef ¢i ,wevewod yiuineo dz er edt So sibbim sda 
 geaodonatenvo edt te noidnetta edd sbatns 03 sonamuoo nonaeo 
t yd Betaslt eatedavo Yo mesaya bio edd oobnads son bib yous 

g Bedqaorb od et say Snof cot yd bedssoeedoo meseye & .e19NOT 


ss sgiid bebastxe yedt ;elisteh ni ti hottibom ysds sod :yitensds 


© ~eenetsb seolo 10% eqot tiedd aoinietes .entstive 10 erewod 
yoo) sexsvot ens to etrsq aswol sd nt soipesidms besr0t yeds 
. dawodtis bus .ybuse ot inivesredni yusy ei cottiensas eidT 
-3ier edd tebnw omid efanie « te diind velveso wet seeeeng oe 
to seusosd ered osvib od of sno ei e1rodt .IIV esluadd to n¢ 
-seteb to meseve edi tedd es Liew ea soideviseetg to stede edi 
~&o siteso oft sadt jetrsq [Is ni asteve diiw besneris ei se 
pdt ywekA*b eveenelirty moit eolim omoe Js Sotsoo) .fisksnod 


ette est yeliteh s gnibnemmoe yiesnomo1g s so slind ef siteso 


ah sible yd bebapousse ;eelteso statnvom {is to tads ef 


~ tee | -sebte efgate 2 te eldieesoos yino et 


eres .sonettas gerrt edd ef A fs 4 (88) malo eft ef oak 

<d1sd to dxce 8 ,waow beonevbs os otek teinsao bas ehbisdwssh 
eyotourtenco edt tedt sae dashive ei TI .0 tasamert 10 nsol 

+ yidedowd o1sw A tA .sensteb gextt eidd snalt of beowcl sisH 


-nevbe edt estsrsose woo edt mi duo dosib ebiv A .seldats edd 
-o88 £8 yd beteiseneq eno doidw ofni .efteko edd wort x10W bso 
fevepay to 8 aset & .D nteteoa bas efet diiw © exhiadmse1h hao 


4 aflodtbh edt Bua drow beonsvbs edt .1oimsdxs oft ebasmmvo mxot 
ss euged 8 yd bedoser ,edatbhlind eonshiees edt bedsosze stew F 3h 
down edt of Qoibasoes omsx edt Bt O .L yswiiste saiboiw [vtis 
mort betaisqes A1ow & ei @ th .P assed edd to yewsooh hetsvels 
' » emxet csed edt jebpotsatetd ds ch .qeed odd yd elteso edd 


so medteoq etid dQno1ds Suieesq ed elteso sid sedn& ylao biyeo eno 
fh edt Yo motiod dt eatwolfot .ifed Leniséxe edd nf henedo 4 


eriste edt bnived  mpotvelg (utisuesd s no buinego X yewioob 


stabi edd ddim datteotavanco gnilied atin eitete sbiw bas soit 
z fe edotiie: 20: srobtat09: dash bae wourss 8 yd. vino us witsse isuve- 


| 7m ar von ¥ 
Je Se s & : 


go sonoso katoela to ddbwods seksol on base .Boaagteb lanvedxe 


.beeiss kaied estbiadwaih eff .etsu0o owt asewded nofteisase 


batds s .iisw eeoio = at beneqo stse boooer s baieese .V dovib. 


cae ve : 


Se bavod esx osedT .X snbiadwerh elssil s isvo bniecesa bas 1. 


235 
did wot occur, but they had no importance in view of the eve- 
nts agitating the nation. Thus few castles were erected in th 
that period of terrible struggles. Im the castles built about 
the middle of the 15 th century however, it is evident that 
Cannon commance to ensgase the attention of the constructors; 
they did not abandon the old system of curtains flanked by t 
towers, & system consecrated by too lons use te be dropped a 
abruvtly; but they modified it im details; they extended the 
external defenses, and no longer thought of placings cannon on 
towers or curtains. Retaining their tops for close defense, 
they formed embrasures in the lower parts of the towers. 

This transition is very interesting to study, and although 
we possess few castles built at a single time under the reis- 
ha of Charles VII, there is one to be siven here, because of 
its state of preservation as well as that its system of defen- 
se is arranged with system im all parts; thts the castle of 
Bonaguil. Located at some miles from Villeneuve d’Asgen, this 
castle is Huilt on a promontory commanding a defile; its site 
is that of all mountain castles; surrounded by precipices, it 
isconly accessible at a single side. 

' Here is the plan (23);+ at A is the first entrance, with a 
drawbridsge and openings into an advanced work, a sort of barb- 
ican or rampart 0. It is evident here that the constructors 
were forced to flank this first defense. At R were probably t 
the stables. A wide ditch cut im the rock separates the advan- 
ced work from the castle, into which ome penetrated by a sec- 
ond drawbridge B with sate and postern C. A keep & of unusual 
form commands the exterior, the advanced work and the ditches. 
At P were erected the residence buildings, reached by a beau- 
tiful winding stairway J. D is the ramp ascending to the much 
elevated doorway of the keep B. At S is a work separated from 
the castle by the keep. As at Pierrefonds, the keep forms a 
separation between two courts. The drawbridges beins raised, 
one could only enter the castle by passing throush the postern 
F opened in the external. wall, following the bottom of the d 
ditch N, passing a second gate opened in a cross wall, a third 
doorway N opening on a beautiful platform M, takins the stairs 
I and passins over a little drawbridse K. There was found af 
fine and wide stairs with railing communicating with the int- 
ernal stairs J only by a narrow and dark corridor, on which 


i ae | 10 
a. hat me, 


j 
ry ¥ 
. we, 


a soes via c se ph aN “iter bus, puncies at ee aude 

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et ered tads snobive et t1 .edneadusce eds ddiw solssoiaumnco 

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_. <8 bus A ts eonsstoe efoate s sud ean saedd beetal .segoos 

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eis yeds idoidd .tt &-L ot Odf aledsco slgmia weynol on ore 
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7 _ gd beoreta e1s etegsisg edt to etisq Isoitsev edt «(et{uoot 
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shied | .eteieum to 

r . 0004 = © Jo sJoce o te ad mos@ Ofhe ew8LeGet SLON 
aid most seted ,elseso atdd to weiv soilaveo ¢ ei (@S) e198 

peruserdms edd tedé .welv eiddea? noses el it ! obie sonsidse 
edd to esitote aenol edd at bsowsia sis noness 10% Bobnssial 
aeswe ofeds 08 .hns018 edt to sqole edi wollot bos eoistouate 
. -gobs bodtem sdé-.siewot edd Yo sad edt 10% 8A .1clredze edd 
et noitiens1d ofT..bewollot [lide ei ywinse do bt edd ai bed 
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tgeds esoala haoite to notsjonatenco 943 oi evioe og sfhs0e eto 
eidt oi bexinemmye od Jdbio yiutneo fv at edd to elbbinm edt 

_ ned mongae eds bneteb od .ists sbhieiuo edd sstded oT* race teenet« 


> 

-:4 mas 
ye By; 
‘oe a> Sue 


136 
slots opened at risht and left. The sgrand stairway only ascen- 
ded to the Sround story, raised from the internal court} its 
enclosure was terminated at top by a Sreat square tower in ¢ 
communication with the apartments. It is evident that here, 
as in the lod feudal castles, all the most minute precautions 
were taken to mask the entrances and make them difficult™of” 
access. Indeed, there was but a sinsle entrance at A and B, 
the turns that we have described being only used by those fa- 
miliar with the castle and to make sorties when necessary. 
But these arrangements, then entirely novel, modified the old 
defensive system; first the advanced work 0 with the platform 
gave considerable projections, that fought the outside at a 
distance and flanked the castle on the side where accessible 
on a level: then mearly level with the bank of the ditch, at 
the level of the crest of the walls of the terraces, embrasu- 
res for cannon are pierced in the curtains and the tower sto- 
ries of the towers; the towers are scarcely engaged, so as to 
better flank the curtains. If one judses by the openings of t 
the gates siving access into the towers, the pieces thus pla- 
ced in -fatteryvin the sround story could not be of great cal- 
ibre. As for the tops of the towers, they are furnished with . 
projecting galleries with machicolations and battlements; but 
the corbels suapportins the parapets of the great round tower 
are no longer simple corbels 160 to 1.3 ft. thick; they are 
Sreat corbellings, inverted pyramids, that resist balls bett- 
er than the supports of the first machicolations. (Art. Mach- 
icoulis). The vertical parts of the parapets are pierced by 
slots, that evidently indicate by their arrangement the use 
of muskets. 

Note A.poiGee. shia plan Vs at a scale of 7 * 1060. 

Here (29) is a cawalier view of this castle, taken from the 
entrance side. It is seen im this view, that the embrasures 
intended for cannon are pierced in the lower stories of the 
structures,and follow the slope of the sround, so assto sweep 
the exterior. As for the tops of the towers,- the method adop- 
ted in the 14 th century is still followed. The transition is 
then evident here, and the problem that the military archite- 
ots sought to golve in the construction of strons places about 
the middle of the 15 th century might be summarized in this 
formula:-- “To batter the outside afar, to’ defend the approa hes 


pe a my 
i Mad ry he De i Ve is 
i van . c 


| a 
wiidoe Lise aah isciaiiiah bos ,nornes mort silt tetfoeswe @ wd 
pe gona ‘ple oft tests benworo .ebaibifod ddid yrev vd 
Putten ‘e yd Betevoo ean ceed sat | eets%eb seofe 
 - <getdw (get ed oo acnaso svisost of tfind cels botivev vi 
 pebasmaioo shie ene no Jad¢ .etntbavowwe edd yd beititeust esv 
here) Soe ee .fertesriiy exptostidoA .t14) .elteso edd 
toast ,sFoor off wote sitt af Levoseet Soot OH eFetsGek SFOM 
~~») Woeta? teoaso ef #F .ytaosba BHF TOT Bo sieixs Tsao! OF 
gf edt Bevtem foot of [dug edd Yo evasel edd .IX elvod ashal 
a q tnetons etf ssiee ot yoeto0dzixe [shes t edt to duotis Jest 
°Wsiw eslteso siedd feseinps ebrol yrsm doocs sedd Js .1e8WOR 
Z €<EVStHoO eeenetsh eves <yrelLivye «oY sldasine seenetsh wen 
—s mgidats’ Yd “heorvely Biewod dotdt Feots to .edaontec te bsterenoo 
hatbeemnos evisqnsd 10 enietsalg to .nonneo svisost of este 
-etgane: o8 ebtedtuo edd 
RES) nevis eved ew tedt .aenpsk to sl{teso edt Yo asfa edt 
.yinines Me Gr edd Yo bne edt to diow s F ai henietez esd . (2 
-tecggo ssetelq odd asswd ot sonsatns blo edd eroied betnsats 
| edd Sukbelrine mort sebstesd s dnevera hos ,skie déaon eit oF 
4 ~8fq Yedds no Betovom celiretied te dnsem yd sidese edt Yo sino0 
4 beyele esensish seed? .s% Cd yd yoo TI west heisiscse .vsed 
yd (PE (8S .dqse .cewptd Yo yeh edd no dasq Saeszoom! yisv 6 
e‘saneyeM to febin ext ogni enw stodd mort etode omoe ootines 
wnisddeonn (lite saw yrostctv end cedw ,dnewom edd ts yrlevso 
bas ot Lind ffew BE senp1A Yo slieso edd Yo xiow Heonsvis eit 
noitieog edt nT .edoTHns It boot yisv esgesesoo doees Isid r0F 
lebue? edt ,eece8fo edd Yo noftsutte edi yd enoite yrev yeserle 
-#noo bas .vaellisae edt sot set eltiif xood yiisienss ebaol 
-~adided aisdd Biuove befoers efiod smoe déiw sevisamedd bets 
-tiase ;ebsor edd feemmoo bons estosorges sat tosiow oF Benoit 
- $e Psfyeexrs sasw evtow niela edt of esiveso Pouows yiselno 
; ~sfftdas of eelostedo fnessi10 od yYrndnso dv GP sd3 to kas sida 
ot Biswot Yo WdmNA teers & mod bevomet sasw eiooy Fedd . v9 
-sd ebem otew elfit gedd ,sisdd nonnso eoelq bas medt sosiist 
atefd oO yredted nt enwh soslq o¢ side ed o¢ antadavo edt brid 
mead ‘Soafoe: of bevome1 s1sw ensoidyed bio sit seit bas .eaos 
tsdd eeldon edt FeY .brvor to staves .esasams1 to emiottslo yd 
-de To ative wer edd vottszetience ogek foot eslteso won tlind 
et Bae Te? -Oetakey * es 


i gota wena nwode ebeotls esi Eivpsned Yeo elteso ent 


137 
by a sweeping fire from cannon, and to suard against scaling 
by very high buildings, crowned after the old system for a 
close defense. - The keep was covered by a terrace and strons- 
ly vaulted, also built to receive cannon on its top, which 
was justified by the surroundings, that on one side commanded 
the castle. (Art. Architecture Militaire). 

Note Lepetose Ne have restored in this view the roofs, thot 
Wo Longer exist, os for the wasonry, Vt Vs alwost intact. 

Under Louis XI, the leasue of the public good marked the la 
last effort of the feudal aristocracy to seize its ancient p 
power, at that epoch many lords equipped their castles with 
new defenses suitable for artillery; these defenses chiefly 
consisted of outworks, of great thick towers pierced by embra 
sures to receive cannon, of platforms or ramparts commandins 
the outside. 

The plan of the castle of Arques, that we have siven (Fis. 
4), has retained in B a work of the end of the 15 th century, 
arranged before the old entrance to sweep the plateau opposi- 
te the north side, and prevent a besieser from enfilading the 
court of the castle by means of batteries mounted on that pla- 
teau, separated from it only by 656 ft. These defenses played 
a very important part on the day of Arques, Sept. 21, 1589, by 
sending some shots from their guns into the midst of Mayenne’s 
cavalry at the moment, when the victory was still uncertain. 
The advanced work of the castle of Arques is well built, and 
for that epoch possesses very good flankings. In the position 
already very strong by the situation of the places, the feudal 
lords generally took little fare for the artillery, and cont- 
ented themselves with some forts erected around their habita- 
tions to protect the approaches and command the roads; parti- 
cularly around castles in the plain works were executed at 
the end of the 15 th century tc present obstacles to artille- 
ry, that roofs were removed from a Sreat number of towers to 
terrace them and place cannon there, that fills were made be- 
hind the curtains to be able to place suns in battery on their 
tops, and that the old barbicans were removed to replace them 
by platforms or ramparts, square or round. Yet the nobles that 
built new castles took into consideration the new means of at- 
tack. 

The castle of Bonagquil has already shown us how they had s 


she” eae 

‘eas hininanscnn ét edt to sl{bbim edt tuods te sikwoe 
gb stremstasire aistuso yd yreliivas dtiw nottetided [sbuei 
~e80sTI8 fsyenes edd nb Rniddom hedusto vilavtos sedi ,[iesst 
-geesoc baa ,endt seol ton esw t] .foogs tess anibsootq edcem 
). gostorq ot tedsd .seneqxe tiedd ds hezinvoos1 esl{teso to B16 
> pennetsbh soelc od waasesosn sax Fi ,egsonebieor Labuel azisdd 
»oe $F tedd yepuibliod sonsbies1 sdi lo gnebacoehri fue escied 
-tetotgen bas tasnimosg [fe no ebietyo beetxe od ielingees caw 
— eid tatosiq mort ymone edd dnevetd oF es o8 ,Bdniocg bet 
-olteno eft Rnibremmoo sosvisd smoe no esiisiied 

-sh tw meteye flo edt mort notdiensat eft to 2vianiasd siat 
7 hinderintidool to sltero odd oi dne1s90e 2i wen edd bre canst 
Fi g@ edt no thatedtelrio€ hos sent¥ xus sitesi .2 asewted bessool 
a3 ef edd al sscosalA to enistanom teedsid sdt Se ono to Jinove 
-shimzot esvisemedt shen e1udettetY¥dooH to ebaol ead ,yisdnso 
-feaatid to etos fas soselotiv aiedd yd ssoddzies aiedt o¢ eld 
| Paomerdél oivbdors dscd-.evoisee of smsoed esdnieigqned eke 
i  dtin $isemid Soille .eosela aseaun to svexsinel .siatesd To 
fa \o edt eowels reswol to ovatabosl edd .2rudssise te qodaid sds 
anisd od \yefess to yiio ine codeid edt ,erisfanesdin to ebiol 
g dood besbri esilfia oT .smoeesy of Rindektndidook Yo abiol sad 
Yo eno vod ymiswob eid? «dt bedetfomsh bas Sdbt ai elteso eda 
bebeo saw .etett Yo yrodetd edt nt dnsnpest ce eistensad ssodd 
_ nottesitesh eft astis cissy aesdnevel siateud te senod siz od 
etteld # ea di aves VI oiishe1] so1same edd SindekinSadoot to 
eid ynisdeasiat to e¢nvoo ,melili¥i boa Blaned er)esdoid sid od 
«nBddook siotes1 ot bonstesd vodT -etenc{Lol fos aroliionscs 
—gotsosla anotte yuev s di oiam od bne eriny esi mort Ssasdegi 
Istosqe avi wi ee .norseool [exsten edi yd doos 28 .doode Jedd 
hod os: wieliidis Snioslq 103 esensteb 

4 , oo ie ca noédtomvojad sxofrua ett swo SH e8OLe Get otok 
| bsarvoed sd#t Fo yaattves nwonkd Jégw sdt at siteve eéat vot aw 
Kh ewgos/ soo ated ot no ,seossedo® «Kh ,&vudaorta Jo taduédarto 
aweads % | «htowss weso¥d 

ae sciialinataa «Mh eyoe “.rettes faotrogad y7ts0 aX .CbLeqet BfOK 
voregus oat toast . satudegia@Adooh Fo soften hodelsdxgqny aa ad 
)) pat al beorseer¢q Sno .gtudRart® Fo astowesgom eff oF atorw 
«tev todd y@ .nofease Fo too olf eects .wtto tows Fo ssel/dorn 
oat emrofad afrehort tot9qa9 sAt OAL -AL TowoK hotos ,19F 
we satay ot bonebnon eoovarse edt satudagoosy tedt ,estortesgon 


ee ate 


Synch! 


= 


138 
sought at about the middle of the 15 th century to equip af 
feudal habitatiow with artillery by certain arrangements in 
detail, that actually chauged nothings in the semeral arranse- 
ments preceding that epoch. It was not longs thus, and possess - 
ors of castles recognized at their expense, that to protect 
their feudal residences, it was necessary to place defenses 
before and independent of the residence buildings; that it 
was essential to extend outside om all prominent and unprotec - 
ted points, so as to prevent the enemy from placing his siege 
patteries on some terrace commanding the castle. 

This beginnius of the transition from the old system of de- 
fense and the new is apparent in the castle of Hochkénigsburg, 
located between S. Marie aux Mines and Schlettstadt on the s 
summit of one of the highest mountains of Alsace. In the 15 th 
century, the lords of Hochk&»stssburs made themselves formida- 
ble to their neighbors by their violence and acts of brisand- 
ane’ Complaints became so serious, that archduke Sigismond 
of Austria, landsgrave of upper Alsace, allied himself with 
the bishop of Strasburg, the landsrave of lower Alsace, the 
lords of Ribeaupierre, the bishop and city of Basle, to bring 
the lords of HochkSnisgsburs to reason. The allies indeed took 
the castle in 1462 and demolished it. This domain, by one of 
those transfers so frequent in the history of fiefs, was ceded 
to the house of Austria.Seventeen years after the destruction 
of HochkSnigsburg the emperor Frederic IV gave it as a fief 
to the brothers Oswald and William, counts of Thierstein, his 
councillors and followers. They hastened to restore Hochk6én- 
isgsburs from its ruins and to make it a very strons place for 
that epoch, as much by its natural location, as by its special 
defenses for placing artillery. ; 

Note 1 poiGB. We owe the curious information possessed by 
us for this castle to the wed known courtesy of the Learned 
archivist of Strasvurd, He. Scheesons, ond to our colleague N-. 
Boesswiiwarda. 

Norte 1PpoiGB. *A very important Letter,” says HN. Soheesans 
AWN an unpublished notice of Hoohksnrigsourg, “thot the eumperor 
prose to the wogistrares of Strasburg, and preserved in the 
archives of that city, gives the act of cession. By that Let- 
ter, Jared Worch 14, 1473, the emperor Frederic Wforns the 
wogistrates, that recognizing she services rendered to him by 


on lepeaneie’ Seug T9kF0 TOF Sao ,aistarsiAT Fo etaves ott 
srudegeneytoo# Jo o/tepo boatyr att Yott 0 bo medt of Setacrs 
<td bobudos of wo8d satire of teas Smo ,e9onnbasged et} diéw 
 m off eyorqg on. ,tawog Josregqué Sat fo suwtvéig ud gltasvesend, 
fo atawoo sat bio wi wart eTebto bao vudaort? To setorfeliow 
‘ofa SS0 ftentogeo sonotetsso bao glad asait bast of ,wistarssat 
4 tasayotas bao gatbJivdes sdt ,mofessesag gaéxot af wed? ssogqo 
| ot ban jbedTuse2s 9d Of wok? wos/o ton oF ,oJts0o bios sit Fo 
ylo# edt Fo smon edt af ,sonntsiasa fuyatio} (tie asdt saltarez 
a  btpetdgie edsdt AoeteD of 9106 ofa JJo tensego .avigna 
,) edd mialoxe ct .sosiq sittns edd to nalo oft (CE) evia oF 
-soo8 dad? wordt od wiseesoen ef di .nsfa etdd Yo mrol ofrsesoos 
sg animict aisianom sto dimmse edd no Hbetsool af dsudebinds 
‘setdefdot to ysilev dota eft taiteniseh efoo1r- geste to aciuse 
\ yey gs e218 eomssonite sd? .eeniveat owt 2nibnenmoe bas ihe 
vote: ,bavork edt %o etugen efd Yo noesex vd elevel tnersitic 
«fot .8 tseq s ds seis .A obie edd ts door to tafcoo & ni tans 
edt .0 datog eft es ast 28 oistawom sad %o sgole sit taivol 
to o¢te edd no yldedowa (0 ts betoste oie egaiblind sonebiees 
~tdmt bos ontbnste bowot sis doidw to encttaeq ,elteso bio sid 
-fiiW bos bleveO exedtosd edf .C(DI Yo eeistourte edd oi Sebb 
_ petidstes of Yio tuo od of nestsla edd Yo das0 & beeveo msi 
et enole sbie gedd vG .8 ds dosoregs Snieocoo ekiow sash odd 
-ed¢ no tutog tedd mort .d% 320 suodA .eldiezesoos slieso end 
gud ybevotsash won s10% & se01 nisinwom edd Jo ebbia hebroixs 
Yaow sit .eoslo odd to ytetse edt oc Snstacamt zew stica secdy 
no yinorem to esentotdsd evomrons ns aseoage .Y ai bsostiet (8 
-yetted etele deiidetes blnoo seteized edd sisdw shie vine edt 
--beaqginpes dsow aedbid 6 ei 5 ds deesxo odd to ood odd Th .esi 
=eofone aswel s ei BH ts bos .nonnsoe sot exswod Sotdinelt déin 
& exestetenm t0% etofe diiw bsoista boa sede 6 ai Sarbanes ete 
r Ons .peeneteb totem oesdt cebiesS .sadiiso Ifeme Yo enok bas 
‘<3q9b bus soiqtosia sdi easewe etouswd yd bedas{l I gassolone 


-eantisoe yd eliseo edd anitet te eqod [ils to etnslieess acvi 


djes1t sft bowers besesq aaived sefte bos .) te ef sonesdes odT 

sonsbtess sit yd hetqnooo etisq is9dqu ods SBshoset sno .D A10N 

edt et d rewod evsuoe ecT .( ff) evin-ow melo seodw .eanihlicd 

2 anofed of e1ss0gs bus ,esensteh ovtins edt estvenimoh seds asst 

a teom edd Yo ono (iled teexk edd ef M te ,eelseso Blo edd oF 

€ ef seee aso 800 teadd ,sete oibbim edt Yo enoisesonos wniscont 
hae, © a 


Pie 


a] ie 


ie > 


hs 


139 

the counts of Thierstein, and for other just wotitves, he has 
éranted to them as a {lef the ruined castle of PochnkOnigsours 
With Lts Gependances, and thet he permits thew to rebwtla Vt. 
aonsenuent\y by virtue of the Luperial power, he prays the w 
magistrates of Strasburé and orders them « aid the counts of 
Thierstein, to Lend them help and assistance against oll who 
oppose thew in taking possession, the reourildaing and enjoyment 
of the said castle, to wort callow them to be alsturbed, ond to 
Furnish thew wit: forith{ul assistance, in the nowe of the Holy 
Bupive, against ab who dove to attack their riéhnts.” 

We sive (30) the plan of the entire place. To explain the 
eccentric form of this plan, it is necessary to know that Hoch- 
k§nigsburs is located on the summit of a mountain formins a 
series of steep rocks dominating the rich valley of Schletts- 
tadt and commanding two ravines. The structures are at very 
different levels by reason of the nature of the sround, are 
sunk in a point of rock at the side A, rise at a peak B, fol- 
lowing the slope of the mountain as far as the point G6. The 
residence buildings are erected at D, probably on the site of 
the old castle, portions of which are found standins and imbs- 
dded in the structures of 1479. The brothers Oswald and Will- 
iam caused a part of the vlateauw to be cut off to establish 
the great works opposing approach at #. By that side alone is 
the castle accessible. About 656 ft.. from that point on the 
extended ridge of the mountain rose a fort now destroyed, but 
whose site was important to the safety of the place. The work 
#, terraced in F, opposes an enormous thickness of masonry on 
the only side where the besieser could establish siege batter- 
ies. At the top of the crest at G is a hisher work equipped 
with flamking towers for cannon, and at H is a lower enclos- 
ure ending in a star and pierced with slots for musketeers a 
and guns of small calibre. Besides these major defenses, an 
enclosure I flanked by turrets sweeps the precipice and depr- 
ives assailants of all hope of takins the castle by scalins. 
The entrance is at K, and after havins passed around the sreat 
work G, one reaches the upper parts occupied by the residence 
puildings, whose plan we give (31). The square tower L is the 
keep that dominates the entire defenses, and appears to belongs 
to the old castles, at M is the great hall, one of the most 
imposing conceptions of the middle ages, that ome can see. We 


al 
th 
oo. 4a 
; 
: afl 7 


ies 


a | eatnnte Lette hte of aiatex of aninacee avak: Llsde 
pe basa P (+) e@LLe® stad 
_ aeintoie & stuaease Sraseatabitoot to sibien edd devodsla 
4 - bakt xbsetle ow ,etnemetneizs evieneieh wen boa blo to sisdxin 
a eeoago. of bax nonnso yolome ot coltnetni hetiem fiev s sisds 
- gdeb eetoeta edt to semsoed bre Jooaees eid ai yetostie sist 
; -ts ofT -beibute vaied etixrem eoelg eidt ,poisouisenos edt to 
_fitiv yltaeq bas etead wi tlind nssd sved of w#88qgK BSIDIONY 
qmeofnert s giesitne aiedt ot foit sw tnd .enina tneicas som 
sot bovresss disq eft .dostis dovm aatowbors eronfied & bas 
! sBemtt oioted o¢ aaolsd os emeoe yWiieioeqes nolisiided edd 
~—s«s gdtgepo seqen ati ai detinev eaw eoinode ond ni M iled tee1 ent 
| pscelS .n01 soetzed of¢ so nouns soslgqued vidador 
eidd yc botsco! eoiredisd.esisdised edd loot edd Yo ebbhina esd 

8 %,astow deeth edd sbie. eno. no baemeco macottetia betavele yoov 

@ ebninego duoddiv ylesiino ei J qsex edt .2 Io as09 sid foe 
eidd, ni videdov® .wol dnenwoutsn ef doidw ,yswsooh odd Josoxs 

ed 280 sadd’ d1sq, t9NgH Sti ni. .rehyveq esd Heacde een \eKod 
Ie as bevise ti .ysutiste Isnsedne olitif & yd yiso besoeen 


Bg edit vd died .asenstob e1lsne edd zedenimoh Ji 103 .dwodool 


, s-c.ae titted ett yd es low ve. .do01 sd Yo dsea 2 no site 

‘N ~etaser bas bontetnian .amdexinbdtoo? to elieeo eat Fd! al 
at mp. oft Hood. vodT .eehene odd yd bedeteed esn medi Litnw beno 
febisdmod bins ,etedt eistion to yistied s betasom bas .d101 1% 
-Bou8 sidiaiesd seodt teteor o¢ Jfiad gon ean doide ,soela en) 
sont noeia1s®, edt bas ,benisd .boyoudeeh visieq eaw tI 
‘ ~vehosi3e2e oF 

ret até pul NOGHSS eosin di.¢ef oft to bane edd te 306 . 
-wog. te een edt feriwper yrof{itsA .yseioos dones¥ te bailevel 
i -~no0f on s1sw éeldos ed? .sensisk to ensom eviensoxe Pas [gtus 
| getess ylevoises of elds esesstsi0? blied of davons doix Tex 
soa. .vltasitoltie medi ainne of ,noisovitesh Yo daeke wen eins 
eefgeso yistifim yfeisg goo1e of elds sd oF Sbu0RS iasbuscehni 
-~oaqg 8 to eoye odd sebao ,ytiaodins Seyor edd of moksizogge ni 
-wog. [ebuet edd. to seeude odd ashe0l on Jicagque ot hebiosh ela 
stedd sasoos ot beassgcs ebiel edd dooos tedt te ybeotls ote 
So aebmol om eten, sesdd .eeldeso tlind yodd Ti yeotiibeos won 
sme pp [lite eew doidw of asesod eivesela tad ,seezeiy10% 
s elbbim edt. to esonebiees Lebuei edd Yo sotdeelIe1 deal 


| 
oy, ’ 4 
ue hea oe ae aa 


I ited bedisw beaobasde od yofomexe edd evs rieents bait-est 


149 
shall have occasion to return to this beautiful structure in 
Arte Salle. 

Although the castle of HochkSnisgsburs presents a singular 
mixture of old and new defensive arrangements, we already find 
there a very marked intention to employ cannon and to oppose 
their effects: in this respect and because of the precise date 
of its construction, this place merits beins studied. The st- 
ractures appear to have been built in haste and partly with 
more ancient ruins: but we find in their entirety a Sramdeur 
and a boldness producing much effect. The part reserved for 
the habitation especially seems to belons to heroic times. 

The Sreat hall M in two stories was vaulted in its upper part, 
probably topplace cannon on the terrace roof. Placed across 
the ridge of the rock, the barbette batteries located on this 
very elevated platform command on one side the sreat work Ba 
and the rear of G. The keeo L is entirely without openings e 
except the doorway, which is narrowtani low. Probably in this 
tower was stored the powder. In its upper part,tthat can be 
reached only by a little external stairway, it served as al 
lookout, for it dominates the entire defenses, both by its s 
site on a peak of the rock, as well as by its height. 

In 1663 the castle of HochkSnissburs, maintained and sarris- 
oned until then, was besieged by the Swedes. They took the mt- 
er fort, and mounted a battery of mortars there, and bombarded 
the place, which was not built to resist those terrible suns. 
It was partly destroyed, burned, and the garrison was oblised 
to surrender. 

But at the end of the 15 th century cannon besan the sreat 
leveling of French society. Artillery required the use of pow- 
erful and expensive means of defense. The nobles were no lon- 
ger rich enough to build fortresses able to seriously resist 
this new agent of destruction, to equip them efficiently, nor 
independent enough to be able to erect purely military castbes 
in opposition to the royal authority, under the eyes of a pa- 
ple decided to support no longer the abuses of the feudal pow- 
er. Already at that epoch the lords appeared to accept their 
nen condition; if they built castles, these were no lonser f 
fortresses, but pleasure houses in which was still found a 
last reflection of the feudal residences of the middle ages. 
The king himself gave the example: he abandoned walled castles. 


— 


¥ 
5A 


i pu oe ; dé Hal ay 
: Loe Rey Ma Dag i ee Worm, ete 
eure iy TA eS Sia 


*% 


otis to tre bah eeeetoonet omsoed eeersa0) edt 


* enema 8 sid oniddyas seonof on gen dotdw aati oad 


myeesla bus tictwoo sit o¢ otudiatdnoo dedt {fe anietagmoo .99 
 fadt esonshiees exotavxefl 107 stesd sat .edseasooo edd Yo 91 
«[ged90 to endisamso oft Soiauh ylesT oi Reiosainoo eefdon edd 
edd of wold desi edt d{sob .I etone17 fas TIX also .TITV es 
-Isq ins esi{iv edt bedieiv oived esicon yns .elieso Isbhust 
@ blo siedd bavot aystet atedd no ,entetowom odd Pnoved eeoe 
bus asst edd aotnistes .ymoola bas dash seesesdy0% yosd hess 
.» yodt .rswoq tnsions afiedt To dism & Be sIeKOd {eqtorina sda 
sem Beosice: bus med anitoensoo enietavo feeolo edd wstds1eVvo 
-tt100 bos exisaol yd betasqmooce ,feneqo ylebin egaibliod yd 
1102 .2d1000 gewol 10 eyelisd ed? .yiorel diiw bedstoosh 200 
-edanoo xeduo yd beoefas: ster ,erewod fas eeenatoh vd fefavo 
-@ jetnavise edd Sninbol st bebrodal, etatbhlindivo gninissnaoo 
 enissovet .etowold dtiw bedetauw? encbish .selfdste bibseloe 
e9 ereanol on nedd esidon edT wove .sebenemore .edinoo Iledbasd 
es mem betvel yd beviee od ot eovisemedd Bnienso to sdonodr 
ssn é8 edasvicee bed yods imsilsss eeiautas0 ond feasvose fen 
-basgeb eti bas usetedo add at fst bas besbol sd seum ofw (89 
-of mort booit orsw edoes [fe to sinevese odd yilenbss) .esoas 
eagesad .sbotivise ot bef sedd edddia [ebhust [fs mort bas esiv 
; .sone bisa empe yd so .etces Iautsatsa Io ensem yo 
eaew etnsesea ynsm ,vastnso di of edt Yo Seianined edt nore 
ot Saiston bed bisa S198 eine1 evotisy edd setts has ,e19nKe 
edd nit efooeq edd yrstneo dt €L odd asdtéA .hadiciieds avin ob - 
dert? to eqod sdt yeh elanite s rot Henobreds son bad yussv0o 
-2vidiuo yods [toe edd Yo e19mWO OhEmoosd nedd ,9977 baimoosd 
-soo ot (sidieeoa oxsw r9edtem edd ti) evoisve ed b{wow 31 .bed 
hoteesa ted¢ o¢ beottisose yleviessoons emue evomtone ead oteg 
-19q 19vo eddbia [shret edd beeadorsa yilewhsxh yedt -fneI a0% 
pedd) .bnid ot etner .vode!l beoret .speiziem .cismdiom Yo .ence 
apo [fit amlevatedt Raivewss yiisott :hesl edt revo etdeia odd 
oniwolfe ,edner to mot edd aehay eneis of beowks yodd .ayet 
ted .Itoe od¢ no siemes o¢ y{no don .sas0es OF YIinudacaco On 
-one ds bawor edt eseedowe dnseseq edd yshoT .ti siiveos of 
staf 10% nsdd yor9ecexc Yo evol edt 10% sx0m coum .eeniid evem 
Mad: eno yloo wid eniuntes yidnoupe1t Ladicso eif sonia .Jeet 
. mene bentdesh gontseni yd emooe si endT .tneo 1s0 ero to ~ 


141 
"he fortress became henceforth the citadel of the State inten- 
ded for the defense of the territory, and was separated from 
the chateau, which was no longer anythins but a country pala- 
ce, comprisins ‘all that contribute to the comfort and pleasu- 
re of the occupants. The taste for luxurious residences that 
the nobles contracted in Italy durins the campaigns of Charl- 
es VIIT, pouis XIT and Francis I, dealt the last blow to the 
feudal castle. Many nobles having visited the villas anf pal- 
aces beyond the mountains, on their return found their old h 
hereditary fortresses dark and sloomy.. Retaining the keep and 
the principal towers as a mark of their ancient power, they 
overthrew the closed curtains connecting them and replaced thes 
by buildings widely opened, accompanied by lossias and porti- 
cos decorated with luxury. The baileys or lower courts, surr- 
ounded by defenses and towers, were replaced by outer courts 
containins outbuildinss intended for lodsins the servants, 9- 
splendid staples, gardens furnished with flowers, fountains, 
handball courts, promenades, etc. The nobles then no longer 
thousht of causins themselves to be served by levied men, as 
had occurred two centuries earlier; they had servants at was- 
es, who must be lodSed and fed in the chateau and its depend- 
ances. Gradually the servants of all ranks were freed from le- 
vies and from all faudal rishts that led to servitude, either 
by means of perpetual remts, or by sums paid once. 

From the beginning of the 16 th century, many peasants were 
owners, and after the various rents were paid, had nothings to 
do with theircktdérd. After the 13 th century the people in the 
country had not abandoned for a sinsle day the hope of first 
becoming free, then becomias.owners of the soil they cultiva- 
ted. Tt would be curious (if the matter were vossible) to com- 
pute the enormous sums successively sacrificed to that passion 
for land. They gradually purchased the feudal rights over per- 
sons, of mortmain, marriage, forced labor, rents in kind, then 
the rights over the land; finally pursuins theirmaims till or 
Jays, they agreed to liens under the form of rents, allowins 
no opportunity to escape, not only to remain on the soil, but 
to acouire it. Today the peasant purchases the Sround at enor- 
mous orices, much more for the love of property than for int- 
erest, since his capital frequently returns him only one half 
of one ver cent. Thus he seems by instinct destined to oppose 


a a i salt : ae ie 3 i i | 
08 ‘YWe1eG079 to noieiwtbdne edd Yo efotonina sdf to sends end 
- edd aT iviwineo (dt Cr) tesf edt go noitulover sdf yd betqse 
Bessie Istodivoives ed¢ most Saameh snetetersd eidd Yo sost 
Bas eeonsbieess1iedt Ciindes od ‘yenom bnibeen esldon Lebust 
| (esbew te etnevice to Tisde Sniesetoni syanis os oistcisn oF 
neg sent ap eves .ebnsl tiedd Yo daaq wsde0et2 odd fenohasde 
~@eebiad .ebsor efit tevo .anidelt .daisoud to addbian .seheliv 
eieito .yiisyor yd bedroeds s1ew smote .1esan to emseiie ne 
t Qatnedo Yo tdtucds esldon edd oLfidW .eloosq yutovoo edd vd 
-tide1 .medd vatbesteb noay taitnvee wstnel on ,esiteao stent 
=nt fzo%too bee vroxnl to evel ateds .seneaqxe dss1e te medd TI 
¢ sitociq of vennever odd Yo souvoe ont Lenierbh vets .beessto | 
sof ed Bfwco oter [suit aiedé .dteo tedt af son .yorom ybesa 
fenetsew Isvexod .erotacsonos aledt evienetxe tsvawoll .-neores 
‘ 6d¢ Yo Hofezstogo Isbus? sdt ‘to wiomem offs ,sswod Ifeds Baw 
ope Bos 'yiddwoo sid ot biviv ee betiemsa aysuwle sets efhotm 
-d¢ Yo feom .wsco eslfeso afedd ,etdeb yd bebsol nodw ysh ond 
-qm@ sisw ebiol edt .eovideows aiedd at onitetxe yieo stdota aie 
q woidd etneeesa oft ,siaceg aommoo ‘edd to exoasss edd yd beeitg 
geal sdd $3 nwob mods sad oF wriababeone yiedz no eeviesnmeds 
eB9nors 

{ tminntted sdf te sonshires1 Lebuet edt vd nexss miot wea sit 
| dads te tot snotinetse eifine and atizem yivdneo dé Of edt to 
xevecn of yibioss beeesiosh eanfsetidoxwe evoteifes Ti .dooes 
(fis haiyb s Yo encitoelter efsc yilno efaseexd fue .nishe sett 
at ti ton 10 actveb Sf sedw ,es0d Fi szedsidw don wood tedd 
f eff to euntifewb edd to siudoevidorws odd dztw emee odd Jon — 
g@ e¥et yedt .ceezerd10% to totoeisdo “tedd Sriso!l aI .eeldon 
-aF deom odd Yo sno ei ybute eveodwbhes .micdo Yo [Ist sno ven 
gesd esi ¢T .shen sd neo tedd .svidowitent teow bas 2nidesised 
So sivdostidois odd dedt .ems0? Ife ai bas eiredwyievs Sssesqes 
eed erdt “yiedT at esoyt eti tdgwoe sone17 ni sorsceianes ens 
enoisasones [vteos1e teom esi tends .yse oF Ba set of |NOk nevs 
aedt tedt ,betneb ed tonnso tT etettas netflissI oF enh sase 
to bne sit te siptostiders to tue edd nit heowbouq soituloves 
h dade :yiedI nt efeemonco awo dtiv eebionioo yistmeo ds yf sod 
| vi bemusto saw ,coeed yrools eti tnivaeel ve ifidon done? sis 
taFt eff .emod Qninaintes dedt fins ,esfliv neilesI Boilie sft 
-~tsdided evotamne otni eelteso dash eti mictensis of eaw 9180 
sd teum tedw tod .eeawsolvoe bas eeldism ddviw SnimeeiS .enci 


142 
the abuse of the principle of the subdivision of property ac- 
cepted by the revolution op the last (17 th) century. Im the 
face of this persistent demand from the asricultural class, 
feudal nobles needing money to rebuild theireresidences and 
to maintain an always increasins staff of servants at wages, 
abandoned the sreater part of their lands, save up their pri- 
vileses, rishts of hunting, fishinS, over the roads, bridges 
and streams of water. Some were absorbed by royalty, others 
by the country people. While the nobles thought of openins t 
their castles, no longer counting upon defending them, rebui- 
lt them at Sreat expense, their love of luxury and comfort in- 
creased, they drained the source of the revenues to procure P 
ready money. Once in that oath, their final ruin could be*fo- 
reseen. However extensive their concessions, however weakened 
was their power, the memory of the feudal oppression of the 
middle ages always remained as vivid in the country! and on 
the day when loaded by debts, their castles opeu, most of th- 
eir rights only existing in their archives, the lords were siur- 
prised by the attacks of the common people, the peasants threw 
themselves on their habitations to tear them down to the last 
stones. 

The new form taken by the feudal residence at the besinnins 
of the 16 th century merits our entire attention; for at that 
epoch, if relisious architecture decreased rapidly to never 
fise asain, and presents only pale reflections of a dyins art, 
that knew not whither it soes, what it desies or not, it is 
not the same with the architecture of the dwellings of the n 
nobles. In losing their character of fortresses, they take a 
new one full of charm, and whose study is one of the most in- 
terestids and most instructive, that can be made. It has been 
repeated everywhere and in all forms, that the architecture of 
the Renaissance in France sought its types in Italy’ this has 
even sone so far as to say, that its most sraceful conceptions 
were due to Itailian artists. It cannot be denied, that ther 
revolution produced in the art of architecture at the end of 
the 1. th century coincides with our conoguests in Italy; that 
the French nobility, leaving its sloomy keeps, was charmed by 
the smiling Italian villas, and that returnins home, its first 
care was to transform its dark castles into sumptous habitat- 
ions, gleaming with marbles and sculptures. But what must be 


au > 5 a nea ck ; : 7 “ te . a. 
7 .: ; ‘e iAewe nee . 


pe Sean halen ad nbasneniile edt ni fexinzooes 
~ftis donex® yd heteiqiedni stew eeldon sone1d to eetteeb edd 
-tne os ni eemmartzo1a wen seeds yteitse of wod nent teds ate 
y bsxorted bos medt of bexnoled doidw .tenner fsnibéso ulexi 


soni dasaxe yiov ed of viseecosaay ei JI .yledI sort ol¢til ysev 


o odd neewied noitsie1 on ei siedt dedd see of sindoesidois 
-usneo at @f edd to bas edd ta enetiad= edd to esiiiv yiianeo 

gh -yRofens of .oonseziane® edd to susstado doneis ano fos YW 
ps ewobniw eeinego to show sdt ni .dinemehnsiie ocd .enelta edd 
fansetat edt of eonsidmezes om ;eeollibe edd Boftevoo to ine 
-tT ni seosisag yitavoo bns ytio edT .emoidastcosbh [eniedxs fas 
e feotatemmye .288m aseniiijos1 aistaiso 8 gases evewls vis 
~giensh edd to sestsdo donet# Go oi butt ow dads .cinemsdnests 
o bstetadoo sisdostidoss edt UIT «VIX eisol of neve hos sonse 

8 vd fedsxoosh eoasiat bas eiedeslica yekaibivom emoe ni yine 
sonsezians® done1t® odd tedd saath yleoit bluow ow ,eeupesdste 
~ilidleeecg eeodd evods ylkaqed si tis eidd dud ;asilesi reget 
ett eesiaxs bose tosaib teow di doidw yd eelaioniaa odd tesit 
gem .encitsishiesoo enolase e1cm doum moxt beviaeb ste tise 
-94 teixe seum ¢edd yoomied bose eheen to noisosteisse ,acitac 
~olbst .notdetidad odd bas eiasauase sit to emodeve sd aeons 
Yo emoteso bne encitibers 103 toeques ,eleiaedem Yo sen enol 
b Boe toetidois edt doearh viisemixg Jenm seens ,yadnroo sad 
_hnoo sdé mi sonseeiensh edt 84 avosdidots denett edd hetosiit 
-tedo betoors vedi yesidon sdf to eeomebiees sdt to acitouise 
ni beddefo tud ,esixomem {ebpet blo yd beeeetomi [Lite evse 
bedetiog »bonisel ,dnskele tedd.déiw yromiad ni wolieixe wen se 
~i ,~bedoetts bas olinsheq elstil se ,yeioor enorlsvido bas be 
biviv dove bewode doidw bas ,aseaas wee widdteo dv of sad ds 
aedtedW .yistaso tnivolfot edt to seiweo edd Paiwwh aobaslae 
-siqmoo yostooiaizs Isiqotiaied eft ,nossea yd ro doniteni yd 
insaiwokesa efoe odd aeeaoL on sew corct feisedsa dadd bebned 
euolwoltbia teom{s smaved esesorgvict edi dedd .sonmai! of asec 
-s¥ efdsbhimz03 ett ;sonsninobeta isyou edd déin nosiasamoo ai 
% bre toscest c1ulcent aseae! on biveoo emis ysenr blo bas eqs 
_dobne«,bosinn s1om ,r9edoia yiteb eiqesq te debin odd ai iase% 
givovile ed-ot ppeuoeth of aittneite atedd feet od aninnited 
youlinsat seldom teom atest Yo nom eth] .etif Isottilog odd 
<e1ewod besolo bas elisw hetnenelited siedt base bas .botlely 
-10 yldoit ~neqo .esonebiee: yledeta seoala aisdd ni doete od 


beach 
. 


143 

recognized in the monuments as undeniable witnesses, is that 
the desires of France nobles were interpreted by French arti- 
sts, that knew how to satisfy these new programmes in an ent- 
irely ortdginal manner, which belonged to them and borrowed ¥ 
very little from Italy. It is unnecessary to be very expert in 
architecture to see, that there is no relation between the c 
country villas of the Italians at the end of the 15 th centu- 
ry and our French chateaus of the Renaissance. No analogy in 
the plans, the arrangement, in the mode of opening windows a 
and of coverings the edifices: no resemblance in the internal 
and external decorations. The city and country palaces in It- 
aly always present a certain rectilinear mass, symmetrical a — 
arransements, that we find in no French chateau of the Renais- 
sance and even to Louis XIV. If the architecture consisted o 
only in some mouldings, pilasters and friezes decorated by a 
arabesaques, we would freely grant that the French Renaissance 
pecam Italian; but this art is happily above those possibili- 
ties’? the principles by which it must direct and express it- 
self are derived from much more serious considerations. Prop- 
ortion, satisfaction of needs,and harmony that must exist be- 
tween the customs of the occupants and the habitation, judic- 
ious use of materials, respect for traditions and customs of 
the country, these must primarily direct the architect and da 
directed the French architects of the Renaissance in the con- 
struction of the residences of the nobles; they erected chat- 
eaus still impressed by old feudal memories, but clothed in ) 
a new exterior in harmony with that elegant, learned, polishei, 
ed and chivalrous society, a little pedantic and affected, th- 
at the 16 th century saw appear, and which showed such vivid 
splendor during the course of the following century. Whether 
by instinct or by reason, the territorial aristocracy compre- 
hended that material force was no longer the sole predominant 
power in France, that its fortresses became almost ridiculous 
in comparison with the royal predominance; its formidable ke- 
eps and old rusty arms could no longer inspire respect and f 
fear in the midst of people daily richer, more united, and b 
beginning to feel their strength, to discuss, to be alive in 
the political life. Like men of taste, most nobles frankly y 
yielded, and razed their battlemented walls and closed towers, 
to erect in their places stately residences, open, richly or- 


| aN, ia ae rit ea oh eee ie 

Se 2 A ee Liew es Py aero betasmenic 
atas odd fo aads otis: doa919 to 290n13 stom ist. revewod ehnit 
_ewiieh of wod west edeodidows domes? sd? .yfstT moxt fetaccai 
_-gmetdifbesd tnetons Yo sisdxia dads wort giuesax evoll{evaem s 
_ tedt ai betosie yeds gedd enssdedo edd Bee .emogeno wen din 
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-ist evyentA .bnid gsdt ai ob Einoo sonseeisne® seifedl odd ds 
-281 beottinzose seven yond ,esicioniae insions aiesd of [widd 
emxet [even bos yitennye sot noieesa edt o¢ sense hoot bus soe 
- apyeetnes bee fies od oF Ji Seiwol{s ni Bnow yine sien Eos 
: ,enokdsiicenit siens to soisoe edd eax yletI isdi 

evedd fo eclomexs omoe e1shser wwe of anitaseets g7oted gue 
ot seuss oF base .sonsesisne® edt Io emis tea1zi sad io enesieco 
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yostoodeizs edt nodw emit edd oi neve .eaneish ot Sniddyseve 
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-gienoo yiteide esonshices sesdt to sensieh Yo ensem sit .d10) 
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eon n0 ¢find seed bed eslteso bnerte Ife ti 102 ytnefieses ce 
-do ni bebesoove be dedd aneew emee oft .I[ebom smee edt yire 
_ etet ot beyolams need eved flucw .eno to noieesseog toiniss 
gs fetouisence tes ,oidom dose a0} snsdaogmi neds saw dt ils 
~ob edd to elieteh sid yiibom yiaoleseonn o¢ .yistss to sosla 
‘Sop ed tedd admeme?esits vd geslisses eft seingiwe oF .e2ns? 
 esonebieer seedd ni yeisev emstdxe ne sone .eeeouct gon ble 
28 ,tnemehnsise [saxedat. edt si eacidueccta lo inomenites s 
x0 sefted ob of evoits eno dose wot ;ydisaefske11l oisemedeye 
edpo0 s1]ew batik eidd Yo efideH .soddkien ein mor? ylineaedtth 
,eetwdneco Istevse onianh enoiieisnss eviessoove yd betoss 
. - gi edd ywortom edd of veh eno mort Beaobasds ed gon Hluoo bre 
 ° nied sit ts elveso eid bniflinder nedu oliaso & to 1988SE800 
) beabof yibed yrev need eved bivow .yiedneo dé Of edd Yo doin 
gid ni aete tose ts fesinkooet ton bed sd Ti .woiniqod eld of 
-dtiw seitelie® ,eriste fetonrisdni .enwd seodt Sniilewo res 
elteso edd eaivosl? egerist seodt .esenideo serose .etine tno 
sew etil to edidad vlish ed? .reddetbasid 10 1sdtst eid tc 
-xelomoo yilsnistnt eeert 10% ssiavinso Isievee tod hebessie 08 
“fe smmerbore edd eonenltni tenm betqohs sono foe ,zsonsbiees 


ie Pa 
sae Aickar 


' 


hi 


1 i j 


144 

ornamented internally as well as externally, but in which one 
finds however far more traces of French arts than of the arts 
imported from Italy. The French architects knew how to derive 
a mervellous result from that mixture of ancient traditions 
with new customs, amd the chateaus that they erected in that 
epoch are chiefly masterpieces of taste, very superior to wh- 
at the Italian Renaissance could do in that kind. Always fai- 
thfal to their ancient principles, they never sacrificed rea- 
son and good semse to the passion for symmetry and novel forms, 
and were only wrons in allowing it to be sazd and boleuyeey ’ 
that Ttaly was the source of their inspirations. 7 

But before presenting to our readers some examples of these 
chateaus of the first time of the Remaissance, and to cause to 
be understood how they satisfied the customs of their occupa- 
nts, it is necessary to know the inclinations of the nobles 
at that epoch. The feudal castle has been seen to sacrifice 
everything to defense, even in the time when the aristocracy 
had already adopted habits of luxury and of very advanced conm- 
fort. The means of defense of these residences chiefly consis- 
ted of unexpected and singular arrangements, so as to perplex 
an assailant; for if all strons castles had been built on ne- 
arly the same model, the same means that had succeeded in ob- 
taining possession of one, would have been employed to take 
all. It was then important for each noble, that constructed a 
place of safety, to unceasinsly modify the details of the de- 
fense, to surprise the assailant by arramsementr that he co- 
uld not foresee. Hence an extreme variety in these residences, 
a refinement of precautions in the internal arrangement, as 
systematic irresularity; for each one strove to do better or 
differently from his meishbor. Habits of this kind were cont- 
racted by successive generations durins several centuries, 
and could not be abandoned from one day to the morrow; the p 
possessor of a castle when rebuilding his castle at the besin- 
ning of tke 16 th century, would have been very badly lodged 
in his opinion, if he had not recosnized at each step in his 
new dwellins those turns, interrupted stairs, salleries with- 
out exits, secret cabinets, those turrets flanking the castle 
of his father or grandfather. The daily habits of life were 
so arranged for several centuries for these internally complex 
residences, and once adopted must influence the programme of 


a 


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146 
the castles of the 12 th to the 14 th centuries, either beca- 
use rebuilt in using the old foundations, or because desiring 
to enjoy certain points of view, retainins arrangements conse- 
crated by habit, or to profit by the most favorable orientat- 
ion of each of the services. 

Such, for example, was the chateau of Creil, built on an i 
island in the Oise, commenced under Charles V and entirely 
rebuilt at the end of the 15 th and the besginmins of the 16 
th centuries. We give its plan. (32)3* At A was the bridge jo- 
ining the island to both banks of the Oise, protected by a 
little forts at B,the entrance to the lower court. The habi- 
tation of the lord was entered by a second bridge C placed 
over a wide moat filled with water; at D is the court, surro- 
unded by buildings for habitation. According to a very freq- 
uent custom, a little church built in the lower court served 
as chapel, of the castle and parish for the imhabitants of t 
the city. At B was a garden reserved for the occupants of the 
chateau. This plan emphasizes what we have just said concern- 
ing the taste retained by the nobility for the complex arran- 
gements of the feudal castles. That of Cheuil, although natu- 
rally protected by its location in the middle of a river, was 
not built to sustain a siege; and yet we find there, if not 
the formidable towers of mediaeval castles, a number of flank- 
ing round towers, the projecting pavilions arransed for enjoy- 
ing the external view, and offerins in the interior those cl- 
osets and retreats so much loved by the owner. The view (33) 
that we give, taken from the littke* fort at will dispense w 
with longer descriptions; it indicates very clearly, that all 
these small towers and projectins pavilions were not erected 
for the needs of defense, but for the pleasure of the occupa- 
nts, and to imitate in some sort the Sreat feudal fortress. T 
The wateh towers and the sharp roofs were multiplied, as if to 
recall at a small scale the external appearance of the old c 
castles bristling with defenses; but this was no lonser more 
that a play, a caprice of a rich noble, not pretending to be 
at war with his neighbors, but who still desired his resideme 
to have the appearance of a fortified mansion. 

Mote LopoeiWe AL the scole of 7 + 1000. 

Yote Lepei7S. Thies vtew ond the plon ore taken from the work 


of Du Gerceaw on Botiments de France, the ehorteau hoving been 


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145 
the new chateaus, althowgh the real utility of so many archi- 
tectural subterfuges reauired for defense no longer actually 
existed. A noble im the middle ages, lodged in one of the ch- 
ateaus of the 17 th century in which the arrangement is broal 
and symmetrical, the rooms in sequence, are nearly all of the 
same dimensions and comprised sreat parallelosrams, the serv- 
ice is direct and easy, the stairways are verw large and all- 
ow one to penetrate at once into the heart of the edifice, w 
would have found himself as uncomfortable, as if he and his f 
family had been penned in a Sreat room divided by some parti- 
tions.. He desired secret exits, little rooms separated from 
great halls by winding ways known to him, side views of the 
facades, chambers closed and retired for the night, larse and 
lighted-areas for assemblases; he desired that his private 1 
life should not be mixed with his public life, and the sojourn 
in the keep still left a trace in his habits. One hall must o 
open to the south, the other to the north. He wished to see” 
his forests and his gardens from certain points of view, or 
indeed the village church beneath which reposed his ancestors, 
or a certain road or river. Byes have their habits like the 
mind, and one may cause a man to die from weariness, who sees 
what he has seen daily, unless his life is filled by very vid- 
orous occupations. The lives of the nobles, when war did not 
cause them to leave their castles, was very tedious, and they 
mast pass a good part of their time in lookins on the water 
in their moats, travelers passiné alons the road, peasants h 
harvesting on the plain, the storm beatins on the forest, the 
men playing in the lower court. The owner of the castle thus 
unconsciously contracted habits of meditation, that made him 
prefer a certain place, window or retreat. One should not be 
astonished, if in tke castles rebuilt in the 16 th century 
were retained certain irregular arrangements, that were evid- 
ently dictated by the private habits of the noble and of men- 
pers of his family; certainly Italy was not concerned in this, 
but indeed the architects to whom the mobles entrusted their 
wishes, the results of a lons stay in the same place. There 
still exist in France quite a large number of chateaus servins 
as a transition from the fortified castle of the nobles of t 
the middle ages to the country palace of the end of the 16 th 
century. Their plans are frequently irregular like those of t 


a aN 
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147 
destroyed after the revolution. 

On these principles the chateau of Chantilly was erected a . 
little later, though in srander proportions. Chantilly is sit- 
uated abouti2.5 miles from Senlis, and is one of the most ch- 
arming places in that part of France; beautiful water, extens- 
ive meadows, magnificent forests caused the choice of the si- 
te of the chateau, that was even less intended for defense 
than Crewil. We give (34) the plan of the admirable seneral 
_ arrangement of this residence, which was the asylum of so ma- 
ny illustrious personages and fine minds. Here is what Du Cer- 
ceau says of it. 

“The building consists of two parts; the first as a court & 
in which are some buildings arranged for the offices; the sec- 
ond is another triangular court raised higher than the first 
by some 9 or 10 ft., it being necessary to ascend from the f 
first to reach the second.” Indeed beside the bridge is seen . 
the little stairway that makes ap the difference of level bet- 
meen the two courts.” Around the said (triangular) court on 
all sides is the buildins of the lord, constructed well andin 
a sood manner. This building and court are founded on, a rock, 
in which are cellars in two stories, beins in arrangement ra- 
ther a labyrinth than a cellar, there are so many aisles in 
both and all are vaulted. As for the appearance of the arran- 
Sement of the lord’s building, it adheres entirely neither to 
antique nor to modern art, but the two are mixed tosether.. T 
The facades are beautiful and rich. In the first court is the 
entrance to the buildins“by the sreat hall D.” Bhe facades of 
the buildings being there both on the court and exterior well 
arranged and finished in the antique style. These two courts 
with their buildings are enclosed by a larse area of water 1 
like . pond, while between them is a separation like a moat, 
through which the said water flows. Over it is a bridge for 
passing from one court to the other. Joining the sreat build- 
ing is a terrace A, placed at one end of the park, to which 
one goes from the court of the lord’s residence by means of 
a bridse P,across the water, that separates the lord’s buildi- 
ng and the terrace, and by whick one passes over an arch, on 
which is arranged a covered passase. This place is accompani- 
ed by a grand garden B, one of its sides beins a gallery on 
arches (portico), raised a little higher than the rest of the 


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148 
garden. On one side of this garden is the lower court I, in 
which are several buildings intended for stables. Besides the 
grand garden and near it is another, not of such size. These 
gardens are surrounded by places, some of which are woods, 
meadows, copses, cherry trees, large trees and other conveni- 
ences. Some of these places are enclosed by courts, the othe- 
rs not so; in these places is the heronry. The park is very 
large, its entrance beings at one side of the chateau, where 
is water that gives 300d pleasure. This place is enclosed on 
the side next Paris by the forest of Senlis, in which there 
is a vaulted passage for soins to the Sread road to Paris. F 
finally this place is held to be one of the most beautiful p 
places in France.” 

Note 1.p.i179. Les plus excellents bastiments de France. B 
Book 2. 

In this residence, which from the point of view of construc- 
tion has really nothings of a fortress, we see again retained 
all the arrangements of the feudal castles. Isolation by means 
of ponds and moats full of water, narrow bridges not easy of . 
access, small flamkins towers at the angles, forecourt with 
the offices, lower court with the depvendances, enclosed sard- 
ens with promenade, irresular buildinss arransed according to 
the dimensions of the rooms contained, crooked passases, imm- 
ense cellars permittins storage of considerable provisions, 
and finally a long vaulted passage for communicating with the 
Sreat road without being seen. Yet the chateau of Chantilly, 
no more than that of Creuil, could oppose a serious defense 
to the attack of an armed force.! The curtains and small tow- 
ers of the chateau are opende by wide windows, the roofs fur- 
nished with beautiful dormers; but the upper sallery with the 
traditional machicolations is still retained. If these upper 
galleries could no longer protect the chateau asains the ef- 
fects of artillery, they were still kept for the needs of the 
service: for they afford long corridors allowing the service 
of all rooms of the higher stories, and facilitate the over- 
sisht. nt 

Note 1Lepi80. AVL the structures ao not date from the sone 
epochs the olaest aate from the end of the 15 th century. But 
auring the 16 th century the builarings, and porticoularly the 
Vartertore, in sreart part were decorated with great urchitectu- 


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149 
arbhitectural luxury. Later still in the 17 th century, the 9 
offices were modified. 

One will note that all the main buildings of the chateaus’ 
in this epoch are still single in depth, i.e., they have only 
the width of one room arranged im sequence; they command each 
other, and the upper corridors, like the cellars, offer at 1 
least a circulation independent of the halls and chambers at 
two different heights. Tt was rarely before the 17 th centu- 
ry that in the chateaus, men commenced to erect main buildin- 
gs of double depth. 

Mote Qep-i BO. see in Les plus excellLents bastiments, vy Bu 
@erceau, the views ond details of Chontilty. 

Yet is is unnecessary to believe that, at the beSinning of 
the 16 th century, the irresularity of plans was a sort of m- 
cessity, the result of a preconceived idea, on the contrary 
at that epoch, men sought symmetry in the residences of nobles; 
theyssacrificed to it already even the internal arrangement, 
with the intention of presenting off thevextértor resular faca- 
Jes, an entirety of buildinss with a monumental appearance. 
In this respect, Italy exercised an influence on French con- 
structors; but with the borrowins of some architectural deta- 
ils, this was all that the architects took from Italian pala- 
ces; for otherwise the lord’s chateau retained its French ch- 
aracter, both in the entirety of the seneral arrensement, in 
the internal distribution, its small flankins towers, and by 
the mode of coverings the buildings. 

The beautiful chateau of Verger in Anjou, residence of the 
orinces of Rohan-Guemene, thus joined the old traditions of 
the feudal castle to the monumental arrangements in vosue at 
the besinning of the 16 th century. It was composed (35) of 
a lower court into which one entered by a sate flanked by 
Little round towers, with sreat towers at the angles, service 
buildings symmetrically placed in a wins; then the lord’s res- 
idence, separated from the lower court by a moat, likewise f 
flanked by four great round towers connected by the nearly s 
symmetrical great buildings. An external moat surrounded the 
entire chateau. One sees in this view that the front curtain 
and its two towers are still pierced at their base by embras- 
ures for cannon, and that they are furnished with machicolat- 
ions and battlements. This was no longer more than a mark of 


i = Hie) 
Mi 3 +} ar | Cite 
iF ay Fr 


wie ist 
| Li or: | 
oa, 8% aa ibedved? diaebar yas waived ‘eedéteh's son (Iswos 
. is qiedé to siism eldietv eesdt nobnsds ton Blnoo eeldon esi 
a ci letegeget ‘sseteio on bsi ysdt .meds 107 es ysonehmeqehai inefo 
a hea ae .eebiadwanh foe beom ,adasaeltisd bas exswos 
rn eo fia ; beisutie .yind to bactibio {stissasd edd cele -een dove 

‘yd Betoete e1ew eantblind edt .ettod edt as90 bes efol® mort 

© edeati t9obah etsde to yisteiose ,tedusdof ef boomiaol® brol 

tai Lis becizquoo yet? .T etodsyW hae TIX eived ITTV eeliedd 
edd betetae en0 .fiol Ievesibes #2 to sonehiee: sds bseoance 

yd botnelt A edbtadweih & yd wsetsdo $43 to daveo [satonitzo 

@ se1di no bershicd san % Satfoo tant .(3f).e19ewot eltsil ows 

-tnk stew ysdd dhwodifia .eaatbhilind aslose1 ylisetisa va eopis 

vd Betsnimtes sxew bos ,sooivier gnoretiib ofstnce of bsias 
-fnsoesbh eno gnrblisd stem eff moat .esiane edd ta suiswesd as0l 
“eat ds nistocot [sinewnnom 2 diiw F ashiss eteviro s otni fs 
.sefons edd te siswodt botsloei asdto ows yd ostsniniss ,e1dnes 

0 tgs steel odd nO .d Isasio efssil s bas .ekatsbol sataiescos 

2 -Se ,asidstea .§ eonsisns fatosoe etl ddtiw tavco aswol eds ean 
ewol buoose 8 exw 1891 odd ni G ds yeoonehneash fas esevodeic 
feed @ bow .eee1d Pint? .reeilfedd .enebass dtin savos as 
boeysd bebneixrs tueq off .2 fe tewod 8 To miol edt ni Joosvch 
I edt es I[lsw ee vestsde edit to'Snort sds bone ,eanibiind eds 
‘od? e1stew déiw beliit edison yd hebnxoxwtse sisw tives aswol 
e*hiol edd to dosd odd te osew nolisdidsd edd toi ebaibltad 
-ia edd 00 fenetosid bos seottto eid ented sel edd no .t1v00 
fedd (fled edt Yo yiefiet sd¢ ..0.f .ytelisd edd asn Boge tae 
-enoseso Isbust to [etiomem teal oft oe hentssex [ite see on 
ows sft besoeanoo aistagvo snort edt Hnided betosts ocofsise0 A 
ywiode Havers s vino Qnived bos ,ttel bes tdhia odd no ahatv 
1 ntsw seidt edd to eefiote asaqu 'sdé to wotv odd desm ton BLE 
no sHoktslocidosm dtiw exewot edd devodsle ,sish .eanibliud 
-«bivoie yedt° .m10t Iestabnifye edt benietes d1sq ase9n aiedd 
‘etom doum Snied tnemetnsite Jedd .sbieat sasdmado exewoe bs 
noo eft and? smtot asel[so1to edt asdt yonscuo0e 310% sasinevoos 
dtiw ynom1sd oi rehs0l on etnemednsiis sit benimisteh encsevo 
d x0% bevaise vino gsdt .eiswos seedy bus ,enolsibsas bie ead 
‘yretilia to mict aiedt tofiaetxe edt co dood [lide ,noitetidss 
geet beteloei as to ais edt Looe Mieeti soosvob ofT .censteb 
Wen eidd wevewoh .esiteso ishuet edt de beyslq yino eds now 

| BG Emtedo sae etaiblinvd seed? .tas to wesiv to tunica sds mort ed 


J A nate 
i i ae 9 8 : : x ' b 


150 
power, not a defense having any value. But as we said above, 
the nobles could not abandon these visible marks of their an- 
cient independence; as for them, they had no chateau without 
towers and battlements, moad and drawbridse. 

Such was also the beautiful chateau of Bury, sitwated 5 miles 
from Blois and near the Loire. The buildings were erected by 
lord Florimond de Robertet, secretary of State under kings th 
Gharles VIII, Louis XII and Francis I. They comprised atl tht 
composed the residence of a mediaeval lord. One entered the 
principal court of the chateau by a drawbridse A flanked by 
two little towers.(36). That court 7 was bordered on threc s 
sides by perfectly regular buildings, although they were int- 
ended to contain different services, and were terminated by 
four towers at the angles. From the main building one desceni- 
ed into a private garden B with a monumental fountain at the 
centre, terminated by two other isolated towers at the angles, 
containing lodgings, and a little chapel G. Om the left at C 
was the lower court with its special entrance B, stables, st- 
orehouses and dependances; at D in the rear was a second low- 
er court with gardens, trellises, fruit trees, and a sreat 
dovecot in the form of a tower at K. The park extended beyond 
the buildings, and the front of the chateau as well as the 1 
lower court were surrounded by moats filled with water. The 
buildings for the habitation were at the back of the lord’s 
court, on the left being the offices and kitchens; on the ri- 
Sht at H was the gallery, i.e., the gallery of the hall, that 
we see still retained as the last memorial of feudal customs. 
A portico erected behind the front curtain connected the two 
mings on the risht and left, and having only a Sround story, 
did not mask the view of the upper stories of the three main 
buildings. Here, althoush the towers with machicolations.- on 
their upper part retained the cylindrical form, they provid- 
ed square chambers inside, that arransement beins much more 
convenient for occupancy than the circular form. Thus the new 
customs determined the arrangements no longer in harmony with 
the old traditions, amd these towers, that only served for h 
habitation, still kept on the exterior their form of military 
defense.. The dovecot itself took the air of an isolated keep. 
ven then only played at the feudal castles. However this may 
pe from the point of view of art, these buildings are charmins 


iia 


dd Pte! 


oid fle ination epibrge sested seabdnieal $y wehbe OX 


= “geld .consesteneh edé at ee{don to encigatided seedt ni scones 


_eeebs olbbim edt to esliase hesolo ymools sid soslae1 of smeo 
Jeorel fo Atow (odttés) sdt bao wo9278D VG 998 o88leqek Fon 
i te. etodd o sgoyo wh .fefd sbiwd ott af oath sortesul ye 
“ie pam” fAaJI9Oxs AO eSt8t ,syosev0d of 98 «yy yd ,snoriaas. 
, Ce Sidincs somosetonse sdt fo wostods Jujituosd eédt 
arg as. ni sia yous :eselomexe seeds viecitIum jon Ifsde off 
efolé -yisneupole desqa ot s19eds eas atoswnaom edi fae .Ils to 
-stafio wen sdd .eatodmA ,xuseononed) .weshif-el-yssh  .acliiss 
-sebtee1 sodto yosm o8 bre ,o#el to wsededo sid ,esdood to us 
Sasttoe yicdase dt of eds Yo Sainnited edd sox? esfdon Rog Vi 
geom edd sis yods sedootidors 103 aeibute to Josidue saimiero 
-ae doidw bos ,sonseaisnsh doneit edd to noiegestoxe vosiliiad 
gas supitns to scissotiage Isisden deom edd sie .8nidton elio 
a sit ge0% ti. bovoxs bos ,elomexe ods coved ysisyor .e anoms. 
§$ ni abiersvol .yiwsneo dd Of odd Yo evestado Luiidased Jeow 
agoidifoa od es etus edt of seluami os sved di ,ddrolsoned toe 
ot stoate desl edt evsh deadd Snid exoalevido dedi .1 eionsat 
efqmexe eid. fas ,gsonsbieer [eyou blo edd boyouteet .valevido 
~onesoows bie aiceesosieaq eid {fe wedi ,2090% S10m weiddieve 
+ teox2 odd nwob s10t ef .s0103 vd voutesh Hiwoo isdtekes, 21 
-smmery ot eteit oid [fe beboeceh doidw no .siveo) add fo iswod 
d duiviegeta Jo msexb, bimoo mid sedis davoo edt Yo baol senk 
~sieneat odd fetefonoo bos assed soniga ted? Tisen, Iebuet eid 
_puebom edd o¢ eidon Ievesthem of. to sonebicer edt moat noi 
baodmed> siind ef. .VIX, eivod bne TITY eivod jo dead .wsssado 
edd eniedor [lite esesoeisa ows eeedt lo deri} edT .biahs¥ bos 
_ eapessia a ylno ei booose sit teddado Isbuel edd to eesicri 
-1t Blo edt to, sosat. s ehoit zsbmol om sno doidw ni sonshieer 
-fo si¢ to te1imbs stenoisesa s son 18 ew davodd ll. .enoisits 
@ oi di eesa gonnso. ew [lise .dowm yd Jon ,baodmsdd to sets 
edi ovit ef .efoidad eidt evolo yileisien bivuode si. p90rslie 
sia elit lal Mlle dn | t (ep) ened asta 
feet? envagar ; 9008 i 2 yo sieos oat FA 4S8heGek ston 
>  weonsbhieet neluanie tadd usse ton sed sonert af noersa of . 
to. das edd to noisesioxe stsiqnoo Jeom sdt ee emoe yd beriss4 
‘~ Ha, bonananstp, ~sonseeisns? sit Yo soomom odd sg ergtossidorzs 


D oceiathind Prapelennes {feeeoloo. & ,yonst ofatasooe. ns ea eisdito 


151 
creations, and the cavalier view of the chateau of Bury, that 
we give (37), emphasizes better than description all the ele- 
gance in these habitations of nobles in the Renaissance, that 
came to replace the gloomy closed castles of the middle ages. 

Note 1.-p.i830« See Bu Serceaw and the (VittLe) work of Israel 
Syloestre. Aso in the Guide Hist. du voyage o Blois et aux se 
environs, by ye Ge La Saussoye, 1815, an excellent Kote on * 
his Leaurtif{ul chateau of the Renaissance. 

We shall not multiply these examples; they are in the hands 
of all, and the monuments are there to speak eloquently. Blois, 
Gaillon, Azay-le-Rideau, Chenonceaux, Amboise, the new chate- 
au of Loches, the chateau of Usse, and so many other residen- 
ces of nobles from the beginning of the 16 th century offer a. 
charming subject of studies for architects: they are the most 
brilliant exoression of the French Rewaissance, and which sp- 
oils nothing, are the most natural application of antique art 
among us. Royalty save the example, and around it rose the m 
most beautiful chateaus of the 16 th century. Sovereign in f 
fact henceforth, it save an impulse to the arts as to politicse - 
Francis I, that chivalrous king that gave the last stroke to 
chivalry, destroyed the old royal residences, and his example 
overthrew more keeps, tham all his predecessors and successo- 
rs together could destroy by force. He tore down the great % 
tower of the Louvre, on which depended all the fiefs in Prame. 
What lord of the court after him could dream of preserving h 
his feudal nest? That prince began and completed the transit- 
ion from the residence of the mediaeval noble to the modern 
chateau, that of Louis XITI and Louis XIV. He built Chambord 
and Madrid. The first of these two palaces still retains the 
impress of the feudal caste? the second is only a pleasure 
residence in which one no longer finds a trace of the old tr- 
aditions. 7lthough we are not a passionate admirer of the ch- 
ateau of Chambord, not by much, still we cannot pass it ins 
silence; it should naturally close this Article. We give its 
plan here«(38) > 

Note 1epi2d5 AL the scale of 41% 200-6 

Yo person in France has not seeu that singular residence. 
Praised by some as the most complete expression of the art of 
architecture at the moment of the Renaissance, disparased by 
others as an eccentric fancy, a colossal caprice, a work with 


Pd pay * 
llr? |e 


“ay | RE he a 
‘ “ ~. f f ‘ ; 
ae fs had! Sea Me ae ae Bi: Vd aig ye f 
, 4 a ' , i 4 ~ ; 
Ja fi 
ee i A te 


ras ¥ hae i ee 
ya yt ; 


ial cae iobisdet-ate ‘fIsde ew ,noz8e1 xon @enee’ TeXsten 
Laine at di tsdw yo? Hrodmetin Yo nsededo oft ovet [fade ow 
A eefatontag fseoouo owd yd fee seommerg01q owt otinn oF Tomsects 
7 oe 0 eiteso heitidaot efit sortibe elonie 2 odnk blew od 
4  Powettes edd tedt tne oF .sosleq empessto sad Ons esds 9 fb 
enoktstieed to [fot at sonseeisnes fore1? edd dnd sbavede eew 
exfew vino #& yedxs baw teonstoe .essitel ni ,bainnised esi ts 
‘3t Yeouwke: to yoo! s biaswioed Sniteso eomitenoe efitw Huswred 
_ dttw dsesd ten eexeb bas tee oft wort Bfeent estt of sendstw 
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A wend. Fe: tit sopfass od fey 19dé0 on sad 

yatnvoo s Yo teblw edd ni ¢liwd et bacdmen0 Yo weetedo edt 
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+ Beeeso bad sonizag tsdT .1 efones7 to Janes sdt wend oF vie 
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aonem blo ne yIno esw nedd [itow coidw .weetedo Jneottinvem 
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ni :yasdneso dy ot sit Yo oOninnibed sit to srutoesirors sails 
ae] yfno ton drew @ ef Si .noigonttence fos sonsissg9R ,oelq 
of en esxtesbh ono YI .eatod edd to eirsd edd mort tad fone 


_ -) #trgotc0s ct Snifese ai frodmedd tlivd ctooidemind teddy Jasxe 


sew faow etdd nedt tud :flew .elyte doner® edd Beemid of ote 
career seach seed ees <Om88 eid ai eved er. on .wid yd gon 
rR 8H OF 
Al wted smalihamdiee Jo sivrinie eF90G BLO THO o8BL.Get StOX 

— edmado aside ste0g of sotobs etd ms .8séL wi b9t6 bao Stet ad 
same fo Jiu} eserse seeds store ,roltowrtsaco Tehsy sow S10 


152 

neither sense nor reason, we shall not discuss its merit here; 
we shall take the chateau of ahambord for what it is, as an 
attempt to unite two programmes set by two opposed principles, 
to weld into a single edifice the fortified castle of the mii- 
dle ages and the pleasure palace. We Srant that the attempt 
was absurd; but the French Renaissance is full of hesitations 
at its beginning, in letters, sciences and arts; if only walks 
forward while sometimes casting backward a look of regret, it 
wishes to free inself from the past and dares not break with 
tradition; the Gothic vestment seems to be worn out, and it 
has no other yet to replace it. 

The chateau of Chambord is built in the midst of a country 
favorable for hunting, surrounded by forests covering a rust- 
ic plain; distant from cities, it is evidently a place for 
pleasure, retored, a perfect choice for enjoying at the same 
time all the advantages offered by solitude and the habitati- 
on of a luxurious palace. To understand Chambord it is necess - 
ary to know the court of Francis I. That prince had passed t 
the first years of his youth near his mother, the duchess of 
Angouleme, who lived on bad terms with Anne of Brittany, dis- 
tant from the court, residing sometimes in the chateau of Cos- 
nac, sometimes at Blois, and sometimes at her house of Romor- 
antin. Francis had retained a particular affection for the p 
places in which his infancy had passed in the utmost freedom. 
Having reached the throne, he desired to make of Chambord a 
masnificent chateau, which until then was only an old manor 
built by the counts of Blois, a royal residence. It is pret- 
ended that Primaticcio was charged with the construction of 
Chambord; were Primaticcio there to assure us, we could not 
pelieve it, for Chambord has none of the characters of the It- 
alian architecture of the bedinmins of the 16 th century; in 
plan, appearance and construction, it is a work not only Fr- 
ench, but from the banks of the Loire. If one desires us to 
grant that Primaticcio built Chambord in seeking to appropri- 
ate to himself the French style, well; but then this work was 
not by him, he only gave it his name, and that matters little 
tO us. 

NOLS) LePeiBGe Our OV poet, Shares of Saint-Karthe, born 
SW 1012 And ALed Ln 1555, in his Advice to poets while Chondv- 
ora was under construction, wrote these verses full of sense, 


va, ‘ hy ? ee ° SiN 
hot | eel a ic rin 
- ono 


ied id 
pou 
: 

ee 
pe oe 


ae praca £f0 998) .ysorl morte ‘e400 toot boos Batdtom barf 
, atyet jo salosa "0 shod sm03 ,8dTON jo. asteom SoneTt 9Ho8 

—- gaddtemes bi afoottouirs JF bas yphrodasdo t#léud “afove Jo To 
| — wagderoy o teuoo to egod of fag .a7Tedt avosqgs slttis ,ertatt 
of ,ehaddléiud Fo teabaetairagus Fo fv0os 0 add. stom oF ->,t¢e/tve 


ot: wodt sounvosqgs Tatted » bod todt ,ewotensg dtiw mid boot 


q bio wo ,etoJ% fo v0 svtv0? fo soffon o ,satos8 10 shuosd yoloas 
: bao vetatog aptsorI sat eftdw Sroydtrow ata no sow odw wold l3aF 


. sattimavon sit of goa fo ett fo ‘enolg eat henfvotqus toatidatoa 


«f/6 ¢adt ee aobtog glbaidt féiw ershoer wo .fave0 eat Fo sbrof 
. yiao wom Soke wi, 998 ow tad ~otootiomird gainrsaN0D woseasTs 
/ adisesforg effi ao yrvo2 of B/donw bow Oda sasiTH STOOVb9mM BD 
-aéog a0 etosttdere Sathavd o Save} sadist aroew sred@ ,yiotl ad 
| yrolh: # worred, OF son0TT OF Sapo ed bro ,wid OF TOdT9GUG aT9s 
4 senate sfoescesoda ,stostidat boog ,#en teabom of tafsaosad 
ado ssedss#ent f/09 of foa ban ,wVeauGos FO ad atod sv ot sow 
bw monk’ , «%9F9G 16 
-n30 ad ab boa is fr edt Xo lili Sebusi sad ot ei brodmadd 
<r ofd to eyedds oft o¢ ef omelanT to yeddse odd dadw esiand 
festiset I eionan® .2tafedef nedd aefioif .ybousq & ,yintaso Ad 
-siaw yhorg sid wtiesex omae od henisdis dtod dnd ~maesab eid 
es ,enoldutitvent oftesoom fers edt beninaehow eisisds yd aed 
© edt of wold tas{ edd ever I eionstd io snode ni yhorsq sid 
~diton et eveds .tseast aW .efeeeav teeth etd So eeliaso boaclo 
~o Jere ab t]8en Tdbg009 ai sedtien .tadt I{s. ni neiistl bat 
d Hthbnelae edt to .gonaissags ond ei tedw .rcivetxe edt aC 
fetentmies etoor fsotnoo to shudieinom 8 ei s1sedT Tnolistided 
yeumido sensmmt ,edetiat .sienod odd mort antein entetnel yd 
-og to ¢ee10t « .eodela diin betewtont bna feviso yidoii ease 
edt weldmeeer dedé aniddon yifenti :snodve To exem10b bes ain 


Pr) 


‘ P -~tniviaebive ne yusidnoo edd no dud ,sonmebiazs1 nefilasI [shiuet 


gnireveo sti ddiw beaciupe weetedo donei% sid I[leosa o¢ noidos 
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| wetsom bas ersifeo .cichiai0oo sersee .eyswiiste aniboiw .2s 
«test asfeknis 6 aoisnes of noivsooo en aevia Hiodmedd Jas 
edd dh edd Yo auinnived eds da slindet ydrsq eelteso yon al 
. siteit to eensosd doum es .benistes siew stewed blo edd .yisinse 


e : 
| 


iim of-dad ‘ssonebieet febuet ed¢ fo d1em odd stew yodt sensoed 


PSMA ae ae caer 2h | | eh 


Rd Sh or basco mosdeo? ont feat sidbesadaaiiledele (ome. 


88 odd anideilomet to wiivorlire edd bas yibifoeyentiixes. 


-_), 


153 
gad thot show what was then the fashion of wits im France, 
LAwa nothing 000 thar come from Ltaly.(See Old French poem), 

Sowe French woster of works, some Claude or Blaise of Tours 
or of BVOLS, LWUILY Ghambvord, ond Wf Priwartrccto 414 something 
there, Vittle appears there. Burt +o have at court a forervéen 
artiat, to wake Wie ao sort of superintendent of vuilai\ugs, to 
Youd him with pensions, thot had a vetter appearance thon +o 
employ Glovde or Blaise, a native of Tours or of Blots, on ova 
fellow who wos on His workyard while the Travian painter and 
architect explained the plans of the old won to the Waryer dw s 
Voras of the court. Our readers will kindly pardon us what arv- 
SressLON CONCYETNINE Primaticcio, but we see a thot nan only 
o wearvocre artist, who was unodvle to carry on his profession 
Vn Lraly, where were then found a hundred architects ond pain- 
ters superior to him, and he came to France to borrow @ glory 
peLonging to wodest wen, $000 architects, whoseosorle of~fvense 
pas to be born in our country, ond NOt to coll thenselves John 
or Peter. 

Chambord is to the feudal castle of the 13 th aod 14 th cen- 
turies what the abbey of Theleme is to the abbeys of the 12 
th century, a parody. Richer than Rabelais, Francis I realized 
his dream: but both attained the same result; the parody writ- 
ten by Rabelais undermined the aged monastic institutions, as 
the parody in stone of Francis I gave the last blow to the c 
closed castles of the great vassals. We repeat, there is noth- 
ing Italian in all that, neither in thought nor in form. 

On the exterior, what is the appearance of tha splendid h 
habitation? There is a multitude of conical roofs terminated 
by lanterns rising from the towers, turrets, immense chimney 
cays richly carved and incrusted with slates, a forest of po- 
ints and dormers of stone; finally nothings that resembles the 
feudal Italian residence, but on the contrary an evidentvint- 
ention to recall the Prench chateau equipped with its coverins 
by pointed roofs, possessing its keep, its platform, watch tow- 
er, winding stairways, secret corridors, cellars and moats. 

But Chambord gives us occasion to mention a singular fact. 
In many castles partly rebuilt at the bedinnims of the 16 th 
century, the old towers were retained, as much because of their 
axtréméeysolidity and the difficultw of demolishins them, as 
because they were the mark of the feudal residence. But to m 


| laldineened hike weesis reat ot-esfod eden oP <baébete stiw vd 


-eneoxe iow divoittib s ased eved bivenw eved naidostow edd 
-avewos got seso eitdd ot s9efamie fowot sew oT .vddbootl bas svi 
tuo ot ,Credman teetse1 odd eaw eida bas) eioolt nsboow déviw 
 gtesosta o¢ boa ,Ratasqo. feottisv bsord # modsed of sod mort 
.esiiode o1ew e1sdd es svohoiw yasm es sigesidme to dice isdd 
-geol{i aA .ellie boe eletnil .edmst vino saed¢ niave &etosla 
fee) ted abootersbew aotateo eidd sdam o¢ yuatesoen 21 nolktes 
te bedsotbat es sbam ef eninege {sotdasv & y;uewod heeols s od 
won edd (eid Cf) nodT .ev00lt Laniedot edd &ainistes ofidw ,A 
~finder edd [zeonoo of Bit sedd ot awode es dliud ets exohatw 
.» Reewimoeses wen edd Snibaed to yiluotttibh sad biovs bas snik 
thidw ,e19swos eft to eesostane Isnietxe blo edd dtin edmet edd 
feosiq. ste" enineqo edt to ebie doses ts .dauor yiev ned tq e792 
mid? .y2ote dose ts boeoorsque ,noisoetorg [iame fo ersdeslia 
gp omedsed .vikeesoen. to tineer odd .2anidoded at noisonitencs 
. tatonteasd odd ts {patente exewos wen sat of svidom evidatooeh 
Ryans to etaedess ad, evetv nisese ew ee ,yawdnso dg ot sid to 
- $6 nolesnoo oft smeoed cele enoidelcoidosm sat -bacdmad®? hoe 
vsenstsb scl stfied asanol on nedw ,soitsicosh faintoodisors ne 
yd beawovo ess ebaiblinod to elfaw bus eiswot edd Crxcdmsdd ss 
-hegsoqmoo sivti seeneteb dneions gedd el{sees dadd ,soimioo ¢ 
dsiw anilfedioe s antmret exdd .efedioo no beoslo effede to 
sess of netiet] anidsov .enoitsfootnosm a8aitasesiaqss salidvo 
sotdatpemenso [sctontaa edt sts biodmadd Js doidu .enoitibest 
bayer -exoisedxs oft {fe Yo 

ebudie loans vd. lates Bae et giones% yintoso dt Sf esd aT 
fabyst bio edd shieed 10% ser)enkisict yd feilafs eusssedo to 
,ddanerte aiedt 10 sonstiooml tiedd 10t hevisesig ,esonehiser 
ed¢ ,rebao bnoose sid Yo eefteso [{s ylasea To sosio edt oi 


to noivouvidenoo edd at .seonesbies? tnstele betosis hed soldon 


sonemssogs suoseiutoiq gnsions odd noisier oF JA2H0e yedd dolaw 
-- petisdotf® .woibils: to eusw edt .eaniliewk bsitiigyet edd Yo 
~don oid sed? imedd Yo asdmon tears « hevowiesb ebnorvd edd foe 
-ee1d10t edi gnisea oi tedd ,sisl oot eldtil se bevisors9 ytili 
eorot wen nevi> bad ti ,seonshiess asqo yd mend soslas1 od eee 
eeleguide edd boiish ylislwottae® .ysfeyou To eeoivavat set od 


Gt UP odd Yo Qninathed edd bus yredneo dt Of edt Yo foe odd Can 


Ist eovieemedd shsm een steen [abost edd to etaotis smeiqse rad 


154 
make these towers habitable, it was necessary to lisht them 
by wide windowss To make holes in each story and construct t 
the projecting bays would have been a difficult work, expens- 
ive and lengthy. It was found simpler in this case for towers 
‘with wooden floors (and this was the sreatest number), to cut 
from tap to bottom a broad vertical opening, and to place in 
that sort of embrasure as many windows as there were stories, 
placing again there only jambs, lintels and sills. An illust- 
ration i. necessary to make this opinion understood. Let (39) 
be a closed tower: a vertical opening is made as indicated at 
A, while retaining the internal floors. Them (39 bis) the new 
windows are built as shown in that Fis. To conceal the rebuil- 
ding and avoid the difficulty of bondins the new masonry of 
the jambs with the old external surfaces of the towers, which 
were often very rough, at each side of the openings were placed 
pilasters of small projection, superposed at each story. This . 
construction in patching, the result of mecessity, became a 
decorative motive in the new towers erected at the beginnings . 
of the 16 th century, as we see in views o Shateaus of Bury 
and Chambord. The machicolations also became the occasion of 
an architectural decoration, when no longer built for defense; 
at Chambord the towers and walls of buildings are crowned by 
a cormice, that recalls thet ancient defense; it is composed 
of shells placed on corbels, thus forming a corbelling with 
outilne representing machicolations. Nothing Italian in these 
traditions, which at Chambord are the principal ornamentation 
of all the exteriors. 

In the 16 th century French soil was covered by a multitude 
of chateaus admired by foreigners. For beside the old feudal 
residences, preserved for their importance or their strensth, 
in the place of nearly all castles of the second order, the 
nobles had erected elegant residencer, in the construction of 
which they sousht to retain the ancient picturesque appearance 
of the fortified dwellings. The wars of religion, Richelieu 
and the Fronde destroyed a great number of them. Then the nod- 
ility perceived a little too late, that in razing its fortres- 
ges to replace them by open residences, it had siven new force 
to the invasions of royalty. Particularly during the struggles 
at the end of the 16 th century and the besinnins of the 72th, 
the supreme efforts of the feudal nobility made themselves felt. 


i sh alia cal 2 a he yy... 
< ad REE Ay es o¢ eissces onpidah*h emetess 
Rene heaetandate: .Vunteso dt Sf edt to oted s saw od ysos7 Inti 
haath sed? wort emotesoorl bevese: 18% vbes1le emis 8 Js sono 
edd aisdiw tleemid dude o¢ fowsb ef sosdtec sesl edt JA .doogs 
teoiets medt blod of (nonded to bas varellie¥ io eseeesta0% 
if. bexsbaetine asven sf doidw of .2ait edd Io seimis sid 
gem teadd déi® .wedof ob .M od medt bloe ed sons1? Onives! no 
ydifebit to soliecidmoo sel{ghoie 6 .resosiaio eldsiusms: Yo 
bedeingnesze sn doers gad? neeitisq s10m eonebncds bad bas 
30) treenon yd ced .ysilidos sdi to eonsteieet to ¢itiae sds 
-gfiut etuloeds edt bar usifedoifi to Baad edt sasbhaw ,so10t yd 
_fitiw d¢¢da00 edt beblety dévotsoned mailsinet .VIX aivod Ye 
boutstos doidw .mzc? veo s toot esonghiees esi ,iswod Ieyou sid 
ete 4 sppseebs elbbia edt Yo easxts0? [abset sit to Peidsoa 
~@ bodziniwt yintoso dt Sf edd Litna osetaro scones? ait sey 
patdt tedt to untdsvreve o¢ 190iseque .eelamsxe efdsiusmss yrev 
 oysios? to exsedads eff .yansmaeh hos yietI ,faelent af haved 
WV Yo ssededo ble odd ,encets .xueV .linentsVY ,osati-si-~yons 
-ifedois ,[iexnt ,nobue Io susetedo Hsyousseb odd .eellieere¥ 
-~atd ai tapoonseis!S .seteqmedd ne gnod .alantevil ai esved .xe 
so? ybute to atosidue fesv dnecesq ,sivi at sisinsoly0d ,yixe 
antentasd edd to scebsatt edd siedd ehatt enO .toetidors sod 
-gemeni0 selet ¢ucdtiv tnebaust® hiloa ae .vaednse di \i sdi te 
-eesndota [set s .einomedasiie boote1ebas [few fos Heoad ;:ed 
9 to ,etnemelstad .erswos to eoaat of ei esoneblee: seedé al 
ud bebouoimse ,eso0sisg as90 dsev e%e ¢aed? pestseneq betoots 
seola nbisisves ed? .e¢eace te vese baa enshiek Ineoitineem 
| -idad ylish wo mort 1st aa .ysbod essonebises dows vouooo aso 
‘a -itwt edt em 2s .doit ylwen odd to eenntict ave boa encidst 
} 4 tied’ “> )\sseks elbiie sad te eslteso bei? 
: naee sunainnae odd sleoslaae’ bevortesh SCVE to soivalevss edT. 
a _-ylno etaseei ,sone1% ni dace dedd ni vebod blind nem tedy 
_-—«s«s wgfer ni iskn0l on et di seusosd ,sas teol s to eeigos slaq 
ss wogetss Beessscave esd tsdt .yitauoo A .awodeuo 190 déiw enck 
_-—s =9@ donnso ,otet)edt Saintsdiscgs seteliviag eid [fs bos yoatos 
ss & Yo ease nt ssetedo « et tedu 10% .ensetado blind ylevois 
 efteoo A Tysbh s to soiiceo eft don Ti ,otsdee edd Yo acieivih 
| — eonsidmemet on Raivesl .wenwo edt dilw sedeiseq gedt aotiionb 
wm goened @ifeneneg ses 10% varent @ 98 ovise of bentiesb ef 
pene as cad ES Sabe: basyergirat >* Sipvtern senha entry 


ae ; : 


155. 
Agrippa d’Aubigne appears to us as the last scion of that pow- 
erful race: he was a hero of the 12 th century, who arose at 
once at a time already far removed inocustoms from that srand 
epoch. At the last perhaps he dared to shut himself within the 
fortresses of Maillezay and of Dognon, to hold them agatnatis 
the armies of the king, to which he never surrendered them;- 
on leaving France he sold them to M. de Rohan. With that man 
of remarkable character, a singular combination of fidelity 
and independence, more vartisan than French, we extensuished 
the spirit of resistance of the nobility. When by consent or 
by force, under the hand of Richelieu and the absolute rule 
of Louis XIV, feudalism henceforth yielded the contest with 
the royal power, its residences took a new form, which retained 
nothins of the feudal fortress of the middle ages. 

Yet the Frence chateau uftil the 18 th century furnished ve- 
very remarkable examples, superior to everythins of that kind 
found in England, Italy and Germany. The chateaus of Tanlay, 
Ancy-le-Franc, Verneuil, Vaux, Maisons, the old chateau of V 
Versailles, the destroyed chateaus of Weudon, Rueil, Richeli- 
ew, Beves in Nivernais, Pont en Ghampasne, Blerancourt in Pic- 
ardy, Coulommiers in Brie, present vast subjects of study for 
the architect. One finds there the srandeur of the besinning 
of the 17 th century, a solid grandeur without false ornamen- 
ts; broad and well understood arrangements, 4 real richness. 
In these residences is no trace of towers, battlements, of c 
crooked passages: these are vast open palaces, surrounded by 
magnificent gardens and easy of access. The sovereign alone 
can occupy such residences today, as far from our daily habi- 
tations and our fortunes of the newly rich, as are the forti- 
fied castles of the middle ases. 

The revolution of 1792 destroyed forever the chateau, and 
what men build today in that sort in Prance, presents only 
pale copies of a lost art, because it is no longer in relat- 
ions with our customs. A country, that has suppressed aristo- 
ecracy and all the privileges appertainins thereto, cannot se- 
riously build chateaus. For what is a chateau in case of a d 
division of the estate, if not the caprice of a day? A costly 
dwelling that perishes with its owner, leaving no remembrance, 
is destined to serve as a guarry for some peasant’s houses o@& 
a factory. } 


| tearm aan ton i dtaetes: ob forget water tlige S18 816 


© Mt eetasdo moe yintaeo ‘dt ®l eft seonte besettue esd di ti 
eyed of soneducamt sasiolttre don svai eetaedo seeds eersdt 
noted “eslteso Ishuet tof sescttibs berose edd eu morl fevomes 
- meds Basdetanco ot ads ,8700 mort sneasiTib og semis oF bed 
gq aeds of Moad téewodt at sevieeis0 yies oF VissEesOSN ef ti 
‘ysbot ex aot aad yiate aiedd TT «yioseid 190 to sooas ofcied 


. fevoowt ‘viaesb s faim edd ni esvsel séoyeecoisa Isotsontg on 
6 tb ~obew ylesoties psieil deodtiw gon al ybude sad? .sosaw 


- Rwtnisecoo betanineserh ever1s sii yiomes odd mort esostte 
-o8ds ween ssevse vd feeestent emofano eorsd Fi .metiehvet 
* aindet of [low eomisemoe ei si fiotdw od ,somebneasbhai otal 
agifaweds wo to eeo10t eds To saikiae edt wont o¢ vino si et]ew 
edgy tnd elbeto obux 2 asn wetlabue® .evite yfedenutaot [lise 
tedd Setess Hlnoo fne*,oleisds yomslal ati beaseq fads noidsn 
seus (Seidetied doodsiw stif Isoistifog ot gedeeottnetggs nists 
eftaeq geet mort eeaq ot Si bowolls esd dedt .soRiv s siivpes 
on (beers Sol ce jentua seeds tosqee .nolttenaixe Juodsin 
9 orenetivfovet bus smit wd boawtnt .dnelre exs yedd Isis won 
tod .weriadisd bis soteteigge te salemet te ton ment enimers 
Weber ‘becisel ow atedw .oevod viume edt biste: ew es bsebal 
‘em “Smooed of has STif wond of ,r9deem skneate base nisde s 
“get efi gedaot eu tefl \beteesteb bus ete to beeh ef met febus® 


‘age Odd of borsbndiceddisi.geoivies oft vino isdmemet of stl 


<dfe edd aP Gt satosla amis of ti Sntmotdevoos yd solisen sits 
.Meest delfdstee of 10 yidsiseia delisq oF s9eddie svisvents 
bos ¢ebtm est of &ainists1 yaswog [eyo edd huvoie sting of 
‘eta ew dedd .s0ded evorisvido lo ewel nisix90 Ynifentequse 
disotVtLh of afedte medt Batt oF bee .yshos eeeezoe of vooed 
dé ylenotyt youtash of ebnsd evototisvs simis¢ aeve¥ .eents 
‘Besséo eved yodt tedd won .enoitedidad seedé to shivesv teal 
a nos | os noived s 10t ascotq son ef Fi 103 .sidebimao? sd of 
PEO GE RAN A ete SE servo Od _ laa om evi 


STH RNG eae ' eFt08 .ofteen ‘efsebo eTSIST ARO 
~{teao eftsil of votes sibbim edd Qoiawh novia ee¥ oman eidT 
.biot Ss To ekseesq edd ,eRbitd « to heed edt de bedetidetes ee 


; <onivet ‘6 T6 sonsiine odt de 160 .ysio s shietvoe baer 8 eeo108 © 
f° ‘Tedmis Ye ction hetentiesb stew telotado brow ody vd eonh 


wa <: 


156 

Our old churches of the middle ages, all despoiled as they 
are, are still livins; @atholic worship is not modified; aud 
if it has suffered since the 13 th century some changes in 
litursy, these changes have not sufficient importance to have 
removed from us the sacred edifices. But feudal castles belon- 
ged to times so different from ours, tha to comprehend them. 
it is necessary to carry ourselves in thought back to that h 
heroic epoch of our history. If their study has for us today 
no practical purposes cit leaves in the mind a deeply srooved 
trace. That study is not without fruit; seriously made, it e 
effaces from the memory the errors disseminated concernins 
feudalism: it bares customs impressed by savase energy, abso- 
lute imdependence, to which it is sometimes well to return, 
were it only to know the origins of the forces of our country, 
still fortunately alive. Feudalism was a rude cradle; but the 
nation that passed its infancy therein, and could resist that 
stern apprenticeship to political life without perishins, must 
acquire a vigor, that has allowed it to pass from great perils 
without exhaustion. Respect those ruins, so lons accursed, n 
now that they are silent, injured by time and revolutions; e 
examine them, not as remains of oppression and barbarism, but 
indeed as we regard the empty house, where we learned under 
a stern and strange master, to know life and to become men. 
Pendalism is dead of age and detested, let us forset its fau- 
lts, to remember only the services, itthassréndered to the en- 
tire mation by accustomins it to arms, placing it in the alt- 
ernative either to perish miserably or to establish itself, 
to unite around the royal power; retaining in its fidst: and 
perpetuating certain laws of chivalrous honor, that we are 
happy to possess today, and to find them again in difficult 
times. Never permit avaricious hands to destroy furiously the 
last vestige of these habitations, now that they have ceased 
to be formidable, for it is not proper for a nation to scorn 
its past, still less to curse it. 


CHATELET. Little castle. Fort. 

This name was given during the middle ages to little castl- 
es established at the head of a bridge, the passage of a ford, 
across a road outside a city, or at the entrance of a ravine. 
Also by the word chatelet were designated works of timber or 


‘ Bd a 
ae La ; ‘ 

ae orene- dasabentet: dies ts ‘betoere: avinétded: dadd. tase 
_ stontl ends Hasek od. bestiveh eteog edd nedtangise of eemtf bai 

| xd Sebnwoiiwe eaw eiisd to yiio edt yisdaso dd Q odd. O79 
ss peRbind-OnT:.boow to (is .etewod seluversi yd feinsl) ellen 
ee «-wonesosla edd ds dizvom sad no-one ,viio sag ogoi ersoos ever 
safer eoatq edd tea déwoe edt ta asdéo odd ebnsi®-ve-sin08 hemist 
 mgdomd stew eepbiad ows ezedd to ebsed on etnoG-dited belieo 
novtedd ,ea0 «doeqe tadd e1cted eisot vd bebacteh ybserle yld 
| © edd-ts wedd0 oft .teleted® gse1 eft hemted esw ,deion add 
gs bemsot geletsdo taerk off .dofetad® eligid efd eutad daevoe 
-sttbot bas elbbim edd at tuwdo & déiw essnoe yiasen sesasi0et 
Judes of% braved eeloue ong edt bedastit.erencs ow” 29588 to 
g foewsed déiw efst e tod vsileot ni saw doisiado alstil ssT 
no beyoutesh ersw eixow ossdT .e1r9KOd taidastt owt bane evods 
apieresahetln stew ted .enoteaval namie oda ai saoiteooo Ie19evse 
-benisaet stow bue .eivod .8 sebnw meds .dewawd oilids aebas 
t =a fover end. tants bedeifomeb dtod eter yedT .V esfass) s9bas 
eeu ; uy enol’ 

léwtes sua ‘Weecnatreeat edd beasees, espidemoe eislatsdo edt 
| asieeolone Eednslt ,etoetisd (eteil Ieniedté edi ddtw eldees 
| de beedetbhiad sdt Bomsct gadd ono: sdd:esw dow .gsed adf bne 
‘ ~Je s evid sied ew dotdw to bas ,ents® edd no edotdA*l ob tn09 
_-pedetvgatteth gedw dof eneiide¥ Yo Seivetine ce moat {t}) dote 
‘wonnt egioneds dasdxre esti eeel et eigeso sdi moat sefstado saat 
setete vitnst to meiliiW .ekesesq = abaetet gjeletedo edT «ois 
-stado 8s doosl. Io bao% edd ts:ilind eisloseT ogg CVIL ai tedd 
! . | ebeyoutesb bea stood siael edd teddy ,iel 
| | 7 eefon aAbtogy 392 e88Leqet sfoHu 


_ ag ee ee ae, ee a 


fedoras eudé etisiied fis ta tog st tefetsdo Te omen iT 
Yo vdio edd nt edict {ereyee betoere ed ot beeuso dlusoiono’d 
sit to tedd ,9n0 ;vaudneo dz Er edé to Saianited eds ds zoned 
edd of tiind saw siteso aedice edd ;eersd add Osf[ieo ean t10c 
anos 6s .jsietedS beliso eax bas yiio edt ni soeig Jeeknoise 
-n09 oe sew dT senoyieve tenisds tqet esw senstsh efisil tena 
gt emoo bas ob bluoco sffasoobbsecoddindiseenit tadd bedouste 
-(fa0q edi te eigese asdto edt of ,eeimens tiedd {le to etiae 
este te eeusG edt Eeiles 
Pioavnedneedetin als fodgaetom vb stove} 998 steld Gt.get stow 
ae +soa078 96 of thee 0 «9798 “TVOG .ROm seb. .Jfo) .% .godD 
; edt mozt tefotedo edd deintniderS yiisiosae of siseqos ssc¥ 


157 
earth, that besiegers erected at distances between the enclos- 
ing limes to strengthen the posts designed to suard these lines. 

From the 9 th century the city of Paris was surrounded by # 
walls flanked by irregular towers, all of wood. Two bridges” 
gave access into the city, one on the north at the place now . 
termed Bont-au-Ghange, the other at the south at the place ¢i- 
called Petit-Bont. The heads of these two bridges were proba- 
bly already defended by forts before that epech. One, that on 
the north, was termed the Great Shatelet, the other at the s 
south being the hittle @hatelet. The great chatelet formed a 
fortress nearly square with a court in the middle and indire- 
ct gates. Two towers flanked the two angles toward the suburb. 
The little chatelet was in reality but a gate with barrack a 
above and two flanking towers. These works were destroyed on 
several occations in the Norman invasions, but were rebuilt 
under Philip August, then under S. Louis, and were repained 
under Charles V. They were both demolished after the revolu- 
tion. 

The chatelets sometimes assumed the importance of an actual 
castle with its external lists, barracks, flanked enclosures 
and its keep. Such was the one that formed the bridgehead at 
Pont de l*Arche on the Seine, and of which we here sive a sk- 
etch (1) from an engravins of Merian. But what distinguishes 
the chatelet from the castle is less its extent than its func- 
tion. The chatelet defends a passage. William of Nansgis states 
that in 1179 the Templars built at the ford of Jacob a chate- 
let, that the Turks took and destroyed. 

Note AePeiW%e Soe Latin norte. 

The name of chatelet is not at all arbitrary; thus marshal 
Boucicault caused to be erected several forts in the city of 
Genoa at the besinning of the 15 th century; one, that of the 
port was called the Darse; the other castle was built in the 
strongest place in the city and was called Ghatelet, so strong 
that little defense was kept against everyone. It was so con- 
structed that thoseiintthecsaidceasthke could go and come in 
spite of all their enemies, to the other castle at the port 


called the Darse.”! ; 
Kote 16-193. Livre des forcts au mareschar de Boucicaut. 


GBhape @- GOL. Ges won, pour serv. a L*HISt. Ge France. 
What appears to specially distinguish the chatelet from the 


} : a hi i 
intel pnednd yleloe sande 
tet «eae ~entver .t109 & Tne sehei edt 0 nnnctesi ead 
ss mfadided wot ekaiblind gaieseezog eiteso eit stil fon wwtio s 
ri sotud” .eonebise: {sbuet # ton ei defetsdo edd :ganasela 10 not 
BP edi nedd ei eisT .emis Js asa bos nistceo s yd betqueoo sit a 
ss gate bas) dnetxe ni sonsiscqmt efi gon bre .ovoatnG vishnoose 
| 4-65 ©) ,efteso eff to evisunineh s 32 tO sotan Jadd ddan 
; -qewod e1enoe dsota elgate 2 yino eew deletedo sad eomidemoe 
.  emoe ee itow ebecifisa &8 neve so .saseeeq 8 eRoios beoelo 
| rod: ane! | stocset nodhtest: -et9h) .eenidasl? 


. ¥ 


| oo» e@LfaW edt no yells .yok hersvod: .2ONOH EO UIMEHO- 
tecexsc. sd¢ bnided sasqmes edd Yo noitostois odd sew eid 
denlt ¢se anted tecetsq eft .sbeezeq bos seasteh 10% bes ines 
eesendoids ¢ aniven bos .effexn edt to sostive Leaisyxe oct aon 
dugqme1 edd niddiw  benismer etsdd ysemi FS oF CL weal aniyasy 
yeilise edt acim? .edele enote yd hessves yrnoeem to nwot0 6 
; -ebtw ees 20 et0om e1sx eoir]elis> edd ylleawis¥ .eifsw edt to 
bed? iiew odd ned .tusomas edd fo seendcidd edt So aoesss yd 
i betvostota visi{es edd to edsle odd geeendotds [fame a vino 
ows tesel ts wolfe of bus yiscesm edt tasmsloque od shient 
ae tps snort al eeeq o¢ nom 
-80N8% odd to eotasifed ods ~boliseq settnivelaed edi SaiisG 
-~t fenretat eft ddiw nottsoinumwoo sos7ib ni bsosia sisw ada 
dt Of edd sett%e sede! .tisas 12t tom siisie io enasm yd soad 
~co esiasf{ist edt of bnwows eesqe yileisns: Hivos eno .yisiaso 
-ot@ aieis aakviee eitete sd¢ how erewod ddworis tnieeso yd vi 
6 se1t edt ovad gon bib ends ysio se to einedsidsdei siT .eeis 
¢ rot bevasess yviusivoitisg sxew yods boe .medd To Jnemyoras 
-& ont veo omits at docge sneions Yisv & mor} .soeta1sd sid 
<toow to esizelish bsrevoo Yo ensem yd bebisine ster esiaeliss 
‘So omso edd yd bedsnkieebh .etegqaisq odd sioted iso belisdice 
id $f. odt nT .oofertasd at “sexse10o” to ,dtaiok edd ai “bawea® 
“bs'1eveo ~enote to enoisafooidosm bed esiaeifish eat .yrstaeo 
edd nb vieflivae Yo seu odd s9tte . {lite setad .bersvoony 10 
) ad& beosla eemitemoe ovew seinelfed nehoow ,zs0el¢ to eensteb 
evieoe of benttesh esivesidas yd beotete eseqetag odd sve 
Aopen once  svistilim sastoetinorA .edad) .momseo edd 
| eT Gt ss orpetoncapenpen i ea staisons etwestdms 


ao. : es : r ; a ae 
b> Teeny: bh) bP» Eeeo tia Bert. 84 7 2 tae 


ee se se 


158 

castle, is that the first is a structure solely intended for 
the defense or the guard of a port, ravine, bridge, or even 
a city, not like the castle possessing buildinss for habitat- 
jon or pleasure; the chatelet is not a feudal residence, but 
a fort occupied by a captain and men at arms. This is then its 
secondary purpose, and not its importance in extent and stre- 
néth, that makes of it a deminutive of the castle. 

Sgmetimes the chatelet was only a single sreat square tower 
placed across a passase, or even a palisade work with some fl - 
flankinss. (Arts. Bastile, Porte). 


OHEMIN BR RONDE. Covered Way. Gallery on the Walls. 

This was the projection of the rampart behind the parapet 
required for defense and passage. The parapet being set flush 
with the external surface of the walls, and hawins a thickness 
varying from 15 to 23 ins., there remained within the rampart 
a crown of masonry covered by stone slabs, forming the sallery 
of the walls. Naturally the galleries were more or less wide 
by reason of the thickness of the rampart. When the wall had 
only a small thickness, the slabs of the Sallery projected i 
inside to supplement the masonry and to allow at least two 
men to pass in front. 

During the Garlovingian period, the Salleries of the rampa- 
rts were placed in direct communication with the internal te- 
race by means of stairs not far apart. later, after the 12 th 
century, one could senerally pass around in the galleries on- 
ly by passing through towers and the stairs servings their sto- 
ries. The imhabitants of 2 city thus did not have the free e 
enjoyment of them, and they were particularly reserved for t 
the garrison. From a very ancient epoch,in time of war the 6 
Salleries were enlarsed by means of covered galleries of wool, 
corbelled out before the parapets, designated by the name of 
“nourd” in the North, of “corseras” in Lansuedoc. In the 14 th 
century, the galleries had machicolations of stone, covered 
or uncovered. hater still, after the use of artillery in the 
defense of places, wooden galleries were sometimes placed ab- 
ove the pararets pierced by embrasures destined to receive 
the cannon. (Arts. Architecture militaire, Ghateau, Sourtine, 
Embrasure, Enceinte, Hourd, Machicoulis. : 


o | a cheus seltosé .eoslqe1lt s3RVINSEO 
_. edd .Qnidoubaoe x08 ‘onlt diin moor s ai hednasiis sosiaezi¥ 
edt at s90elqorit s19n-o19dt-Sedt sseqes Jon eeob dI .sdome 
onigsd .dooas sunsensmo% edt to seevod 10 esosisg Yo ex0iiedal 
ainendisgs to eseisvednt este slbbim edt Yo eoinudneo texk) ona 
# ,efeoo Snioisd déiw bellid eisiseid Jo snsem yd bomen s1s¥ 
-siiosia [lite es .tedtone ogni moor sno mort heflor sien ged3 
-m eeosntst vd ,so.i ,etensoocyd vd 20 .siag? bes yisdl at be 
" Go gnemevss ost r9ebnw etouh yo vsed heilaare dotdw ,diseaieh 
tod nushom aso sadil dent .elfsew Yo eeentorsd edt oi Ene emoor 
gniteed to shom eidd ,eyedds svisinisa ent aT -Beosn10t ai6 
deldw .[fed .€ to yedds edd lo oelg odd yd awode es .Jevew eer 
(e(s8bS.a,eupisesnog srssoedidowt .d14).08€ suods mort esdsh 


-osloexit on bed eelteso bas evedds to eastodit svitininag ot? 


 senemmt ns yloo aevisemedt ersw Stud .baidssoe yireaois. .29 


egsoes edt 10t eesti [sisvea 10 en0 Sdin Ledeinint es oalaettt 


nt aeeggs eddissd 1c ssoelasrit eee yisoisse of .evome edt te 
-xe fdocos tett mort Bs winineos dé Sf edt oi ylnc ,sieiisdas 
‘egeoe1 & to adetenoo sesigatit svidimiaa of? .bnuode solame 
vd ebie: doss tea besolons .iisw edt 3o eeondoids edd oi oben 
edd dojdw asha9 -bood base sitasm es yd Ssiavomane hoe adret 
so beosit vitnexps1t ete esoelesait teeife efT .aonusa stoma 
fas sfo1io s 20 dnewhee 2 animict déssed odd .nsiq ialsorlo «6 
soefoestt [wtitgeed edd ai dowel .tuembee stedjo sad sitoem odd 
jnebnsacsh sodnses190 edd to anifblind sit 11 yahot seek ed of 
© eft mort eotsh doidw bus. ,yaleV-ne-yod to [sabeitso edd oo 
ed? .(S).evitoocere¢ bas (i) asiq edi sviz oW .yiwdneo sd SE 
-g ot ebse bow maot I[soince edt eedst sosigesit Eide fc hood 
gost sdt moat edosto1g sesemsib seodw tisc ,eutt I[soirbailyo 
elds sdtinsdd sedkid doum ef oult eieT .{fau [enxetnt edd to 
jasa [sitneeee Jedd ot 9moo 008 {lade ow dud. skoibfind edt to 
~foo bof sdt to nedostid edd ni eee Soy vem ond .ysawido edt Yo 
= s no tud .soslasait berstolwoe futliveed s yalessV Yo steal 
| L yrstnes ag St edt mort oeidsh oels ,selq saludeetoss 
-Aqmog at ¥ sdt af bsvorgas af sondgsts} aA? .AGt. gel etok. 
+> aN TF as etvo e96 £9 «fadd*s 8h atime uh astetiad sat Jo sod 
' - 0 6Mh of ak yo gadword o ret to 
«li cabanon SMHEES. ton of yawtoso dé SI edd Yo esosiaesil saT 
3 of eftasm odd eaudT .astel yrodneo e tlind seeds es ebin es 
_ owt to 10 soeta efanie s io. fetnil s Yo-bemsot af dooce dsdt 


159 
CHEMINER. Fireplace. Mantle. Hood. 

Fireplace arranged in a room with flue for conducting the 
smoke.. It does not appear that there were fireplaces in the 
interiors of palaces or houses of the Romanesque epoch. During 
the first centuries of the middle ages interiors of apartments 
were warmed by means of braziers filled with burnings coals, t 
that were rolled from one room into another, as still practis- 
ed in Italy and Spain, or by hypocausts, i.e., by furnaces um- 
derneath, which spplied heat py ducts under the pavement of 
rooms and in the thickness of walls, jast like our modern hot 
air furnaces. In the primitive abbeys, this mode of heating 
was usual, as shown by the plan of the abbey of S. Gall, which 
dates from about 320.(Art. Architecture wonastiaque, p.243.). 
The primitive kitchess of abbeys and castles had no fireplac- 
es, properly speakins, but were themselves only an immense 
fireplace furnished with ome or several flues for the escape 
ef the smoke. We scarcely see fireplaces or hearths appear. in 
interiors, only in the 12 th century, and from that epoch ex- 
amples abound. The primitive fireplace consists of a recess 
made in the thickness of the wall, enclosed at each side by 
jambs and surmounted by a mantle and hood, under which the 
smoke passes. The oldest fireplaces are frequently traced on 
a circular plan, the hearth forming a segment of a circle ani 
the mantle the other segment. Such is the beautiful fireplace 
to be seen today in the buildins of the precentor dependant 
on the cathedral of Puy-en-Velay, and which dates from the 
42 th century. We give its plan (1) and perspective.(2). The 
hood of this fireplace takes the conical form and ends in a 
cylindrical flue, half whose diameter projects from the face 
of the internal wall. This flue is much higher than: the Sable 
of the building: but we shall soon come to that essential part 
of the chimney. One may yet see in the kitchen of the lod col- 
lege of Vezelay a beautiful sculptured fireplace, but on ar 
rectansular plan, also dating from the 12 th century.+ 

Porte 1.0-194. This frireprace is engraved in the 7 th powph- 
Ver of the Bulletin du Comite de Venist. et &Zes arts en Frawe, 
after a drawing by Me BE. Ame. 

The fireplaces of the 12 th century do not assume dimensions 
as wide as those built a century later. Thus the mantle in t 
that epoch is formed of a lintel of a single piece or of two 


Rodis es. het¢gohs dose baadatnse 14° de hes! adda 
“08 d 8 {inexd® 1290 sovaV Yo efteso ond ci eisixe saied? .old 
, esr 3(f)rnslo sa{utnetoe1- 2 nO Hetouisenco o# esorfasatyt futis 
., © Rabtesd bus [lev edt tk bexit edoold ond Yo edeienco eltnen 
d oT .dotdd .eni 8 vino ek dt fenoteysd a bns edmat edg 10 
end tejeos sodted of .eelit ai bial ef sosfae1tt ed To dosed 
: sofgasy Beosfa norit teso to e¢elq & Yets7 .e1tt sit to Joetis 
| ‘eft mort yinoese eft bedoetoig asdgagt Yoed edt sroted wifes 
|  ,fidaasd odd berevol eetaupe votid fos .e1ft sad to tess 

oat of sprgchsritis eldt JO QAFwOTS OFF BU0 OF eEetegel sfox 
| | Poetitoro (FSISIE KM TO yestrvoo 

| fo #o0¢d sat Of wocls oon SAF @F THEOSSTI NOS: .BOL.G.f 9fOK 
; 900s ¢a78? sf 

| ‘feniets. saute vénsdeesaes eiew yisdneo ae Cf add ok ylouas 
dao1t sav no boosl® sasw yess sorsireteta yd :elisw soreivib 
‘vigon esw eevod ‘edd to [Ian odd II .ewobaiw ows neswied Ifsn 
| -x8 sit fo’ noitdsstoie beifsda09 s bemict dosd edd .foidd ywoev 
ecy to esevon odd oi esfomexe emos al aese ed yem ee .r0ised 
eis yi hemtet nottsostoid eft no hesees Ji tO .yan[D Yo vito 
‘dnemetnsiis teal eid? .vioge Enwosw edd to verroch sonaiiss 
sat ni yisineo di St eid to sxzpod seami0W & ni eteixe [Ifie 
| -esia 31 .sevod e*wol odd felIso (Baaltn? si nlooatd to yis 
soslaqesit eit .($) sisd Bettimo ed o¢ gesaedei foun cod edns 
A toad sdt bas ,yiote Booose edd at [ied [safonitg edt enaen 
no i6ea dove ne no yleatine etvest gi gvods sult edd se Ilow ea 
toside edi no 9 yswi1ock edd asve hood s enimaet aleduoo ond 
goieesq esw isdw ose ot feriesh ed .tiee e‘ono Suimasw efiaw 
d eoosfositt sdt Sntosia diiw tasinoo gon bus .tooite edt ai 
we enssitio eft .eeeued to esbsost od¢ Yo ewoknin ofd neenisd — 
-s7it edd to dosd sdf neve ni 'wobniw [feme s heowsta semitonce 
-sd efidw elinsm edt sebas olemea of as of ,shie ene gs soala 
a esosicetit Yo seftnes sid fedW .ebiedvo edd Yo weiv 6 eniv 
fot .esevod edsviaa ot hoor to ylinenpe1t sis Yous ,rshin ose 
-~est bas snol visnsioittse efednil sivoc1a od FiwolIItIh esyw Ji 
-  Saitatot wredt bus ,eosiq eldnie s to seltnai wt0% oF dnsisi 
. yiio odd to segod « ni stetre ete? .esidvinolitib beineae1q 
ot bedostiea soafas1id deo1o #& .LitvAtbh eof fr .o¥ .eanld To 
Yo edetenco sfgasm esodu .foad beff{edaoo déiw ,Lisw snort edd 
© soeiaetit eft to sbie dose SA .yidnso1so to sosic bsvaise s 


| 
| 
, 


oy ees, oe. - \ ‘he, 


160 

pieces, like that of the fireplace of Puy. Yet we already see 
at the end of the 12 th century the arch adopted for the man- 
tle. There exists in the castle of Vauce near Hbreuil a bean- 
tiful fireplace so constructed on a rectangular plan; (3); its 
mantle consists of two blocks fixed in tke wall and resting 
on the jambs, and a keystone; it is only 8 ins. thick. The b 
pack of the fireplace is laid in tiles, to better resjst the 
effect of the fire. pater a plate of cast i:1on placed vertic- 
ally before the back further protected the masonry from the 
heat of the fire, and brick squares lovered the hearth. 

Note LpeiWe He owes the drowins of this Tireplace to the 
courtesy of M- PiVver, architect. 

Note 1.9.196. Gontrecoeur is the wone S$iven to the vock of 
the fireplace. 

Rarely in the 12 th century were fireplaces placed asainst 
division walls; by preference they were placed on the front 
wall between two windows. If the wall of the house was mot v 
very thick, the back formed a corbelled projection of the ex- 
terior, as may be seen in some examples in the houses of the 
city of Cluny, or it rested on the projection formed by the 
entrance doorway of the ground story. This last arransement 
still exists in a Norman house of the 12 th century in the 
city of Lincoln in England, called the Jew’s house. It pres- 
ents too mach interest to be omitted here (4). The fireplace 
warms the principal hall in the second story, and the back A, 
as well as the flue above it,rests entirely on an arch set on 
two corbels forming a hood over the doorway B on the street. 
While warmins one’s self, he desired to see what was passing 
in the street, aad not content with placings the fireplaces b 
between the windows of the facades of houses, the citizens 
sometimes pierced a small window in even the back of the fire- 
place at one side, so as to remain under the mantle while ha- 
ving a view of the outside. When the mantles of fireplaces a 
are wider, they are frequently of wood in private houses, for 
it was difficult to procure lintels sufficiently long and res- 
istant to form mantles of a simgle piece, and their jointins 
presented difficulties. There exists in a house of the city. 
of Cluny, No. 13 Rue d’Avril, a Sreat fireplace attached to 
the front wall, with corbelled back, whose mantle consists of 
a curved piece of carpentry. At each side of the fireplace o 


A 


share as 40 pane toi Se ef toed sd? dein is wade 


~te ond no sjee1 slinen ashoow siT «eldds: to ef hood eft iyi 
Bt See% fae ures:  -edmet teodtiw snode Ye efedroo Sno1 
-svidoeqateq ett bre. sosigextt ted? to asigq edd (2) evib oF 
% isfvotto «© o¢ ebseoee bus [evo et food edt yileniedal .{3) 
ot sftnem eit 1ehns bexit o1s eelbasd sori yldneuper® sult 
jeodtiw yletenisdis tee? sisdd miew of tnifaete encerse wolls 
-sod déased edd no beoelo eomitenoe g1s eedoned oefA .subidst 
tointemes sfidw tieemid misw nso sae Jand 08 ~edmat edt sbi 
- pebmerd wets o¢ beonber et exit edt nedw .slinem sdi askew 
Of ot V soert to exauit teae er]en seoelgetft daexs oeedt odnT 
-weieeessnt douse to daed to eeitneo Sningeddo eudd anol ost 
eiedtat aso dtcodsiaA .elled tesy aoimiew hotsinied si tadd 
edt ak svif of bemodenoos toted .s1s on nadt yliiso eest sis 
ts viimst edt Yo CHisveddsk sf3 day ,encesee ifs te 118 ne00 
teom edt to ome medt s0% yitasbive esw [fad edd to déused end 
%o buol od? .aednin fo seninews gaol sii Yo esinaselq biviv 
sonem eid nidtin op tisemid sudea od tetitde goied elieso sedi 
yino tom Wixsed sid bnuors ftedostIioo .jsa ave eay e@8 MOOR FB 
«tev odw nem etd yednavie2 eid tod .ylimel efd to aredmen end 


~lfetiosid mevin esw modw ot erelevant ,ebfeii sat gwort beats 


tiedtised edd no peitdacce onslt asef6 edd exoted esw gi syte 
edd guiawh emit eid te een sft to davoooe evsk enc dose dadd 
isdd {Is Sn0ms bebivib bne bovies eaw toqgowe ond oedw . yeh 
oe ditw betosifoo won afasasl ef{dentmis¢ni eaodd besafe1 sis¥ 
spo ti¢iw brooos yieorsoe eslsd santtif szcdiw bre ,ored sown 
gee .xev toniees ,wolfad io elfbnao gaol A .sonsitsemi nishom 
no Youde co yeométo odd Yo olsnam odd Oeiniotibs tefdsd sis no 
-peddat! déresd eft to smelt tneiifixd edd bas ,éaiog now oe 
ot 10 aioe o¢ momow edd Snidsimiso ,beieddse eons enceieg edd 
\. smovieye ~febaves wetave edd nodW .eacweliesn smo otvosxe 
qd dasvise 6 xd an beased elsco svil edd fas .bed eid Idsuoe 
-ye6 Ifed et ot teed edd bentates .elevode acai Snol to enesm 
-do Sif bas etin eid ~redezem odd 10% .dddin edd to dseq 6 boi 
~mite vwiineuoest :iled edd ni ebed honistano aiedt bed asibli 
iasnotey wo Iled eidt ni taole osis ereswollot éuoz bos 21282 
ne | --s geaeddil vo ebsetebed ne ,encidero yd fsiasvoo 
heoneind on e718 easdosid oft ,yiwdneo dt ff sit sort Seiged— 
anit sapeites sis doidw mi eqodetuow Jeav wiins Savadons 


161 
open two low windows with stone tablets above to receive tor- 
ches at nisht. The back is of brick inside, of stone external- 
ly; the hood is of rubble. The wooden mamtle rests on two st- 
rong corbels of stone without jambs. 

We give (5) the plan of that fireplace and its perspective. 
(6). Imternally the hood is oval and ascends to a circular f 
flue. Frequently iron handles are fixed under the mantle to 
allow persons standing to warm their feet alternately without 
fatisue. Also benches are sometimes placed on the hearth bes- 
ide the jambs, so that one can warm himself while remaining 
under the mantle, when the fire is reduced to a few brands. 
Into these great fireplaces were cast trunks of trees 7 to 10 
ft. long, thus obtaininws centres of heat of such intensity, 
that it permitted warming vast halls. Although our fathers 
were less chilly tham we are, being accustomed to live in the 
open air at all seasons, yet the gathering of the family at 
the hearth of the hall was evidently for them ome of the most 
vivid pleasures of the longs evenings of winter. The lord of 
the castle being obliged to shut himself up within his manor 
as soon as the sun set, collected around his hearth not only 
the members of his family, but his servants, his men who ret- 
turned from the fields, travelers to whom was given hispital- 
ity; it was before the élear flame sparklins on the hearth, t 
that each one gave account of the use of his time during the 
day, when the suoper was served and divided amons all, that 
were related those interminable legends now collected with so 
much care, and whose diffuse tales scarcely accord with our 
modern impatience. A long candle of tallow, resin or wax, set 
on the tablet adjoining the mantle of the chimney or stuck on 
an iron point, and the brilliant flame of the hearth lishted © 
the persons thus gathered, permitting the women to spin or to 
execute some needlework. Whem the curfew sounded, everyone 
sought his bed, and the live coals heapet up by a servant by 
means of long iron shovels, retained the heat in the hall dur- 
ing a part of the night, for the master, his wife and his ch- 
ildren had their curtained beds in the hall; freaquenlty stra - 
sgers and some followers also slept in this hall on benches 
covered by cushions, on bedsteads or litters. 

Dating from the 13 th century, the kitchens are no longer 
isolated halls, vast workshops in which were cooked at the 


= 


ie hie: 1 sqeerte Pes locale elabasaats ones 
| is a ti a0 sno ddéiw bedetewst bas abnibhlind edd nidiiw 
 eotrode owt ot sew efaeS de sosieq odd Yo asdodti ef? .escala 
gt aot bas ‘rote aegou oft mi soslaeitt ferinso « Rakeeseeoa 
Sy. oe Har nwt 70% , -yrosve wsKol edd 
ce). aude vetos at petbeeabonnn afd? .onfalud «fVA 1008. Got SFGH 
ee t Fo bio sdf of Gaossd ot avosqgea Onn yA@t#Od «2 To mefar ott 
08 todw 992 .At At adf Fo gnjnniesd sat vo ytutaso dt &t sat 
te wee 8 ovsic of 96 .pétaoe fe tat edd ad té Fo syoe foo 
= eT -O88 «q »& .f0¥ 
eno eetney 1898 geeesiOs §o0 elduso edd nt ateixe [lite e16edt 
© dd bf edd to exsey teri? edd moal Lnkieh emedodix evens To 
seody ,scelqe1il evomsons ns to etalegoo soidw has .vandneo— 
eid seiapooo bus esdois isivoitoimee ows to femiot ei eltnes 
-ai9% esd matctol to edonefA yedda, edt .[Ied bedicev & te tied 
ew doidw to ,stiasim Jo eosfasait nesosid imlisused s beni 
q ¢ no Bsviso sis yedds eft to emis odT .({).evidosaetsq exevis 
" egledico exomi0ns ows to beeoomoo ,sltnem edt io snodayet edd 
| of e1sd edast on exe sx)edT .edmebait dtiw ericesnow ssidd bas 
edt .eledrco Saltdos(.o1g uURoomte ows ind ,oltnsm sid stiocqee 
id edi bas etalq nori teao est dtitw bedeinwwt [Lite er dead 
~2X008-Joq sig 
bared eft to esos [qe1it edd .winineo dt aL edd Lider 308 
-sve efit ,elamte yiev sien ,enoliqeoxe s1aq ddiw .eeeuod fas 
ig ni betetesoo e1olisini Yo yiuxul edT een yliebh a0 gnidtys 
a _=buoeos .sbaiaaed dots eeel so stom bos Aiowboow .ebnitnise 
ylewe? yind..rstesm oft to snatict edt to esate ed oF Bnd 
«gt eteties bus eivdofvoe see sw ob yuntneo dv bf edz Snianh 
eilan deere edd dooce dadd JA .e9osfaesii to esitnsm edd sbhsv 
etew bas .encidsoqozg sehasl mk dLindet videom s1isw eeléeeo to 
«fot sit %o [fed dse1d edT .esoelassit Isvever tin bedeinan) 
$o tedd ;ee0slasxtt ows enisdaco aei-os-LefoiM «2 .iM Jo esdh 
-pol sd¢ Yo ono de ort .1w0t henisisoo eisistoo¥ jo elgeso adv 
es oo» «ef(efist .d14) .ebne edd ds cwd bas eilaw Isnifedia. 
.@ “,fo% .6 motensm te ssdmstio e*onid edd Yo soaloo1it scat” 
Ao dadd ydnewanic 107 esei0k node desire bed” i .faveel Byse 
+ apes1e Sh déim betasdo esw GOSL ab evwod edd de gedmedo eid 
qeidint piloioe e eaiblod dose ,etedoorg seein FE hae edessd 
baw eledas ond yd betsoqgua ,eonsx® to emis eft yd bedsoinied 
+ sive ti sosigettt # [lise ed etedT .enoro 8 Yd hexsvoo 


* 


aE Ek y eas ee 

- 4 ' A (ote ’ uty ( i A ; ik iat » oe < an | ; 

ra as @. ( emails wil \ . : 
: Bl a oe 7 ; 


U i ©, ef 7 
i ee saa is i mY 
4 . cae a 
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aU eh. 
el al ‘ 7 & 
in. eo z ; 


162 
same time whole beeves and sheep; these are halls comprised 
within the buildings and furnished with one or several fire- 
places. The kitchen of the palace at Paris was in two stories, 
possessing a central fireplace in the upper story and four in 
the lower story. 

Note L]ep.2OO. AYL. Guisine. This construction Ve Larter than 
the reign of S. Louis, and appears to velons to the end of % 
the 22 th century or the besinning of the 14 th. See what So- 
wvot says of Vs im his Hist. et antria. de La wi\te Je Paris. 
YOV. 2c Po 280. 

@here still exists in the castle of Clisson near Nantes one 
of these kitchens dating from the first years of the 14 the 
century, and which consists of an enormous fireplace, whose 
mantle is formed of two semicircular arches and occupies the 
half of a vaulted hall. The abbey Blanche of Mortam has reta- 
ined a beautiful kitchen fireplace of granite, of which we 
Siveaa perspective.(7). The arms of the abbey are carved on t 
the keystone of the mantle, composed of two enormous corbels 
and three voussoirs with indents... There are no jambs here to 
support the mantle, but two strongly projecting corbels. The 
back is still furnished with its cast iron plate and its tri- 
ple pot-hooks. 

But until the 14 th century, the fireplaces of the castles. 
and houses, with rare exceptions, were very simple, like eve- 
rythins for daily use. The luxury of interiors consisted in 
paintings, woodwork and more or less rich hangings, accord- 
ing to the state of the fortune of the master. Only rarely 
during the 14 th century do we see sculpture and reliefs in- 
vade the mantles of fireplaces. At that epoch the sreat halls 
of castles were mostly rebuilt in larser proportions, and were 
furnished with several fireplaces. The sreat hall of the kni- 
shts of Mt. 9. Michel-en-Mer contains two fireplaces; that of 
the castle of Montargis contained four, two at one of the lon- 
Situdinal walls and two at the ends. (Art. Salle). 

“The fireplace of the kins’s chamber at mansion 8. Pol,” s 
says Jauval, + “had great stone horses for ornament; that of 
his chamber at the Louvre in 1365 was charged with 12 sreat 
peasts and 13 Sreat prophets, each holding a scroll; further 
terminated by the arms of France, supported by two angels and 
covered by a crown. There is stiil a fireplace in that style 


FE sei laded egtaiins seh eve .vyaold te base es aid. te 
r ; piesa teowk edd to deft to satiesce suodtin .(ateixe rseka0l 
 -,etdated. [fe to entrbiie Yo ywiiniint oa yd heeesssadme ef sadi 
| » © “,etetawom dbid es ebised boow s ni shemiablig no o8 ode 
8 oJO¥ .eftet 96 otSiv of ob wpfton t9 otAth 6LO8eqet BtOK 
| , CER 1g 
ss « gg twedtf ows enistawo youod te s{teso sd¢i to [fed tae1s oat 
- begarsose sie ssosiqeslt seedt dads yhisel {soe sai anideseexa 
-Btvih dust. A .efte1b ows) sepso oF ee oe .molsisieq snote & yd 
ed? .esosiqetkt aint ems0% endt bue elinsm sdé Yo nsqe sit 29 
edit edd to nottsouttenoo odd af betaobe ean inemehneiis omse 
pidt so tnsbaedeh ensteensd to {led edt to fed odd to soela 
pewieeerg ef son{yerit Intiguesd eis te boineth saT .slteso 
~ eft 20 .(8) essed tt wonborge7 ow bas * .ussose) uO yd eu oF 
q <vo ot buvor edt ni bewvdgIuoe ex9ew soslaetit eins to elsaem 
| _-ed doses © easiness saim edd to esutete edd anorensmibh Lesecl 
aL .ofudiatés me bsvarbas saw doidw no blside a boias 
.soanrtt 9h etasuiiaod atasii9ous 8447 cfOSe Gok SION 
-oetbh yltasoet 500d. 9 yine satamst sovugs > seodt FO .8 sfox 
aéat Te edie v9dto gadébaeé? Fo téogssh ton ob Sf «bs7s00 
. f esoosgqeté]: traall}iaezoa 
-siagoost bed neg tedd asta eft of ebsel ariddyvisve 
~gesoen end dtbiw teeih yrev to aeosiceilt baisdowatenco ni hs 
¢ooverg of ,enotdaca Isvevee ofai Jisab odd Saibivib soi yi 
~7b egdd ,erninece abiw eeedt ai hetinrae oaisd mort Eniw odd 
-ivitos stom .esult deievee animro? to .efome sid Aosd &nivi 
; -286 stom bluco siome od¢ sudt bas ,disib odd oF nevis saw ys 
a gnivin Yo etstnevbs edd bed olevs enoisivib exedd yecsoee vii 
, aied? nen yvd.eendt edd yd betarsgee elisw edt of didacise 
-soostise L[enistol bae [snisdxe ond 
ie chia oud to {fed taen2 ofd to soelaeit). [utisased edT . 
to elomaxe sldedieme: viev s ey aevib eieidieS Yo etnnoo edd 
-~oxi% eiiT .eldeom olante s eveds sewit bebivib to moteve eisd 
es Ifew es, yisinso dé @t ed¢ Yo batnanised sdi mort eetsh soele 
tt ¢eomls eetquooe .tfind ei ti doidw teniess [few sidab end 
sf, mort eedsb sobdovasenco. seodn .{led dads to bas ene ylesid 


a -[f8) 20 diem s esi0t elinsm edt to qot edT .ofinsm esd sreb88 
— otdad, edt to eefane sdf ot beoreta eyswiiste ows. yd bedoset yi 


Ve | 
cv Paes ak if ak hy Po pit x af + a ' 


sd} @.0 ys obiw oth SF nedd veel dom ei ti iyiwimeo dé Ff odd - 


| 4 prea ainsi d¢iw teeanos eevieemedds syewrisi« ont ovat we 


mee 


163 
at the mansion of Cluny, Rue des mathurins (this fireplace m 
longer exists), without speakins of that of the great hall, 
that is embarrassed by an infinity of pilsrims of all heights, 
who go on pildrimase in a wood beside a high mountain.” 

Mote 1.p.201. Hist. et antioq. de Va ville de Paris. Vol. 2 | 
Pe BIB. 

The great hall of the castle of Coucy contains two likewise 
presenting the peculiarity that these fireplaces are separated 
by a stone partition, so as to cause two drafts. A jamb divid- 
es the span of the mantle and thus forms twin fireplaces. The 
game arramsement was adopted in the construction of the fire- 
place of the hall of the hall of Prussians dependant on this 
castle. The drawing of this beautiful fireplace is preserved 
to us by Du Cerceau,~ and we reproduce it here (3). Om the 
mantle of this fireplace were sculptured in the round in co- 
lossal dimensions the statues of the nine Prussians, ° each bs- 
aring a shield on which was engraved an attribute. 

Note 2.p.201. Plus excellents bostiments de France. 

Kote 3. Of these fidures remains only a head recently alec- 
overed. We ao not despair of Finding other fragments of this 
mosnificent fireplace. 

fverythins leads to the supposition, that men had recosniz- 
ed in constructing fireplaces of very Sreat width the necess- 
ity for dividins the draft into several portions, to prevent 
the wind from being ensulfed in these wide openings, thus dr- 
ivins back the smoke. But forming several flues, more activi- 
ty was siven to the draft, and thus the smoke could more eas- 
ily escape; these divisions again had the advantase of sivins 
strength to the walls separated by the flues,by joining their 
two external and internal surfaces. 

The beautiful fireplace of the great hall of the palace of 
the counts of Poitiers sives us a very remarkable example of 
this system of divided flwes above a single mantle. This fire- 
olace dates from the beginning of the 15 th century,as well as 
the gable wall against which it is built, occupies almost ¢n- 
tirely one end of that hall, whose construction dates from t 
the 13 th century; it is not less than 33 ft. wide by 7.5 ft. 
under the mantle. The top of the mantle forms a sort of sall- 
ery reached by two stairways pierced in the angles of the sable; 
these two stairways themselves connect with two turrets, that 


ae 


Bike, ~iv tet! 7 Recastesetissedeih ted eit to esitas) piniien eds anelt 
=k aad eno edd most beef eonlt seit pstisq eatdd at bet 
i anc edt to xous edd of seta .znineqo beseld s Entded ani 
itieahiod ssoad gp esonbors wotterodeb eift to ywetltne of? . [lew 
a acai aselo waeee ilad fortsaaed stds estaniaisd yloon bra 
~ a oS GEC BL 
tesdueubes eds te ‘esetgent? eds to osfe edt A ta (©) evia a¥ 
g hy sient nelq ofd 8 de fas .atised odd to [evel sid ¢s sotiol to 
‘edt te ngiss \eldoam odd no beosla yielish ext to tase as90n 


=z eqste net beetss af i¢ieed ett .ekaineoo berale ods Yo Isvel 


seed edt ew10t exdt sosqerl? edt :ffed edt to s00l% edt eveds 
: git .a0ltssvele fesensg esi etneesaxg OF .22% .Ienudtiat edd Yo 
i © yd betentmisd ots eyad seids oink ti ebivih Jed? essia ovd 
yd eased ableide Vd Betaqcosh fas bhesastoivoe yidola efetiose 
- 9-8) *yqennem onea edt mt botnemanto oi slinaem odT .efebne 
(~eestttod fo toetidoro moescol ,JobasveN 9b -K «80SeqG.t ston 
7 is noah afat fo sgaiwors : oad Attia ea daelavazy of galiiiw grad sow 
q wh derh- ‘ © syosrwooo suvotuquise déiu shom .8o0/4 
4 -smenom [ivio to 10fdedxe off mo es [lon es aetasdat edt nT 
a feds (egostte bastt sostors of wod weed eebe olbbim odd edn 
My nasbom festsel ase Yo staemstneits neem eft baided set sveol 
[ s¢e00 bass Tieds at mrottelq sadd no tee yeds ned .esottibe 
sewmoktio tiedd yd bobnworted siew seisios Yo ainueoo eft .eene 
4 go helbati sett eeedt fomsele Savoo Lehwet Jedd boided aedw 
a Saibeté doned s no boteee Snisd efossetees sdt ehdased + »otad 
9° (ebel8 edz ot adtosd aisdt déin soasfqeiatt eds to efsnem edd 
ytitidon eds svtesn0s nag S00 .solistasestosa fads aatselameo 
‘pt gosgeet oitcetl toum ti‘wod (sasee a dows Io iushssth foe 
‘staves eit Yo duvoo edt stoted wesgae ot fetto elszesy sis 
_~—s whase yidon o# {enudiad s e1oted senso etd Bastebh ot yinistses 
_ ~—«-soeast blotseseids eves oF YrseBsosA BEF gi ,befnrowtse base he 
a ¢ to dnometnerie sdt ot wiste1 ot aoftesooo eved [fede ow Jou 
180 ghey ew dokdw ot 9182 1A defons elaenudias Iafuet odd 
vs ~ersbhes4 
eeseeod {lite setantneo dé @t Bue dt Bf odd Yo eefteao oAT 
euswot edd ni enoftedemif [fleme Yo ecoefoetit to 19dmen tso1k 8 


ak - * 


ae 
‘ 


Git wee od dent (eetete ~ Iusded .emoo1 ons baew od beansite 


Tigres frre to sotengn odT “.emoor 1H0T svies oF et) boson 


eiigti bts: netto sxe esosloeatt seed? .etnemsteqe Steviaa fra ~ 


| i v1 sii he fr ude iy ae aed ba aig 
un ne A i ¥ (i , Or es se 1 ae aa ” 


sisi sapeens 08 esostas1it s® .yreditao¥ to sf{teso edd to gear eds 


164 
flank the external ansles of the hall. The fireplace is divi- 
ded in three varts; three flues lead from the hood, and pass- 
ing behind a slazed opening, rise to the apex of the sable w 
wall. The entirety of this decoration produces a great effect 
and nobly terminates this beautiful hall, whose clear width 
is 53.5 ft. 

We sive (9) at A the plan of the fireplace of the great hall 
of Poitou at the level of the hearth, and at B the plan of the 
upper part of the gallery placed on the mantle, taken at the 
level of the Slazed openings. Its hearth is raised ten steps 
above the floor of the hall; the fireplace thus forms the base 
of the tribunal. Fis. 10 presents its seneral elevation. The 
two piers that divide it into three bays are terminated by c 
capitals richly sculptured and decorated by shields borne by 
angels. The mantle is ornamented in the same manner. | 

Note 1-p.208. Me. Ga Werindol, Artocesan arohirtect of Poirtriess, 
WAS very wWiVLAnd to furnish us with the drowings of this Tire- 
place, node with scrupulous accurocy. 

Tn the interior as well as on the exterior of civil monume- 
nts, the middle ages knew how to produce srand effects, that 
leave far behind the mean arrangements of our largest modern 
edifices. When they sat on that platform in their sSrand cost- 
umes, the counts of Poitiers were surrounded by their officers; 
when behind that feudal court sleamed these fires kindled on 
thre« hearths, the ass#stants beins seated om a bench above 
the mantle of the fireplace with their backs to the slass, c 
completing that representation, one can conceive the nobility 
and grandeur of such a scene, how it must inspire respect in 
the vassals cited to appear before the court of the count. 
gertainly to defend his cause before a tribunal so nobly seat- 
ed and surrounded, it was necessary to have threeefold reason. 
But we shall have occasion to return to the arransement of t 
the feudal tribunals under Art. Salle, to which we refer our 
readers.. 4 

The castles of the 14 th and 15 th centuries still possess 
a sreat number of fireplaces of small dimensions in the towers 
and private apartments. These fireplaces are often skilfully 
arranged to ward two rooms. Lebeuf ~ states, that he saw in 
the keep of the castle of Montlhery, “a fireplace so constr- 
ucted as to serve four rooms.” The mansion of Jacques Coeur 


ay raid ‘Youdetawore: ® shilaniiv’ bevseeeng seedt Yo eno. tyastneo 
‘% /noented ‘eyom1ob bos eacitelootdoss .sinemelsted din efieso 
x ~ea010 10 wod edd wash owes jeemudit eldsif sas adosmeddted ods 


 penote words essdto Jey ,scigqhed baa atod add vyelq exsdto .wod 
nem eds sebaw «ft &.@ Bf eosfoeiit eidT .ode .shieinete blod 


-sloesit sit Yo Snttecrstnk seom edd tu® sebiw dt 2.0 ud elt 


 wentsod exoaslisd s aaitasasige4 tgedé een noienam Jads oi 220 
‘edd to gevidows edt at booefe .sismen doidu te sdnembesxt yino 
_-go bedaven etaseseo beasdqivos sien olinem edt nO .vtisicyves 
~ebletde actistetesd to emossod ,2e0ne! sot edotie diiv sysinob 
i evoo el¢til tad awecd eeuposl sedeil sit seve baisasa bas 
d sebou eved of deiw of Bib: cemit-eid Yo yiilides Lebset edd 
encisisvib nommoo teom edd to emo to sisdsoiaso dedi esys eid 
+g dedt-eew 10 TIITV sefasdd haid to savoo eds Yo ebhtol edd io 
ed c& down ei tk ,od tdbim di asvedsd¥ fautqinoe oid to yous? 


-'» ©» .beyoutesh ees tnomnnom eucioo1g ekds dads .bedseuked 


oe (6 eBGeq -8E SOV eefvod 86 .00%b wh sFBLH -ZORe Get SFOK 

.s@b edt od dt af edd to enesisio sad ito enoigedided edt al 
edd aot es yiuxnl dtiw betercesh o1s aecsige1tt ,esiqednso ad 
» OF toibscoes bas enoidrogord betoiasess e10om ni ted .eeldon 
bose ,iseb esw enode no sustofvol .emoor sai to enoiensrib edd 
_o» glétil ts mese of hedeiw aetio sesidio edd ,eysh avo oi 26 
-eivy ,boor to stew esevon efeviag to eeosfoe1it yosm 02 {de00 
ebnt? Iftte end .redesiaq beb{uom bas bhevaso yd berevee 10 sid 
peosigei0t exedd to eelamsxe smoe eoidio [eionivosg Istevee of 
_fersvee meee ovsd ow pytiiizest aisdsd io edive oi beviecerd 
to yintoiv edt at ,bedetiomeb vyitaeoes esavor af eenolnot ts 
.geno evortoe1g owt teixe sredd bus ;fotiqso edd to eosla ond 
to yiio o{ttil edd oi ,notéeviseeta tostisa aledsd Yo seusoed 
edt of beonks’ won .doit bons exoiatesbot yisemied ,ninotas .F 
¢ mort dab esoslae1i? ond sesdT .nwod sedasm &¢ to noidivnoo 
~tenco bns (ff) e1)ed nevid ai teelqmie ont ;yistoso dé al sad 
oma1t seboow e to bemro0t eltnems bns edmst snode ond to ete 
Sabie ac ee Aes ebewase bre bebloom .rsdeslo dtiw beasvoo 

+O ious to mslo edd § te fos nottooeses? Ads eovib Sf .2iF 
-4t Bersveo edt Yo noisaog 8 eedsoibni 5 Liste€ .nodsouisenoo 


. -tob od? .soetaextt odd Ye elinam sid bie bood edd tnimaot oms 


— tedt Yo toometnsi1e [sisnek edt wode 4 noitose co cenit bea 


hg (eee Anitse, ngae’ Rt es bas mre to tatiset . x Keeeesaner: ts 


») 
iva 


‘ ahd 


nan 


73 


165 
at Bourges contains quite beautiful fireplaces of the 15 th 
century! one of those preserved represents a crowning of the 
castle with battlements, machicolations and dormers; between 
the battlements are little figures; some draw the bow or cross- 
bow, others play the horn and bagpipe, yet others throw stones, 
hold standards, etc. This fireplace is 5.3 ft. under the man- 
tle by 6.9 ft. wide. But the most interestins of the firepla- 
ces in that mansion was that representing a burlesque tourney, 
only fragments of which remain, placed in the archives of the 
mayoralty. On the mantle were sculptured peasants mounted on 
donkeys with sticks for lamces, bottoms of basketsffor shields, 
and running over the lists. Jacques Coeur had little cove for 
the feudal nobility of his time; did he wish to have under h 
his eyes that caricature of one of the most common diversions 
of the lords of the court ef king Charles VII? Or was that a 
fancy of the sculptur? Whatever it misht be, it is much to be. 
resretted, that this precious monument was destroyed.. 

Note 1.9-205. Hist. du dioc. de Paris. Vol. 12. PeBdde 

In the habitations of the citizens of the 14 th to the 15 
th centuries, fireplaces are decorated with luxury as for the 
nobles, but in more restricted proportions and according to 
the dimensions of the rooms. Sculpture on stone was dear, and 
as in our days, the citizen often wished to seem at little 
cost; so many fireplaces of private houses were of wood, vis- 
ible or covered by carved and moulded plaster. One still finds 
in several provincial cities some examples of these foreplaces 
freserved in spite of their frasility; we have seen several 
at Toulouse in houses recently demolished, in the vicinity of 
the place of the capitol; and there exist two precious ones, 
because of their perfect preservation, in the little city of 
3. Antonin, formerly industrious and rich, now Beduced to the 
condition of a market town. These two fireplaces date from t 
the 15 th century; the simplest is given here (11) and consi- 
3ts of two stone jambs and a mantle forméd of a wooden frame 
covered with plaster, moulded and carved. 

Fis. 12 gives at A theesection and at B the plan of that c 
construction. Detail 6 indicates a portion of the covered fr- 
ame forming the hood atid the mantle of the fireplace. The dot- 
ted lines on section A show the general arrangement of that 
framework. By . feeling of modesty, and as if the artist who 


7 iv pots 7) ly We ' 
eT g ia a - 


a US Fy ey ie ™ 4 er ahs bt . a ' | j 
lou op a 
ene ioe $ ed th bilan ts hbse bees’: PRO Td 
 tedt hier latcositos @ Bae Iscisaev s hood sdé no sdstint of 
serra edt sisotbut o¢ Ti 88 ,tedtebvos Fi Fostiaoo OF emese 
= : Slovo) ©Sffew ods dtiw nottoenace svisoseteb eti bas 
a: enee. eas at Betowrsende ek atnodnA”.2 to sosfcetit iedie edt: 
ss Bevaso efmemsato to woleniorg s yd betevoo al $k sad .1eanes 
ss“ bTed°elsens ond hood odd nO .ebotbluom yd bus redeeia edd oi 
x getiegs obie dose ds tes eblotde asddc owl .ams to bleide s 
-si7 .efstnas yd beptoese ste bas emis ised eatwedil . flaw eds 
-~qnpident es eoshe biett eft no seed ot aseqds ebletne deal os 
yd bled bas doise 6 asiw bSdeteate oor 4 .ebsisd odd to adn 
9 B bne’ .beod end Yo easd edt Sabqawe of Baiseqds esangi? ows 
° shige odd ek (£2) e1eh ss4e0 196m esi enteses nite 
soatgexts etdz to 
bihetesitt fetituesd seiie wee oonseatans® odd te dooge eat 
~-ebvsten eslinem Ons edmat atedd ;euastedo Yo exotistal sav ai 
-$f5 tne easnfotx e1bs to skoidaisa bas es1sdgivoe yd hers10o 
te ,eusstedo omoe oi teixs esosfasiit seeds. to Lleisvee somes 
Linam $dd¢ te90 hisenc® Yo 1omam edd ai .weeldsnissnaoy .nsvoow 
Biased to [fed ytto sdé to fled edd nk ,eouctved Io awod de 
«it jeifenesdtiow exotoetg to sno eseesesog yauld Yo novenm eat 
=foertt gneoitiosem edd ewond enoyreve bas .ene¥ moult smeo és 
-s1it of nevi® eaoienomth epomione esas mooe Joh .sebnwd TO soe 
) -t .viptnso fd {rt edt aniawh ybsetle bos .beordea sasw esoala 
“\Saete booslaet ofdae¥ .enctsaoqge1g. has1s eee! bemuees ods 
=st Yo notsonratenoo siz nt beyolous need fed ostt lita coide 
-g50008 S15W celinem seodt bow \eoesloertt to celtnsm hue eda 
.ifte wobsiw a to sdtien sds ot bsaswol yievie 


—— = eee i a a ere = 
< ‘ - “ = 


.eGed hos senlT yonminO VESMIWERO GO CeATIM TH VAYUT » 

~flafiaityo vittentbie ef yuntneo Ad CL etd To enlt efome sit 

edt oi Yoor to efdsa oxy svods estaninmied bos yliensedni Leo 
~Senoo Soted eebiees .oso & yd beaxoxo nunloo dsexd & to wIOT 
~te sesdd ,esnote bewollod te ensem yd sieo tesik dtiw fesons 
e@bia odd enworo tect .m10t Isdnemunom © sisd. yiltnenupsest eeno 
ncaa edd to soslqe7it edt -notdest In%eca1h ni esoitibs Yo 

w Yo GSotwail a .velsV-n9-yot Yo isubeddeo add to senor etiod © 
-be [fed eft to sidew ond evods .(S Vf .skif) newt esw foitw 
=: Shek Evo Eutetesed & yd bodentwret at tind ef tt dotde sanie \ 
Bats ber bus Yoeld Yo eseweo etsnietis te teaoamee yenuido ist 


S U : : Fs 
y / of x ; . fa ‘ —_ ‘ = &. , hee Py ef ee 
i - ay ¢ f *. ' on gh ae, 7 S: , ‘aL? . re) At  , +? 

" Fj ‘ .. ae 


166 
executed that fireplace feared to impose by it, he took care 
to imitate on the hood a vertical and a horizontal rope, that 
seems to connect it together, as if to indicate its frasility 
and its defective connection with the wall. 

The other fireplace of S. Antonin is constructed in the same 
manner, but it is covered by a profusion of ornaments carved 
in the plaster and by mouldings. Om the hood two angels hold 
a Shield of arms..Two other shields set at each side against 
the wall, likewise bear arms and are spported by angels. The- 
se last shields appear to bear om the field adzes as instrune - 
nts of the trade. A rope stretched with a stick amd held by 
two fisures appears to support the base of the hood, and ac 
chain retains its woper part. Here (13) is the perspective o 
of this fireplace. . 

The epoch of the Renaissance saw arise beautiful fireplaces 
in the interiors of chateaus; their jambs and mastles were de-~" 
corated by sculptures and paintinss of rare richness anf ele- 
gance; several of these fireplaces exist in some chateaus, at 
Reouen, fontainebleau, in the manor of Romsard near the mark- 
et town of Coutures, in the hall of the city hall of Paris. 
The museum of Clany possesses one of precious workmanship}, th- 
at came from Mans, and everyone knows the magnificent firepl- 
ace of Bruges. But soon the enormous dimensions siven to fire- 
places were reduced, and already durins the 17 th century, t 
they assumed less Srand proportions. Marble replaced stone, 
which until then had been employed in the construction of ja- 
mbs and mantles of fireplaces, and these mantles were succes- 
sively lowered ta the heisht of a window sill. 


TUYAU ET MITRES DE CHEMINER. Chimney Flues and Caps. 

The smoke flue of the 12 th century is ordinarily cylindri- 
cal internally and terminates above the sable or roof in the 
form of a sreat column crowned by a cap. Besides beins const- 
ructed with Sreat care by means of hollowed stones, these st- 
ones frequently take a monumental form, that crowns the ridges 
of edifices in graceful fashion. The fireplace of the precen- 
tor’s house of the cathedral of Puy-en-Velay, a drawins of w 
which was Sgiven (figs. 1, 2), above the gable of the hall as- 
ainst which it is: built, is terminated by a beautiful cylind- 
rical chimney composed of alternate courses of black and red 


, ube iptinietoiseiabiee e to mot ot ase s atin igliewers 
& dimtag tedd te yleses yx9V .(21).ti Yo notsevele as evis 
pee ons edd dadd oe ,beeoarscu2e sis esoslqgettt foods 
op fInme yloviteler ek yo Yo sosfosiit edt sn, .hedsrsqek 10 
 ghteed tenm bas .enotesemih eldsishienos bed esosioeail nsdw 
.@ ed% sot saseesq s ,edéreed ehasl yisv eved Bae efled enief 
~gixne si1edT .enoltenemih sesit of Saifaicoos nevit od Jeum siome 
_ gsostgerit esommons ne od .2 to yedds oft ds Fhe sroted bes 
8 Gen voomido eaodwy .yindnuse dé FL edd Seo Painnited sat mort 
sobtetuo s9temeth ni .ti £ sessed Isaekstoo ne ,Juemunom [ser 
» eddmort Leewsc (71) asvit et notisvele seody .yonuido edt 
‘ Bstenimiet bas ,2scole tot yd miot iseo&ylea edt cd srssbe 
0 Bnied cesdt to deal edt ,emnuloo elsdil tc eeiiote ows at 
~ sat aeaen sevod 8 no eseixe ested. 1 btwssyo doid e dviw neco 
| ~e1 dadd ,eocienemib voliame to venmido a xusyai to [sabsdiso 
% yissidne eis esinmino spedT .00 .2 to yodds sit to tadsd eiias 
-eobie ed gs easozs” vino eunit bluoo stoma edt yoot ts beeolo 
4 edt ts rso0 yisnsupe1t e185 soao vweomido yrwdnss ad ff sét af 
| to yodds edd roxt elqmsxe ns ei sash sine asgou sid bas eshie 
-® nteax edt dneveta eT .(0L) xueetin to 1ehio edt So yanssao7 
 ffene yrev ei soktino as]0e9u sid .oul) oft middiv ootlist wort 
<ywd to tend ef if enote to emurh bewolleod Io obem ei ceo eidf 
& #080 sdt yaudnes sd ff edd Yo etwibfind of neyiC .vslsV-ns 
-hbnifyvo eft eist of sumidnoo bane ,ebne alesis Je nsgo ylno sis 
918 ageo to ed102 seedd to selomsx? smr0t oldsreiag to [anis 
eit to atntbliud edd nt omoe teixe [lite sieds jeyotsemin yIsv 
nt bewrsesxa eno eldexueme1 s otinp work sw ;eiael ve sosizo 
esesd hebivom dtiw eloxwA mi ams? to slteso sit to enia ‘edd 
«(Nf£).to01 sit mort hebretxe yoomido sit svode 
edt ni toning tnstaoomt ns sisd noitnem ov yiseesoss ei #T 
# mer? anisoestorg eftede edd ;yieeesoos Jedd to noisvoui anos 
_& 8 &nimict enote to based snisosjo1g 8 eved eysuis atoor edd 
ab evoda & gnicoo e bos A ds extale a0 aslis odd ashay asdtHd 
nbsa edt fneverq of .tisde edt to Suso sswol bea eebie od 
-ed anivetns bos 10lvedxs ed mo eolit sid Qacls eninnes nor! 
«me tadd .fisteb at encitusoe1g o1# sesdl .kataevoo eft dissn 
 motowmtence edd to etso edd bas ¢dbiverot smetdixs odd esigenc 
wg tu .betosizen fonm wom encitugosta .eebs elbbim edd to 24 
-1de oitessom 10 livio dee1z oi neve .ywwwdneo dé bf edd Ligne 


(wee at: Sobimnayi tt pboscoisawe yiexs1 818 esoslgetit .esttou = 


tae * - esinate laser 
Pe a: Veale phous gem \eoitflicd emse ese to Bez are 


* 167 
stories with a cap in form of a lantern covered by a cone. We 
dive an elewation of it.(14). Very rarely at that primitive 
epoch fireplaces are superposed, so that the flues are single 
or separated. Sut the fireplace of Puy is relatively small; 
when fireplaces had considerable dimensions, and must heat L . 
large halls and hawe very large hearths, a passase for the s 
smoke must be siven accordins to these dimensions. There exis- 
ted before 1845 at the abbey of S. Lo an enormous fireplace, 
from the beginnings of the 13 th century, whose chimney was 4 
real monument, an octagonal turret 3 ft. in diameter outside. 
This chimney, whose elevation is given (15) passed from the 
square to the polysonal form by four slopes, and terminated 
in two stories of little colunms, the last of these being o 
open with a hish pyramid.” sxhere exists on a house near the 
cathedral of Bayeux a chimney of smalles dimensions, that re- 
ealis that of the abbey of S. Lo. These chimnies are entirely 
closed at top: the smoke could thus only~escape at the sides. 
In the 13 th century,chimney caps are frequently open at the 
sides and the upper end. Here is an example from the abbey of 
Fontenay of the order of qiteaux (16). To prevent the rain f 
from falling within the flue, the upper orifice is very small. 
his cao is made of hollowed drums of stone like that of Puy- 
en-Velay.. Often in buildings of the 13 th century the caps 4 
are only open at their ends, and continue to take the cylind- 
rical or prismatic form. Hxamples of these sorts of caps are 
very numerous; there still exist some in the buildings of the 
palace at Paris; we know quite a remarkable one preserved in 
the rins of the castle of Semur in Auxois with moulded base a 
above the chimney extended from the roof.(17). 

Tt is necessary to mention here an important point in the 
construction of that accessory; the shafts projecting frem t 
the roofs always have a projectins band of stone forming a s 
sutter under the tiles or slates at A and a coping B above t 
the sides and lower part of the shaft, to prevent the rain 
from running along the tiles on the exterior and entering be- 
neath the covering. These are precautions in detail, that em- 
phasize the extreme foresight and the care of the constructo- 
rs of the middle ases, precautions now much neglected. But u 
until the 14 th century, even in great civil or monastic str- 
uctures, fireplaces are rarely superposed; if enanhacs in se- 


oe * 
repre RF ese pee cn ‘ a . 
yeral stories of the same buildins, men avoid vl 
tie Twat oe 3p LE Re Be LR ES OL LAA SE kE ee @ nen ayaa mi 3 
* Nie La Sl A re 


heel ke oh 


4 ie oh / 


Poa) | a eat: 
meds onic ie bebiovs nom poiblind emse edt to siieiale Isrevee 
tI ota: be.” ,besoago stew 10 betentetis yedt reddo foae reve 
Peed odt,sooge gait mort slidw ;bsteloei enilt dose evaesi 
gwen of gine gon bedekn nem ,febnsdxe dovm gaied esoslaeri} 
thas aevo most costa of neve dud .emoor sesdrocml Ils ai mond 
a tso97 esevod to elisw efde bus eiewos edd dtro%sones :19edto 
 sggdto dose ebfeed doe eseult venmido uw0ot 20 esidt ond bev 
-9e ot hoe coalostit dose 10% sult 5 sved of yiseesoen een TI 
bedwooxes eter enoitouttenoco eeedd ;en0isidaso yd mend sdaued 
edt .yflenietat feoirbniivo Qoied to bsetenl .siso dse1k ddin 
petebnole dovum to encisose Iadnosirtod eved eeso gids si eenl 
+8). tokdt seat & of S enoititasa yd bedstaqee emsizolielieise 
at asoslasit? beeoorsams estid edt to eowll odsdit Lindcsss: 2s 
edt nied 9D ts ,(8r) ni evie ow dedi .ahnoteiisil lo aset eds 
fevel odd de ootioes Ietnosiaes edt A te bas acitose Isoisaiey 


y a) 
5 « er 
1 ‘ 
i> ve 
} ae 


‘on 


a tA .tno bos bsost [few snote to e1s “S & enoisizasa of? .°h.. 


syisoss ot eosesost tafugastos:1 Ilene [sisvee ors “DO .*9,9 
edg tnsve1o of Esnbiesb .fosd sdt to noaki deao oF sosla ond 
~yorfesbh mort bas snote edt tniniolso mori sdised sat to Jasd 
-cds noltusceta to sasoxe ne yd yidnenoss® .enoisidise end dat 
anthyedosth 10 [stnil s 28 tuo ef ncivitisg ond .otela sid ov 
-I[% yenmide evedt to easo edd evit sv 2 vA .G de neoe ae dow 
nalg tfedd ef 5 $e hnthiind edt to sldsk odd twidnvomie ees 
-tostord eft gedd I te eese on0 .elitoit aiedd si 4 bas god vs 
qeveo od bentiash .ttade edd to eseince sid ni Hawet busd ook 
+ bosd sidT .cotele sdt svods too1 edt Yo ashie beniloni sad 

t asbas seentinon bos .reteslq to basd.sdt Yo sosla ent esied 
fosst of one eniwolle yoldet sdt to otex said anols eceds edd 
-o1g sishneteh evisos1 od bas .msdd sisos1 oJ yliess soso end 
enoiteool at gw .ebrisudno Anidool 3 stnemelidead odd yd betoos 
. yd gitanids toiteanimies eyonmino edd .ehoin ssei1a ot hesoaxe 
-29 of efome odd wolls ylibse1 gon BIE ,2qes0 Juoddin ezaineqe 
~gnte1 Boe beerorgmeo ,iniw edd yd dosd besrct esw dans. jsaso 
-vaconi dedt biovs of -etnomtusae sid Yo stetvedni sat od ben 
ai eqao dtiw bedtit exew senlt lo ekaineqo gos edd ,eonsins 


-mido yasu no nese eved s¥ .yleott.eqsose ot edbsie edt Lets tm 
.eiedons Yo esostt eeiuninse dd SE bas dd df sad Yo eoeo ven 
deixe siedd dud yennor9 eeedt to sonseeto sit e¢sotboi seadd 


‘. 
i! _ 


oo — ; Pa 


A tal ! ea 


-~~%o tos tis lenisixe sid bebivib sedd .eteede noi betsiotied 


+08 eyizotI00 edt bas enmsove eft beteiees sven vadz .wsd Yams, 


ee vee 


168 
several stories of the same building, men avoided placing them 
over each other, they alternated or were opposed, so as to 1 
leave each flue isolated; while from that epoch, the use of 
fireplaces being much extended, men wished not only to have 
them in all important rooms, but even to place them over each 
other; uenceforth the towers and gable walls of houses recei- 
ved two, three or four chimney flues set beside each other. 
It was mecessary to have a flue for each fireplace and to se- 
parate them by partitions; these constructions were executed 
with great care. Instead of being cylindrical internally, the 
flues in this case have horizontal sections of much elongated 
parallellosrams separated by partitions 4 to 8 ins. thick. Ti- 
ascareebuiltithe flues of the three superposed fireplaces in 
the keeo of Pierrefonds, that we give in (18), at P being the 
vertical section and at A the horizontal section at the level 
A’. The partitions B B’ are of stone well faced and cut. At 
Cc, 0%, O” are several small rectansular recesses to receive 
the place to cast iron of the back, designed to prevent the 
heat of the hearth from calcining the stone and from destroy- 
ing the partitions. Frequently by an excess of precaution apo - 
ve the plate the partition is cut as a lintel or discharging 
arch aS seen at D. Av F we sive the caps of these chimney fl- 
vues, Surmountins the sable of the building; at G is their plan 
at top and H is their frofile. One sees at I that the project- 
ing band found in the courses of the shaft, designed to cover 
the inclined sides of the roof above the slates. This band t 
takes the place of the band of plaster,and continues under t 
the steps alons the rake of the Sable, allowins one to reach 
the caps easily to repair them, and to receive defenders pro- 
tected by the battlements K lookink outwards. But in locations 
exposed to sreat winds, the chimneys terminating abruptly by 
openings without caps, did not readily allow the smoke to es- 
cape; that was forced back by the wind, compressed and retur- 
ned to the interiors of the apartments. To avoid that inconv- 
enience, the too openings of flues were fitted with caps in 
perforated iron sheets, that divided the external air anf par - 
mittel the smoke to escape.freely. We have seen on many chim- 
ney caps of the 14 th and 15 th centuries traces of anchors, 
that indicate the presence of these crowns; but there exist 
very few, that have resisted the storms and the corrosive ac- 


Hi | , a A Sai * if 
| mM Aeoveene! » errs ‘ hebnctiee 
F  empane nto Yo Lfed see1s odd to aso. than blo est 
ss gete moessa yd yundneo dt of edd soote beeusy seodreed satind 

figiw bontetes ei ti bas .doomednsi1s L[anasési edd to egasdo 
avib at ovlt efd? .Cr seiG nt nowode es mwoto soti dddao1w esi 
- eldss sit ee eft .A aslg sdt ok ooitose Istnosiszed ni as 
act * 80 8 #8 Si eovies Iled sid to 
entetes ead notiG ssen etet{sS ts nifoesnd oC Yo elveso edT 
mloidd ,etine1: oi eqeo yYsnmido [enohstso Saimisdo Isievee be 
ss fPo¢sb sands. (0S) ovis ew dotdw to eslamexe ows .estele bne 
= -eegdd 2aitsacosh § enrod sdT .yrstmeo dé Sf edt to bas edd me 
* wes 19890n eft ni eovoors ni bexit estefe toidd to sis ennoto 
ae slitif sat to ebnvorws edT .aqso edd Saimzol stinsts to eee 
yfbnoite solcoidas& ateds yd dotdw ,eesela to sis 0 eshsois 
edt gs neseced of ti wodls boe ,nottednomanioe enit edt dosteb 
ad fs ! becela el ti doidw te tdgisns 
«tootaummoo glavostitvoo eed S19d08 Aolvqud eH ehAlRuaGeLl S9FOU ~ 


) , gee 


ore thane ae} 


: —? ’ «Of0h euwodosrtq eeentt sm of bs 
* to peesésttdors ett: te daadbebins efdsiisse1 deom edd.to end 
-moo deom edt Ils seu o¢ wod nwomt svsd of ei ests olbbim edd 
. to svitom s med¢ eisn of noltowasenoo sdt to esisacessooa nom 
_  —- Yoystoedidoiws efd es coos aes hoacisveb eheon we .nolissiacoeh | 
7 medd evit ot tddvoe yraiécoo eft no ymedt toifssonoo mo1d 18% 
. gud .vawxzel déiw betosis esrstonisge ni yine: gon ,w10t Jae o8 
eidt Yo toora sid bait sW¥ .enoitstided teeldmud sdt ni oele 
edt ddiv’ .esitio blo aso te esened blo Yo sedmun des2g°e ni 
-do svand etootidose sesdd .enssm svianegxe sees{ Bas Jeslomie 
veds sheen sit sof etatico1cas yitoestseq emict snsGele benies 
-mgnoryech deixs [Lite tes? edd to esitio said al .yteisse Jaum 
} yistsom yd bled eslid io sistowite s Yo bemict eqso dyin exen 
-ftidest Ivteork1s teom odd at vie edt tenishs hentigec s1a doidu . 
w to sess yenmido esedt to eslqmaxs seidd einesss1d S$ .dt¥ 
onidgavomise A elisd sdT © eandesade js ose6 9718 yasm oe dsoidw 
-ege1g el cindesise is yshos {Lise .ssti0m of dee ease eslis saz 
_— vay dt BE sit to noitonatecco eidt Yo noksibsat sav bevas 
“f f ebelisinss gi 
Atha oo saneaeen? yfostidorto ,S/Ffeuotod «Mo eAtSeqet ston. 
evi | e8@q0o &vudeottse Fo esdotexe seant 
seetanes ndiues. dooce sdt to exestedo odd to etostidorwe 9dT 
pottourtence edt ni siceesoshs10 aistit no fevorami neve sone — 


ra 
A is 
| 
2 — 
_ ae. ad 


169 
action of soot. 

The old chimney cap of the pena: hall of castle Sully-sur- 
Loire has been unused since the 16 th century by reason of a 
change of the internal arransement, and it is retained with 
its wroasht iron crown as shown in Fig. 19. This flue is siv- 
en in horizontal section in the plan A. the top of the sable 
of the hall serves it as 4 cap. 

The castle of Du Guesclin at Beliere near Dijon has retain- 
ed several charmins oetasonal chisiney caps in Sranite, bhick 
and slates, two examples of which we sive (20), that date fr- 
om the end of the 14 th century. The horns B decorating the 
crowns are of thick slates fixed in grooves in the woper Gour- 
ses of Sranite forming the caps. The grounds of the little a 
arcades © are of slates, which by their G@arkkcolor strongly 
detach the fine ornamentation, and allow it to —_—e at the 
heisht at which it is placed. / 
~ Kote 1oPeMihe Me Ruprich Robert has courteously COMMUNIC A%—- 
ea to we these precious Aorta. 

Jne of the most remarkable qualities of the architecture of 
the middle ages is to have known how to use all the most com- 
mon accessories of the construction to make them a motive of - 
decoration. New needs develoved as soon as the architects, f 
far from concealins them, on the contrary sousht to sive them 
an art form, not only in structures erected with luxury, but - 
also in the humblest habitations. We find the vroof of this 
in acgreat number of old houses of our old cities. With the 
simplest and least expensive means, these architects have ob- 
tained elegant forms verfectly appropriate for the needs they 
must satisfy. In the cities of the Hast still exist manynehym- 
neys with caps formed of a structure of tiles held by mortar, 
which are outlined against the sky in the most sraceful fashion. 

Fis. 21 presents three examples of these chimney caps of w 
which so many are seen at Strasburs. 4 The balls A surmountins 
the tiles are set in mortar. Still today at Strasburs is pres- 
erved the tradition of this construction of the 14 th and 15 
th centuries. 

Note 1oPeBide Me PatoueiVwe, architect, furnished us with 
ahese sketches of Strasvure caps. 

The architects of the chateaus of the evoch of the Renstes~ 
ance even improved on their predecessors in the construction 


. ri i wn ot ee a} 7 cat : a + ‘ 
om oe Py 8 on ba? stes0096 nstio yedd veqeo younido te 
oe | glow od di.3T -boteregbexe yldsisics eortginoe faa edatbly 


_ Bt YroeBeoos ns TOT yYaseesoenny ei Jit tey .soitibs os stai0 
{autos esi seol euddt fna ,19eg07%¢ ei asdd sonatiogmi atom exed 
(HOTS edt yd bevisedo yitestisq of .noitsiebom sidT .tetosiedo 
_ edt to seodds to tess sft ton esw .29%8 efbbim end Yo etootl 
svods ease yeomido evik o¢ emso stedtel eft Sue .yindaso dt Of 
wosd ot t{voiltib sstto ei si tsdd .eonstioesi dowe stoor edd 
~yd»hereveo .e1eic enose evomione exeds yd beaistuoo ei tenn 
susstedo odT .esuntaluoe bre elensq .,etnomibsa .enmaloo eltrtl 
-nexp 8 dneeet0 sisddo yoam of bas asvood .eiols .ftodmadd to 
_&® I doidu ,etosmearo yd bersvoo eases evisasa sesdd Yo ytd 
-uesst bas ,etoo: sii to seni! Isqtosiae edt youtdaebh eonsseib 
» 44 | - » etuemunem Isegeoloo emoe To sai sit slid 

od at sesoxs soo moti [Iist.com .YIX.eisod to ngie1 edi sasfhal) 
nsmof ed et bevsifed osdt esx dedw ot minde1 edd seno setoK ® 
-mido yiensuneenco bas esldas eldisiv beseeeicque siutossicois 
sf nt edtnom xie erco00 animisw sone1e of sonia tu9 .s089 ven 
-o708 sds dnwomive oF eoeso [fs ni yresesosn esw iti ,wssy saz 
.) goomido s{diatod yd esoiiths te asosiaies sepiins fas esiasd 
gom ,2emid gn909% aT .ao1t Seede fas tetesiq .doiad te eqao 
‘setoediders bos. .eloionizg ef[denoeasi stom od beniwds1 eved 
quo te -eqso edd roitedxe edt no ylinett wode ot ase son ob 
see i : seyoamida 

er9t390 ove? .istied. .UARKFED 

tsoo s119T ame to dimboeo s od nevie omen odd 2i eidT 
yd bns tood edd mort astew sft aevisoss tedt .istem 10 boow 
~senoo sdé ni betnesiis etoliso edd oF Ji eshink eeqole slines 
bate -ssoltibs edi to noiton1 

q foeas ylise yiev & akas yisoitos segeq te efnemunom edt - 


| -$@ erst Io.,eistine bsd eneddA Jo bne sioe1 snbsM to eelqmes 
ebsonsteif awslvze1 ts bensaqo edslino dtin ofdiem 10 enoda .si 


 -[{s)2%009 odT .botisq oxpsensmo% efit Sniioh sonst? ai boisec 

e visowos sW .bavoxt oft no yisderibh [fst of astew od bewe 
efbbim. sdt suede [itau sone1% dés0co ni 1seqcse1 astdud eit eos 
_—-«-9918.Yodd -yIdage Jedd Yo bas edd mow .yansnee dé SI edt to 


tan 

~ _ ; 
> - 

‘> Fa 7 _ on 


-osh oF Ji yd tiloic oF dud ~bse0 yishooose s eataxeth ton ot 


a ed? setoor to escole edd Yo eevee odt ts eisdtwh beeeseeca 


~qseih yeddteY .edoomynom nsao8 ni bave? seiwedil e1s 2xstind | 


> 


170 

of chimney caps; they often decorated them by a luxury of mo- 
uldinmgs and sculptures tolerably exasserated. If it be well t 
‘to not dissuise a secondary need, but to profit by it to dée- 
orate an edifice, yet it is unnecessary for an accessory to 
take more importance than is proper, and thus lose its actual 
character. This moderation, so perfectly observed by the arch- 
itects of the middle ages, was not the task of those of the 
16 th century, and the latter came to Sive chimney caps above 
the roofs such importance, that it is oftem difficult to know. 
what is contained by these enormous stone pters, covered by 
little columns, vediments, panels and sculptures. The chateaus 
of Chambord, Blois, Ecouen and so many others present a quan- 
tity of these massive caps covered by ornaments, which at a 
distance destroy the principal lines of the roofs, and resem- 
ble the riiins of some colossal monument. 

Under the reisn of Louis XIV, men fell from one excess into 
a worse one; the return to what was then believed to be Roman 
architecture suppressed visible Sables and conseouently chim- 
ney caps. But since in France warmins occurs six months in t 
the year, it was necessary in all cases to surmount the acro- 
terias and antique terraces of edifices by horrible chimney 
caps of brick, plaster and sheet iron. In recent times, men 
have returned to more reasonable principles, and architects 
Jo not fear to show frankly on the exterior the caps of our 
chimneys. 


CHENHAU. Gutter. Have Gutter. 

This is the mame siven to 2 conduit of pene terra cotta, 
wood or metal, that receives the water from the roof and by 
Sentle slopes suides it to the outlets arransed in the const- 
ruction of the edifices. 

The monuments of pagan antiauity from a very early epoch p 
possessed sutters at the eaves of the slopes of roofs. The t 
temples of Magna Grecia and of Athens had sutters.,of terra cot- 
ta, stone or marble with outlets opened at resular distances. 
Gutters are likewise found in Roman monuments. Yet they disap- 
peared in France during the Romanesque period. The roofs all- 
owed the water to fall direétly on the ground. We scarcely s 
see the Sutter reappear in north France until about the middle 
of the 12 th century. From the end of that century they are 


relat, 7 lamas ttt #4 Matic Bee ae im 


a rererr edt most Fanpeet He gefo1s' no tey :996b viev vila 
f ‘abba th to eget odd mort Satree ertoeenow ateds lellew ond 
--«.#0GMOO BEretoTSS hentiont ns vd yilsnxetxs betnwomise sis bas 
9) sn0°.A noltoee odd yd betsothni as .ese1w0o Istevee Yo bee 
«tee ebletno eidt to sddted yusnibaosisxe edd ntefaxe yino aso 
-[Ie? mov? estafe 10 eeltt dneveta of bebnetal biswe & ea 498d 
° bas” .amtisveo odd wort hedosdsh nedw .vse otidug edt co Sak 
~“,%001 edd to seoole eft swob eebtle tadd wone sit niainoo of 
eit to mutryotiat eit svede sesdt of enorolans exedtue brit s¥ 
elssil B-oteb 8 to o18 tedt bre .He8D te onnsti#® .f to aLlotlo 
~)enktvoedd Yo dorwstio se00n eft to efsqedo Isbhbiece edT .assel 
-neo dd St edd Yo iled tealt edd mont sish dads ,essitviod se988 
“edt evods setiun 2 satmaot eatrod¢otos eesasoo seiwedil .yaiod 
-a9tq esfod Sslomte-do mottoefo hile to eslyosisdD .sotni0o 
=<sIT aT .sbietvo astewntes offs tesd .esonsteib nistaso 32 bes 
Yat bersseqe yino esistitie> ,ybiausaps bas enseomadd .sone1T-ef 
meteeres veda eid to dnemegnsrts sax SH .yrntaso dd Ff ans 
-.no0tsensloxe emoa sexivpes dooqe geist to 
-2g0 aes #07} aAodot af stad’ ases% sigquoxa sAT oOLSeqel ston 
-(ytetaeo At SP Fo bas) aswok Fo Lorbisdios edt Fo sisqndo Job? 
‘Holds yisv sisw esoitifbs supesnamo? to elfew odd danodsfs 
elane ne ts benifoni seaele etnsee aq toon sdt Yo yitasoaso eng 
“=380 eidd to dest sit peeetssb °Fh nedd eesl neds saom asdse4 
Sd¢ bae .(etnso1edd .tad) &atased shiw s etinne1 neds yrdnsg 
 @ dose selit bos enetied sid en L[iaw e8 etettss sdd to eins 
* saedd selssti Qnitostow sertwiedto .soini0e sit Yo sthe siz 
edt to eabe edt te tedtus edt Sntosla rot sosce on benismes 
aowol eft 40 bavow efit no yitosith [fst 1edee sdé Bnew ,too4 
@ evitintag etdt to esonsinevacont saz bexinatoos: nsM .etoor 
hetnedo esosttue sdt snolse hettanoetbh of asten edd imeseve 
=yousesb Sns,ef{sw edt to sesd said ja easnamsb beniste: ,medt 
to baed edt no [fet si beogile slit & ti ;notdebavet sds hs 


anied gon erstcor sit .dniaevoo Sadi antarsass to ytiessosn sd 
“={He betel (eiedwyss aaebbel sisit Te gest aieds tess of ofds 
mf ehemsh eldsrshienoo shem tesel te 10 .medd déiw to wars 

— sfrosset yd SEY .Bfeedk eniaevoo eft no ersbhbel seodt aniosla 
_ =stides ofdded'yd beyolame noivonitende to meteye ver end Yo 


rir 
> oO 
ae 4) 


‘he yee He sl eretin ac ate re Ueaertene’ nemrow ni rien ain 


see1s 8 eiord si eens seal ond ni {i001 wswol 8 10 Isee8G oft 
whit esw ono $I .toor edd ni efod 8 sham hae eelit to sedmen 


171 
very apparent in Norman edifices. Those sutters (1) are gene- 
rally very deep; yet on arches projecting from the face of t 
the walls, their voussoirs spring from the tops of abutments, 
and are surmounted externally by an inclined acroteria compo- 
sed of several courses, as indicated by the section A. One c 
ean only explain the extraordinary height of this outside sut- 
ter as a suard intended to prevenh tiles or slates from fall- 
ing on the public way, when detached from the coverins, and 
to contain the snow that slides dowm the slopes of the roof. 
Ne find sutters ‘analogous to these above the triforium of the 
choir of 3. Btienne at Gaen, and that are of a dste a little 
later. The apsidal chapéls of the upper church of Chauvisny 
near Poitiess, that date from the first half of the 12 th cen- 
tury, likewise possess acroterias forming a sutter above the 
cornice. Gargoyles of slight projection or simple holes pier- 
ced at certain distances, cast the rainwater outside. Ta Tle- 
de-France, Champagne and Bursundy, sutters only appeared in 
the 13 th century. But the arrangement of the first sutters 
of that epoch requires some explanation. 

Note 1.0-219- The example stven here A1s taken from the aps- 
Vaal chopels of the cathedral of Roven (end of 12 th century). 
Although the walls of Romanesaque edifices were very thick, 
the carpentry of the roof presents slopes inclined at an angle 
rather more than less than 45° desrees; the feet of this car- 

pentry then require a wide bearings (Art. Charvente), and the 
ends of the rafters as well as the battens and tiles reach t 
the edge of the cornice, otherwise projecting little; there 
remained no space for placiné the Sutter at the edge of the 
roof, and the water fell directly on the Sround or the lower 
roofs. Men recognized the inconveniences of this primitive s 
system; the water so discharged along the surfaces changed 
them, retained dampness at the base of the walls,and destroy- 
ed the foundation; if a tile slipped it fell on the head of 
the passer or a lower roof; in the last case it broke a sreat 
number of tiles and made a hole in the roof. If one was under 
the necessity of repairing the coverins, the roofers not beins 
able to rest their feet of their ladders anywhere, risked sli- 
ding off with them, or at least made considerable damase in 
placing these ladders on the coverins itself. Yet by reason 

of the new system of construction employed by Gothic archite- 


a 7 a am Th eer any 7, a, uv va vr ve if 

a “fois: edd e10n basse selbsite hotaib. ne bel. 919% yed i etoatidote 
” pxedé ned? omend time qlozisae ot asve bre eflaw oft Yo seen 
pre Yo tnobnsaebai eistivas sdé Qnitem Yo shom eft bhetaobs 
,@oww mo sointco odd buoyed sostoig medd eoidenm yd soisourte 
“wav Yo eedo1s shia odd no yidasqise edt sxcacue o¢ hesbni 10 
. tee -od bos ,[{sw oft sbiani sonesteib nissiesso s is bensst asl 
 .gedoas ebie eeedd neswisd aninisme:x sosce edd no easdiae edt 
ei? .essntoidd [leme s oS beoubss cedé ,iisw Isntsdxe edd bas 
-9b-oiI aI .enteqmed? bane ybhantisd ni betiaqqs saw moteve Jesl 

of seoinies edd ot nevik esw noitvostioig dnsioliive s ,.sones% 
ssivon s¥ .toor edd to saad sdt ts asides edd ava of sida ed 
-n87d odd ei189 to oma e1xte¥ to atedo edd to gisq dtd odd ni 

Yo motveve odd od esves gupeonsmo? to medeye edd moult soliie 

etoor sit to sead add ts eoninroo aaitostora no beosla exedtue 

to emis odd mort ¢«9et .oteine sis JA .[lsw Joasiec edd a9b88 
-dtuz on beteixe e1zedd ,(O8tt twoda ot Odfr) ellve eb sotavsy 

-™mo 9d¢ gnivisos1 got edT “.toos Jeeta odd Ye sesd oct te e186 
sbeecaqmoo ,noltoetoxrg elé¢ttl Io sefnice s te baetalenco yatnea 

. Soimiot soiblyom es heoeto. eew dotdw oo eoxsu0e to anor wel te 
.-steted sii? edd rwsite yidadowe .CSSi JucdA .bavot asc9H ods 
—eee bad sintoetidois cidteod eisnad de ybsexls nedn .bencitaon 
-109 edt mort bevomes esx saysdt .tnemgeleveb edsiames #3i bhemy 
.» edt Antvesl .banor isqau sdt yfno yiln® sh soltual to soin 
to bescemos soinioo 2 beosfa asw svods fas ,2exsepe to eesiv09 
8.6 eattneest0 slodu sdi ;saiblwom agiab e fae eevas!l Sedoc10 
. wéiue s to mict si hewollod sew qiab eid? .neitestor snoads 
evods feceaia eslyogiss test» ofni tes7annie1 bnee eeqole seode 
8 00 eteor ¢i .vidnsarsos wee sdé y0Ol eA .essxdtod Seivli dose 
d snote 2 bos .rstivd eidd evods «tt &.8 suods heeiss tecaied 
.tuded sttA).t9dd¢0% sdt Yo gntgoo edd nc hexit esw sbheideciad 
8 esttied® Yo I[exbedtso edt nt ,docas emee odd duodA .(f .8r% 
~th beoelq cele o19w eiss9 Yo emed sito! to eheost edd no bas 
viomie awtew edt jeelyokise duoddin tnd s1etdee Satmt0l ect 
ss mptseo da sbhewenlad odd asbny betnet1s eefed dawordd Tio as1 
| ~loxes jnomeansii1e eid? S.¢ #@i of betsoibai es  .esonateib ai 
to saith odd .eiae9 to emsq satov to ehaosi odd no ydw eats 
-osto1g gno1te dove svsd eysdsus antised eeitote tasaetlib ods 


Fn samme esosnttsos s edi{ ,e1ed¢oe odd mort resew odd 


. peostive edd mort deseo oft hebnednt stew yet eeesoed yenols 


 Taval easbakved-sohertenled dé ee91dten5 Yo emaf sttoy tA 


172 
architects, they were led to diminish more and more the thick- 
ness of the walls and even to entirely omit them. Then they 
adopted the mode of making the sutters independent of the con- 
struction by making them project beyond the cornice om arches, 
or indeed to support the carpentry on the side arches of vau- 
lts turned at a certain distance inside the wall, and to set 
the gutters on the space remainins between these side arches 
and the external wall, then reduced to a small thickness. This 
last system was applied in Burgundy and Champasne. In Tle-de- 
France, a sufficient projection was siven to the cornices to 
be able to run the Sutter at the base of the roof. We notice 
in the high part of the choir of Notre Dame of Paris the tran- 
sition from the system of Romanesque eaves to the system of 
gutters placed on projecting cornices at the base of the roofs 
under the parapet wall. At the oridin, i.e., from the time of 
Maurice de Sully (1160 to about 1180), there existed no sutt- 
ers at the base of the sreat roof. + The top receiving the car- 
pentry consisted of a cornice of little projection, composed 
of four rows of squares on which was placed a mouldins formins 
the upper round. About 1220, probably after the fire before 
mentioned, when already at Paris Gothic architecture had ass- 
umed its complete development, there was removed from the cor- 
nice of Maurice de Sully only the upper round, leawins the 
courses of squares, and above was placed a cornice composed of 
crocket leaves and a drip moulding; the whole presenting a s 
strons projection. This drip was hollowed in form of a Sutter, 
whose slopes send rainwater into sreat Sardoyles phaced above 
each flying battress. As for the new carpentry, it rests on a 
parapet raised about 4.3 ft. above this Sutter, and a stone b 
palustrade was fixed on the copings of the gutter.(Art. Bahut, 
Fig. 1). About the same epoch, in the cathedral of Chartres a 
and on the facade of Notre Dame of Paris were also placed dr- 
ivs forming sutters but without gargoyles; the water simply 
ran off through holes arranged under the balustrade at certa- 
in distances, as indicated in Fis.. 2.2 This arrangement expl- 
gains why on the facade of Notre pame of Paris, the drips of 
the different stories bearing sutters have such strons pro jec- 
tions; because they were intended to cast from the surfaces 
the water from the gutters, like a continuous drip mouldins. 
At Notre Dame of Chartres, the balustrades having no lower 


: » 7 
p ad, , Po eee ! 

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arg f. “nl Pe 4 a 


ef aye 


ashi tatoos odd tc 19dsH ods ,sotaroo sdt to pe 7 Abe edd mo 

ot wrap e@ixb eft to scole odd no anmyfoo siitil essdsd neeuted 
= wort tnidiveet eeonsinevaoont edt bedeinimib vino eneee sasdd 
| -ay odd sonte mois Biova ton bib tod .etoor eit Yo eevee edd 
ssotnios eft to détnel exfttne edd sot gisk of beunitacs szstswai 

te bas <setese eretoor oft to daow sit bersbnes ybeerle yedt 

2 eft to saole edt no bevgile dadt.eedele 10 eslit edd Bsoco 
| exew asiyodish Sntdostore eaedt OAST of BSS mort vind 4 etoos 
qennem wsiy3e1% s ct tstawnts. etudiaseib of eresdtud of bessrl 
shite dtiw cedowdo nI .esotiths edd to etatoa nistieo ts hae 
no bel ean omtd tadd tuods tusttus sot mort astew edd eolzis 
& yd sbtetuc deso neds .eoeserttud eatyit sad to eanteco ent 
-eeedd to escole sit Yo ehne edt ds beosfa saote To ssfyotuse 
~etoor 19000 edt mort [fst actewntsa ent .eesesttdod sniytt 
tua .vsw testiode eft yd [ioe [enistxe ed¢ heross1 sudd fas 
sas Yo gevidd etd taeda of benkteveb ,essesitsud turyl? sasdt 

. ts mem jseoiny0o we00w edt Yo (evel sdd fiosex tom LI ,etivav 
“9% edd to eredtoh ont mort aetew edt teso o¢ betomedsa sextt 
eas Yo ankgos edd animrot sastteoy ont asivesiasees vd stoor des 
-‘eeedd neeuted sonsteib sdt eds dtwodt[e bis ;eseesatind sniylt 
‘Hhatw edt sey .dsex ton esw eelyotted as0cqs sit fae saoiaoo 
-89° stew moore sehntooo sis to Stel 10 Sddia oF ustan sat tooee 

o ddiw evesius a90c0n odd Raitosnnco snote to ecota bedeilded 
dtiw bent{ s1ew escia encode, seeds yiinerpe1t nevi .etaigco ond 
efig to bus ert baswod aodel asd? .(ediubaod .o14).escto beef 
tostdue siew dedt .eescta saove ent besvomet sisw yyudnso az Ft 

. efit no bons yellew add otni atael eeuso ot bas sottouasedo of 
4 - ot hebnetni eJouboupos emote bhemxot stew eeesertiud anivit 
(=fFoutdenop .tnstvo8-orA .ettA) .sretyus henifoni sit sSroggue 
antyit edt to eénitaoo efit no Bauet efennedo henifont eit .(n0 
edd to egot sdt Snitnwominea eelosnnio sid heroes seesextind 
ot eelosnnta seedt dhvoiwit besese yifsniaiac boe .eeseeriiad 
tait Sniviesowse s1oted tnol gon 2ew JT .selyobish yd ehuedoeib 
ew7b sd seven blyoo yinozsm sdz dauorisd Onieesa eleonnedo seeds 
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«id det a yfoo 6 eetcnibaterte 0! vite besoames § ond tse 


-nnta edd ebized eleansdo edt aint of .betqoks asw bodtem oft 


bs | cove mb .lsa0% siete: seonivoro sit ni eomitemos seve .ebos sit 


473 
rail, but being composed ofily of little isolated columns set 
on the verycedBe of the cornice, the water of the Sutter ran 
between these little columns on the slope of the drip. Yet t 
these means only diminished the inconveniences resultins from 
the eaves of the roofs, but did not avoid them, since the ra- 
jinwater continued to drip for the entire length of the cornice; 
they already rendered the work of the roofers easier, and st- 
opped the tiles or slates,that slipped on the slope of the r 
roofs. Only from 1225 to 1240 these projecting sarsoyles were 
fitted to gutters to distribute rainwater in a resular manner 
and at certain points of the edt?ices. Im churches with side 
aisles the water from the sutters about that time was led on 
the copings of the flyins buttresses, them cast outside by s 
gardoyles of stone placed at the ends of the slopes of these 
flying buttresses. The rainwater fell from the upper roofs, 
and thus reached the external soil by the shortest way. But 
these flying buttresses, designed to abut the thrust of the 
vaults, did not reach the level of the uoper cornices; men at 
first attempted to cast the water from the sutters of the sr- 
eat roofs by garsoyles into gutters forming the copins of the 
flying buttresses; ahd althoush the the distance between thee 
copings and the upper sarsoyles was not great, yet the wind 
gent the water to right or left of the copings; soon were es- 
tablished pipes of stone connecting the upver gutters with t 
the copings. Rven freauently these stone pipes were lined with 
lead pipes.(Art. Gonduite). Then later toward the end of the 
13 th century were removed the stone pipes, that were subject 
to obstruction and to cause leaks into the walls, and on the 
flying buttresses were formed stome ecaqueducts intended to 
support the inclined sutters. (Arts. Arec-Boutant, constructi- 
on). The inclined channels found on the copings of the flying 
buttresses reached the pinnacles surmountins the tops of the 
buttresses, and orisinally passed through these pinnacles to 
discharge by Ssargoyles. It was not lons before perceivins that 
these channels passing through the masonry could never be dry, 
that they were obstructed and caused leaks into the mass of 
the buttresses, then about the middle of the 15 th century 
the method was adopted, to turn the channels beside the pinn- 
acles, and thus bringing uncovered water to the garsoyles at 
the ends. Even sometimes in the provinces ofrthe North, in 


~ i 


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= “ corey prroterat .#74) .nobtonrtenco) wh poet 
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ew tase ylevostiucoa aot smoklbstzla «i Hotdw wot} hao ,Jsdody 


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~eA ot . 5 8i709 Fo sorvisdteo add Feo 


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edt :(£) nevte oisd elites sit npitose pi. ived oF ,.8.i ere 
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w hotsert vitnonpest esu .bedetioa neve to duo yiisiesaso 48 
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dtim beteoo e1en dedi ,etedtus eeed? lo emoe nsee neve svsi sf 
edem ot ponote edd od Sne1sdbs bos bred yisy ,tJoemeo oidd 8 
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benbiits veat — s tleevi ¢atot efd tsa dssea 10 ty ohi9 at 
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174 
Picardy and Normandy, these channels led to lead pipes skilfal- 
ly placed in the construction. (Art. Conduite). 

Note 1.9.220. This roof wos Less steep than the existing one, 
which dortesffrow the beginning of the 13 an century, and shat 
pas rebuilt after a fire not mentioned by history, burt whose 
braces are visibre on the monument itself. The choir of Notre 
Dane of Paris wos entirely completed WH 1177 excepting the vr 
root, as stated by the chronicle of Robert, abbot of Mte Se 
Michel, and From which NM. AlfrediRome has courteously sent us 
She TolVowing curious extract. (hotim text). 

Wote 2op-2ZO~-. Enis exanple is taken from the mostern facade 
of the cathedral of Paris. 

Note 1epo2Ziw 1% LB necessary to observe, That already at 
she beginning of the 13 “eh century, the roofs of the cathedr- 
avs of Paris ond Shartres were covered with Lead, the gurtters 
shere at Least not having to stop the Fol\ of slates or wiles. 

Stone sutters placed at the base of the roofs during the 13 
th aod 14 th centuries are senerally hollowed with flat bott- 
oms, i-e-, to havi in section the profile here siven (3); the 
joints are made with care and have a groove A in which is sane- 
times castilead or a very hard cement composed of pounded sand- 
stone and litharse. These gutters are from 2.0 to 1. 6 ft. wide. 
They are cut in the hardest stones that can be procured, and 
it has seemed to us, that their cavity for receivins the wat- 
er, carefully cut or even polished, was frequently treated w 
with some fatty material, (perhaps linseed oil and litharse). 

We have even seen some of these sutters, that were coated with 
a thin cement, very hard and adherent to the stone; to make 
this cement hold, the stonecutters gut little grooves across 
the sSutter, particularly at both sides of the joints, as shown 
in Fis. 4,4 or sunk at the joint itself a groove, that allowed 
the cement to be cast in it.(5). 

Hove 1.69.-223- Thus were estavlished at first the gutters of 
S$. Ghapetre at Paris. 

The sutters of the sreat edifices of the niddle ases from 
the 13 th to the 15 th centuries present four varieties; the 
systemadopted continues without notable differences. It is mt 
the same with the gutters of private houses; these are very 
varied in arrangement and form. They appeared only in the 13 th 
century; until then the rainwater fell directly from the eaves 


7 a 
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_ RMR Ye Souder sate ‘adsaesea's tia nees ,sldéecogad ent Ae. 


ee 
aS 
a. 


275 

of the roofs into the aensary? Two reasons contributed to ca- 
use the Sutters ta be established at the base of the roofs, t 
the need of collecting rainwater in cisterns (many cities were 
built on localities without water), and the incomveniences ¢ 
caused by water falling from the roofs on the public way. But 
as the Sreat majority of urban habitations were of wery simple 
construction, one could not bear the expense of a crownins § 
Sutter of stone at the edges of the roofs. The constructors 
of houses contented themselves with setting stone corbels at 
the tops of front walls, olacins on these corbels a hollowed 
and inclined wooden member formins a gargoyle at one end. Fis. 
6 will explain that naive arrangement.” These sSutters are ap- 
plied to houses with eaves of the roofs on the street; but if 
the gables are on the public way, as generally practised from 
the 14 th century, the sutters were arransed perpendicular to 
the street. At that epoch of houses rarely had party walls; 
each house possessed its four walls, and there existed between 
the houses a very narrow alley.’ Art. Maison). Bach habitation 
thus had its separate sutters, that most freauently were made 
of the hullowed trunk of a tree projecting beyond the Sable a 
and forming a Sargoyle as indicated in Fié. 7. These wooden 
dutters were sometimes mouldings, even carved and painted in 
different colors, art always intervenins in the entirety as 
in the details of the most common structures. These arransem- 
ents of sutters applied to houses were not the only ones. In 
orovinces rich in calcareous materials, like Burgundy, Haute- 
Marne and Oise, sutters of stone were emoloyed by preference 
to those of wood, and these stone sutter: are placed so as to 
avoid all leaking through the joints alons the surfaces; at 
first they always project, so that the roof covers the top of 
the walls and preserves them from all dampness: then corbels 
are get in the wall under each joint of the sutter,and are l- 
lowed out in the form of a sarsoyle; then if these joints op- 
ened or lost the cement closing then, the water fell into th 
corbel-dgardoyle, and was cast outside far from the surfaces. 
Fis. 8 will dispense with lengthy explanations on this subject. 

Kote %eWo%2WSe KNOL wore than 25 years sence art Paris the rows 
of wost houses were stir without gutters. During rain storns, 
she worter found o sheet of worter vefore facades, ond rendered 


passage Vwpossibile, even with UMOTSLLVAS. 


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~q, £230" , -e8ensexs peslsex 


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erkevien 8 to secs sfi Io honetedd emstéze edt ot osvib omel ” 
-(serisd .sisibeigad .ebiedA .esaa) 


. eMETROHOM .asdoiO .BSAATHO 
“9 eemen negoig to elattin£ edd betsntiesh exe Brow eidt ‘WS 
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jedd Yo foe sdt mort Sod :yvaiwseo dé #f edz eadtsd esoltibs 


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yd #lisdes eew eiusd to slleosd .2 to elde® areteew edt to 
~sitsup nid¢iw eif-ob-eivel} te beeoomen ek bas .ITV eslaadd 


‘(ewflors)) FY fenwois edt eseia doidw to elbbim end at .elict 


eft Yo yrotero edt Yo shaiten{ed ofT .eletns ows vd bedacaase 


=sivelt dviw soinsoo as no bediostob J bemwor edé yd el bbin 

$ find eixed te ‘gedqmod esbh ised sd¢ to notenam blo od? .eil-ob 
.eentgnotoe (ed Benwo1e .eredato vd bersveo eew TTX einod yd 
m0 baoct sis eF benword .eil_sh-eivelt bre zemausd ,eninglob 

_ eeadit 20 iedmon deorb A .T etonss% yd mexedtebaw sewwtourde. 


fete. 


edg ds fetnemantco seiwedil ei TX eivod vd dLivd Ieqetio emse. 


ie 


v 


he 


ect 


176 | 

Note 1epo224-. Example taken fron houses of Frovidny. 

cue sees at Chaumont many houses with gutters so arranged,# 
and that custom has continued until our days. Architecture is 
only an art when it knows how thus to conauer difficulties, 
to foresee and protect by simple and true means, easy of exe- 
ecution in the humblest house as in the palace; but when on t 
the contrary, it has recourse to artifictal means, that demand 
the aid of very fully developed industries, extraordinary work- 
manship and much expense, it can succeed where all resources 
are at command, but it abandons to barbarism localities dist- 
ant from great industrial centres. This is what occurs; today 
outside the great cities in which the discharge of rainwater 
is managed with much skill in private houses, everywhere nes- 
lisence, isnorance amd lack of care allow us to see how those 
ancient constructors were more skilful, wise and scrupulous, 
than the builders of our time, without causing their clients 
useless expenses. 


CHEVET. CShevet. Apse. 
Yame given to the extreme position of the apse of a church. 
(Arts. Abside, Cathedrale, Rslise). 


CHIFFRE. Cioher. Monogram. 

By this word are designated the initials of proper names c 
carved or painted on monuments. It Joes not appear that the 
ciphers of living persons were admitted in the decoration of 
edifices before the 15 th century; but from the end of that 
century, ciphers are frequently carved on friezes, walls, bal- 
ustrades, or painted in stained slass windows and on the int- 
ernal walls of churches, palaces and houses. The balustrade 
of the western gable of S. Ghapelle of Paris was rebuilt by 
Gharles VII, and is composed of fleurs-de-lis within quatre- 
foils, in the middle of which rises the crowned K (Karolus) 
supported by two angels. The balustrade of the oratory of the 
same chapel built by Louis XT is likewise ornamented at the 
middle by the crowned L detached on an openings with fleurs- 
dje-lis. The old mansion of the Cour des Comptes at Paris built 
by Louis XII was covered by ciphers, crowned Ls, porcupines, 
dolphins, hermes and fleurs-de_lis. Crowned Fs are found on 
the structures undertaken by Francis I. A great number of these 


= s1 28 mote » tes Tok q fied tite ine wieta aaa: itiein! 
ad bos IT yunel Yo sedate heoslretak eft ;dooge seid t0¢%s 
“served ody to sisnsq bas esseiat edt aevooeisifbs¥ sh eniwedtsd 
| ») (¢oveeVIX ehn0d to neve fas VI yias! to seedd-sa Ilow es 
Madidipel+ o: + 8609. .AUHORD 

eneigiie: | .enoneo sdt tte doidw af dowedo eft to daaq edT 
etet bebivib ei esdoundo te sciassni sd#i.tnedo of eotiaselo 40 
-ovgsven .dor0ed 20 sludideev .xediwen edd Ledieq tonisverb evit 
esdotudo oitesnom donet? mI .visetonse bee aiode ,esqeensad 
ss Svan edt odnt ebnotxe yliasnibio esothile1 edd to afode edt 
a etatis eidd stcted ;edqsenaas edt bnoved bsostq saw assis aA 
| gg0t vetle aniniom edt batded ;ebwal bas eniiam betnedo s1s0 
-1¢ 6d¢ neewted eosae e1itne edt heiquooo Jedd .yisetonae odd 
eds esdoido detusq fas*elesbeddso ail .tsvedo edd bas eaiqeens 
astieg oct bue estgoenstd edd bucyed csonsmmoo yiinenibae azicdes 
-00 doidw ,viensonee edd ni eags efd to Yosd ens da hoosla ai 
-{[1I¥ eyse “,zotselo sdé to sicdo sit .olorioimss edz eeiqao 
* sommoo ai tnedo of teddakeveds suedw diso odd si* Posi mai 
betosl[los ei slaoso edt to ehudttivm sdt eusdw” sebbessad fas 
-~fniteh etd eoism toidw “,ectieteym ylod sit is taeeetq od oF 
+ ,(efdtesoe ei doitdw) enincgane yd eeelnn yeuksv stiso neids 
© sit sot bevisss1 sosce edt yine fon atofo yd dasem on Sadd 
otsyw deidw at secs odt Yc eeleia ehie edi osla dud ,soixsi9s 
ested awont ediem of yiseesosn ef di tad S Ietddied edi beoala 
Isitdoorse .oitdesnom tediedw ,eedoiwsdo to aiiedo edd stow Jedw 
epets sibbim edd to edooas dassetith edi ait .elsabetiiso 10 

eh TET QOAD et HOOT .JOnOFF OA sTSEeqel Sfou 

— efatonm Astod) «V8Rege8 SFOK 

e168. adil viiees teom eu ot mose won dadd sinsmeaneage eds 
' odd Lites eexsosd .sedoundo oitesnom to eriodo edd to seods 
 btsietie vest berstive vedt .wisdaso (dt EL) desl edt to bas 
d vilod besesesog evyedds [fA .eedoisdo a9edéo0 io seodt asts co 
Jd sa9ebn9 dayredé ni ausdtis betieoash estfe1 beterensy ,esibod 
~'9e8 te Beampooo es ,Iiseti yrenvonse edd of 10 yrsutonge edd 
-mmoo yieotosee eifd ,bedete deuf, eved ow 2A .soneit ak cinsd 
'-eype1t gsw Bes, .Qaieeoto edf to tainsqo gietess edd Js heons 
®satqeonart edd to 10013 ed¢ evods sqete Iarevee fseiss yltn 
~s—eisstosse edt io sciiedei sit et bettimbe oren Iniddie? ed? 
op wisstbrosstxe to notesoco eid no ,elevites? sisitso te yino 


177 
may be seen at Blois and at Chambord. That custom was retained 
after that epoch; the interlaced cipher of Henry II and of © 
Gatherine de Mediciscover the friezes and panels of the Louvre, 
as well as those of Henry IV and even of Louis XIV. 


CHOKUR. . Chotr. 

The part of the church in which sit the canons, relisious 
or clerics to chant.iPhe interior of churches is divided into 
five distinct parts. the narthex, vestibule or porch, nave, 
transepts, choir and sanctuary. Im French monastic churches 
the choir of the religious ordinarily extends into the nave. 
An altar was placed beyond the transepts: before this altar 
were chanted matins and lauds; behind the mornins altar rose 
the sanctuary, that occupied the entire space between the tr- 
ansepts and the chevet. In cathedrals and parish churches the 
choir ordinarily commences beyond the transepts and the altar 
is placed at the back of the apse in the sanctuary, which oc- 
eapies the semicircle. “The choir of the clerics,” says Will- 
iam Durand, "is the part where they gather to chant in common, ” 
and hecadds; “where the multitude of the people is collected 
to be present at the holy mysteries,” which makes his defini- 
tion ouite vague; unless by supposing (which is possible), t 
that he meant by choir not only the space reserved for the c 
clerics, but also the side aisles of the apse in which were 
placed the faithful. But it is necessary to make known here 
ahat were the choirs of churches, whether monastic, parochtal 
or cathedrals, in the different epochs of the middle ases. 

Note 1-pe®VZ7Z. Rational. Book 1. Ghapter 1. 

Note 2.p-227- (Latin note). 

she arransements that now seem to us most easily found are 
those of the choirs of monastic churches, because until the 
end of the last (18 th) century, they suffered less alterati- 
on than those of other churches. All abbeys vossessed holy b 
bodies, venerated relics deposited either in aseryot under t 
the sanctuary or in the sanctuary itself, as occurred at 5. 
Denis in France. As we have just stated, this sanctuary comm- 
enced at the eastern openings of the crossins, and was freque- 
ntly raised several steps above the floor of the transepts. 
The faithful were admitted to the interior of the sanctuary 
only at certain festivals, on the oceasion of extraordinary 


: 
ie 
nk 


ji os. , oa 
oS eee aps he 


re t | 


sitse. {ersde! x0 eellixak (diowkoow bne ,soneaisas edt és sestoe 
gh @teveifed edt to sonseerq edT .ytendonse oft of behnesxe 
eooihifes edd bus ,yiosesoos yino ssw eefoiwdo ofsesnom odd 
sg fdtety ed don Sivoo bos ton stew afodo edt middin beeolons 
A -eodt wee bns etnsdo atedd based {utdsist edt .oven efd mot? 
7 -qeon bas slieice edt fser bns nesexos hoor edd bneoes solinrelo 
* boon edd te eetsh oft duoadd 1st{e odd Ben yino blwoo dud .Le 
tt edd to eelistsanom oft al .nwaah eaw [fev sft nedw ,assioe 
bas. ,sso1emon yiev stew evoisifes edd eeiassneo dt Si fae dt 
:  ofeo8 teum ersvetied edt ymodt rot tfiind esisw eefousdo aieds 
edg¢ anibawoiwe eleqedo euoremen eft o¢ has doaedo defisa odd 

asdt evan(s oxen sisi? seoivice snivih bretie of estistesnons 

r yamithitaq: .eretoside Yo saeduen yes78 s estieteascom seods at 


sodn .bovieess eeu ddeudovediste evan odd modw act ,@sehnted ~ 


ar asvs eemiteomoe bane .smis aied? to tuso tsetk ew siedd tnsce 
“fo of yiseeeosn omsosd aedd JI .dcein bas yeb siedisd bentsmes 
-dstine ton eau ommetioswg ein? .evoisit{ss edd So 1kode esd geo 
+ §o-\4afetbedtso vot -aeel {lite .bas sedoiwds deiisd dot of 
-% oftfivdex Ife ylissn sedw ,feleubedis® .s14) elsabsdisd 
a died astoetsdo 8 bad .yardose di Cf edd Yo bas edt ta sone 
tosoxs .wetv edd betonisedo taidson siedd livio bas suoteifes 
meat tnkdourtence al svelisv yd bebouotiss asw asiis edt tedt 
tS astio ot heaiesb yssidaoo sit mo eqodsid eft .ensia geav no 
dodotdw ot eseis obiw aeitio tessa edt to sinstidsdot ods of 
© estidmsese Livie edt neve bose qifesow edd Yo esinomerso sad 
‘ ‘ovedt tadt ,aettokrct ed gon bilvofe tI .seee ts Onsdxes bi eoo 
3 o¢ beecago siatas s ni bstosis eisw dooce tadt Yo eflerbsdtes 
etastidsadat edt s{dmeees bas gosxidts otf .tiaice oiversaom sts 
| betteeb ecodeld ed? .oodeid aisdd bnvors esitio euolulog to 
~odo edt eudT .{[{s te elavites? sdt od of elsvitasi ev0itiles 
| eeste seidt to ond ylne sein elerbedtso to esizsutonse bis ett 
q edd ot Stel e1s etceensid edd joven sid Yo dnemeved sdt evods 
~fs yfueon sis esesce oot Suifoworwwe esfets ehin acd .lwitdtisi 
» ne ydoyfoo tf mort beteseqee ,ziode edi to Isvel edt no eysy 
-\eyese ei eesoos bas esbie [f[s no ebastxs usiv et? .srvs0lons 
&I edt to bae edd od bnew meilli® to enit edd morleniedé 
~wwe vifeqenet sisx esiodo tedd wesces fon seob ti .yintaso ad 


: vec 
a7 nem 
“i Ws baa | 


sa €% esas to ntodd. owt seethemerso 
| boot 8) yd beeolo esw ied edd to eyed tee! oft bas saieects 


edt Yo etnemsc10 ed?” seeivecfone bes elisse bextt yd febanot 


, 


178 

ceremonies. The choir of the religious, placed between the c 
crossing and the last bays of the nave, was closed by a rood 
screen at the entrance, and woodwork, grilles or lateral walls 
extended to the sanctuary. The presence of the believers in 
the monastic churches was only accessory, and the relisious 
enclosed within the choir were not, and could not be visible 
from the nave, the faithful heard their chants and saw the 
clerics ascend the rood screen and read the epistle and sosp- 
el, but could only see the altar throush the gates of the rood 
screen, when the veil was drawn. In the monasteries of the ii 
th and 12 th centuries the relisious were very numerous, and 
their churches were built for them; the believers must 80 to 
the parish church and to the numerous chapels surroundins the 
monasteries to attemd divine service. There were always then 
in those monasteries a Sreat number of strangers, pilsrims, 
refugees, for whom the nave ofsthesehurch was reserved, who 
spent there a sreat part of their time, and sometimes even re 
remained there day and night. It then became necessary to el- 
ose the choir of the religious. This programme was not suiteb- 
le for parish churches and still less for cathedrals. 

Cathedrals (Art. Gathedrale), when nearly all rebuilt in Fr- 
ance at the end of the 12 th century, had a character both r 
religious and civil; there nothings obstructed the view, exceot 
that the altar was surrounded by veils. In constructins them 
on vast plans, the bishops on the contrary desired to offer t 
to the inhabitants of the great cities wide areas in which t 
the ceremonies of the worship and even the civil assemblies c 
could extend at ease. It should not be forgotten, that the c 
cathedrals of that epoch were erected in a spirit opposed to 
the monastic spirit, to attract and assemble the inhabitants 
of polulous cities around their bishop. The bishops desired 
religious festivals to be the festivals of all. Thus the cho- 
irs afid sanctuaries of cathedrals rise only two or three st@s 
above the pavement of the nave; the transepts are left to the 
faithful, the wide aisles surroundins the apses are nearly al- 
ways on the level of the choir, separated from it only by an 
emclosure. The view extends on all sides and eccess is easy. 

Again from the time of William Durand to the end of the 13 
th century, it does not appear that choirs were Senerally sur- 
rounded by fixed stalls and enclosures. “The ornaments of the 


“(i ee lee . Nj s ny: eg ape 
ae Fa we r rine ian) Wiehe a 

eit ibis Seanee—sintil it yeleet0b- ont saaictaad eyes ” ricdo 
1dsi e186. elserob sit .esdonsd bets100sh edt bas -dnemevsg 


ey eoonenraeend eds to efoad sdt bSaided atodo ead at bsbasqens 


at 
at 


-qst déiw 0nd exe ellaw 1iedd bos Hedstiqeiags 918 eedorudo 
-yelqeifb eis sisitasd ,ahedo sit ai beoslo sis steel .esiades 
iy hetarooeb ei sedis edt * setedé beanazie sis ened ed¢ Snes ,bs 
-okiaeb sisnosd e1e seeds to méstiso ni :ednemenio esi Ile yd 
* pot fer reiltc bus eeo10 edt Yo .teiadO eves to yiotoiv ost oaits 
<2} Wid 195 (608 VO GOdD 18 AOC oBSSeqeE SOM 
ao» «fal Ja@sh oat to wes00 ameadt ton fh ssodt «BSS eGed SFOK 
te et godeid edd to eoalq edt elesbedieo avitininag [fs na 
. tefetoktio edd to seodd ;eixns edd no bas seas edt te dosd edd 
)9bas tdbia ts crow ,esem bise ef aedw .oteleig eds Satteices 
‘edd to ono beitivenk daemekasire dedd <eforfoimese 8 ni diel 
sedis ed¢ neds :(sno100) 1hodo biow sat o¢ nevis astzolomyte 
-1e[o eft asowted beosic bre eobe191 duodtiw oidad s yino es 
nedd,:eoixelo bas snomeo edt tse oxsdw atedo ssKol edt das. ye 
9 te nemov ,ovsn fos etasensis odd oi betoe1 nemysl edt omoo 
ni fentetes ash snemeeneiie Jad? .xedte efs ts nem ,ebia eno 
» (dt ®t) teal edt to elbbim odt divods L[itnou eleabediso smoe 
fi ot soslus¥ bicl vd betete as enoyd ts exsdd0 nome ,yistnso 
_(eedt Yo, eLottoinse sit to Bue ono JA .eoupikawsil eskeyov eid 
d bad ofw ,tesiirq dasideles edt tee shie.sléeiqe edd no eae 
ts dnstotite ed? .sldeige odd noibse1-103 deob 6 mid ebieed 
-nworme bee sedis seerk edt beided steel sdt besos astis sad 
ot astis tadd mo1id.istie sasileme.s saw sbsitenied s yd beb 
-fors edt to snowdd edt beoéfia ean stedw .se0s edd to fosd sedi 
-gtedw bos ,elbbim edt ta eosce sett sbiel s benismet ,codeid 
4 bas ytosioitio edt 10% eqoo-edd-tesbh to taoe & no beosia een 
ietnteneo edt ret elsoo aninistnon seib antiedo oft ti shteed 
| -snvonse eft bre alodo tewol edd nsowded bas asi[é edd sicted 
dv! ,eoLbasorxer pevee adiw xoites{ineo tae1d & feostg esw yt 
q edt su8.eedoaudo ovidiming odd Yo msed edt beosiges audd doi 
; edT .olets ebie # tuodtiw ei enoyd to [erbedteso edt to seas 
—sogfioaitne od temm yisutonse sat to bas aicdo sdt to tneweanszte 
-cbh so sitnie yd bsinsamooos eeeas djiv eedoussio af Jeeretiifb 
_ Vo sdt to elerbsdsao tse1m aw0 to.srodds stil .eeleis ebie sid 
-g sit to sitneo eft te beosla sew aetie dbid edd asd? .dta0¥ 


» _ 
(Lage 


2 af ode” © seyse ed ,zetee to elevitael edd Sninisonce ssidi0F 


tosd edt ts sosla eid Aeot dneesiq gored odd bus ,elortoimee © 


179 

choir,“ says he, + “are the dorsals, the carpets laid on the 
pavement, and the decorated benches. The dorsals are fabrics 
suspended in the choir behind the backs of the clerics.” 
Further concerning the festivals of faster, he says; > “Phe 
churches are appropriated and their walls are hung with tap- 
estries. Seats are placed in the choir, hansinss are display- 
ed, and the bans are arransed there.” The altar is decorated 
by all its ornaments; im certain of these are banners design- 
atins the victory of Jesus Christ, of the cross and other relics.” 

Note Bepe2VGe BOOK GB. Shapter 20. 

Note AePeBSBe These AiG not then occur ot the Awevlinég « 

in all primitive cathedrals the place of the bishop is at 
the back of the apse and on the axis; those of the officials: | 
assistins the prelate, when he said mass, were at right and 
left in a semicircle; that arrangement justified one of the 
etymologies siven to the word choir (corona); then the altar 
was only a table without reredos and placed between the cler- 
sy and the lower choir where sat the canons and clerics; then 
come the laymen ranged in the transepts and nave, women at o 
one side, men at the other. That arransement was retained in 
some cathedrals until about the middle of the last (18 th)» 
century, among others at Lyons as stated by lord Mauleon inh 
his Voyages liturgiques. At one end of the semicircle of the 
apse on the epistle side sat the celebrant priest, who had b 
beside him a desk for reading the epistle. The officiant at 
the altar faced the fast. Behind the sreat altar and surroun- 
ded by a balustrade was a smaller altar. From that altar to 
the back of the apse, where was placed the throne of the arch- 
bishop, remained a large free space at the middle, and where 
was placed on a sort of desk the cove for the officiant, and 
peside it the chafing dish containing coals for the censings. 
Before the altar and between the lower choir and the sanctua- 
ry was placed a sreat candlestick with seven wax candles, ‘wh- 
ich thus replaced the beam of the primitive churches. But the 
apse of the cathedral of Lyons is without a side aisle. The 
arrangement of the choir and of the sanctuary must be entirely 
Jifferent in churches with apses accompanied by sinsle or da- 
ble side aisles, like those of our great cathedrals of the N 
North. Then the high altar was placed at the centre of the s 
semicircle, and the bishop present took his place at the back 


is 


was 


_ - ‘De Zz { , 
ae A oa Soe 


Ta 


Py : ar. 
bay a aes 


: ae 


’ > “a 7 7 
5 : . on" ae a s% 


ee 


d 
 -fottte | sides rcnod eo eat 2sv eetie eink edt % 
; pasate 7 $tof-bas ddis te covicemedd onitese els 
sg Yad? syisudonse ond teorssn i9ttel edt ,soittoxib rieds od 
- ent Yo tect edd ;eedo ide yedde sad ni fewolf{o} cela sen ashi0 


ynibsel ¢aemetne1s seit ,1todo edt to dosd sedi Je eaw dodds 


soo8 © ©. seetaomete0 edd ot tw98dto yas asdt istted t{sertt 

tet SIO wb orfonnot tora wh S879H «P72 98E eO8Seget OfoK 

a gat preqque> baa todo sat ‘s80T50 bs20/¢ wood & sO88.Ge8 stox 
- RS BER o e(sodor? .t9A) .8edoT0F 

’ -sid odd usd¢is .yisdneo dd FE odd Yo Bed bacose eds entryd 
-sgoq sot sidesive efisd geav to Qniniste: sid.becavensy acod 
-x@ dovm oo¢ gevieemeds hovot ersdasdes end 10 ,esifdasess asi 
-dstes etew eiedt bus .edaso [le ni eldteesoos sifodo ni beeod 
dbid ebuewissts nooe fas siiodo sig gictsd enessoe boot bedeil 
bexi? to ewor’edd nitestors bre bseofo yisiitns .comweclons 
eudt stew enonso ,setgorss Bas aiosd dtid dviw Psttit eilste 
=<Fisy Peisveielo edd ea tent (eletbedteo edd ot eevleemsds vd 
waw ¢i [Lite tuo .eedouwde oltesnom tisddi aiddin sisw evore 
edt ts tneesia ed oF [pittiet sit 103 slerbeiitso ni viegesosn 
¢ af tmiayceooe esinomsiss oat ose ot side tnied ton .esoitio 
-metos ni betosis stew nsft :eobre Ifs no Bseclons esiodo sav 
to eslets sfie sit Enwoxws efecado gno1ussun seeds setcisdo Isa 
-(sfsabedten .¢14) ever edt to elfeucedt Qaofs neve bas erates 
eig to bas edt ts sqodetd sit Ssataent jedd sebi tneninob saT 
@ wen no tothlted ot eevlesmedt tee yeds nedw .yivtnso dv Cf 
betelameo yleouses stow yeds nedw berofssds enft esx .enalo 
~foirdo tse1xt seedd to saftods teom gindneo «2 oedd east of bas 
owerbdsiw tnisd ctdeiow edd Yo aesinometso ent .fsecfons sten 36 
qo ¥ose of siatisber ton of oW .Intddiet sit to seve sii #07? 
in sevieeio tnstnoo Ss¥ .sinado efdd to eseneo sat afeloxs oF 
| teow .netaetein ton sie sw Ti teddy .tost ofd Bninotinem dtiv 
s saodeld eft nsented tnieirs estuqeib odd déin Betoennco sd 
-detd edt fotiw to bre oft ss enoternseth .er)etasdo stedt bre 
+éat soharhamagniter eet ent to godetw sdt of Eisity steum eqo 
Ri  & eevisemedtd omteofons ni bestest) 

- 00 svton Fo whos eat to srusosone ott Ba0S4" .ASS.qe& STOK 
 «ovett? sat asas si’ ,Jvevd w@ eyos “* ,¢80F ott browos gaiok sa 
es dolde sbivesd en o yd bLetnsmonto oftsofssioos ao Fo 
A Fade daw Bets ten sbs0/T98HS 


en. bavbnua. oat mee  yetrod fo #ONGD -_-Joyot 94 s7vevq teterks. 


9 


ae 


py 
J 
r" 


189 
of the choir, which was then the honorable place; the offici- 
als seatins themselves at risht and left on benches according 
to their disnities, the latter mearest the sanctuary. That o 
order was also followed in the abbey churches; the seat of the 
abbot was at the back of the choir, that arrangement lending 
itself better than any other to the ceremonies. 

Kote 160e228e See Art. Herse in Hertionnsire du wooiWrer. 

Note 2ep.22. A beaw placed scross the ohotr GNA SSupPOT ting 
Lorches. (Art. Traves). | j 

Durins the second half of the 13 th century, either the bis- 
hops renouneedvthe retaining of vast halls suitable for popu- 
lar assemblies, or the chapters found themselves too much ex- 
posed in choirs accessible in all parts, amd there were estab- 
lished rood screens before the choirs and soon afterwards hish 
enclosures, entirely closed and protecting the rows of fixed 
stalls fitted with high backs and canopies, canons were thus 
by themselves in the cathedrals, just as the cloistered reli- 
gious were within their monastic churches. But still it was 
necessary in cathedrals for the faithful to be present at the 
offices, not being able to see the ceremonies occurrins in t 
the choirs enclosed on all sides; then were erected in episc- 
pal churches those numerous chapels around the side aisles of 
choirs and even alonés theewalls of the nave. (Art. Cathedrale). 
The dominant idea that inspired the bishops at the end of the 
12 th century, when they set themselves to buildings on new 0 
plans, was thus abandoned when they were scarcely completed, 
and in less than a century most choirs of these sreat church- 
es were enclosed, the ceremonies of the worship beins withdrawn 
from the eyes of the faithful. We do not undertake to seek or 
to explain the causes of this chanse. We content ourselves wi 
with mentionins the fact, that if we are not mistaken, must 
be connected with the disputes arisins between the bishops a 
and their chapters, discussions at the end of which the bish- 
ops must yield to the wishes of the canons, particularly int- 
erested in enclosins themselves. ° 

Note 2eHe2V™We. MAVONS the enclosure of the choir of Notre Do- 
me soins toward the Bast,” says Du Breur,*is seen the Fisurvre 
of an ecclesiastic ornamented by o ZaLwortic, beside whieh Vs 
Anecrivedas --* 


“Master Pierre de Poyel, conon of Paris, gove Wo hundred 


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181 
livres in aid of making these stories (which decorated the e 
enclosure), and for new Slass windows in the choir of the same.” 

The sift of the worthy canon indicates sufficiently, that 
the chapters believed in being enclosed. 

The cathedral of Chartres erected a rood screen before its 
choir about the middle of the 13 th century; we dn not know 
now whether from that epoch, it was surrounded by an enclosu- 
rey this is probable. The cathedral of Bourges built a stone 
enclosure around its choir after the end of the 13 th century. 
That of Paris also commenced to enclose its choir about the 
game epoch, the enclosure was scarcely finished, when bishop 
Mattifas de Bucycaused to be built a series of wide chapels 
enclosing the double side aisles of the apse. Did these enclo- 
sures thus require the construction of these chapels? 

The enclosures prodoundly modified the primitive plans of 
the cathedrals whose choirs and not been arranged to receive 
them: they gave a novel appearance to the choirs, contrary to 
the spirit that directed the first constructors. Not betns a 
able now to know what were primary arrangements of the choirs 
of cathedrals, men are obliged to adhere to those adopted an 
the end of the 13 th century; they are further coordinated w 
with the entirety, and in all parts are worthy of the object. 
\f all the choirs of cathedrals, that from which remains most 
orecious data is the choir of the cathedral of Paris. We the- 
pefore give (1) a cavalier view of it, accombanied by a desc- 
ription borrowed from Gorrozet and Du Breuil. Beyond the cros- 
sing and between the two sreat viers of the transepts, a rood 
screen of stone closed the emtrace of the choir. On the prin- 
cipal arch servings as doorway was a Sreat crucifix; that work, 
says Du Brewil, was a masterpiece of sculpture; at the risht 
and left of that arch joined the enclosure in painted stone 
19.7 ft. hish and representing the history of Jesus Ghrist, 
and of which a Sreat part remains. That enclosure at the Nor- 
th and South sides served as a support for the backs of the 
stalls, that were of carved wood and crowned by a series of 
canopies. Two lateral doorways pierced in the enclosure Save 
entrance to the choir, that was reached from the side next t 
the colister by the red portal, and from the side next the p 
palace of the bishop by a sallery communicatins with that. A 
Around the semicircle (sanctuary) the upoer part of the enclo- 


oi ger wh. sey ae fn ip ; ae (= ee sis 
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fe sonattne sid to eeble oft +4 .yusstonse sit fas iionho odd 
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182 

enclosure was opened, so that scenes from the life of our Lord 
sculptured im the round were seen from within the choir as well 
as from the side aisles. Below that opem part were reliefs r 
representing scenes from the Old Testament. It was impossible 
in any manner to see from the side aisles what occurred in t 
the choir and the sanctuary. At the sides of the entrance of 
the rood screen opening on the crossings were two altars accor- 
ding to custom. The choir was raised four steps above the pa- 
vement of the nave; at the end of the stalls came the sanctu- 
ary,eclevated three steps above the choir, and beneath the cr- 
own of the apsidal vault was the hish altar, whose form and ec 
ceremonies have been preserved to us by a tapestry and an en- 
éraving. Behind the high altar was placed a wide table of cop- 
per supported on four sreat pillars of the same material, the 
shrine of S. Marcel surmounted by a sreat cross; other shrin- 
es were arranged at risht and left; behind the shrine of S. 
Marcel at the right side was the small altar of the Trinity, 
called the burning, on which was placed the shrine of Our Lady, 
containins the milk of the Holy Virgin and fragments of her 
vestments. Near the principal entrance of the choir was seen 
in the round the bronze statue of bishop Odon de Sully laid 

on a table of the same metal elevated about a foot above the 
level of the vavement of the choir. Odon de Sully in part cm- 
tributed to the construction of the cathedral; under his epis- 
covate was probably built the nave. At the middle of the choir 
and under the lectern were inlaid in the level of the pavement 
four tombstones, coverins the remains of queen Tsabelle de 4 
Yainault, wife of Philip Ausust, of Godfrey, duke of Brittany, 
and of two other unknown personages. Before the great altar 
and under the table of copper was the heart of Louise of Savoy, 
mother of Francis I. Other tombs were also visible behind the 
Sreat altar of the time of Corrozet, among others beins that 
of the celebrated Peter Lombard, archdeacon of the cathedral 
and vrince; for in the choirs of, cathedrals were interred only 
bishops, princes and princesses. Beside the high altar at the 
north side, on a column of stone stood the statue of Philip 
August’ at his feet was the tomb of black marble of Peter de 
Ordemont, who died in 1409. 

Note 16p-230. Art. Aurterl. 
But whatever the richness and splendor of the choirs of cat- 


a 


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a yisseosa .ticdo oft esdoiudo yedds [Is ni e& sash .{S) sana 
teieezow edd .even edd Yo syed teal sdd esiqnooo .fsliao o# 

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183 
cathedrals, they did not equal in extent, in richly wrought 
furniture, in precious shrines and magnificent tombs the cho- 
rs of the great abbeys. Amons these abbeys that of S. Denis 
in France was distinguished above al], since the choir of its 
church served as the burial place fér French princes. The plan 
of that choir and of the sanctuary is given in the history of 
the abbey of S. Denis by Dom Felibien; we content ourselves 
with tracings a cavalier view of it, which will make better w 
understood the principal arransements of that venerated enclo- 
sure (2). Here as in all abbey churches the choir, properly 
so called, occupies the last bays of the nave, the crossins 
and one bay of the apse; the sanctuary is reached by four fl- 
ishts of 18 steps each, and two small ones at the sides of t 
the altar and two large ones in the two side aisles, extended 
into the apse over the ancient Carlovinsian crypt. 

Dom Doublet ~ will furnish us with the detailed déscription 
of all parts of the choir and sanctuary of the celebrated ab- 
bey church. The entrance of the choir was closed by the rood 
sereen, on the front of which from the time of Dom Doublet w 
was still seen, carved in stone, the life and martyrdom of s. 
Denis, 9. Rustic and S. Hleutheros. On the principal arcade 
rose the crucifix given by abbot Suser; the imases of the Vir- 
Sin and of S. John accompanied the cross.. From the top of the 
rood screen on days of festivals was chanted the sospel. Dom 
Doublet says that formerly this front was covered by ivory fi 
figures intermingled with copper animals; he claims this as 
an admirable work sgiven by Susger, and that the Husuenots des- 
troyed it. Before the anointing and coronation of queen Marie 
de Medicis, the choir of S. Denis however had suffered no im- 
portant modifications. At the two sides 60 hish and low stalls, 
richly carved amd decorated by tapestry backs, were placed a 
against the piers of the nave. At the end of the stalls from 
one of the sreat piers of the crossing to the other a beam ¢$ 
crossed the choir; that was painted blue spotted with sold 
fleurs-de-lis; averosssof gold, claimed to have been made by 
3. Bloy, rose at tke middle of its span. Between the stalls 
was aubronze lectern given by kins Dagobert, and brought from 
the church of 3. Hilary of Poitiers. That desk was supported 
by the four figures of the evanselists, also in bronze. Ascen- 
ding toward the altar on the axis of the choir was seen the 


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184 

tomb of Charles the Bald of enameled copfer, restins on four 
lions, and having at each ansle one of the four doctors of t 
the Church. The pavement was magnificent, of white, black and 
yverd antiaue marbles, jasper and vorphyry; it was probably o 
one of those mosaics known in Italy under the name of opus a 
alexandrinum. At the southern extremity of the choir and beyond 
the crossing in the first bay of the sanctuary rose the altar 
of the Trinity, called the morning altar, of black marble en- 
riched by fisures in white marble representing the martyrdom 
of S. Benis; its stone reredos was covered by a masnificent 
reredos of gold at solemn festivals.(Art. Autel, Fig. 7).An 
iron grille was phaced before the morning altar at the risht 
of the two first piers of the apse, ard formed the first and 
lower sanctuary. Behind the altar wascperceived the shrine of 
$. Louis, a work of silwer and vermilion. At the two sides t 
two narrow stairs ascended to the upper sanctuary. Four col- 
umns of silver supported angels bearins wax candles accompan- 
ied those stairs,and served to suspend by means of curtain 
rods the veils of the mornins altar. The upper Sanctuary was 
enclosed by grilles of wrought iron, of which remain admirable 
portions. At the back of the apse the shrines of S. Denis and 
of his two companions were placed under 4 canopy of precious 
work, accompanied by a Sreat front altar.(Art. Autel, Pis.6). 
Between the stalls and the altar of the Trinity, S. Louis ca- 
used to be placed a great number of tombs of princes, his pre- 
dJecessors, probably respecting the anctent places occupied by 
their remains. The tomb of Dagobert, a monument of sreat impo - 
rtance, likewise restored in the time of S. Louis, was placed 
beside the mornings altar (epistle side). Onposite and later w 
were arranged the tombs of Philip V, of queen Jeanne d’ivreux, 
spouse of Gharles the Fair, of Jeanne de Burgundy, of Philin 
de Valois and of king John. The magnificent monument of Char- 
les VIII of gilded and enameled bronze, found its place on the 
same side before the enclosure of the mornings altar. (Art. Tom- 
beau). | 

Note 1oPoA2BVo Bist. Ge Lravd. Ge Se Denis en France, vy De 
Pousiert. 1625. 

Norte AWWA Lot Vt Is necessary %o observe that the rood | 
screen must have been reoutls vader the verven of S. Louis, % 
@Veh the nove, the crossing and o part of the sanctuary. 1% 


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alee. .(xveedmoT .99 

steeds slind Ife to te1tt sev eedowsdo deiasqg to atiodo siT 
“neae yd dasoxs beeolo#e yleiss et9ew exicdo sod  [etdtietl edd 
“edt Bowolle ensstos boor edt bas .shote 10 wort fo eetn80719 
sbiess seteiaq w9ha9le yd sniod asfoie tehan asee sd of asdis 
-tosis Yiise Yiev e1sw enset0e boot gant ae000s Jon veoh ti as 
“elidw .estotndo deitac to sitodo eft to asonaatns sit ta fe 
-nided “edt fae yiusdnso dt ci edf to bane odt ta yieatooo sit a0 
“edt sioted fedetidstes stew enestoe beot ,at of sdt to wain 
/o ed List dor tenm of .(edut .taa) seedortdo seedt Yo ertodo 
shie dvodtiw esdoiwsdo To e1fedo edt eishes1 avo oF soitnem 
t e8s0 tefdf nT .ydfA Yo fetbedteo sid slqmexe act ee .seleis 
6 tedt neewtod ¢isi sosce 8 nidsin dowdo s fomiol aiede sdt 
' 69849 ef snemeansiis Jedd ieisaedo Baivsiber odd bose saneolons 
‘\gdanee® edd to esdcanie smoe HF yloo bewot ei bas soner® of 

Veide Fse18 odd vlis{soidisd bas ,eedorsde donet? {ie viase¥ 
-siveb beotsonois ees! 10 e1om dmseeto .esdowsie Ienbsdieo hus 
-ne1d dt déiw aicdo edd Yo moitonst edt ge cexe r1sid Yo sos 
ddgoce vilsivésn ‘evaed ne¥o.dsuoe to déton eft of tedtin ,edoee 
 Biece dadé doddue Levestiom ed? .vtinetivesa eidd nieslors ot 
[eotfodaye & eetfacs odw baste metili¥ ,noeaex edd evin teed 
‘Snods Brow s yse tod es0b .fotndo edt Yo tise doses oF Sninsen 
-#ifont tsd¢ ai esa of beaieeh eved eteinoloesdoxs ntebom wth 
~ijeyn a isdtie .2oftornde To eifedo to esxe edz of asvit noite | 
- o"mottsnifont edt to acivenifoni edd 10 noidstneverce1 Ise 


7 an) = s 
«a = & i 


185 
{se then necessary to assume that these Wwases nentioned by D. 
DoubLet were replaced on the rood scoreen of the 13 th contury. 
Tae constructors of the 13 th contury replaced Wm ahetr Wonu- 
ments releefs of an earlier epoch. 

All abbey churches tould not collect ine er choirs such a 
great auantity of monuments, precious by art and by materials; 
yet they were rivals in zeal amd care for decoratins the reli- 
Sious enclosures. The choir of the abbey of Cluny was masnif- 
icent, the number of stalls considerable, the lights splendid. 
The sanctuary was surrounded by srilles and tombs forming the 
enclosure. That custom of employing the tombs as an enclosure 
for the sanctuaries is also found in many other abbey and cat h- 
edral churches, at S. Germain-tes-Pres, the abbey ef Bu, in 
the cathedrals of Rouen, Amiens, fimoses, Narbonne. The tombs 
of princes anf bishops protect the sanctuaries. (Arts. Clotu- 
re, Tombeaux). 

The choirs of parish churches were first of all built for 
the faithful, the choirs were rarely enclosed except by oven 
crosures of tron or stone, and the rood screens allowed the 
altar to be seen under arches borne by slender piers. Besid- 
es it does not avpear that rood screens were very early erect- 
ed at the entrances of the choirs of oarish churches, while 
on the contrary at the end of the 15 th century and the besin- 
ning of the 16 th, rood screens were established before the 
choirs of these churches. (art. Jube). We must not fail to 
mention to our readers the choirs of churches without side 
aisles, as for example the cathedral of Alby. In that case t 
the choir formed a church within a space left between that e 
enclosure and the radiatins chapels} that arrangement is rare 
in France and is found only in some churches of the South. 

Nearly all Brench churches, and particularly the Sreat abbey 
and cathedral churches, vresent more or less pronounced devia- 
tion of therr axes at the junction of the choir with the tran- 
septs, nither to the north or south.oMen have naturally sousht 
to exolain this peculiarity. The mediaeval author that could . 
pest give the reason, William Durand, who applies a symboliwl 
meaning to each vart of the church, does not say a word about 
it. Modern archaeolosists have desired to see in that inclin- 
ation given to the axes of choirs of churches, either a mysti- 
eal representation of the inclination of the inclination of 


‘¢, 7 ae o> A | ‘ ar i 4 lk : 
ear - - a. "7 aoe? : ie Po Y \ 5 Ys 


a 7 -) - 
a >' 9 - a ; a ; 7: 


) "sMesoiseseets wi Ietoeae 0 ,BeOT0 edt no tetas: to baotveds 
»steat edt biswod. ebsost odd ‘Yo Bee ges odd hoewot segs exit 
me: bowed e16 doidw ,enoiméam ont evens eevoeibh dom [Lede oF 
 _ ydeaet gefdedoig nsdt enotnedat s1om sie sadd bas .dzed ave 
_t betoertb ed aysuie bioow aol: snifoni sdi eiesitogyd asdtis 
setetian Isveetbem fus,ton ef gi dotdw ,ebie emse odd brewogs 
peapernevee: to noivouatenoo sdt to dvemel gse13 Ja desoe tans 
seewts | «Ji to Brow s hise fon sved 
-ibsesexa. $uodtin tud..,90iniog [enoessq ave hissed [iede sf 
atesttegs yee [fade ow qootdeonp odd anivioe as ti svik of on 
~aeedo Istsetem ylesvq fae Isottosig 10 vino beead ei ti tedd 
| -xs tiedt oi coitsiveh isdt daeae1q tsfit eedoivdo sit .noidev 
, to aninnized sid 10 dd SI edt to bne edt ts titod [fs sien es 
-tie odt neo betouatenooryissaq saen god? ,esiastaso di fl ent 
ewan odd Sninistes: slidw .se.i aaiteixs ybsesls sedoiwsio to as 
doidw 10: ,.bstoe19 asm siedeisdtio,csoiviee edd Squaiedni Joa od 
, digded deatt eev evan end .aiodo Slo sid kniniste: .1s1a. el 
-sqged yisaespext ¢I .eaetmA lo isabsdéso edd 101 beriu0990 es 
-o919 esw ebsost anistes* edt afedo odd onibliuvder of tedd bon 
vidotno es Iwtdtist edt evib ot sebiolmdi .smid omee odd ts bai 
. of bas. .snemunom sii, to asebosext odd Yo ashi ns sidieacg es 
-es6 ymonoos to enoese1 103 feshsi 1c ;edactis 1iedd eksic0eone 
w,Bnoisstauct blo-edd Saley-mo hetnuoe ysis ,bootershaw yli 
ont seedT .evas odd Snideinit ast%s dfindss esx sven sdi osdw 
teo1b dove gnseeta ton Hib sainiot.eind .encitersce svieasooue 
-ni.om nedw dooos naits yilsiosges duo tniysl at esit{woittib 
© gnivel set eldstive ,eldsiteve giew coigioesq lo etnemuate 
: sbeen ed biuoo shor aniasesem 10 ebroo yico 10 ,asotlibe tuo 
e‘qoyevise eddy ee-swond Jnemuadeni tostisant -yisv edt aswe nedd 
tedd netioza03 od. don. vaum ti eebies® .sey ni ton esw otaspe 
-we ore smid teadt te eedowndo oktesnom ss [few es elerbedteo 
~-ese1d ,eisteiolo .etniblind ysoessoos to asdmun « yd bebavos 
 « .-91 edoom bus egodetd edd dedd .egaisbel bos esiueidil .eeian 
| been .ct)w ebniblind seeds sonie ,oidieaoo as nol se benisé 
_ aniniot 1stel to esbi edd tin aiedo 8 duo 8aivel a0 sylish 
ive Sniteixe sfi no Qniblinzde1 to 10 sven gniteixe ns od ti 
“£oi tileamtd soslq ton bilvoo ediow edt to 19desm sid .enoiieb 
ee0lo teum 3H .nolds00 booosé tadt din notisoinwmmes sosizib 
m yd eaqs eid etsool bus feniste1 soltibs sat to noisaoo sat 
peeaeaye io olbbim edt tat avn ‘yliasessosn eenil to ensem 


4 


136 

the head of Christ on. the cross, or a special orientation of 
the apse toward the Bast and of the facade toward the West. 

We shall not discuss these two opinions, which are based an 

our text, and that are more ingenious than probable; for by 
either hypothesis the inclina ion would always be directed t 
toward the game side, which it is not,amd mediaeval writers, 
that soeak at great lenéth of the construction of churches, 

have not said a word of it. 

We shall hazard our personal poinion, but without pretendi- 
ns to give it as solving the questions we shall say at first, 
that it is based only on practical and purely material obser- 
vation. The churches that present that deviation in their ax- 
es were all built at the end of the 12 th or the besinning of 
the 13 th centuries; they were partly constructed on the sit- 
es of churches already existims; i.e., while retaining the mve 
to not interrupt the services,othelehoir was erected, or which 
is rarer, retaining the old choir, the nave was first rebuilt, 
as occurred for the cathedral of Amiens. It frequently happe- 
ned, that in rebuilding the choir the western facade was ere- 
ted at the same time, indorder to give the faithful as quickly 
as possible an idea of the grandeur of the monument, and to 
encourase their efforts; or indeed for reasons of economy eas - 
ily understood, they counted om usins the old foundations, w 
when the nave was rebuilt after finishing the apse. These two 
successive operations, this joining did not present such sreat 
difficulties in laying out, especially at an epoch when no in - 
struments of precision were available, suitable for layins o 
out edifices, or only cords or measuring rods could be used; 
then even the very imperfect instrument known as the surveyor’s 
square was not in use. Besides it must not be forgotten that 
cathedrals as well as monastic churches at that time were sur- 
rounded by a number of accessory buildings, cloisters, treas- 
uries, libraries and lodsinss, that the bishops and monks re- 
tained as lons as possible, since these buildings were used 
daily. On laying out a choir with the idea of later joinins 
it to an existing nave or of rebuildins on the existing foun- 
dations, the master of the works could not place himself ind 
direct communication wit: that second portion. He must close 
the portion of the edifice retained and locate his apse by wm 
means of lines necessarily taken in the middle of the compact 


Ae I van 
ty : 
7 


tested v3 estes Seyi wow sabatbLi cess ohia 
Tages iraeesisess asa coitereqo etd (esoomvrseni 
-o db nedw banet ers e1o1re bas ,besooue eyewls ton esob .est 
etw eixs blo edt to taemee1ts tosxe odT .tainiot edd of eemoo 
_esEnttat eteacire to sonsto edt elidw .ytiaw at eno won eddedt 
» & to snottsiveb seed ted? anid? ot bezoceik exe ew end? 99 
.Sidetivent asdg ,e1017e.mo1t saco eodowudo 20 to extodo ods 
‘esseemtd Snorettib ows ds bedoeie edaemunom edt suo eoiyel ri 
_ (d) redorutio to eelamsxe ows yino dtiw en deinivt {neo sro TI 
faswod benifont eis etiods edé dotdw oi bne,dinae sno ts tlind 
a Isotlodmye &8 dimbs o¢ Beeooetbh ed biuode ew ,ohie omse sit 
es begade teut noinios ens avanes {isde ew neds [ition ~noeess 
avge Brie eS{[dedo1q seom Snisd 
etacr to sistesm odd nedw tsdd ‘skapdehte od {fin ti eqadaed 
gait bstsiquoo gnived atts even sdd Yo aniblisde: edd oF emso 
bas 10189 tisdd Jost100 oF madd 10% Yeas asw tt ,aiodo Sid tc 
 §o seize edt ti exam ot visnsonse odd to eixs oft tnolota of 
q .medd act yess need eved blwow dss yloisiisd .even wen sad 
‘_ of reddie! endissbovot bod eddvniste: of sved ton bib ysds Ti 
+ «-ent? to ,sbisy [eisvse beets: yhesrls sheost edt od medt nic?, 
-ataget ed of Sysew enoitshavct flo asdsien tedd saistints yile 
-if eda nidsin aesi ot ,hstosaesi ed o¢ esw obsor? oft aon’ fhe 
4 Sdt to elfen edt of fedostse syenls ylaesn egniblind to esa 
| . @éds°bns\ ebaitbhol».elisd-setesio ,ereseiolo es fone downto 
: ydwodtiw- ob ton bivoo sno sessosd evisasig of beratesh esw ci 
« ~fesam sitimbs Sn dedd seistovxte seodl .viisasi0e0med neve .medd 
| » @ yasezeosn asw sisds bas ,einom 10 enonss ond Petolaseed yi 
d-fo bane ,yavtnso dt St sat nt stodda edt Yo [itw an0ase sds 
toagsupmce of .m9wOG maivevoe tisdd base ,ds FI edt at eaoneid. 
_ ~« WOR .Yshot halt neve ow asoats seodn <encitostdo enotsmen siz. 
uy -mi sdt sis gedy wont encitonrtanoo too1tbh of beliseo secdilis . 
-tedw .ylieb nottteoago eidt sevows vedd .setilvotlIrl Ineses 
tad pusekseten te Biot .isteem edt to [lin bas seenmat? edd a9Vvs 
eved ton bib sstasdneo dv Sf bas dz Sf edt Yo edoodinow sat 
_-« =Som bedoterw yiev yd bel vlineupex? sisw bes ,mobsett saisoe 
Apne 0 tin manage seme ee has etoirs of eevi 
. ! Sire. Ty . peared en og 


ha tends di seem, ord vrabodadc Aan). SRETREO 
boeddoto wrote 988 eve of tametts ton [Iede ant) 


ey By, i WY hy 


187 
mass of buildingr. Now today with the aid of our very perfect 
instruments, this operation presents quite serious difficult- 
ies, does not always succeed, and errors are found when it c 
comes to the joining. The exact asreement of the old axis wi- 
thethe mew one is unity, while the chance of error is infini- 
te. Thus we are disposed to think that these deviations of t 
the choirs of ovr churches come from,errors, then inevitable, 
in laying out the monuments erected at two different times. 
Tf one could furnish us with only two examples of churches b 
built at one spurt,and in which the choirs are inclined toward 
the same side, we should be disposed to admit a symbolical r 
reason; until then we shall regard the opinion just stated as 
being most probable. 

Perhaps it will be objected, that when the masters of works 
came to the rebuilding of the nave after haviné completed tht 
of the choir, it was easy for them to correct their eeror and 
to prolons the axis of the sanctuary to make it the axis of 
the mew nave. Certainly that would have been easy for them, 
if they did not have to retain the lod foundations, either to 
join them to the facade already raised several yards, or fin- 
ally admittins that neither old foundations were to be retain- 
edj nor the facade was to be respected, to keep within the li- 
nes of buildings nearly always attached to the walls of the 
church, such as cloisters, chaoter halls, lodsings, and that 
it was desired to preserve because one could not do without 
them, even temporarily. Those structures that we admire Sreat- 
ly restricted the canons or monks, and there was necessary t 
the strong will of the abbots in the 12 th century, and of b 
bishops in the 13 th, and their soverisn power, to conquer t 
the numerous objections, whose traces we even find today. Now 
allthose called to direct constructions know what are the im- 
essant difficulties, that arouse this opposition daily, what- 
aver the firmness and will of the master. It is surprisins that 
the architects of the 12 th and 13 th centuries did not have 
entire freédom, and were frequently led by very wretched mot- 
ives to errors and irresularities, that appear inexplicable 
to us today. . 


CHRIST. (J#SUS). Christ. 
We shall not attempt to give the history of the first pain- 


_, iv : an 7 
RR: +; : : ie . ry ; ww q 
4 ‘ _ 


aa ade 


| @kO wih ,ettertoof Inosf .M to eeno gnece: s1cm sit bos .tas0o 


 gmofi nt edmoosdso edt ai havot eeods .tasions decom ;y1ev aveky 
7 —$o mrot edd o& eodeol em wode ,eeentsdacoise neiseiidd ao bns 
beed odd .omuteco nemof odd &niasen .nsm eeelbised baa onvoy & 
-fon bas .busd 10 msbsibts yd befortone. 10 isd aol dtin o1sd 
ey dnsteib 2 mori seY [for dood tnetone odd bosd sid ai bath 
tetad® eveet to etisatsog otinedtus Jedd besizlo ai si doogs 
-qeo0s noitifert s iedd eyse ensoezsmsG ndol .& .beaseesog sis 
g mo betnizami euael. te disatszog & fesinhoos1 saigv aid ni bes 
Yo deiw edt ytetése od tisemid avoivee edt yo dtolo to sesia 
-wi0 edd to eeimdéncso dexit edt Baisod .s2ceht Io saix .erssdA 
“et ¢f Istgyidooae) eusel to noitgairoeeh e« bedafvorto eaw dor 
yd moivetvoesh eidd jetenee edd of eulutned yo tmee , (ena 
on e6d ,nmikino Iniddwoh osdé stom esi yd Ti .vdineitos ati 
exende? destt edt yd heooittinem si ti rot .sulav gees « ezel 
-aobe 19¢al esbsemi edd tot sovd # as bevie2 bns ,dowdd edd to 
eft ectate “.nem' eid?” .esdourd® aided bos AeseaDeed? vd bes 
[fisy fre {let s Yo et™ .entutued o¢ Letudiatés noitgiaogeb 
%o Lint toe exevea el sonsnetnseo sid yeandste benoisaocorg 
edt ts mid tse? boa evel neo mid Sniessa ssedd Sant ce ,isKoE 
] % efoo1 eff ct bos (eaiw to seloo sdd-ei aied elk .emid smae 
ese odd mort’ tof .encitosfte1 tuodtin bra tool ei ,asse edd 
ew@bivode edt mort yinsiiliad bos ylauo ef ti erebisode sad of 
. sed of anthaooos efreo ows ni bebivth ,foad edt no ebned Ji 
¢tuodtin soxt .sava fue dtoome no1g .eonsisss¥Y eft Yo noidest 


tesbom ei sonsissage eif .1cloo nistiso s yd heisomed .doas: 
-ssd eif .sldsdoscrgerti e1s dtoom foe seon eid ,ecoicese bas 


owd of bebivit fos aied sdz Yo tet Ga edt Ye .inebruds ei bs 
sedudes ed I .tasil{iad yaev bone suid sis esys eik .etieg 
gid ,ediodxes 10 etousteni of 31 yoldehimtel ei on ..esmald 10 
-[evrem eenidmop tososs eth .eviesueisa bns eidsims ai dossae 
«eve 100 ‘dhusf mid wse aeve sol -sesnesoimss bra ener) enol 
“-tw bos ebmed Intitesed bns nel dete .er0t asbheele 0 ~.asew 
4 ~tece vi on <dosdoron® etexedifeh has svst) .emia anoimisdo dt 
é ~to odd to Intidtuesd teom efit et eff soe? eid oI .efiow to Sak 
_ eed ibhtt out to eteigis asitveiadd [ie — * 08m to ostkli 
ea | : ; 


- ' 
be 


8 saa Ap at + mys a 


 endba + jeed ,isatto# .egesond  fetor .intansid to axton odd 


| edwaidin dooge edt s10tes steidsd bee sidsa¥ .evsf to $ worb 
= ott to encitstnseeias: edd .beiquooe yileiosqes eis ew doi 


Ls ‘ q oa : ; 4 a 
(@: gk : | eer 7 Le - ay iy ss et i .. ne Dy A, ae b | 
istts «ft Penk ) weet te ) enoitetneneige: bewdgq{woa 10 besaisa 


ee 4 


188 
painted or sculptured representations of Jesus Christ, after 
the works of Ciampini, mekel, Ducanse, Bottari, Bosio, Asin- 
court, and the more recent ones of M. Raoul Rochette, M. Di- 
aron,* of Revs. Martin and Cahier.~ Before the epoch with wh- 
ich we are especially occupied, the representations of the Sa- 
viour vary: most ancient, those found in the catacombs in Rome 
and on Christian sarcophasuses, show us Jesus @n the form of 
a youns amd beardless man, wearing the Roman costume, the head 
pare with lons hair or encircled by andiadem or bamd, and hol- 
dind in his hand the ancient book roll. Yet from a distant e 
epoch it is claimed that authentic portraits of Jesus Christ 
are possessed. S.. John Damascene says that a tradition accep- 
ted im his time recosnized a portrait of Jesus imprimted on a 
piece of cloth by the Saviour himself to satisfy the wish of 
Abgare, king of Bdessa. Durins the first centuries of the Cm- 
rch was circulated a description of Jesus (apochryphal it is- 
true), sent by Lentulus to the senate; this description by - 
its antiouity, if by its more than doubtful origin, has no 
less a Sreat value, for it is mentioned by the first fathers 
of the Church, and served as a type for the images later adon- 
ted by thesGreek and Latin Ghurches. “This man,” states the 
description attributed to Lentulus, “is of a tall and well 
proportioned stature; his countenance is severe and full of 
power, SO that those seeins him can love and fear him at the 
same time. His hair is the color of wine, and to the roots of 
the ears, is longs and without reflections. But from the ears 
to the shoulders it is curly and brilliant; from the shoulders ~ 
it hangs on the back, divided in two varts according to the 
fashion of the Yazarenes. Brow smooth and pure, face without 
spot, tempered by a certain color. His aopearance is modest 
and gracious, his nose and mouth are irreproachable. His bea- 
rd is abundant, of the color of the hair and divided in two 
parts. His eyes are blue and very brilliant. If he rebukes 
or blames,, he is formidable; if he instructs or exhorts, his 
speech is amiable and persuasive. His aspect combines marvel- 
lous grace and seriousness. Yone ever saw him laugh nor even 
te6ne* Of slender form, with lons and beautiful hands and wi- 
th charming arms. Grave and deliberate uinespeech, he is spar- 
ing of words. In his face,he is the most beautiful of the ch- 
ildren of man.” ~ 411 Christian artists of the middle ases 


ey F oa 


ated teen York obit vole se? itedietnala cae am Ke 
Y ~ aan tase mlainen io auisa eowidemoe yeds yeonsas 
: gus detad0 Yo enotéatasesics: edt yiutneo dd ff ed¢ to bee 
F: i tgivoe ‘fns Qnitaisa wrstese ods Ife exif ,eersco yidsislos 
; | enoisibstd enivassyS 10 nsmol vd beasarcmt .dooas gadd soled 
; . Bstostdne stew sisdqivoe Yo sfootoe sit tedden ot tntbr000s 
 .* spd ‘omoe tosox3 .ssonenLtat ows seeds Yo seid eds 10 sno oF 
beat stad edt ,aisd ed¢ Yo ddeoel edd etl ,edafoo olsetisios1 
«ss mse Yo soneseta edd Ene eindesh odd .oled Beaede-eeoi sis 
-q8itt edt jedofle sit s0 efeqeos eft Yo Wood edt ,asirosaeoos 
‘fPebised ers yerdt ,soyd waoting s dasee1g gow ob feind” Yo ee 
-f qeldwob 10 Ba0f otnet efomie edt nit bedtolo ,eeelbused 70 
nf .s20¢ nemos sit 10 sitnam YeetD edt eedosotqos elinem eds 
 Gedt ,sysddse dones? don ent ,yintres dt Pr sdt to bas sfs Js 
ce s boxrsddas bed svedw .yhasdmod divin enotssiealtassoe1t bed 
‘os Besivat .gas® sit déiw neve bus .steidas Yeesd Yo foodoe 
er berict? noose ofw .etutalvos Ere estednisq esitstesnom tiedt 
.\(ertantase tan) eretesm ati bslleors teddy foodo2 & sonsy4 
esetixe SHodT .1s9180 dneilsind bos snol » dyvoids bexeso fas 
-@ dels wud .dxs Yo soitossq oft eu toome Hhsovbortnr yino son 
“'nooe seoys ;teeh sid ot hetsioseccos tac! ybser{[s emi0t save 
| wort erivehosr visvitns gquoddiw .euins: exstes# vd bet tibom 
“tebund to nolietseze1ce1 edd Yo ylro sist teece of brA .wedd 
~8Y to dodo beterdefeo sid to Isdxoq Teaistni end ao cee ox 
-tneeertcs1 ei dotdw to gebim edd ol monaanys eensmnt re veles 
-Iteoca eviews edt yd bebavorise .yiol® eid ni re08tvet est be 
‘ ~ fetpoexs nfdnebive een enctenemtbh [seadfoo to oweit tedT .28 
- +w«feemedd yd don Yi .etettas on Inexyf Yo nolidstigeni eft resto ® 
eo eit eflsoet ozivon slyte odd .etnemseov .ekutette os? .2ev 
Reach dent antbsoerg sesnsqivoe fone7® yveed bas ez1800 
" -onebsoeh nemof edd fo encisifast desi eit yd hease 

trots eb afitotias ‘wogy? se/ 78 seevoos sg PES. Ged STOR 
(04 SRG SOOTHES €2% . «aelterds 

ote tun Sic ©) qeanessordd etdgoThoRMOOT .Tko,q. 8 9F0Xx 
2e9o7v0g dicotany bowtote® .Jostore sssro/sk .S 8S. q.8 stox / 
ould AvOh sod tnosw eqod7s7 *.eusd Fo esyi" «SEL. gel Sfox | 
Pos Yromlede® chem fived «fo 6 ye RONwORD Evie Q(Ote0)i evsy coe 
ah redtor tog -onéaose agodreg .fixet visita RAN Stowe 
ma a TT 2 ee ee 8 ayn a ae 
ie 0 yste9t . vom .o09e ¥96OU sBES.G.8 9FOK 


a ie s+ +; + 


1.) tee Se a isi ai - i 3 4 ? oa 


_ 


289 

sought to reoroduce these features, this pure and thin count- 
enance: they sometimes succeeded. In France until about the 
end of the 11 th century the representations of Christ are 
tolerably coarse, like all the western paintins and sculpture 
pefore that epoch, impressed by Roman or Byzantine traditions, 
according to whether the schools of sculpture were subjected 
to one or the other of these two influences. Hxcept some cha- 
racteristic points, like the lensth of the hair, the bare feet, 
the cross-shaped halo, the Sesture and the presence of some 
accessories, the book of the gospels or the slobe, the fisur- 
es of Christ do not present a uniform type; they are bearded 
or beardless, clothed in the simple tunic, long or double; t 
the mantle aporoaches the Greek mantle or the Roman toga. But 
at the end of the 11 th century, the rich French abbeys, that 
nad freauentirelations with Lombardy, where had Sathered a 3 
school of Greek artists, and even with the fast, invited to 
their monasteries painters ard sculoturs, who soon formed in 
France a school that excelled its masters (Art. Statuaire), 
and passed through a longs and brilliant career. Those artists 
not only introduced among us the practice of art, but also t 
tvpe forms already lons consecrated in the Hast; types soon 
modified by Westera genius, without entirely wanderins from 
them. And to speak here only of the reoresentation of Christ, 
we see on the internal portal of the celebrated church of Ve- 
gelay an immense tympanum in the midst of which is represent- 
ed the Saviour in his Slory, surrounded by the twelve apostl- 
es. That fidure of coléssal dimensions was evidentin executel 
under the inspiration of Byzant ne artists, if not by themsel- 
ves. The attatude, vestments, the style nowise recalls the o 
coarse and heavy French sculptures precedinS that epoch, inor- 
essed by the last traditions of the Roman decadence. 

NOt? 169-237. Discousse sur Les tWpes LwWitoti~s ae Lrarrt 
ohrertien. 

Note BopoBsze Lconosrvraphnre chrertienne. 

Note 3.0o237- Nevongses archeot. Stained gases of Bourges. 

Note 109.238. Eyes of blue.” Perhaps wmeont os dark w\ue, 
gea viue (Ovrtda), wild (Horace). 

Note BopeBIBe (atin text). perhaps meaning, “But rother w 
wWeepe”™ 

HOTS? Boo 2BB.w TOdUex apoc. Now. Test., vy Fobricius. Hambours. 


: i wet . Une  - 
1 a é lo : ‘ ‘ Le y Aint es + o i 7 


| | orstg ate na ston oot Sscaebeaioat ere eo sativtae seore 
ls pe tod telepnie. .ereda lvoe tedt to vaco a (ft) svib 6h 
© Ratteo!? Bn0l s ni beds ef seiadd eid? .tnieogui emit omee 
c= «ito dnefons. yrev 8 of dothrooes etisia ifeme ni beh{ot .sdox 
«bi ot emese oxserd off .eysh age Litany beniste: sotess Istne 
 gifsest anidton ni eltnem oT .9dor eidd Yo ehfot anol eds 73 
aq sewoto Show mt t0¢ moot of aedtisa .elénem namo? 10 send edd 
safe ebtw eve otnnt eg Yo eeveole edt peusd ef Yoon enT shod 
90st sd¢ 10% sh .neae vaev boe efas sisnhd ge behivib wieder 


sere bee ebue aisdt te beeter yltddife exe esye eaT «test edd 
-eatiob wievseon sit yisit bos enol ets etsedo sdt ;baitoetouig 
vated ed? seqtf aids dtiw (fame -divom edi ,ddbisade bus sise 
tiede el based edd bos eafvtned Io noivairsesb sat of emioinooe 
hee -einiog ows oi Sebivib bes vite .insioitive 

edt ds sons1l oni Beowboitai dexft eco easdisq .savd efdT 
fd team ,esiasiaso de Shedd tovkatanmixed ro dd ff sd¢ to bos 
- eR v0t vitow sidsiitame1 8s 28 omit dedd Js tebists 1 need evad 
to mbnsamys eid no yedetias sesso yd dud .fsouho1de1 Ji ose 
=sV to svsn edt asdt astal exssy.emoe ,cuduh te isihedteo sri 
4 -ose ynsm ai yilentt bes .veilisdd Yo yedds sat ts osdt ,yeles 
—pexys ogi essol ti noittudtiaseib dove ni fad ,esdorgdo wien 
-tibeds nemof blo edt Yo Sniddemoe semnee? bas asiosisdo ents 
-timk o¢ aniaiesh slidw yesotainoe svidgan edd vitasbhivi..enol 
iyisaitne ton binco ywsdt tooms hodacami’ eeissaluea exedt ote 
, #k¢oasyvS eidt .medd beitibom yine bas shodism blo sdéi nobnads 
-®id ood sav ti ;selacea nistesw odd of bstine gon een Irs on 
“2 to janottesini Io been sdt-,eiunteo to roitevisedo sad poite 
tostis yabicise s diexs genom ,olttemerh eft s0% Svol odd dito 
stnictedds geY .sesoxe ott elist sivsedu oldexofaeh ,fas1tt is 
boos bemiet si ;#ivesi tse1s & hed dis abierc? & to noitoubor 
d test: esd yaoo s. doidw to seizdd to sashtt ged? 103 .nomti08 
{ltle fennen ef{dsiaene1 wieva déiw bedvoexe ei nevi assed 
- ~etesfomoo ts dist ai essedd ;Isife1x1 sdt Yo geet sit ea [lew es 
besoubora esw dsd¥ .mu0t ot¢syeid « od sostdue donodsis sis 
-dnidnisq 10% bsoubotg seiweti! aew sindg{aee act sonss% si 
"2 yeret¢ied-asen nive® .e to dowdo yedds edt to eooes1t edt 
.vefeseV Yo Yeifer sid ee dooce omse odd virsen mort eeteb Jedd 
asi odd ni tesel ds eonsufint enisnesya bsonsoncig sdonsh 


Bis 1 f ai nese sd od Iltde eeodd peedhsnoeisa Hevose to soidsiane ay 


ae ' : ie DY ie ; ig ; 4 & ; | ai 


aot neodd nen yloultine eaqys s etnseerg i . fod to moe edt Yo — 


ih 


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1990 
49703. Part 4, pe 301, 302. (See Iconos. chrert. Btaron.p.228- 

We give (1) a copy of that sculpture, singular but at the 
same time imposing. This Christ is ébad in a lons floatins 
robe, folded in small plaits accordins to a very ancient ori- 
ental custom retained until our days. The breeze seems to li- 
ft the longs folds of this robe. The mantle in nothing recalls 
the Greek or Roman mantle, neither in form nor in mode of wear- 
ins. The neck is bare; the sleeves of the tunic are wide, sl- 
ishtly divided at their ends and very open. As for the face 
of the Son of God, it presents a type entirely new then for 
the West. The eyes are slightly raised at their ends and are 
projecting; the cheeks are lons and flat; the nose very deli- 
cate amd straight, the mouth small with thin lips. The hair 
conforms to the description of Lentulus and the beard is short, 
sufficient, silky and divided in two points. 

This type, perhaps one first introduced into France at the 
end of the 11 th or beginnings of the 12 th centuries, must h 
have been regarded at that time as a remarkable work, for we 
gee it reproduced, but by coarse artists, on the tymoanum of 
the cathedral at Autun, some years later than the nave of Ve- 
gelay, then at the abbey of Charlieu, and finally in many sec- 
ondary churches; but in such distribution it loses its Byzan- 
tine character and resumes somethings of the old Roman tradit- 
ions. Evidently the native sculptors, while desirins to imit- 
ate these sculptures imported amons them, could not entirely 
abandon the old methods and only modified them. This Byzanti- 
ne art was not suited to the western peoples; it was too hie - 
atic; the observation of nature, the need of imitation, of t 
truth, the love for the dramatic, must exert a salutary effect 
at first, deplorable when it falls into excess. Yet that int- 
roduction of a foreign art had a great result; it formed good 
workmen, for that figure of Christ of which a copy has just b 
been Siven,is executed with a verw remarkable manual skill, 
as well as the rest of the relief; there is felt a complete 
art, although subject to a hieratic form. What was produced 
in France for sculpture war likewise produced for paintins. 
The frescos of the abbey church of S$. Savin near Poitiers, 
that dates from nearly the same epvoch as the relief of Vezelay, 
denote pronounced Byzantine influence, at least in the repres- 
entation of sacred personages; those still to be seen in the 


me Erk aon . i i iy aoe - . 
a 
om neve ¢ sve dosczoas r adie on Ialinctn ionca ieee aetenrsh ‘re 
eres 5 ow Yeds otese ot ton et eid? .esqyt doer? eft ot 
7 fh og — Besuoeze necd betvad es ww Yo 10 mivse .2 to eanitoisa 1 
Pew yeds Iedd nistiso et st yistineo edd no yeteiias yes1D 
\ , ) eeidson esd se0q oftimeih ed? .evetetsd ntesesw to xiow edd : 
~~ a) gsiubsoord edt of (bodtem ede vino ef ti fenidnasya oft Yo° = 
» gs end Yo cosas edd Jedd .seias) Yo deds oil .eeoud enoe bre - 
~ WeEW Sensoeth {fiw © .2#% «diel Bloeesi eetem teeh ect to ete , 
of norasooe eved ilede eW .Jdosidwe deds to snolesuoerh tnod 
© vervtnisd wax end mi efcodoe to esonenitui seeds of niwis4 
“ft Gnetqaatas teiadd Yo enoidednesestoe: edt nit ylasfnoitis® 
so mwtesons sit Ybute oF y1se soon ei Ft ,yTOLls eid Yo Sabin ods 
=—teew ni 10% peete olbhhin ens eniaob Hos To nol ody of nevrs 
SY edd a9bne1 oF neistasbnu evead evetsis odd Tostdwe sidd tai 
8) 1° “jnotdibeat Wo avotwel edd of nsvik seoq eat Sans scat 
“met edd to bes sit Iétow bne boitea spossnemos sdd Eniacd 
| -toiso 10 sirdaiwoe ni betneessoe1 .Snsdaaniad sesso yawtoso 
| “4061 es .tudmin bedatacte ns yd Hseolene yilasnibio si .bei 
¥g oled beuede-es0t0 edd shofoxre ton esch dotdw .f bl? mi besos 
oid dive? .e gs é€e eiqmexe 10t .sonidnisa al .beed sid Jvuods 
—Hiio seito ef tostomutatd setaid to ybod eft tnifevoris ofed 
“4087 Boauntolevos edt ni mtot dsdt détw si wont son of sw ;ael 
senoitasoxs seondiw for sxe eelu. seeds weitIT .encisisiases 
*onitaisa s esefxs sizexcA to [exbsdteo edd to Sqyso sit af 
q tetadd ewode tedd .viedneo dé Ir sft to bne oft mort yfdedord 
a Yodo .© Yo noleitv e of bntbrcooe’ (&) dordseiod no Jnsdonsiat © 
b _) ‘Pre emek bedoted yd betnomento eecr tes1s s no beosia ei SI 
to emis odd nsewdsd Stef ssoece wot sdt al .tivev edd evevos 
‘Setadd to besd edt ;see10d no cele eletns awel ste eeors edt 
mtie “Ss 120f seeo yen eeoto edt dedd owsd ei SI «fooled ei sole 
‘ows eeedt nT .ofsd teeud sate sosla sit exist bus dqanias To 
; “bme Baofd ef qwolve® sdf Yo tied sid enoidednseeices bedniso 
/ |) “eae sive® .e to taiadd eft Yo sdnomdecov odT .Hosld bused sft 
-oen od¢ .yebtod etidw s ddim nee1s ef sdov odd yeudt bexoloo 
=h6s1 ei deento sid yevo sdos edt to asbhiod sdv ,wolley ei oft 
' ‘yd Bseeote ber ei olsd ecxT .etnemanio stidw avin nwoid-dei 
‘yd Beiebiod etidw ei etrexod To teladd edt to sdor sAT .sdinn 
~bsi ,eteblvere edt no ould tddif et eltnsm odd ynword-deitter = 
—- stid ef ofst edd yseeds edd r0ve wolley vd herebi0d aword-deib wh. 
¥ _ Peetetaso ee sation iain edd to e1ofeo edt .bs1 yd beeeoro 


iy 


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191 

cathedral of Puy-en-Velay some years since approach even more 
to the Greek tyves. This is not to state that we redgara-thé 
paintings of S. Savin or of Puy as havins been executed by G 
Greek artists; on the contrary it is certain that they are t 
the work of western painters. The dramitic pose has nothings 
of the Byzantine; it is only the method, in the procedures © 
and some types, like that of Christ, that the trace of the a 
arts of the Fast makes itself felt. Fis. 2 will dispense with 
tons discussions of that sub ject. We shall have occasion to 
return to these influences of schools in the Art. Peinture. 

Particularly in the representations of Christ triumphant in 
the midst of his glory, it is nece sary to study the appeararce 
Siven to the Som of God durins the middle ases; for in treat- 
ins this sabject the artists have undertaken to render the fa 
face and the pose siven to the Saviour by tradition. 

Durins the Romamesaue period and untél the end of the 12 th 
century Christ triumphant, represented in sculpture or paint- 
ins, is ordinarily enclosed by an elongated nimbus, as repre - 
ented in Fis. 1, which does not exclude the cross-shaped halo 
about the head. In paintings, for example as at 3. Savin; the 
halo surroundings the body of Christ triumphant is often cira- 
lar; we do not know it with that form in the sculotured repr- 
esentations. Further these rules are not without exceptions. 
fin the cryot of the cathedral of Auxerre exists a painting, 
probably from the end of the 11 th century, that shows Christ 
triumphant on horseback (3) according to a vision of S. John. 
Tt is placed on a great cross ornamented by painted sems and 
covers the vault. In the four spaces left between the arms of 
the cross are four angels also on horses; the head of Christ 
alone is haloed. It is true that the cross may pass for a sign 
of triumph and take the place ofsa sreat halo. In these two 
painted representations the hair of the Saviour is blond and 
the beard black. The vestments of the Christ of S. Savin are 
colored thus; the robe is sreen with a white border, the man- 
tle is yellow; the border of the robe over the chest is redd- 
ish-brown with white ornaments. The halo is red crossed by 
abite. The robe of the Christ of Auxerre is white bordered by 
reddish-brown, the mantle is light blue on the shoulders, red- 
dish-brown bordered by yellow over the chest; the halo is blue 
erossed by red. The colors of the vestments siven to Christ 


‘ 7 . 
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oh 


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veleoseVY ¢4 -.nem blo awe0t yinewd edt 10 asiteoce edd .etetlonne 
-tewedt cA ~(oatoos .t14) .mid bawois fotase e1e esldeous edd 


. eeteb munsomyt crodn .gottisdd tq eas0 sidch to istioo anes 
edd Ins esitecos oft .elemins nvo% ete etedd .Ocil dxods movt. 


-tniaq: eft gi exe siedd nivel ~6 tA .secylsooaA eft to nem bic 
. eft to oled selyo1lo edt yoaqmooos sid ,elemina 1g0? sda Sak 
gas emsdt .‘OPtL teods) outwA to feabediso sd¢ JA .ho® Yo n0F 
~tew odd .dnmometiut ¢eel eft ,enomeh bone elsdns ,eolseogs edd 


.oseetoy Yo dowdo sis to isdaog dinoe edd JA .elvom to bards 


-ones ab encle tgeud etd gowo19 etewpe B&B ean deridd ,.doooe smse 
¢ bos soil od sis fest eid te rendmin hetabuole oft vd beeol 


owe jefase end bos Jeane sft exe exebhivede eid ebhiesd .zr0 edd 


(meds stiel foes sdzian de boede anolenomth Iseeoloo ic eafetns 
_-egns owt od¢ fnided fae doot eid ddsenod mom hlo b< eds emoo 
Mel odd mi stood beeolo a ebfod tetadd oss ~(asamvl .39; )~eL 
-eeadaed to fettog edd ds es .td2ia sit déin esesetd fos hasd 
bos bebnetzs ebned sit eed od cuc¢wt te hoe weloxsV te olidw 
dnsmimobh edd yandneso dd Sf edd bnigwh gedd oisdise ci fT .nec0 
b etd mi seirdd betneesiae? yedd cedn .aumtolnor sd Yo sebi 
=n dd £2 edt oT «nado .2 to noteiw edd sosonags ots ean , viele 
‘dnomenbhut, desl oft Sniaph befnesesger ef vicls ni deiadd yas 
_efedns ets mid Povore ;ebnsow, aif ewode boa shun tled ei ed 
8 est cele eomitemoe .noleeed sit to etnempaseot edd aniblord 


-es end to esnece eds feaolevebh exe teet eid Js ,goom bone nae 


endT .bexoin end word hook ed to noldersdéee:sddobhia noisvoo11y 
: Yo Isabediso edd to [etioq Leqionixg odt uo fetnpee1gst 8b od 


a 


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| eft to [stice deen edt .xwsehiel Yo Isabediso end to isi100 


2 yavooo vino elsmins anot add ned? .o¢e .eneima to Leaberitso 
wislo esonet® sAT .1seaasetbh yleaidns ae sesle yiahnoose yisw 
aco edt toobs of beitesh yltnebive bsd yintaso dd FI edt to 
-rehnw yliess e1om dons ,oltimeih exom doum ,tnemoabof, sid to 


ot 4 ret ged <sotinmnnen sth wolis gon 2906 dotstn Velothadiod 


giisen et .boistalvoe 20 betnisa rsdtenw doedasuias deiasd. 
-ve edt Yo endte auct end yd hebmuctiwe es fetneesiges evawls 


~aade, aI, sano .6 To enoteiv odd nedd ,ohutitium sdd yd hoote 
Faroe ‘te nennem edd 103 encidiberd enisnesys edd aninob 


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P 
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192 
by the painters of the 11 th, 12 th and 13 th centuries vary — 
infinitely, which does not allow the assumption, that im the 
Nest certain symbolical colors were adopted for the vestments 
of sacred versonases. Buring the course of the 12 th century, 
Ghrist triumphant, whether painted or sculptured, is nearly 
always represented as surroumded by the four sisns of the ev- 
anselists, the apostles or the twenty four old men. At Vezelay 
the apostles are seated around him. (Art. Apotre). At the wes- 
tern vortal of Notre Dage of Ghartres, whose tympanum dates 
from about 1150, there are Four animals, the apostles anf th 
old men of the Apocalyose. At S- Savin there are in the paint- 
ing the four animals,that accompany the circular halo of the 
Jon of God. At the cathedral of Autun (about 1150’, there are 
the apostles, angels and demons, the last judsement, the wei- 
shins of souls. At the south portal of the church of woissac, 
same epoch, Christ has a square crown; his bust alone is enc- 
losed by the elongated nimbus: at his feet are the lion andt 
the ox; beside his showlders are the angel and the easle; two 
angels of colossal dimensions stand at risht and left; then 
come the 24 old men beneath his feet and behind the two ansge- 
ls.-(¢rt. Tympan). Here Christ holds a closed book in the left 
hand and blesses with the risht, as at the portal of Chartres; 
while at Vezelay and at Autun he has the hands extended and 
oven. It is certain that during the 12 th century the dominant 
idea of the sculvturs, when they represented Shrist in his ¢ 
Slory, was to approach the vision of S. John. In the 13 th cen- 
tury Christ in Slory is represented durins the last judsement; 
he is half nude and shows his wounds; around him are angels 
noldins the instruments of the Passion, sometimes also the s 
sun and moon; at his feet are developed the scenes of the res- 
urrection afidtbhecseparation of the good from the wicked. Thus 
he is represented on the principal portal of the cathedral of 
Paris, the south portal of the cathedral of Chartres, the north 
portal of the cathedral of Bordeaux, the west vortal of the 
cathedral of Amiens, etc. Then the four animals only occupy 4 
very secondary place or entirely disappear. The Prence clergy 
of the 13 th century had evidently desired to adopt the scene 
of the judgement, much more dramitic, much more easily ander- 
stood by the multitude, than the visions of S. John. In aban- 
donins the Byzantine traditions for the manner of reoresentins 


7 © 


Fe Beith 


8 
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“eoosd: ated oft .1st710ede et sost edd :dedwemoe heitibom es sei 
Pune ‘918 esye eddy tsi to bestent eslamed sft so yew 290 
‘ot tom etemixoxc0s aeistest sdé {benite: eee! dinom sat fas 


sdéeto seiadd Jse12 ed? svocyt betsiosenoo edt eooslaot tans 
wbute etiiaem eiasd to I[sifertso edd to [sdica sat no Snew hho, 
) ead Sins ([ntitessd yisv tedtint 2f eivett gad? .tosqes1 saedt al 
_g 649d cottnem teum ov fosaes1 tedd ni bod .oideisid eaindon 
efecado edt to eeastouttedwa sedi qu Snidet cI dost eldstismes 
~towisendo eeodw elecado ,dowle dadd To diton edd ts bedsntte 
eduemgs1i bogot ever ow ,ObSf a0 CFS nedd iaejsl sd Jonoso sot 
wunsanys ¢teer2 « mort enimoo yitasbive teiadd Iseeoleo s to 
-tqfuoe tedT stood edt Yo bas elsmias 1001 edd to esostd Siin 
-esfoins?, yustnes d¢° Sb sdt to easey tesl odd o¢ Heknoled sas 
esdt-otot yiseeceoen weds ei $1] .nottvoexs sdzfditoxduasd sesesh 
)o8E edd yd betoote1 ed of yassnso dz SI edt yd hestobse sears 
‘ Ieqionine edt sede .r9etal exssy swoe bebioefh ed od Ji tot dd 
_-givoe dnstiocst dowa yousesbh of ,OSS! sHods betoesi0 saw [sdi00 
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munsonys eft to getad9 edt sadt .sasd nists eton ot [lew et 
sews [iow ce .eirsS te omed extol Yo {ettoa Iscitentaa eft to 
- aga ,.sseqe oid bose elisnveds dgifiod [etes edt Yo eutsie ond 
isdd to yzantste edi [fe nedd astel ssdwemoe noituosxe of 189 
‘dod .miasomys edé at beviso don o1s corset? sesdsd dedt fas ,[atace 
fas efetnif sit no sedto dose shieed beoasla sesdade eis tud 
ywinso dd €f ed ni Srcteted? .1sitem Yo asvef s yd bsstosnanos 
eds ¢ttbhom of yerelo din edt Gnomes [lin bebtoeh « ean si)edi 
-yzola ni deiadd .nedd [isnw berose ,yi0le oi defadd Yo essays 
d of stnemetut to ysh edd no es sasoxe 1se9ce is8ne!l of Jeon 
ot hte dedgoctds? cidt no ehasiae of {low Ji édbwodt. eved 
,8 tie to yiostein eft rOt eonadioomi tesxbs Yo en 
eM re Ff soaeTsV .ef vetgord .emottodsvsd .taSeqgel ston 
enottibert eniscasyS endd bettibom sic¢af{voe edd elidw dao 
-ste etvuoexs smig emse ont ta tenm ysds .dnsdoaniad a i to 
sebim edt nit Satdosst ,diise no teiadd edd nem-terads o Bsus 
eid to enokfium edt no bsouborge1 of ei eudT seelteogs etd to 
-9d yfsousce eaw JJ] .eisabeddeo done17 aso Yo deom to alstaca 
or eew deiadd to wotsetnsesi¢e1 aids tedd,yisinso dt FL edt e108 


5, 


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pets Bn: Se cieke a nthiiendbadéariebveitivest somata erage 
coll P aévie Toshi aeets sayt sdt teY .tnemtsert fsineti0 


| tho pmeiises nistesw te sonenfini edd tiet ef bssals .ydinsaod © 


> > 


We a 


193 
Christ in glory, was likewise abandoned the costume amd the 9 
oriental treatment. Yet the tyve of the features siven to Chr - 
ist es modified somewhat; the face is shorter, the hair beco- 
mes wavy on the temples instead of lat, the eyes are less open 
and the mouth less refined; the features approximate more to 
humanity, alread is felt the influence of western realism, th 
that replaces the consecrated types. The Sreat Christ of the 
judgment om the portal of the cathedral of Paris merits study 
in that respect. That fisure is further very beautiful and has 
nothing hieratic. And in that respect we must mention here a 
remarkable fact. In takins up the substructures of the chapels 
situated at the north of that church, chapels whose construct- 
iom cannot be later than 1235 or 1240, we have found frasments 
of a colossal Christ evidently comins from a Sreat tympanun, 
with traces of the four animals and of the book. That sculpt- 
ure belonged to the last years of the 12 th century, tandchas~ 
dreati beautgcinithe execution. It is then necessary for the 
types adoftéed by the 12 th centary to be rejected by the 13 
th, for it to be decided some years later, when the orincipal 
portal was erected abéut 1220, to destroy such important scul p- 
ture and to substitute for it what we see today. Further, it 
is well to note asain here, that the Christ of the tympanum 
of the vrincival portal of Votre Dame of Paris, as well as t 
the statue of the angel holdings the nails and the spear, app- 
ear in execution somewhat later than all the statuary of that 
portal, and that these fisures are not carved in the tympanum, out 
but are statues placed beside each other on the lintels and 
connected by a layer of mortar. Therefore in the 13 th century 
there was a decided will amons the high clersy to modify the 
types of Christ in slory, sacred until then. Christ in glory 
must no longer appear except as on the day of judsment. We h 
have thought it well to enlarse on this fact¢cthat appears to 
us of great importance for the history of art. 

Note 1.He®hie Rewvertartions. Chapter 19. Verses it -A%. 

But while the sculptors modified thus Byzantine traditions 
of Christ triumphant, they must at the same time execute sta- 
tues of Ghrist-man, the Christ on earth, teachins in the midst 
of his apostles. Thus is he reproduced on the mullions of the 
portals of most of our French cathedrals. It was scarcely be- 
fore the 13 th century,that this representation of Christ was 


iy _ f 
me ae 
aa rs , 7 
) ae xf > E } 4 _ - i if ; cay; ar 


> 
Lis 


= 
_ *: 


-w eeveeld bos ade ‘edt of dood edd abfod ed yoltasn ent 
edd bas noserh edt Yo sed edd dento fos? eid stddia edt dtin 
gig Uitte eowhkit sesdt SoomA .nomeh edd to eexemi etliesd 
to etealoonoot eid ot sinadt ,isdmen Iieme yviev ai won bevise 
 esodw fas (Iutistused teom edt ,ssiawineo dt VP bos dz of edt 
teodé¢in oayt snitassy8 edt eodosotces ylasen teom istosrsds 
<1) edd to optete ofd et .nolataqo sno ai .esenvib ati toived 
 « yefodw's ee dt covit b .2E% senotwh Yo Isabeddso odd Io nsa-tei 
ss wdvYo Weonsas]eges edd dotede « nt tnsee1 of sqod ow sedd son 
ef etdt sot .eutate sideizame1 teddy to yetlidon to bre avebne 
snsimA to bed si¢ to beod edt Yo seyt dT .noissoifnt ws yleo 

. -néate Yo noltinstte ssitae eft stiaem (¢) slitorc ni betasessa 
_-—«si“‘w HERE’ Hellso-ce odt ols Hedseis et ervsalvoa eidT .astas 
, ‘jeivotneo to ytiasa  Balfebom to wWiollamie emse eft -abesd 


-sbsi 918 eeendT ‘.emts smee sdt Us aoituosxs bsaitet fra bsctd, 


 . teitsaidwoo yevode notinem off ni betsoihat etesosisio oft be 
A fbesd gedT .eeenbses tuodsir viiver? jseonmait bas beenteone to 
s (gb sasen eolteoda sit to ebsod eft nedt sidetaems1 sion si 
-nese1g mott ss3 ste .omis omse edd ds hedvosxs etew doldw has 

mt .etisifica asvs asm ets seciT .eneneidon enivib tedg sais 
-osxs cdw teftve sd? .savi btesi® sdd favot sas doidw to seor 

. Says betetosancd odd BowolloY nedst seiwd Yo sist? eds bestw 
=otdfuoe odd of Datnistisa tneled to yiilidixelt edt ddiw bos 

~ate oft Pls mort detveaiteibh ot wod wood sd (fooas tedt to a1 

g evods sonsnsinvoo s bra estuteel) mid Satvi2 .setadd Yo ext 

‘edt neeuied timtl sit tua .~feeooerh ein te elsbom nanund end 

\ofie yd asvo beeeso yltess ei ors svidstimt edt fue olisretd 

a eiss1) sdT. .ti ts nismer Sool ton ch yedt ;eslqoee oiteldis 
=e ot omse sit eau Si ;aisey smoe ni ti heeeso ytivottess to 
~ge1 edd ,yisdneo dé ff edd to ofbhim edt suede ybeorlé sow 


a iwiifidos nemodysqueE teds teol eved sé¢aad0 to encisetneest 


 yetwtes to nottstimi edt ot eevisemsdt basoveb snotal vos odt 


we hOD YO nes ont Autism cow evitimiza odd to ddbie Sateol 


-~[nte1so btsed .déivom gteilime .edool bLim atin aew Lutitused 
9200 betosttse ox bas edmtl webssls .sisd ylavo bos beluse yl 
| olatce wo at teeel ta ,etostsh seeds yistaso dt Ci edd oT 


as : §, ‘ S| 
Pe | 7 ; , ¢ i 


Se ahaa uate ‘ 26 ors ef ned ‘snetemmanytes bares 7 


at teol etew enoitibert Jesl{ edt bas .noidsrexsexe ost [let 

=si190 8 Yo Holtvooxe stercdsie ns nt ,elistsbh vot dowsee eds: 

ot ‘bas edd wort Jedd .biew ed ocls Soun FT soostd besosits wt 
Pr ' ss 4 Ms 


194 

definitely adopted. Then he is clothed in the lons tunic and 
the mantle; he holds the book in the left.hand and blesses w 
with the right: his feet crush the head of the dragon and the 
basilisk, images of the demon. Amons these fisures still pre- 
served now in very small number, thanks to the iconoclasts of 
the 16 th and 17 th centuries, the most beautiful, and whose 
character most nearly approaches the Byzantine type without 
having its dryness, in our opinion, is the statue of the Chr- 
ist-man of the cathedral of Amiens. Fis. 4 gives it as a whole; 
not that we hope to present in a sketch the appearance of gr- 
andeur and of nobility of that remarkable statue, for this is 
only an indication. The type of the head of the God of Amiens 
presented in profile (5) merits the entire attention of statu- 
aries. This sculpture is treated like the so-called Beinetan 
heads; the same simplicity of modelins, purity of contours, 
proad and refined execution at the same time. These are inde- 
ed the characters indicated in the mention above; combinatim 
of sweetness and firmness; gravity without sadness. That head 
is more remarkable than the heads of the apostles near it, 4 
and which were executed at the same time, are far from presen- 
ting that divine nobleness. Those are men, even oortraits, in 
most of which are found the Picard type. The artist who exec- 
uted the fisure of Ghrist then followed the consecrated type, 
and with the flexibility of talent pertaining to the sculpto- 
rs of that epoch, he knew how to distinguish from all the sta- 
tue of Christ, giving him features and a countenance above t 
the human models at his disposal. But the limit between the 
hieratic and the imitative are is easily passed over by all 
artistic peoples; they do not lons remain at it. The Greeks 
of antiauity passed it in some years; it was the same in Fra- 
nee. Already about the middle of the 13 th century, the rep- 
resentations of Christ have lost thet suverhuman nobility: t 
the sculptors devoted themselves to the imitation of nature, 
losing sight of the primitive type, makins the Son of God a 
beautiful man with mild looks, smiling mouth, beard careful- 
ly curled and curly hair, slender limbs and an affected pose. 
Tn the 15 th century these defects, at least in our opinion, 
fell into exasseration, and the last traditions were lost in 
the search for details, in an elaborate execution of a certa- 
in affected Srace. It must also be said, that from the end to 


aa uns 


iad 10 as: ae 160: etd ; Saasaes bosve ond qintase: a et edd 
pect enooed eedoide to elstiog efi Bo beosio tasdon 


niet elo edd ot eosla: Isatonixe edt evid of 129008 erotoin 


«8008 ef Ti 10 .etostdne yisbnste!l o¢ hesszeler ek deradD bne 
-eeodd besoxe ylidaile dud encienemsif eid .dnedowpiat 28 e128 
Rateia geod s 28 betaeestcs4 et of .estencerss t9edtovenis te 
--o%o eeeeod ect nt 10 monsqmyt sit To cot edd ts .ebnolo mort 
‘egiquooc: yrsM nisaiV sdt to noitstnsesitae1 ofd elidw ,adfvev 
‘ed? .(esret¥ stad) .yantmeo dz Sd! edd Litany soelq Isiso ent 
-fne0 di Sf edt to bns edd te teol gnisd awo0ivsl sid to esavs 
' sfenvogersRit seeds :o1sd medd xsbienos of eved ton of Sn . VIB 
_soptebse1 190 aste1 ow ,6eitiow1o geizdd s0o% .yisutsie oF nay 
_-tqipos es eesedo omse sdt ewollfot aatinisd .xiitonad .daA oF 
ei ti yiwofe stom ,tekadO eveel to motisinsestqe1 edd ni sin 
Meds tnied dre tact eone7] ni coks ofbhim edt daiach eva 
‘yautneo doi Ff sdt to bne edt ts dud .sisda{voe buided yanineo 
test .antiniso oi bsnofnsds yletitne ous enoitibeas satinssys 
gs .vist? ai wstnol dgeteieq of neoe sis yedT .erntalvoe of es 
{immeM fomi= jcoosmietin® ,sabso10 .odsoid Yo teiadd edd bas 
3 tosaes1 eicT .ecvd evitiniaa edt to aniddomoe nistes {lite 
batt on :ensi{st]l anoms tediust dour esot miot gastone 10% 
-foidw dud .sonsecisos? edt to e1stmise edt Snome Fi To sson13 
sid to 10 sudamid to tas siteteid edd to bnidjon fenisie: een 
teiadd Yo sewalt etd of svie of wod wend neigiT .ei10sesoshsig 
-wd evods sonsosiauoo tgedt .1vebssiz ,vtilidon ,sesamiso Jadé 
ft Sf edt So geuteta Intitused ame ni eatmbse ow Sadd .ytiner 
tusve1g gon Hib doidw ,dt @f edt to sainntged sdJ fas yistass 
bos ,eomit eid to galdaist sdi daitvoexe mori geitis teemt tadd 
snokdemint [eottholossadore, asesa gon bib yiniesis9 of doidw ni 
woe ow bus ,dddied tedd nistdss of eteisis Ils od nevi et tI 
_eetasdneo ssids aot odu ,seodt anidosoige: mort niatier bly 
jedy ecedtzeq dnd semdaluos botese 10 etaituisg bstwosxs over 
_»esodt to ybate edd ei medt mort saiapsa ot ddhia sdd asd one 
8 sifbim ed? to aftow omoe nib betergistai yiderimbe of esas 
eved nom yeonsesisne? edd sonit «sonst! of vilfatosqes esos 
-doiM .esidiviss 10 smoebmed ee asdite geiw) dniac of Sseecla 
esiuowe to tice s teiadd sham trombbat geel eid ni olstasis 
“Yleamid eetanoco bis .snordt eid so eoledarte odw (dteaw oi 


~ 
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a. 
1 


off aed voLfoghqseiaso ‘edt emso ood? .eliveh edt Lie of em 


7: = a i» 


“enokret dtiw ebose od tedd .benmab edd dtiw. peasant 


195 
the 13 th century the srand fisures of the Christ-man or triu- 
mohant phaced on the portals of churches become rare. The sc- 
ulptors appear to dive the principal place to the Holy Virsin, 
and Christ is relegated to legendary subjects, or if he appe- 
ars as triumphant, his dimensions but slightly exceed those 
of thecother personages. He is represented as a bust rising 
from clouds, at the tov of the tympanum or in the bosses of 
vaults, while the representation of the Virsin Mary occupies 
the chief place until the 16 th century. (Art. Vierse). The 
types of the Saviour beings lost at the end of the 13 th cent- 
ury, we do not have to consider them here; these fisures ret- 
urn to statuary. For Christ crucified, we refer our readers 
to Art. Orucifix. Painting follows the same phases as sculpt- 
ure in the representation of Jesus Christ, more slowly it is 
true, during the middle ages in France that art beins a half 
century behind sculpture. But at the end of the 13 th century 
Byzantine traditions are entirely abandoned in vaintins, just 
as in sculpture. They are seem to persist longer in ftaly, a 
and the Christ of Giotto, Orcasna, Buffelmacco, Simon Memmi, 
still retain something of the primitive type. This respect f 
for ancient form goes much farther among Italians; we find 
traces of it among the painters of the Renaissance, but which 
has retained nothing of the hieratic art of Cimabue or of his 
predecessors. Titian knew how to sive to his fisures of Christ 
that calmness, nobility, srandeur, that countenance above hu- 
manity, that we admire in our beautiful statues of the 12 th 
century and the beginning of the 13 th, which did not prevent 
that sreat artist from executing the gaintins of his time, md 
in abt h he certainly did not seek archaeological imimation. 
It is given to all artists to attain that heisht, and we sho- 
uld refrain from reproaching those, who for three cemturies 
have executed paintings or sacred sculpture; but perhaps what 
one has the right to reauire from them is the study of those 
types so admirably interpreted in some works of the middle a 
ages, especially in France. Since the Renaissance, men have 
pleased to paint Christ either as handsome or terrible. Mich- 
elangelo in his last judément made Christ a sort of Hercules 
in wrath, who struggles on his throne, ard occupies himself 
exclusively with the damned, that he sends with furious gest- 
ures to all the devils. Then came the Christ-Avollo, then the 


; , ae hee 
; 7 A a : ,. "oe mi 
a a rd ns ‘s j 


#) La 
Beate 
.. 


oer 
8: Pie if otha » 808? euntatne nite ey 
’ sant Le inads. okey tdgvoe need sve sais x0 oT .ifew tei 
. “ehtaghdanotescee et of yfeatw ob blnow edeidss wo easdieq tu 
_ egieiy eesdd ti zeitsS bas enetmA .poatasdd to etzizdd edd see 
 & sisq dedt brove [Liw yods .es0etaretesm wen sovborg Jou ob 
efit o¢ evib of hoeselg 1s osm tedd ,somsasidavoo yitoke’ bas 
_i case ee bus bebtoeinay ,yasnoisiv seort ,ysbod apoivst 
® madd hedeimat rsite2 entised tedd .enotase asds bse r68dse4 
~S as% ywiev ei eleqeok eit to Anibse: edt yiniesdas) .{nteost 
-bbim sd¢ %o ctéom odT .disatacg & dove ylisdinem Sniosad mom) 
* ebasmmoo detain) bos ,enbier ‘tet .et)enpaco seiado” .asee of 
Visntete odd ofsvele ot shem ai .9d yan di dasdomuias asvswod 
) eft te efvoe eif at noterergmi ines} ns Snivil e eves bos 


@ yfoleow bas- 1000. .Setsiosme aa to sdaie eft slidw ,{weiddiel | 


‘eneison neve foe elfvoe oites2ons ad Pent ae goiltaent suntan 
rery 4i; . : 9 Beno sideet 


gieatenes acd ocowetoteme® . ~fSHITINIO 
#I; «baed eds cemnnael ete soidw ai oaveolone bedeirosenoo A 
ot .eeaq100 edd mind of ememoS hae stesiD Snoms yismodveno Ban 
niao .etteo sizes .enots .sidiem Yo aniy ni sedees ties essla 
-9s1e ednempronm nt eniems: seecd tisogsh o¢ brs .seendedaoowse 
.edé ni tuo enoiteveoxs ni 10 .fesesosh of%. 10 y1omem si bed 
-omof fas ened?A .esheviA yeevoeive svil xeitio supiiad .Xoor 
_ ednempnom yd so encidevsoxe enoremen yd bebnworiwe [lise sas 
»d off .gtio edt fo bssb edd act aaiffewh tee! oft es anivice 
-sd nedd. bivoo wo, .eseotco edd nad don bib anasigveiasd tenth 
-ont tasv .edmoostso edd ni ebster Snided amo dA foe snob ev 
¥ _% ,eetastevm vied atedt hetsadefeo yeds siedw ,eeiaisvo Joek 
a -odd bus exydism stedd to eaismer sdé tieoceb of hettest yeds 
Sy ~d¢ evoows teadt xch .ylisantan dnivh notsiles ni sxeddord ai 
_- edo to aettiveo esiiel{ea teev seodt to elfew edd of Iso ve 
~eetbod end hetizoqeh anived asdte ns ,vbod semud efs Yo asie 


Yo 10 snote Yo dele 2 déin veddie Rntneco sit qu belsee yous 
gobi odd eed? .ilew vinoesm elamie 8 Yo sasem ys 10 ,efdism 
door soot wate ot bedsroeenco esosic isen beiwed tated to 
shtesere of Paekixes o ese oe eemettetedd tealt edt ere ( 


\isiiinealetahatsanne oteunths hood eid ni ayse soidendwa « 


qsen noetea beeb edt yisd ot dedi “ bash oe 


196 
mincing Christ with effeminate face, perfumed hair and sluss- 
ish walk. In our time have been sought purer inspirations. B 
But perhaps our artists would do wisely to so occasionally to 
see the Christs of Chartres, Amiens and Paris; if these visits 
do not produce new masterpieces, they will avoid that pale a 
and sickly countenance, that men are pleased to sive to the 
Saviour today, those visionary, undecided and wearied features, 
rather sad than serious, that bearing rather famished than gr 
graceful. Certainly the reading of the gospels is very far f 
from tracing mentally such a portrait. The motto of the mida- 
le ages, “Christ conquers, Christ reigns, and Christ commands, ” 
however triumphant it may be, is made to elevate the statuary, 
and leave a living and frank impression in the souls of the 
faithful, while the sisht of an emaciated, poor and weakly n 
nature inspires contempt in energetic souls and even weakens 
feeble ones. 


CIMITIBRE. Cemetery. 

A consecrated enclosure in which are interred the dead. It 
was customary amons Greeks and Romans to burn the corpses, to 
place their ashes in urns of marble, stone, terra cotta, orin 
sarcophasuses, and to deposit these remains in monuments erec- 
ted in memory of the deceased, or in excavations cut in the 
rock. Antioue cities like Syracuse, Akrasas, Athens and Rome 
are still surrounded by numerous excavations or by monuments 
serving as the last dwellings for the dead of the city. The f 
first Christians did not burn the corpses. How could then ha- 
ve done so? At Roma taking refuge in the catacombs, vast inc- 
ient quarries, where they celebrated their holy mysteries, +t 
they desired to deposit the remains of their martyrs and the- 
ir brothers in religion dying naturally. Por that purpose th- 
ey cut in the walls of those vast salleries cavities of the 
size of the humau body, and after havins deposited the bodies, 
they sealed up the openins either with a slab of stone or of 
marble, or by means of a simole masonry wall. Thus the idea 
of beings buried near places consecrated to worshio took root 
amons the first Christians. 

3. Ausustine says in his book; “On the care to be taken of 
the dead,” that to bury the dead person near monuments erected 
to the memory of the martyrs will be profitable to the soul 


ra 


ae * Hea evel ve Shi Dir be oe oh pan 78 oe ue 7 
ot exiesh nem pnnegials: no tlind ed Binoo esdowdo node) . 
-tinveq foo esw doidw ,2ilew tisdtinidtin ton tr bertesat ed 

a 
i 


Y 
ce 


. sseteeldiesog es iseq 28 teas! $s jeotintaso te1it eds aibes 
., -dowds seeds fue .loo1 edd io esves eid désonsd ,2fisw atedd 
) -{ugog nt te .tes1 to ebfeit gesv vd bebawovine noce siew es 7 
- gsonetasvneont edi exinkoost of veleb.gom rb nen .eeitio ene 7 
eocbasete anos tenn esdotws .méseuo fedt to erstoeb cove fas 
«tio Yo tebim eds st seonshaeqsh yiseesosn cistieo sevicanens 
-nk moifsiuqog 2s sorsoe ewsosd Havoid .allew yd hezolone esi P 
-sfoe asisectones seont ntsder of yiseesoen esw di fre .besacize 
~ isd¢ Yo kas edt hiswoT sheesh edt to Isiasd edd oc. befoveb yl 
aisdt déeensd evisos: of beonsmmos eedoisde sit .yiutoso dt St 
-“sedd (enonse jetodds ,scodstd sieid Yo esibod edd etnenevsg : 
@ yininso di Fi edt Yo bas edd bruswot bas yebrel Ens esoniae 
 geadt sistdo of doixn ylinestoitive sassommeo ysl to seodd neve 
-s1 eefounds edd .asitio sfitil edd Sas yiianoo sat aT .10vs! 
—si«ssagetastemen ssedT weilew aiedds Envots selttetemse atedd beniss 
, & ttafeq s .feasdo es jedmot eft esbiasd Benisines yliventiue 
;: (istosTd s sited .elfecadd .es1h).beeb of ‘to nvetoal s bas 
| ~g¥ edt Qnofe betoe1s sosifiog semitemo® .(esi0k 2sb entedned 
7 esoslq [siaud es bne 2ifsu es hevise sigeofons eft to ell 
o fee1® to ysiniotv sit aI .esilimst feteligtag 102 bevrese1 
esw di .efisw atedt to setlede edt asbnw yitnenoss? 10 esitio ) 
-~wmio edi tnthovorise seodt .esiastemso deitidstes of yrseesosn | 
-bs1g bnived enottstided etsvina qo (snstotitsd tnted son eedo 
_ ‘eéiastemso eect siavoir betatseenco sii no bsiosctons vileu 
8 es ditin ts bevice ylénence1t seom foidw ,beeofors sd seum 
~[yes ossosd veds eudt yeotutideorq fos elanimiivoriet? tsexter 
yd befirsae1 sis8 vaidnueo edt al esivedemso asv eniinsd .emn 
stent betteodeb yout ;esavvelone oldeloivnt es etneesss odd. | 
-47 BIO) .sittso neve bas sistioust nests Shp eanent tieds 
weap. esieis fadines ve Al Gasog tone 
(00 © 9@ FO> BPC ut SATO wOeOM 94 RACH «BAS. Get SFOM. 
» fimeloo wolfod to d1oe s ,bseb edd to orednal eft Scotia TA 
‘ti dedd evetosise beotsw .omel's benind doen to cot edt ts 
ee inroxe of hentiesh osfs ssw atetas{ gad? (geen Yo bleil s ssn 
beéuso Sed? jeevfov-nem yeotiamev .edizioe Live!te enoitizeces | 
dons1@ BL0) tes! bas dsack edt to eslqoeq. ree tO q011ss 
stebte wails. why! nobe has Peowes faye a You (dxed 


a. an | : PF Ti 
7 | 5 ey Ps } » 
5 ‘ i 7 » 4a . — _ 


cs US : : ee i 
, |—C a? - Bm ot 


197 
of the deceased. 

When churches could be built on the ground, men desired to 
be interred, if not withinttheir walls, which was not permit- 
ted in the first centaries, at least as near as possible to 
their walls, beneath the eaves of the roof, and these church- 
es were soon surrounded by vast fields of rest. But in popul- 
ous cities, men did not delay to recosnize the inconveniences 
and even dangers of that custom. Churches must sroun around 
themselves certain necessary dependances in the midst of cit- 
ies enclosed by walls, ground became scarce as population in- 
creased, and it was necessary to retain those enclosures sole- 
ly devoted to the burial of the dead. Toward the end of the 
12 th century, the churches commenced to receive beneath their 
pavements the bodies of their bishovos, abbots, canons, then 
princes and lords, and toward the end of the 13 th century e 
even those of lay commoners sufficiently rich to obtain that 
favor. In the country and the little cities, the churches re- 
tained their cemeteries around their walls. These cemeteries 
ordinarily contained besides the tombs, a chapel, a pulpit a 
and a lantern of he dead.(Arts. Chapelle, Ghaire a Precher, 
Lanterne des Vorts). Sometimes porticos erected alons the wa- 
lls of the enclosure served as walks, and as burial places r 
reserved for privileged families. In the vicinity of Sreat c 
cities or frequently under the shelter of their walls, it was 
necessary to establish cemeteries, those surroundins the chur- 
ches not being sufficient, or private habitations having srad- 
ually encroached on the consecrated ground. Tose cemeteries 
mast be enclosed, which most frequently served at night as a 
retreat forxcriminals and prostitutes; thus they became asyl- 
ums. Durins war cemeteries in the country were regarded by 
the peasants as inviolable enclosures; they deposited there 
their farming imolements, furniture and even cattle. (Old Pr- 
ench poem). 

Note 169.248. Rowan de Rose. Verse 14,978, et Sea- 

At nisht the lantern of the dead, a sort of hollow column 
at the too of which burned a lamp, warned strangers that it 
was a field of rest, That lantern was also designed to exorcise 
apparitions afievil soirits, vampires, man-wolves, that caused 
terror among the peoples of the North and West. (01d French 
Lexy oy 


stoner 79 go ,9dbin ; ox 96 Gainu 2 od erent, hess eee pinch 

oe Riess" ‘ves ss jae she 9 She G) eSod ae K: Soup 

‘wpabentent vidoit yrev) e190 estito ales te setustsaso em0t | 

q ae edd to eonsh edt betntsa sxe allen eaciw no ,ctedeiolo vd 

. esneoe edt ,evide osadd oft bns bech eoidt eft Yo baepel edd 

9 Beds elbbim eft antiwh asvewoh .biod aso to notees? oft to 

—_ t rnottqesoxe edt ssew eedomwrdo sit to gnsbnecehal seiresemso 
. etew yedd :yiséT oi es ,siptouxrte etslamoo & wiol gon bib yods © 

_-pmpoos eevee odd dotdw nidvin siveolome ne nadt esiom ylsousse 

,esiieifeb to esolsicg .esnemunom stsviag 19bi0 duossiw betel 

4 Ife to esivtonite ofezif ,estaseeeo .neeecto ,efeqsdo [isms 

~idest {[soiitemmye oi betnes1e yistemeo [etnomunom of? .8t108 

-scton nedw bos ,etnonfintidsates evothiiea ed Hebaolsd vine no 

-<ofo'edt- to dnemetssise sid esmooed neds ci .siseclons sioaie 

ss fe eet ‘| aren t1A) .19dei 


ey o ' re Bee y 


(o (eo et sBG, CSVOTI MOTPATIAVARTHOO 5. VCITAIJAVYOORTO. . 

cdth cel eeces senotdtsoitit¢§ to seni gnieclone sidv00 
o@ ,pebseiiso bas diase Yo etisemer deodtiv so ddin sedosid — 
asbio ci .sosiq betesval ss busors hedowstenoo easaeiesd seni 
sbiedive mort bis mort 10 esitdiee most ssvlesmeds astfeda of 
-[iM eastoetidowA .etsh) .bometeed sdt av tude yfsaitne of ine 
icine “tis (oteiE ,usetsdd .stieti 


vdaed een caet eERSFTTO 

A .t9dewnte: syvtese1 hoe toeifon of bentiesh efostaqesoes A 
dbid so betaoof nesto ,eeis elbbim edt ic eeitese fas eyenda 
-efqope een aeden Yo fost eids seheiace Isasden Jvodtin ellia 
dotdw nt .yanoram to dlivd 10 door edt ni- tue enisteic yd bei 
eataee etoor edd no &nifist saet¢sunis: edd edivbooo yd bel ean 
; ‘2 tet -stas0o sdt to ese1s sot buns edniblind 

a “tote ont; 8 eseceeeog ysisxel to yedds edd to 19seiolo edt 
? ‘-que eoleis betinuev cows Yo beeoqmoo ,yinineo di Sf edz to o18 
don een nisteio ded? .ereigeemsipe:Ifsme to wors yd bsixeq | 
edt ot épo Ils oxew veds tyedde oft of Sntanofed eno ylno sit 
efit to aenisteto {fs yiluse% .sbieni bessoo vilutease hoesioes — | 
(~9001 text? of Beattesb dnad 6 dtiw bebivorg exew ceeds efbhin 
~nieteto sid oft beitiavg si ebredoeibh of bas wiotew ons svi 
edt Yo mottod edd svods beosla een inst 5 seoarng eidd 10H 
bara Tee eae i ms: tae? a to bescanco aw 


4 i s .% ore , ar: 


. 198 

Note 2oHe2AS. See Pref. des crhon. de Normondie, vy Francis- 
gue Michele YeAZL 

Yome cemeteries of Sreat cities were very richly decorated 
by cloisters, on whose walls are painted the danee of the dead, 
the legend of the three dead and the three alive, the scenes 
of the Passion of our Lord. However durins the middle ages c 
cemeteries independent of the churches were the exception; t 
they did not form a complete structure, as in Italy; they were 
scarcely more than an enclosure within which the ases accamu- 
lated without order private monuments, portions of salleries, 
small chapels, crosses, ossuaries, little structures of all 
sorts. The monumental cemetery arranged in symmetrical fashi- 
on anly belonged to rebkidious establishments, and when not a 
simple enclosure, it then becomes the arrangement of the clo- 
ister. (Art. Croitre). 


CIRCONVALLATION #T CONTRAVALLATION, LIGNES DE. 
Double enclosing lines of Fortifications. 

Ditches with or without ramparts of earth amd palisades, t 
that besiegers constructed around an invested place, in order 
to shelter themselves from sorties or from aid from ouhside, 
and to entirely shut up the besieged. (Arts. Architecture Mil- 
itaire, Chateau, Siege). 


GITERNE. Cistern. Tank. 

A receptacle designed to collect and preserve rainwater. A 
Abneys and castles of the middle ages, often tocated on high 
hills without natural sorings; this lack of water was suppl- 
ied by cisterns ent in the rock or built of masonry, in which 
was led by conduits the rainwater falling on the roofs of th 
buildings and the areas of the courts. 

The cloister of the abbey of Wezelay possesses a fine cist- 
ern of the 12 th century, composed of two vaulted aisles sup- 
ported by a row of small -sgharesviers. That cistern was not 
the only one belonging to the abbey: they were all cut in the 
rocksand carefully coated inside. Nearly all cisterns of the 
middle ages were provided with a tank destined to first rece- 
ive the water, and to discharge it purified into the cistern. 
For this purpose a tank was placed above the bottom of the 
cistern, composed of a troush pierced by holes in the sides, 


ae 


ar 
x 


ed ee ees i ia 
e : ae ) re eh “F el ipl ree Wea ™ ve , pane ig _ | 

18 io . <'e tRwortt valeur wort’ nwe® esb ‘qerew coenilont i 
ot eben Bus eeelbniw .davo adi betdit .slesv edt ai beove 
‘g02 toub 8 eomivemoe bus eqia woltzeve ne hed eysufe enieseiO 
ent tedt .enieteio [avesthem nit bston eved s¥ .medt aniytons 
(ate eett ton eeob redew edd tedt .betsool of ei sata weliiev0 


oF OSM eee etinev eddy Yo euitniage sdéxsvo 


: Siew 


: Arh? ssi lecar | a © © .afoegpoV) .UASVAIO 
eds caqaii® obber nt dwo esnote edt to sno oc nsvib emey © 
Boe tecomt eit neswied bnoot ers bone ,boedialo 10 dows s10% 
“hedhtot, efit beyoloms eneved exotovttenoo Isvesibe .sneteysd 
avtosenov webienoco seaft [fede ow .vilsneistasoxe vino bnedsalo 
~{fe et ttoesvov s to nottoes edd .efu1 [ex9enet s #4 .estiors to 
“Sov edd .amiet tedto ni ;fors eft To sviso sat of [amen ayan 
toeuibs:a ed? to noitos1if PYF) ot antbiooos Jvo od taum at0)een 
| to santoetidiors sdt mi extoeenoY s(noidowrtenot .d74).dows off 
“tin eobsatxs bose eobsitnt goo tnived eyswis eots elbhim ed 
918 dows ns to extoesenov edt tadd ewollot si yenettasoxe 9161 
“PA wt .REe vd bevorwd es .enctememib Eres mict smae odd to Iis 
; “ns8 sertoeevov etd D .enoteyed edd & .eteoomt edd ors 
o> Oe \ennet® of este ofbbim off Yo eotiutaso terit edd eatind 
etorad feiw tnidenietle ertcsenov ssode ebhil ylinsupe1t eno 
senoo demo® Yo eroftibsad edo to of [51 se eaw efdT .eedors ni 
Yo #10 asw0od eft to ewobuiw etiT .evtams etel edt Yo noitens 
8¥ @ edt of Aoad eoteb yidedors neisouydence seodw .eisvesed 
extogevov snote to bseogqmoo eudd eeficse aiedt svsd yisinso 
~metito Sentstdo aew evi? .(S) .edotadsews 10 eno vd hetersase 
-tsoe1 nedio esdowe to extoesvov sdT sf600 elssil ts nottstre 
foogs stadt Litny s:yiutaso dt Sf odd mort &nideh eoeiblnor bev 
{ist ss comiteroe 10 belkns oiste Atiw tuo yifersass exe yess : 
esi of etesostidors namo Yo eredme .(o7A .t1A) .exsbmifyo | 
eletiqso yino gon ;ednemenz6 ddéiw Bebsol dowm yiev sas saifoeb we 
 ehdvbie eomufoo edd-meve tod .msdt yd bexssvoo s1s sexsitt to 
-180 yInonmoo deom ednemerso eiT .medd yd heducqone ed fovidors 
etefiid ets yavtneso da St edd Qnivebh etlovidow sdj no fev 
‘mateurennet <2te1l ,ebexgis ,efassed .ebreod-seedo .dveeiwee | 
‘age to ddbted eit ni beeognos eysnls ove etnemen10 seed? wove) 
* gnivtee er0ted modd sviso ot side 6d os @s 8 ,iceeDoy fo 
hte pa vattaicaenaa aes arma «bas of brs nets si oF sad 


7 ae. : x bar ris Ahad. aa y ue. 1 


oT ee eee) eo 7 
+ 


ma 


199 
as indicated by Pis. 1. The tank was filled with gravel and 
charcoal. Water was drawn from the listern through a hole pi- 
erced in the vault, fitted with curb, windlass and bucket. © 
Cisterns always had an overflow pipe and sometimes a duct for 
emptying them. We have noted in mediaeval cisterns, that the 
overflow pive is so located, that the water does not rise ab- 
overthe springins of the vault. 


CLAVBAU. Voussoir. 

Name siven to one of the stones cut in wedse Shape, that 
form arch or platband, and are found between the impost and 
keystone. Mediaeval constructors havens employed the jointed 
platband only exceptionally, we shall first consider voussoirs 
of arches. As a general rule, the section of a voussoir is al- 
ways normal to the curve of the arch; in other terms, the vo- 
ussoir must be cat according to the direction of the radius of 
the arch.(Art. Zonstruction). Voussoirs in the architecture of 
the middle ages always havins cut intrados and extrados with 
rare exceptions, it follows that the voussoirs of an arch are 
all of the same form and dimensions, as proved by Fis. 1. At 
are the imoosts, B the keystone, © the voussoirs. 

During the first centuries of the middle ages in France, 0 
one freouently finds stone voussoirs alternating with bricks 
in arches. This was a relic of the traditions of Roman const- 
ruction of the late empire. The windows of the Lower Work of 
Reauvais, whose construction probably dates back to the 8 th 
century have their arches thus composed of stone voussoirs 
separated by one or twoebricks. (2). Thus was obtained ornam- 
entation at little cost. The voussoirs of arches often recei- 
yed mouldings dating from the 12 th century; until that epoch 
they are generally cut with sharp ansles or sometimes as half 
cylinders. (Art. Arc). Members of Roman architecture in its 
decline are very much loaded with ornaments; not only capitals 
of friezes are covered by then, but even the columns afidtbhe 
archivolts supported by them. The ornaments most commonly car- 
ved on the archivolts during the 12 th century are billets, 
sawteeth, chess-boards, bezants, zigzass, frets, interlacins, 
etc. These ornaments are always composed in the height of ea- 
ch voussoir, so as to be able to carve them before settins, 
amd to fit them end to end, formins a continuous decoration. 


b 


! somloias Lesoenu to or Sehantien edt t dows samen end 
b, Saadti. enoce dose fo enoienomib edd 02 emi0tnco tasmen 


roe diab tainen bbe. . ssotterooeb sdt to yitemmye end anid 
etteepeeeeoe oo . 2 eeted Bbedata af Jadu enieloxe & .bi8 . 


.  erioesuov, pn gisinso dt Sf oft to bne eft duods eomisemoe . 
idl .tnemsnte ng déiw bsttado eatsa of o18 esdows bebigom to 
‘t .eudT .enbiewuA to efsemunom edd af tasupsi1t 31 toemetnes4e 
=e to ferbedise edd Yo dosog didwoe edt to efor fhetatoa sd 
7 .wisdaso dé $f edd to. slbbim edt mo1d etah doidw (%)' yeleV-as 
-beandoluoe bns bebinom yledaaissia erioeasoy 36 beecomeo o%8 
~sf 8.30 .90i8 1880 tasean® Yo dowudio eft Yo Isd10q diuce oT 
auslimie # ednoesio (yindaso di Ft edd Yo Anianteed) dooce asd 
q diuoa ed¢ .eontvoig tedt ol .(7)-tLovidow edi at tneme2oests 
—smggtam edd. to stuten edt oedw ,ybawdar§ ni cove bee ,sons1] to 
ont 90, snote si duo 918 esdors 10 axiosasov sdt .etimica elai 
gedudizsnoo eudd tnsteqqs sham Rated noisoussenoe est .e2x0loo 
@ 10 e1utgluos of sarvoce1 Saived Jooddin ,notisroosh odd of 
erties heen! -2cidaisa bheifaas 
+08,.nf yiuslvoidisq .yisisse di SI edd to seawoo edd AnianG 
-{fod 918 etlovidois to e1iosevov st .vingmach hoe etosiows 
. ,8bmor medomd to, geasstts ite einioslyetai sneesig of a8 ce bewo 
| -sidous nemic¥-olach sat al .etnemenio, feintalnoe to asve ine 
-tsnidmoo bedsoilomoca decom edt bowol e18 dooqs Jadd to syudoe 
~son edt to alesiog [a1etal ows osT -ewolfod deod odd bus eos 
-ifdo1 bas emsia seoin .nevoh to [eabediso edt to efsoat. nied 
 —anexs daedoia edd din 20 daieq% ,03Lb ¢uods gost atsh ezlov 
& e1st ddiv hoviso bas .,bewel fod: -,andoesuov duo ceeds to eel 
. pleasant «Noleiosig bas yosotlIs& 
7 A ts teseengen seodd -etiosevov sesdt Yo aez01 owt sis Sisk. 
-idw batded ,zevesl-beoslisitct seqe ylesidgns to woa 8s dnsesza 


_ tose edd. yd betsoifni es wclfod ens Yo moditod eft stevoo: Jad 
ght ois Cts gnollod sdt to modtod edd feosat af OSA .5 nok 


POMP to wor asdto eft .atoeasov edd to lonmen edt ni ylton 
. ;aleneq edt o¢ni dase enriveh edneasto § te bedasecige: ev 


La 


a .8emweit yiineupstt stom Bas e2eifot to eflows edt 
5. dation cadtadian events dud cnbleni dane, to. ‘ealogenoy ne 


uJ ies Md rie: 
>a .) : if ri * 


oe a, r ae 


q geves! misq edt [eeido od sonsitsa fed evead exotolvea eft do 


‘ waihi +P moitocs edd sevit yloeeh Aaue noiser00eb Io dros send | 


Sur a 


 -x8 bonistson epsiolt fetsioliseq sdi 18 G ta bas | ennitentsa - 


200 
Phis rule is obeyed in such an absolute manner, that when in 
the same arch the voussoirs are of unequal thickness, the or- 
nament conforms to the dimensions of each stone without deran- 
ging the symmetry of the decoration. 

Fis. 3 explains what is stated here. 

Sometimes about the end of the 12 th century the voussoirs 
of moulded arches are in pairs charsed with an ornament. This 
arrangement is frequent in the monuments of Auversne. Thus t 
the pointed arches of the south porch of the cathedral of Puy- 
en-Velay (4), which date from the middle of the 12 th century, 
are composed of voussoirs alternately moulded and sculptured. 
The south portal of the church of Ennezat near Riom, of a la- 
ter epoch (besinnims of the 13 th century) vresents a similar 
arrangement in its archivolt.(5). In thet province, the south 
of France, and even in Bursundy, when the nature of the mater- 
ials permits, the voussoirs of arches are cut in stone of two 
colors. The construction being made apparent thus contributes 
to the decoration, without having recourse to sculpture or t 
applied paintins. 

During the cougsse of the 12 th century, particularly in Be- 
auvoisois and Normandy, the voussoirs of archivolts are holl- 
owed so as to present interlacinss ofiztis¢gass;,of broken rounds, 
and even of sculptured ornaments. In the Anglo-Norman archit- 
ecture of that epoch are found the most complicated combinat- 
ions and the best hollows. The two lateral portals of the wés- 
tern facade of the cathedral of Rouen, whose piers and archi- 
volts date from about 1160, furnish us with the richest exam - 
les of these cut voussoirs, hollowed, and carved with rare d 
delicacy and precision. 

Here are two roses of these voussoirs, these represent at A 
present a row of entirely open interlaced leaves, behind whi- 
ch the sculptors have had patience to chisel the palm leaves 
that cover the bottom of the hollow as indicated by the. sect- 
ion &. At CG is traced the bottom of the hollow; at D are the 
palmatiums, and at ff are the perforated floiase contained ex- 
actly in the pamel of the voussoir. The other row of voussoi- 
rs represented at # presents designs sunk into the panels; 
that sort of decoration sunk deeply sives the section G. hater 
the scrolls of foliage and more frequently fisures, decorate 
the voussoirs of archivolts, but always observins the primit- 


a 


ye oe ee ei er ete me od 


. ———— le Oe a = 


a 8 ee aes *) 


| = 


3 


¥ 
“4% , 

, mw? te 

a co 


iy “am 


a ig / ‘s : 


| ed dae 20m ee aa ibiil Ana pints ‘ssiaeiabalel jet tedton 
ened. her qrev ote ‘enedT.. etosensv eae nhs ie beatvameo 
boule pte ‘edt Yo [etaeq. nisteew edt af [f13? .elor dedd of 
-Gh edt to nem blo 2¢ edd to ee1vsit odd asse 918 eined .2 Yo 

eyifnespesnoo bos ,e1leeevov seidt 10 od no hew1s9 seaylsoo 
.% ors ‘ebnsdtsle to exiosenov sd? .tnidtes asd te sesia ni tue 
smo ak toy yeboiasq ofdtcod has evpsensmon add mais S127 
[feme oi beixieyo vino sew Ynttiied act snote siedu asogivora 


-@moo ayswtoob to eistnii een of yiseeseen esw ti ,enoienemib ~ 


_& Bavet yltnesosst vrev sis eiogiovesed aI .ertozevev Yo bee 
eyimdries dd Si edd of eattnoled eyer100b to eletail besafot, 
 } deeeete teven doogs tedt as ehnedtsic to arioeevov sid ind 
e12 yous s:sivtostidois semof ai as sitaso & OF Bnibast etniofs, 
Ydads .edotct betasini to ensem vd esediq 1isdsi ai besiceque 
<a eyevioob te aletnil saedt to enO .efdieecamt eatagile sism 
~—vesi to enneit® .2 dowsdd to shie dtiom oat Snols nese ed ys 
<ttee bre Rattivo oft mort dattineer yiluotllib edT .({) eisv 
e.medw (ywineo dt ff edd mr beavso eudd duo ebasdisla to bai 
etit benobasds nem dedd ,betrisup exew suvlov ekas!l to sencts 
-gascen stalorde si Saedrs .noistonitence to enesm betsoilqmos 
9 Istoece tedd nit :esoeigstit to esltnem no slamexe 10t .yti 


@ dtiw 10 atesttd dtin tvo sxe selénam to attosevow sit saso- 


‘hue acy  s(eenimed®? ,[tersdcagA setrA) .edntot I[stber 
_ ptiuev betqobs sisw esianinso di bf bos dt FI sdt oi moat 
<eonibi[vom to-tedmun oiatiso s ofni bebivibh eeto1is bedntou diin 
a ,beirvo9ce eemitemoe si ,ewollod bns esvoo .etellit .ebnvor 
$ .moteto oc Snlbrooosr tuo ybsastls toe Smisd tecami sat Jedd 
o déiw biooos yltosxs fon bib etfoazsvov ect io eknibfvom edi 
famaxs 10% .betis0:9900 eteetio gadt of cefeoomt edz to seods 
no [fst yletsiveos ton eeob (8) ertozevov ent to A haves sds 


. b etit beviteoreq erettocenote odd ;teoomr sid to F Savor odd . 


etti a déiw D vioeesov solitenettor des bos anittuo at tosteh 

. etsetto odd beetwberth tadd ,eantbhiIoor edt oo tasl to tnsment0 
-omt Yo bas siiosevov noose to asdmun nisd3is0 « etetxe eisdT 
etinsv eft Yo esdors hetaiog odd ct noktePheotedd dtiw ateo 
-(yamt.as9 dt bf eft te Saiont>ed) omnozesois© to stiese .2 to 
0 erednem [fs to anidtuo edd to toora nissiso #8 nedt at sadt 
eesesog aitosevov eft cels esmitemol .anidise eroted sanibivon 
odd sist don Ib systivoenote eid stadt ,e2nib{vom to ersdmem 
eeena tect oedTt — eit no eviesss oF scitseosya 


201. 
primitive rule, viz:-- that each ornament or fisure must be 
comprised within one voussoir. There are very few exceptions 
to that rule. Still an the western portal of the abbey churecn 
of §. Denis are seen the fisures of the 24 old men of the Ap- 
ocalyose carved on two or three voussoirs, and consequently 
cut in place after setting. The voussoirs of platbands are r 
rare during the Romanesque and Gothic periods; yet in some 
provinces where stone for buildins was only quarried in small 
dimensions, it was necessary to use lintels of doorways compo- 
sed of voussoirs. In Beauvoisois are very frequently found j 
jointed lintels of doorways belongings to the 12 th century; 
but the voussoirs of platbands ar that epoch never present j 
joints tending to a centre as in Roman architecture; they are 
supported in their phaees by means of indented joints, that 
make slipping impossible. One of these lintels of doorways m 
may be seen alons the north side of Church S. Htienne of Beau- 
vais (7). The difficulty resulting from the cuttins and sett- 
ind of platbands cut thus caused im the 13 th century, whens 
stones of large volume were quarried, that men abandoned this 
complicated means of construction, exeept in absolute necess- 
ity, for example on mantles of fireplaces; in that special c 
case the woussoirs of mantles are cut with offsets or with f 
radial joints. (Arts. Apvareil, Cheminee). 

When in the 13 th and 14 th centuries were adopted vaults 
with pointed arches divided into a certain number of mouldings, 
rounds, fillets, coves and hollows, it sometimes occurred, th 
that the impost being set already cut accordins to custom, t 
the mouldings of the voussoirs did not exactly accord with t 
those of the imposts; so that offsets occurred. For example, 
the round A of the voussoirs (8) does not accurately fall on 
the round B of the impost: the stonecutters perceived this d 
defect in cuttings and set aotransition voussoir © with a like 
ornament or leaf on the mouldings, that disduised the offset. 
There exists a certain number of second voussoirs and of imp- 
osts with thetsadditioncofin the pointed arches of the vaults 
of 3. Nazaire of Carcassonne (beginning of the 14 th century). 
Phat is then a certain proof of the cuttins of all members of 
mouldings before setting. Sometimes also the voussoirs possess 
members of mouldings, that the stonecutters did not take the 
precaution to reserve on the imposts. Then a head or a flower 


i 
aes 2 ny a sel 


ms: fi SUS fi i ee im i 

efqque eids to & isatage edd sadigunaiaa fed109. eltdiba mean ve 
xot ,evie2do" ot ani¢sersd¢at eis Blisteh seedT .1ednem visinsn 
7" _optor18 seiubeih Siueo etetowisance edt wod etsitenoneb yodd 
* quoo sit ni wseces of List fon bluoo tedé .ecisizelwterrt 10 
Adi pbatoteyaule yodt wod hoe ,sindostifors sidsoD to aliateb xel 
«Tb gort-eovisenedit ss7t oF yiseeeoen ean Ji nein weommeesT 
 +feelisme sdt ni es {lew es yteritas oft ni aniviwoce ests {uot 


Srcoey uheden- -» eenettouitence aledt te slieieb 
“Ske st t*) 22 
= 9a = oF a ween efsatl A oS TTEVAIO 


SD eahaaey snivise ‘ns pout efstil a ot asvih ei oman eiaT 
friwi¢es{t to efenea odd 10 y(aolno§ «d1k) »tiod & to bae ede 

wd sesid tainidmoo yd bemtot swobnin ests elbbim edt aired 
t ased soit necwiod elonsc ni tee oren ebsel yd sosfe oi tqed. 
es laste eeedd divoidd Qnuteesa evsi eletid .eelesdn dtin bedsrt 
es @o sefensa sesdt Qo gnsmeosl(qath edd tesvexg ot bebastni siow 
dcodtiteu ,elensa edt to eeshs sii metest blyoo syst easdt end 
~e1xsed wort [sotiasy.10o Ietnoxinved odd cf ,sealt oft Qnitosto 
: ‘ot (etteqet to seso at yiteas medi svoms1 of elds ed ot bns 
~yeStedemtd: .edth). T° .2f] af betsoibsi maol edt neviz ssw meds 
muese ‘.(ftewiv 

eyed eissti sat erowbocr veeed bne dtowneore .vitasateo of 
shane edt ‘te beldvob yliasupe1t eboa to ebas edd dieci1dd beeesa 
tno agile ae8n0l on bisco yet edt .Sevisost Saied ebas ond odd 
; o(S 2859) 


aba redy @8t neve 4 ©o9eB80dssawe1Dd sonoseyod. .89I0 
+ » eda< mobheanie Seihs yincesm to ei#tow og beifogs si baow aid? | 
ddvordt entl Ieotdiev sno gee ,dows se esol tedd snodeved 
sag ‘Paver nt ylno eecoteyed e168 ersdT .dors dedd Yo etdase end 
«evade yeors talvo1to owt to bemiot anisd ssdois hedaiog yzedous 
: -{g0% ef seso ted¢ al onosayed eft ;esxiceauov to etecomt vino 
| egne arnlet oy 7 ene ee rater sondy boos 
1 mbhee 4d) che gésaots: 4 vd 

ioe ogee edLovidots : a8. t0 siaedansil sandovisona+g 9330 
+si00ebh ylinespes? ensoewsd® sit modt eroted bus eaamoS edt 
-ido ,19anem desdoix edd of dfovidows edd to soodsysi edd fet 
~the-ns to sensiine edt bedovontwe etfovidors seeds aedw ylte - 
| syed ed? sdometad Yo dois ne to Batseqe. [sqioaisa eds 10 sok) | 
psouerts avendene ts: snissoibat agte 8 e8w 6880 deat ad onots 


wr nes ” Ss Ay | stay 


<= & in é i 


202 

forms a little corbel servingeas the springins of this supple- 
mentary member. These details are interesting to observe, for 
they demonstrate how the constructors could disguise errors 

or irregularities, that could not fail to appear in the comp- 
lex details of Gothic architecture, and how they always found 
resources, when it was necessary to free themselves from diff - 
iculties occurring in the entirety as well as im the smallest 
details of their constructions. 


CLAVETTH. A little Key. 

This name is given to a little tron key servins to fasten 
the end of a bolt, (Art. Boulon), or the panels of slass wimows. 

During the middle ages windows formed by combinins slass k 
kept in place by leads were set in panels between iron bars f 
fitted with utaples. Little keys passing through these staples 
were intended to prevent the displacement of these panels; t 
thus these keys could fasten the edses of the panels, without 
cracking the slass, to the horizontal or vertical iron bars, 
and to be able to remove them easily in case of repairs, to 
them was given the form indicated in fis. 7. (Arts. Armature, 
Vitrail). 

In carpentry, tronwork and heavy woodwork, the little keys 
passed through the ends of rods freouently doubled at the end; 
the two ends beins recurved, the key could no longer slip out. 
(Fis. 2). 


OLEF. Keystone. Crown. Boss. 

This word is applied to works of masonry and signifies the 
keystone that closes an arch, set on a vertical line through 
the centre of thet arch. There are keystones only in round a 
arches? pointed arches beins formed of two circular arcs, have 
only imvosts of voussoirs; the keystone in that case is repl- 
aced by a joint. 


CLEF D’ARCHIVOLTE. Keystone of an Archivolt. 

The Romans and before them the Etruscans frequently decora- 
ted the keystone of the archivolt in the richest manner, chi- 
efly when these archivolts surmounted the entrance of an edi- 
fice or the principal openins of an arch of triumph. The key- 
stone in that case was a sign indicating a passase. Hveryone 


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203 
knows the admirably sculptured keystones of the arches of Tra- 
jan, Titus, Septimus Severus and Constantine at Rome. We see 
keystones sculptured over the principal entrances of the are- 
nas of Nimes, those entrances havins no other mark to distin- 
sSuish them from the other arches surroundins the edifice. The 
middle ases Jo not appear to have continued thet tradition, 
even in the early time; its archivolts present a series of 
uniform voussoirs, and most frequently evem the constructors 
neglect to reserve the place regularly siven to the keystone; 
a joint replaces it. The archivolts of the cloister of the c 
cathedral of Puy-en-Velay shows us on the exterior keystones 
decorated by sculptures. A part of that cloister dates from 
the 10 th century, but it was almost entirely rebuilt in the 
12 th, and the last architects retained on the keystones of } 
the archivolts that kind of ormamentation, probably not to a 
deranse the harmony of the whole. We dive here (1) one of these 
keystones representins an animal with the head of a woman. A 
Although in pointed arches there is no keystone, properly spe- 
aking, yet the architects of the Gothic epoch havessometimes 
terminated the archivolts of the portals of churches. by a key- 
stone, or rather by two half voussoirs cut in a single stone, 
and on which they carved a fisure having to occupy a place of 
honor, for example, like the bust of Christ, or sometimes of 
the Rternal Father, towards the 16 th century. 


CLEF D’ARC OGIVE. Boss of Oross Vault. 

The architects of the 12 th century having invented the po- 
inted cross vault, soon sousht to place one of the most beaut- 
iful motives of interior decoration at the junction of the t 
two crossed arches, that support the Gothic cross vault. The 
meeting of these two projecting arches reauires a keystone f 
from the point of view of construction, i.e., a single block 
of stone closings the junction of the two arches by joints nor- 
mal to the courses. If there were some experiments in the mode 
of joining these arches (Art. Gonstruction), they were not of 
long duration; for as soon as we see the cross arches adopted, 
there appear the sculptured bosses. However that decoration 
is not developed everywhere with the same freedom; abundant 
and rich from the origin in some provinces, it is poor and t 
timid in others. As for the sculpture, it is almost always n 


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204 

necessary to have recourse to Burgundy, or rather to the order 
of Cluny, amd to Ile-de-France. Indeed the oldest boss of cr- 
oss arches that we know is to be seen in the sallery of the p 
porch of Vezelay. All the vaults of that porch, except two,» 
are still without sSroin arches; one of these two vaults, who- 
se construction dates back to about 1130, presents at the in- 
tersection of two arches a beawtiful and richly sculptured b 
boss, that we give (2). Pierced at the centre to allow the p 
passage of a cord that suspends the chandelier, that boss pre- 
sents at two sides between the Sroin ribs fisures of cherubim 
with halos, whose eyes are filled with black cement represent- 
ing the pupils. Around the central hole drop leaves largely 
recurved. Radia 

Note 1.p.258. This boss was vroken VWnrto ee ond 
hod tO be veploced for solidity, burt Vt has been scrupuloushy 
reproduced, and the fragments of the old boss were deposited | 
An the wuseum of the church. 

The diea of suspendins fisures of angels from the vaults m- 
st naturally present itself first, and many vaults of church- 
es of the second half of the 12 th century were decorated in 
this manner. But few exist today that date from that remote 
epoch, the 13 th and 14 th centuries having rebuilt sreat nun- 
bers of vaults because of fires or faults in the primitive fe) 
construction, frequently executed by architects that experim- 
ented. One can admit, if he examines the few examples still 
existing in our days, that the artists of the 12 th century 
lavished sculpture on vaults, a sort of decoration abandoned 
by the masters of the 13 th and 14 th centuries. 

About 1160 the architects not only sculptured the bosses, 
but the Ssroin ribs themselves, frequently causins the carvins 
of statues in their imposts above the capitals. (Art. Sommier). 
After the example of the boss represented in Fis. 2, one of t 
the most ancient and most remarkable is certainly the collec- 
tion of bosses still to be seen in church Notre Dame of Htam- 
pes. Three of those vaults arehdecorated at the junction of 
the diagonal arches, one of the figures of kinss beings repro- 
duced at half length, issuing from the apex of the angles for- 
med by the intersection of these arches, and the two others 
by eight seated fisures of angels, four on the ribs with lower- 
ed wings, the four in the angles with wings displayed. 


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205 

We sive (3) one of these masnificent bosses, although prover- 
ly sveaking, the angels do not form a part of the boss, those 
sculptured on the ribs being on the voussoirs next it, and t 
those on the compartments beins attached im the upper courses 
of rubble. Their winss are fastened to the vauit by crampse 
These fisures were formerly painted, and today a yellowish w 
wash covers them as well as the rest of the vault. 

We see beautiful sculptured bosses datins from the end of 
the 12 th century in the vaults of the cathedral of Laon, and 
here the fisures are not attached around the boss, as at Etam- 
pes, but belons to that principal part of the vault. At the 
junction of the eight cross arches bearings the apsidal vault 
of the chapel of the north transeot of that church is a boss 
representing an angel holding a scroll in the middlo fo a cr- 
own of foliage. The head afid the wings of the angel are repre- 
sented in the most open angle between the arches and toward + 
the entrance of thet chapel, thus fillins in Sraceful fashién 
the space produced by the junction of the two principal ribs. 
Here (4) is that finely sculptured boss, and which accordin$ 
to the custom then adopted was painted im various colors. Al- 
ready at that epoch not only were sacred fisures sculptured 
on the bosses of vaults, but it was sometimes attempted to d 
decorate them by foliage arranged with elegance. The vault of 
the upper chapel of the south transept of the cathedral of L 
Laon presents one of these bosses surrounded by finely carved 
and painted leaves; at the side with the most open angle, as 
in the preceding example, the foliase escaves from the central 
rosette, interlacing and ornamentins the joinins of the two 
principal arches. We sive (5) that oretty boss. 

But the two last examples belons to vaults of small dimenst - 
ons. In constructing cross vaults, the architects of the sec- 
ond half of the 12 th century recognized, that it was of sre- 
at importance for the stability of these vaults, for the bos- 
ses to have a certain pressure, and consequently a considera- 
ble weisht relatively to the voussoirs. So startins from that 
principle, they gave unusual volume to the bosses, increasins 
them by strons projections, and to dissuise the apparent hea- 
viness of these great blocks of stone suspended at the crowns 
of the vaults, they covered them with sculotures skilfully a 
arranged for their elevated position, and the effect that they 


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‘ ih e.: “AN . i 


206 
should produce. 

The Sreat apsidal vault of the abbey church of S. Germer in 
Beauvoisois shows us ane of these sreat bosses. The pibs of 
that apsidal vault join at the crowm of a transverse arch, 4 
very bad arrangement and rarely found except in primitive G 
Gothic monuments; the boss is only a half boss abuttins asai- 
nst the crown of the transverse arch, it has considerable di- 
mensions; the ribs are covered by sculptures for their entire 
lensth, and the angles left between them are ornamented by a 
cross, by fisgwres of dragons and of basilisks.(6). 

From the end of the 12 th century the bosses of apsidal va- 
ults or of chapels represent, sculptured on their inner face, 
not only sacred personages such as Christ blessing or surroun- 
ded by amSels, the Virgin, the Lamb, signs of the evangelists, 
as in the terminal chapel of the sreat hall of the hospital 
of Chartres; saints and martyrs; but also sometimes bishops 
or abbot founders, also subjects as for example, sisns of the 
zodiac, animals taken fros books of animals, etc. Im the vau- 
lt of the apsidal chapel of the abbey church of Vezelay, whose 
construction dates from the last years of the 12 th century, 
may be seen a very beautiful sculptured boss representing the 
sign of Aguarius under the form of a youns man scarcely clot- 
hed, holding a longs vase from which the water runs, and surr- 
ounded by scrolls. 

We sive here (7) a copy of that boss. It will be noticed t 
that the boss is only an ornament detached from the arches of © 
the vault; that boss has no back andithe arches pass and int- 
ersect behind it. That is one of the special characteristics 
of the rich bosses of the end of the 419 th century. When one 
examines the bosses of the vaults of that epoch it is easy t 
to recognize that the architects confided these parts of the 
interior decoration to the most skilful sculpturs. Whatever 
the heisht at which were placed the bosses of vaults of the 
12 th and 13 th centuries, they are always designed with ele- 
sance and exeeated with care that indicates the importance a 
attached.to those pieces of sculpture. But it must be stated 
that the artists of the 12 th century did not always take an 
exact account of the effect, which they desired to produce at 
Sreat heights, and certain bosses seen mear are true masterp- 
ieces, but produce Litthesorhnoceffect because of the distance 
separatins them from the eye of the svectator; in that respect 


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902 seconds Io norsoes teint sit eteveo yisowsee efod sit onists. 

,¥ edd mt as wewmiteno® .seszod eeods to ono ab (C) eveH -ebaw 
Mo enteishe saz to dowsdo sft to eslete shies edt Yo ed luav 
-tni ae te etstenos vino geod sit }o Sehemanto sid .nubuastedd 
»(Of )»ebnwot eft to notioowt edd tniasvoo antosixs 

solaush yd fetoustenoco sical to L[eshediso sit to dasa odd nT 
tnees tq eerors e010 edt to esesod sdt .(OVIL tueds) vile ef 
-osetstni eft Snthesoxs ton nottesfor didkife to astteazor yino 
ageienoo vireo noits10osh gted¢ bn 2801s Beet edd to noid 

dud. .eqeno déiw seeeors. #ee1D beviso exe floidw ot etsl[dsd Yo 

% IIe to seoft to teom sxil ,dounsto vers to e¢ivav deoxd odd 
-fow geoto owt to hesoowon sts .foocs dsd¢t to esdoindis fons 

- @ sidd oT .ee0ed edt ts anitoseistci fous eeievensis 8 boa es 
espage sort ow § Bos A te otemet et)edt .(ff) seso seluctirec 

gm od¢ Qaolse beosio ebsed named déiw Hs{[kt aptalwoe edt tad 

 ~—s- edt to adda edt to notsonet edt Js eeod heviso siT .ehotbivom 

a s to etetenoo ylomie eined to [ethetidso eft fo tivev [shieqs 

“ coca eorce sit ai heed s dtiw .scevo ifin eeors Xse0D 
Boe eros (NOR aH? 32 * ,adia tobsetbhbas edd Yo nottonct, 

wetd exode kine tedd venod sed $e Qniveth s (Sf) evik s¥ 

4 Sean ot détneide eved yond pase tat{lit esodt to wilde 

re rent ads 0 Le eldsrebienos 8 esedw tnieg sds ce 


: a) ; a 
f <a : n = oe) 7 a oa? 


207 
the sculptures of the 13 th century understood much better t 
than those of the 12 th the effect to be derived from rosett- 
es placed at the junctions of arches. 

But before presenting examples of these bosses from the 13 
th century, it is necessary for us to speak of the bosses of 
secondary vaults. generally during the second half of the 1? 
th century these are small and very simple: sometimes they e 
even disappear, and the cross arches intersect without beins 
strengthened by this ornamental addition. 

At Paris, S. Denis in France, Noyon, Senlis, S. Etienne of 
Reauvais, we see the cross arches of vaults at the boss pier- 
ced by a hole surrounded by a measre rosette. As in the last 
church it has occurred (8), that the stonecutters did not kn- 
ow how to join the two cross arches. Here the ornamental ros- 
ette does not cover the intersection of the arches, and their 
double rounds bend im joining the boss. At the cathedral of 
Senlis the cross arches of the vaults of the side aisles beings 
composed of a single round, the smallness of the rosette deco- 
rating the boss scarcely covers the intersection of those ro- 
undse Here (9) is one of those bosses. Sometimes as im the v 
vaults of the side aisles of the church of the Madelaine of 
Ghateaudun, the ornament of the boss only consists of an int- 
erlacins coverings the junction of the rounds.(10). 

In the part of the cathedral of Paris constructed by Maurice 
de Sullv (about 1170), the bosses of the cross arches present 
only rosettes of slisht projection not exceeding the intersec- 
tion of the cross arches, and their decoration only consists 
of tablets in which are carved Greek crosses with cusps. But 
the sreat vaults of that church, like most of those of all P 
French churches of that epoch, are composed of two cross arch- 
es and a transverse arch intersecting at the boss. In this p 
particular case (11), there remain at A and B two free spaces 
that the sculptur filled with human heads placed alons the m 
mouldings. The carved boss at the junction of the ribs of te 
apsidal vault of the cathedral of Paris simoly consists of a 
Greek cross with cusps, with a head in the space ovposite th 
junction of the radiating ribs. 

We sive (12) a drawings of that boss, that well shows the u 
utility of those fillind heads: they save strength to the boss 
at the point where a considerable hollow misht have caused a 


eft Yo eédonedd snsteah teom owt ott betosnnco fae ,studosit 
esbhati evawis sineavcorm ofdio5 to nolisesremantic sdT .edf1 mio 
-Bib dowm cet sts on ;nottouttenos ead te beogss nit nisiao sai 
to solagso s yietom esoftibs to saptofucs efi ai soe ot heaoa 
~! =)°elSataoess: to tintsx Sid netto ef Si ofidw .tettas eds 
-som@os si0m ei esesod Yo saptqivoe eft yindnss di St odté aT 
-Butnace suodtiw Sas betusixs yildasimbs stet lot to beeeoncs vi 
“*tetinev sft to esie sdf ot softtogor9g Hi enclanemib dsiw ,aot 
-~da sico1es 915" siluev seodx .efist to smed savc¥ Yo sven efT 
"oyatedo edd to ovodst sfif Betnerte seesod eeceseeoo .ACSf sao 
edd'te esod? .fotlide bas fetktnosed stom tet abiceb & Yo Ind 
6teb etass ts sqmsdd-eob-nivieN .2 Yo vedds edd Yo yiotostos 
8e01S ofT .[wlitwsed yidedasmst eve bas fooge omse sit mord 
~aedot seiteversid tHodtiw eselone Sddia ta Joeawstel esdots 
&i gnivosiore edt stedd svisest of yiseesosnnw sew SE dads oF 
operon 8 Yo besoomoo o1s esenod eset jeoltns edt ni ebsen 
e (fr) sgedd Yo sao svit oe .eevsel Yo stisees 
edt et sastelvuoe odd tad? .asvewod fsvetied sd ton teum tT 
edt ai esissit Yo sofsetnsesiasy sav beonsiones yiudneo as Fi 
a@ ylis{votiieo s10m asdt Hsvieest vend tad .etiusv to eeeeod 
es tent esseod sdt betmemento stailod to enwots :estissvonse 
-ogs dads ¢A .elsttaso sit Bib esvesl Yo senonrad fas etexocro 
~ Pesestsy stew seodt  .eiosftdue bed neror08 eseeod eddy nendw do 
-itnsed dgeom eft to en0 .notyvwosxrs oi yorzoifsb sildstiemer dtiw 
sit steve beivtaluoe ef en ot mwost stostdwe dtiv sersod [nt 
esodw',eiorvA ak tums te dowsds stafeslloo est to visstonse 
noitenoiss sit einsesidqss eeod gsdT .cFS! duods betosis sasH 
6 ont oc ensel fetrdd sedbailotd to sehiw edd nf nieaiV edd Yo 
-ib edi seosta [eSns cA .19edtom efd aseestd bus saulov boxr08e 
=bim ts e1s esf[Sns asdto ort .vieM to beed sid no owoto sniv 
3 [fA .sfbaso xew & etesd doss buns esdoasid edd svode sidhied 
et boe .tetemstbh at bray e aevo dsIdet s eisvoo siniginos eds 
.aword dethbhet bawers sft .aset> sbeifot sdi .betnssq yierisne 
~foo dne1sItib Yo ere esdsenoeies ows edd to edcemtesv edd bas 
apres (st) evit oF -Sdsnimoberg fer fos suld doidw at .et0 
abies 240 . -eeod Inlitussd ted? to 
bss erosalpoe sdv isdt .Qaiblind st Bertw9s90 ylrasgpett TT 
~o19 sdf tsdt so .anidies sioled eseeod sddi sv1so ot emis ton 
antosia mort avedtee oft ®aidosverq savdalnoe edt Yo soidsost 
atcixeini sit ot cielo siel esw st .baitetnes edt no eeod odd 


a 


208 
fracture, and connected the two most distant branches of the 
Sroin ribs. The ofnamentation of Gothic monuments always finds 
its origin in anneed of the construction; we are too much dis- 
posed to see in the sculpture of edifices merely a caprice of 
the artist, while it is often the result of reasoning. 

In the 13 th century the sculpture of bosses is more common- 
ly composed of foliage admirably arranged and without confus- 
ion, with dimensions in proportion to the size of the vaults. 
The nave of Notre Dame of Paris, whose vaults were erecte ab- 
out 1225, possesses bosses arransed like those of the choir, 
but of a design far more beautiful and skilful. Those of the 
refectory of the abbey of S. Martin-des-CGhamps at Paris date 
from the same epoch and are remarkably beautiful. The cross 
arches intersect at right amsles without transverse arches, 
so that it was annecessary to reserve there the projectins he 
heads in the angles; these bosses are composed of a simple r 
rosette of leaves. We sive one of them. (13). , 

It must not be believed however, that the sculpturs in the 
13 th century renounced the representation of fisures in the 
bosses of vaults, but they reserved them more particularly for 
sanctuaries; crowns of foliase ornamented the bosses just as 
crockets and bunches of leaves did the capitals. At that epo- 
ch whem the bosses represented subjects, these were treated 
with remarkable delicacy in execution. One of the most beauti—- 
ful bosses with subjects known to us is sculptured over the 
Sanctuary of the colledsiate church of Semur in Auxois, whose 
were erected about 1235. That boss represents the coronation 
of the Virsin in the midst of foliage. Christ leans on the s 
sacred volume and blesses his mother. An angel places the di- 
vine crown on the head of Mary. Two other angles are at mid- 
height above the bramches and each bears a wax candle. All t 
the sculpture covers a tablet over a yard in diameter, and is 
entirely paented, the foliage green, the Sround reddish brown, 
and the vestments of the two versonasges are of different col- 
ors, in which blue and red predominate. We sive (14) a copy 
of that beautiful boss. 

Tf frequently occurred in building, that the sculotors had 
not time to carve the bosses before settins, or that the pro- 
jection of the sculpture preventins the setters from placins 
the boss on the centerins, it was left plain in the interior, 


006. Ly > 2 


boon: oak near ecdéeeor etielisinas. bee 
edt eeneod teom eerie yb osew endd tseldst onote nielg & 
5 dtseos. egedt foe yeiisd ts e[{[sosd0 .2 rewol edt to edlosv 
@ + (er) 19 slomsxe ne wode oW «busi s‘isdesm & Yd suo e718 
fidtref fitiw Eorebeom ef. eterfet sfT .ObST tveds mort eedsh 
| st enofnanace edt setts Anidese a sextestiqms yhesule tend yti 
F wl enz ers: -stnten te nolisd imi 
<etaeTo? sat Fo. 2/qom edt more ssgoas 970 SaSNT sTb8.q.h SFOK 

«49 edt ts feosla od text? seom tiusv seo1 edt to seod enT 
geo1o end to extogevov siz Qnidise ssoted baiicineo sng to awe 
“ gvowtredd Soiowsd rot duem se .9fivk e es eevise di 10% ,edia 
t-de fevel emse edt yltosxe ga etdd teem oF ef O8 Edit BeOTD 
»bloot eno .noksusoe1¢ tadt¢ tuodstiW .nottonet Yo satog aredd 
eno sd¢ sd-beusde {few tevewod .daiddee ni nisdiso sd seven 
s#tA) fevel case sitite eedows seotd edt eainiof Yo .baises 
_ «-stnespeit tedd .stoteisit bevisoncs od {fiw si ;(nottonatenod 
«tbh bivow com ,tiuev edd to noivonstenco eds yslof gon ot wi 
-jepned tetiseor odd evaso of witqiwes oft wolls o¢ emis sxsd 
‘soneeds odd cele .ebiswietts bedestte siew hoow to estseeor 
=«d¢imo sisw veda! Yt .edinav to eeeeod cistseo no eintoatuoe Yo. 
eteldss oft désensd hoow Yo eottero: edt fo norsibbs sét hs 
gefows eeo19 edt to eseobseitdes sdt 31 sniela steL enote Yo 
-teeb sie yeodd etnemsysamos edt ctri qeine ton of fas tuo s%8 
 --3g0m yods s2ee80d sdtvaot.emse eft ton ei gi), dr0cowe oF honi 
-yodd eud? saati{it edt dnidvedne acidostota « oved eysewis yl 
' eegdIuav-eddt¢ nwo1o sd3.ds bextt. vidostisa dniog & Insee10 
20% efod s yd beowsic evsuis teomf[s tnied oele eekieed bre 
tdpted sieds sot vasessoen eew di .bx00 vaiboeoene ¢ Soteesa: 
eeodsa etreeccide Of .8i9 saniflit edd to aod sft oF dose od 
‘sopatsnco to sbom eidt efdibilisdini eiem ILin bas moitoes ni 
‘tlosvieds Yo Rntisvoo edt ni biloe buied eeod edt sud acid 
~ediz eeo10 est to atosmevom ent. ot Bloiy sonnso yldnsrpeenco 
-x5 edt1 ee01o edd to enci¢ica edd evit ot yuseesosnnn ean If 
_ sosfors bed etiso eecds ti rot. .ddbael dseik & ti mort anthsss 
-d sved bioow sefois eat ni gnemevom tess! edt .doom yrev bes 
- edd beLLitled eved 192001 om bivow esod edd fas meds neicad 
set o¢ Bedostia eetiois esc1o edd to esid edd eudT «220g qn 
- wod relpotio oft o¢ efdieeca es yleeolo 28 Tio suo e718 Bsesod 
4 _ efttoxa edt 208 eh aVE .bi®-yd bedsotbnt es .oeod eft Yo vb 
peo10 déiw tivsv edt to etod sft Yo vbhod edd of corde ~ 


( { nearer hot eile 


t 


> : ; ra ‘ = % 
7 7 é oe anew —_ yore ory Z ee a 


209 

and that later rosettes carved in wood were hooked up below 

3 plain stone tablet: thus were decorated most bosses of the 
vaults of the lower S. Chanelle at Paris, and these rosettes 

are cut by a master’s hand. We show an example here (15) that 
dates from about 1240. The foliage is pendered with flexibil- 
ity shat already emohasizes a seekins after the scrwpulous fi 
imitation of nature. 

Kote 1.-9-267- These are Leaves frown the maple of the forests. 
The boss of the cross vault must first be placed at the cr- 
own of the centerins before settings the voussoirs of the cross 

rivs, for it serves as a Suide, a mark for turnings the two c 
cross ribs so as to meet this at exactly the same level at t 
their point of junction. Without that precaution, one would 
never be certain in settings, however well shaped be the cen- 
tering, of joinins the éross arches at the same level (Art. 
Construction); it will be conceived therefore, that freauent- 
ly to not delay the construction of the vault, men would wot 
take time to allow the sculptur to carve the rosette. hence 
rosettes of wood were attached afterwards, also the absence 

of sculpture on ceatain bosses of vaults, if later were omitt- 
ed tke addition of the rosettes of wood beneath the tablets 

of stone left plain. If the extradoses of the cross arches 

are cut and do not enter into the compartments they are dest- 
ined to support, it is not the same for the bosses; they near- 
ly always have a projection entering the fillins. Thus they 
present a point perfectly fixed at the crown of the vault, 

and besides also beins almost always pierced by a hole for 
‘passing a suspending cord, it was necessary for their height 
to reach to the top of the fillins. Fis. 16 represents ahboss 
in section, and will make intellisible this mode of construc— 
tion. But the boss being solid in the coverins of the vault 
conseaquently cannot yield to the movements of the cross ribs, 
it was unnecessary to give the portions of the cross ribs ex- 
“tending from it a sreat lensth; for if these parts had vrojec- 
ted very much, the least movement in the arches would have bd 
oroken them, and the boss would no longer have fulfilled its 
purpose. Thus the bits of the cross arches attached to the 
bosses are cut off as closely as possible to the circular bo- 
dy of the boss, as indicated by Fis. 17. As for the profile 
Siven to the body of the boss of the vault with cross arches, 


a 


S ve 


ih —) § 


‘i ts Ts is 
P) ; “+ 
eit ot es tales 18 vi Me “geus esouborses éiscelladiiiiaa th 
Leong) som 8 tacks ot. ebe etdd .tedt mort eeiasy $6 ‘YE sz07 NE 
 -«¥ ed A tel (8r) eeso ted oT .fewollod eeet bas elitoid evo 
Fo ybod sit to sedt od [fiw 9 .dows santo eds to s{btow saa 
299 D telded bewollod © ybod Leoitbnilye eld désons® .eeod edd 
-yo1a svsoneo od moud fofostsh edseeca bewstaluoe edt esviso 
ie. edd svods jon ci 0 éntoa seeddid eeodw .0 deldad edd to be 
edt Yo vobsisnt eft to oviwo sft to nottetnolow edt to H Low 
si¢ ni gud iytdeo segs elisseb sesdt eqsiie® .esiows ee079 
o¢2 bos \snewettibst ef ontdson noisonstenco oiddo> tc beddom 
= -oxe: fos aninoesss to tivesr st Onis eins to doveseet vd ef 
_—sgxotouttence dedt .enciteviesdo betseqs1 yd Letinpoe eoneite 
$utoubore wi bsbesooue ets sibbin sit to hoiieo boot edt to 
eter ow ,terntao% .ensem olomia yisw dyiw evostts Saiefsaqive 
edd enreonco sand {le sot ,noisoursenc$ «tat of erebss1 100 
— rooms mere s velo eseeod sit foide of stivsv to actioursenoo 
Gratorvs Js1s9 Sass 
+ -jonrtdedoo to sbom sav of eutdecs behnasdo sdrcatinns dt Sf en? 
_—s Med? to Aisd tart? edt amtavh edfosv eso10 rot Hedooks aot 
of Qoibicess tuo stew eseecd sit ylsinenpeenco fae .yintaso Ad 
es eibsem stom emsosd stutcluee tiedt dud ,slotoniad smse end 
piew tddted teeth te sldieiv seveet sbist sat .fseutnoo fins 
-qov? 18% ove ted¢ .stertol? stssileh to eedonsid yd beosloss © 
A svedd .yfeeolo booimex® .toctievaniyiatice s dove anitnsesig 
-1¢ Soted seveel sdt ,notstnoexe tosited Jo t9veword ots esascd 
‘ eeod s (OL) evth oW .yosShlob euieizaiwe bos e1s0 ddiw betas 
7 bilo edt of Sothnoled yirtnso dt bf sdt Yo Syianived sit To 
so oft Yo Soometasixe edt eniater tedd ,ennoesso1s9 to fexbedtso | 
‘gbsed owt cttw ..s.r .ysedaso dv &f odd Yo eoveod svitiniia 
noitoseisini ent yd bemrot eslens nsqo teow ows edd anbtlil 
edt .teiadd edgnoestas1 ebsad sestit to snO .edia eeo1o eft to 
‘prors 8 to beetiomoo ef stissot en? .nidarV wick sit rscito 
“d heorwd sved of «donerd ws{morfo & mort Quignizoe eeves! T 
tear : | «wh te toldst eidt Yo nottoss edt 
Ie vue’ So eeaecd edt yundnso ad FL odd to Hae sav biswot — 
-71se exit te ebleine [sisomre yd betsir0oeh netto sien esto 
" fesxogove tated tetel sedt ,egsilot yd .atssmsente yd bebnse 
pp piaegen .8 Yo dosudo ed? sesivoezeons suodtin 10 elsRns yO 
‘ae dobdn teban eseeod eeseeeroo ,snnceeso1s® to Lerbeddeo — 
D wsbrvot baal fo secdt bre somas® to emis dreions sis bevreo 


z .) ¢ 
i} ad * | 
— ; “4° 
ae i ' 


Ate | : . Lease es 
on in. Py a ~ = A ee ae co  @oe a 


—— oa 


210 
it most frequently reproduces that of the arches as in Pis. 
17, or if it varies from that, this is to adopt a more vigor- 
ous profile and less hollowed. In that case (18) let A be t 
the profile of the cross arch, B will be that of the body of 
the boss. Beneath the cylindrical body a hollowed tablet C re- 
ceives the sculptured rosette detached from the concave srou- 
nd of the tablet C, whose highest voint D is not above the le- 
vel & of the prolongation of the curve of the intrados of the 
cross arches. Perhaps these details appear petty; but in the 
method of Gothic construction nothing is indifferent, and it 
is by research of this kind, the result of reasomins and exp- 
erience acauired by repeated observations, that constructors 
of the S004 veriod of the middle ages succeeded in producing 
surprisins effects with very simple means. Further, we refer 
our readers to Art. fonstruction, for all that concerns the 
construction of vaults in which the bosses play a very impor- 
tant part. 

The 14 th century changed nothins in the mode of construct- 
ion adopted for cross vaults durins the first half of the 123 
th century, and conseouently the bosses were cut according to 
the same princivle, but their sculpture became more measre a 
and confused, the larse leaves visible at Sreat heisht were 
replaced by branches of delicate floiase, that are far from 
presenting such 2 satisfyindgreffect. Hxamined closely, these 
posses are however of perfect execution, the leaves being tr- 
eated with care and surorising delitacy.. We sive (19) a boss 
of the besinnius of the 14 th century belonsins to the old 
cathedral of Garcassonne, that retains the arrangement of the 
primitive bosses of the 13 th century, i.e., with two heads 
filling the two most oven amdles formed by the intersection 
of the cross ribs. Ome of these heads represents Christ, the 
other the Holy Virsin. The rosette is comprised of a crown 
of leaves sprinsius from a circular branch. We have traced t 
the section of this tablet at A. 

Toward the end of the 13 th century the bosses of cross ar- 
ches were often decorated by armorial shields, at first surr- 
ounded by ornaments, by foliage, then later beins supported 
by angels or without accessories. The church of S. Nazaire, 
cathedral of Garcassonne, possesses posses under which were 
carved the ancient arms of France and those of the founder of 


' rs cy eer. out. - 
1. easel 9 OPPs De | > on si ered “pProtenp0d. eb nede%, «1 Jomo ody 
ol ,20 Ro jedoos uate ews bi bletda edt :(0S) seevod 
 ¢ebia efit ni bedosteb ef st ;tniog of on0 fos Geto ni bsoslo i! 
ont ,efomexe Retbhseesa odd ni eA ~coveot deo to aworo edt to | 
 omph sedia seoto edd osented coltns Jeehis! ons eds Ifi? ebsod . 
edd dtsened hetnsset9ss enocetes aie yiotneo do St edt ai ylea ¥ 
yadda. ong ,eserod to avsldad 
-eoh oft eyants yivsen dedt .o1sd sdade ot imo Jon bluode of A 
eetrisite avcemsnom ni neve ,betnisa eis atiuev aor to ess 
beifqas anttnisa edT .notteso0eb to brid gedt duodsin vyleridss 
mort sonstedh nistaso 8 ot edin sdd no ebnsdxs esesod Sad Od 7 
. , forutated tA). -ettaso edd | 


eh vitae Som wotevo odt gytutaso dy ot sat Jital siT8ebek stow u 
< modt wo gattatog sit bao ethuou to esesod sat gastaiog toyisal | 
.ofo ,eettio ,2b10/ ,atoddn ,sgotadd -anglersvos Fo ear sat ff 
Fo. motuda edt no Arow sat 90. atauooon git. fo srefalae1 sat ar. if 
we whottse 0 86At ad Sods phoow ad (sé of 84:8 sosJot) esrort a 


_p ott etiuvog toate adt Fo sao fo as0d sdt a0 hatasog fevpool . 
-nobrod eoJoorK AgAt af toads pnoaasad Fo Jonvhroa sdf 2oO emo 
sun sit Fo téinog tari} sit jo eseod sat batatog ,7stafog ,18én 
-bdo1o 207% voORasseno% Jo sate sdt sro otstw*, bast sJqwoo asad 
. —og of tisog baooss sat fo seaod ont mo tods “seduped Fo #0009 
ao wit atiuog gatbssoous sif mo wsdt gytia sdt Fo save gat betas 
ott yltont} todt sagyorT to qodeld sdt fo b09 gatt sat Fo 280 
selJae"/ 96 astqrod 992) .b9hd/o eow fiuog a17FF oat Fo seod 
eo , . pB8Sr ~F4HE .toupvod .ssyorvl .segot? 86 
Yo, seseod 90 eslomexe evousmpn evib ot eeslesn ed bloom t1 
-gef to aettseor events o1s veds ;yrmtnso dé bf odd Jo edluayv 
ton ob tedt bos .ilew eesl 10 stom bedsert fbns benbiesh ev 
.. egidar to emunsemvs edd ni Beviso eedtseo1 odd most aetifb 
edt te9 .\sossef..t94) .e1sdmom L[eintosdidors isdte [le no 10 
_ebbexe eft aeesod to etutaluoe edt odni JAQuoid vindneo dd CL 
to eseeod 10 eetteeos edT .daidtyreve o¢ni tua di dads solisre 
beviso nego to t102 8 emrcet yautneo dt df edd Jo sedore efot9 
-e10 to bsstenl «eoriors ows Yo noivonst ect 1evo heoslo Jelded 
-eve otnt eevioseib ti .setteeo1 10 ebsifot Jo enwo1o Snidase 
_§0 yosotioh «a sitin bos eontl Isoixtemoes nidtin beatigmos 20 
i osdt jedta1 [stem 101 sidastive emiot elilecer stadt, iviso 
ot fous eved sotdeec2 seedt yidagupex. .enode 102 18004 i 
| mordne aise aevo betsiotseq {few oe .x10w of suementien s ee, 


eae fa 


TS bs 


Pu. 


ant 

vhe church, Peter de Roauefort; here is one of these latter 
bosses (20); the shield is azure with three rocks: of or, two 
placed in chief and one in point; it is detached in the midst 
of the crown of oak leaves. As in the vrecedins example, two 
neads fill the two largest angles between the cross ribs. Ra- 
rely in the 14 th century are persons represented beneath the 
tablets of bosses. 

We should not omit to state here, that mearly always the bs- 
ges of cross vaults are painted, even in monuments otherwise 
entirely without that kind of decoration. The paintins applied 
to the bosses extends on the ribs to & certain distance from 
the centre. (Art. Beinture).” 

Nove Lode SA. UNntir the 16 ch century, the custom wos veto- 
(nedfor pointing the bosses of vaults ond the pointing on them 
she orms of sovererlans, vishops, abvbvots, Lords, cities, etc. 
In the resisters of the sccounts of the work on the church of 
Troyes (folios 348 to 352) Vs veod, thot In 14@3 8 certain Jo 
Jacquet painted on the boss of one of the Sreat vaults the a 
arms of the cordinol of AviSnony, thot in 1494 Nicolos Cordon- 
nier, pointer, painted the boss of the first vault of the nave 
then completed, *where are the arms of Nonservgnor srond archd- 
2gacon of Refuse,” thot on the boss of the second voult he pa- 
Anted the arms of the city, then on the succeedinée vaults th- 
ose of the king ond of the bishop of Troyes, that finally she 
voss of the FAIFtH vault woe BILGE. (See Comptes de \reglise 
ae Troyes. Troyes. Bouquot. BAT. 1855. 

Tt would be useless to sive numerous examples of bosses of 
vaults of the 14 th century; they are always rosettes of lea- 
ves desisned and treated more or less well, and that do not 
differ from the rosettes carved in the tympanums of sables 
or on all other architectural members. (Art. Rsaace,. But the 
15 th century brought into the sculpture of bosses the exass- 
eration that it put into everything. The rosettes of bosses of 
cross arches of the 15 th century forms a sort of open carved 
tablet vlaced over the junction of two arches. Instead of ore- 
sentins crowns of foliage or rosettes, it dissolves into sus- 
ps comprised within sSeometrical lines and with a delicacy of 
carving, that recalls forms suitable for metal rather than th 
those orover for stone. Frequently these rosettes have such 
3 refinement in work, so well perforated over their entire si 


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7 groyss god ett no mode eosla ot sidieeoant ased sved EItow ‘af 
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ny ste fod! fsatheo sit diols beteesq Cor mort ne vd eaod fse7 
em (19) ‘evit oW .eobeitxs edt ts slfod sit esoros yod eltsil © 
nedet .vintineo dt ef sdv Yo sibbim sit mori eeeeod sesdt to ) 
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b itiw tnetnoo ton s14ew fem ~yindnso teddy Yo bne edd tuodA 
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croc | 
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athe 
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on. 


212 
surfaces, ‘that it was necessary to fix them afterwards, for 
it would have been impossible to place them on the top of the 
centering without breakins them. They they were hooked to the 
real boss by an iron rod passing throush the central hole with 
a little key across the hole at the extrados. We sive (21) me 
of these bosses from the middle of the 15 th century, taken 
from the vaults of the side sisles of the choir of the abbey 
church of fu, restored about that evoch, and (21 bis) the sec- 
tion on the line a b of this boss, that is only a perforated 
and sculptured slab 1 1/4 ins. thick. 

About the end of thet century, men were not content with d 
decoratins vaults by this sort of bosses. When the study of 
antique arts and those of the Ttalian Renaissance came to min- 
Sle with degenerated Gothic traditions, at first the principal 
forms of architecture were not changed. Those new elements w 
were attached to the details of the ornamentation. It seems 
that the French architects were pleased to cast into the tid- 
st of their combinations, still entirely Gothic in the entir- 
ety of the system of construction, frasments sought in the R 
Roman or Italian Renaissance monuments. In thatcour owniRenaece 
issance essentially differs from the Renaissance beyond the 
Alos. The Brunelleschis and later the Bramantes had possessed 
themselves of the sSeneral arransements of antiaue architecture, 
far more than of the details: or rather Italian architects had 
never entirely lost sight of Roman arts, and to return to them 
anly had to lay aside the corrupted traditions of the arts of 
the North, that during the 13 th and 14 th centuries had pen- 
etrated to Florence; iPerusia, and into the vapal states. 

Toward the end of the 15 th century our architects conceiv- 
ed the idea of vlacing in their edifices reminiscences of th 
arts of Ttaly, while entirely Gothic in construction. For 6x- 
ample, they found it clever to suspend from the vaults capit- 
als or gquasi-antioque ornaments, even sometimes little models 
havins nothing more of Gothic. Startins from that principle 
of the construction of the Gothic vault, that the boss should 
be heavy in order to prevent the rising of the ribs under the 
oressure of the haunches, they vlaced bosses with pendant or- 
maments resembling stalattites. This was the time of the sre- 
atest deviations in architecture: they were no lonser content 
with a block of stone, and went so far as to compose pendant 


| arte A) 
the neat ve xd) ee a od n ent c of. befostis. yee Re Yo eoae ae 
‘eb ened! edt .yatneqzso 8 $ Yo sneodeis edd of, somttomoe. neve. hee 
a Satin ite ersansh bos esonsinevnoont edt exiesdome of feem on 
- r yd etinav edd esexte eseecd dashes? .soitaicosh to s108 
onnee sego1o ni med¢ anicesd to fsesani sdtiew betdsiehkexe 
d wort edd to Paitena ads yd bedosteb Saied Xela yeds. ;aotx 
ett eee rete stnseetg eeods to efsed odd mo Sailist bos 
_  elebom elttil sas eeeaod sredd Yo sauce tent botete tent of 
feasdo edé %o ezodt exedto snoms es¢io [fiw 6 .etnemuoom Yo | 
-a@its%. te gistor% S08 sineG .ef dowsdo edt Yo nikaiV esd to my 
, asoktibo oatbavovawe siveolfone saidos os taseerce1 Jedd yi 
ny 2 domdo sdt to ovodT .tlusv eds disensd hebssasse 
ait) mort. eteb tedz need, to eters .2 doaude edd .yinubinh ad 7 
eto etigev dain edd Yo esods,.yininso di Of edt to, tuincited 
edt, med »bavode eolausxh -ote oF to forse sid to slodo edd 
d. ,sedors. [enoksib owd to beacemoo yino son s1s et{uev eacio 
(4) oa te (etuoV .t2h) eedois Anitoseisini te sedmun & Io dad 
_s,e9e80d dnsboeq bavol setto. e118 esos seond to encisoeersini 
» epeds.ot eovi? doistw .fbetetcceb has east so etem bhaitos(o10 
_-tletste evomione dsiw Rovd ofjoud & to sonsissacs ods etivav 
-tuesd asdt ontelioiwe ox0m enove ni aeoiteso ois seedT .aedt 
-dt xtaitee nedd werides cove sit. yowooo bone yieow doidw ,{pis 
eeodw ,enoisstostis seedd yd fetoode exs etesd. ins noesel ms - 
: -ni to winn edt youlesb tedd bos .bootssasins. ton eve esvitom 
-nev sdd mort nedat esezod seedt Yo ero (SS) ovid eV ~290ises 
'» efomexe elds seodo eW¥ .u8.to dowdo eft fo 1fede ef3 io edf 
_» ft @£ oft to bne edd most aodafh di 10% .teshlo eas Jo eno es 
_ ©. .lntidnsed teom edd to snc cele ei di baim avo oT -yistnso 
ousdo tsdt to 1aiodo edd to atlusv edi to eseeod gashasa sdf 
 =me0 dt St eit Yo buns odt to solitibe ns of dooge sent ni bebbs 
nafs dey -nolistnemanio ni oindod ylusen [lite cele exe .qisd 
edt nb [edteso neidsntiod edt Ae sonenltai edt dled ek ybes 
fns. snoge to xoold sno to ekem aed¢au% eft] .oued mevid eecd 
-ndo smse odd ol .iefishod benotest 2sosia to baecamoo gon ai 
—meoosh atedo edd to esdois sevevensid sft sea seinwexil ow for 
 §o eno evib ew jbetnsiis vilwitide yiev aserod Jnsineq yd hes 
i Rds tes® beets «4 |? ‘ _.. of FS).tetel meds 
 tadd feauds elasiyotsieg eves. x ists 98 hoe foslbod .yhesmicl 
’. _ epeitibte seeds to enoidanbo1gs1 odd tud ymoitexooebh Yo baid - 
: © apotomes avid os y1eezeoen ad.od Ji 102 axond Liew cod ems” 


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24:3 
posses of added parts attached to the real boss by iron bolts, 
and even sometimes to the tiebeams of the carpentry. There is 
mo need to emphasize the inconveniences and dangers of that 
sort of decoration. Pendant bosses stress the vaults by their 
exasserated weisht instead of keepvins them in proper equilib- 
rium: they risk beings detached by the rusting of the iron, t 
and fallins on the heads of those present. 

Ne just stated that some of these bosses are little models 
of monuments. We will cite amons others those of the chapel 
of the Virgin of the church Ss. Denis and Protais at Paris, 
that reoresent an entire enclosure surroundins edifices sand 
suspended beneath the vault. Those of the church S. Florentin 
in Burgundy, the church S$. Pierre of Gaen, that date from the 
besinnins of the 16 th century, those of the high vaults of 
the choir of the church of fu, etc. fxamples abound. Then the 
cross vaults are not only compvosed of two diasonal arches, -b 
but of a number of intersecting arches (Art. Voute), at the 
intersections of these arches are often found pendant bosses, 
projecting more or less and decorated, which gives to these v 
vaults the appearance of a grotto huns with enormous statalt- 
ites. These are caprices in stone more surprisins than beaut- 
iful, which weary and occupy the eyes rather than satisfy th- 
em. Reason and taste are shocked by these affectations, whose 
motives are not understood, and that destroy the unity of in- 
teriors. We give (22) one of these bosses taken from the vau- 
lts of the choir of the church of Bu. We chose this example 
as one of the oldest, for it dates from the end of the 15 th 
century. To our mind it is also one of the most beautiful. T 
The pendant bosses of the vaults of the choir of that church, 
added in that evoch to an edifice of the end of the 12 th cen- 
tury, are also still nearly Gothic in ornamentation. Yet alr- 
eady is felt the influence of the Corinthian capital in the 
boss siven here. It is further made of one block of stone and 
is not composed of vieces fastened tosethner. In the same chu- 
rch we likewise see the transverse arches of the choir decora- 
ted by pendant bosses very skilfully arranged; we sive one of 
them Later.(23). 

Normandy, Znsland and Brittany have particularly abused that 
kind of decoration: but the reproductions of these oddities 
are too well known for it to be necessary to sive numerous e 


> of ont “a me 
BOSE | ) enoiterstsers bed wend ods — yvenidase wy 


ite 


a 
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, Viens ett abana bool ov eved elyte onite? Yo 
ttseqt aon oot tedy .d1s sedd to noteestoxes voosd teom bore 
V iiaiaineees Go [int ove sobs ofbbim odg¢ Yo odusoetiders edd to | 
tne edd ot see vino ofw ,enoeise brieums 10% foot .esonsbsver 
‘ed bivorde ow tert evetfed oY .ttw Yo soeia s ex wd betestore | 
wt? d¢iw estso av0 [14% biwode ow Ti ,e1ebs941 tO oF Snitnsn 
—bttbew “ooo! .etteotaso to noltosséte sit vino Snieeseeoq sesw ) 
|) gevad vastness dt Si sd¢ To erostouttenco sat yilencttasox® as 
geo to efnemfxecroo sid ni berntoluoe seesod tee semitence 
~sv ek noltetcosf to tx0e efit .yifsiosqes brelbnt ol .etivsv 
diwsv oft to 220d tes1m sf? .yastmoo dt FE& edd of nommoo v1 ; 
@ to besoamoo et .(£) svst ow tans .esames® Jo emsC s1atoY to ay 
gud -etnemtusqroo edt of bedostys Hne edia edd no esastolvoe a) 
‘s. te t1s0 & mot stosrtzsomes oft Yo esneod svot edt foext ni i 
eno nedt ston sone1% oi woot yleors9ss ef .meittecamoo siante 
ateixe dotin ,etnemtisameo no esercd fstsloei seedd to siomaexe 
eweiess¥ to yedds edd to yletaose blo ond to stivuev edt dieoved 
‘tent nsevted A te .bS .BET nt Beowbowss: ef .(vistaso at Sr) 
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-g 0 sno to [isveb ott esvib eid S$ OI .emsnp|e .eni Sf yleo 
oer (fad oft .moeesh & Sntsdolt toiview & Snidnsesidss mens 
soeeodosveds dnoms Boe ,fetsatossh audd etivev xie yd OSsisveo 
- edt nidtiw etetieansve sit te endie teot sat bes intoosy ers ‘on 
[bd fertase edtentsened etivey fesolo efT .szstloi te esforto “A 
~q#t [Ie yluseen eis yvintéoso dé Lf sat aette aescoindo Yo esewot 
sfom etiel s yd beorsia ,vetemaib tee1> to eseeod Ativ bedeto 
\bedtroesh ers eseecd eeedd wud yelled edt to eksessa edt 10 
, -fis0 stad of i 
elt, eotiwh betowitenoo etniliso vatneo1so belense sid asbal ; 
Ese sdt to enottonnt sdv te .eotunineo dt Of bas dd Fr dt BF a 


e 


‘$e sas mesd+ecoro is0qn Odd bos adia sit dttw seoctnti sit Yo 

- 9% to molensoxs n6 faimiot ,boow nf bevaso veaeod bedosiss ‘a 
exsdmit sit to encitonst sdcv edasm sSoidw ,etaswsant0 to stsifo® r, 
sod sesdT .eteochaid seont to easo odd svods vitmsaiss edit to 
(ts Boed bevaséie ,ywilite [eer tsoddiw etasmanto yac ere ese 
feo fs dosttts boot se sonbo1g yes Seootntd edt Yo heed edd 
=n e ot hesoeiparntenbunn-aitperetarsnite-cdhaartantbabon <. 
Beterctied To eeeeod one eve semitemo? ae ed 1000 sti 


BS ee 
- a 


> oa iy aT Vee = —_— - a? 4 


214 

examples here, the abuses and exagserations of the decadence 
of Gothic style have so lons been taken as the most complete 
and most haopy expression of that art, that the works treatins 
of the architectuhe of the middle ages are full of these ext- 
ravasances, good for amusims persons, who only see in the art 
professed by us a piece of wit. We believe that we should be 
wanting to our readers, if we should fill our pases with fis- 
ures possessing only the attraction of curiosity. 

Axceptionally the constructors of the 12 th century have 
sometimes set bosses sculotured in the compartments of cross 
vaults. In Fngland especially, this sort of decoration is ve- 
ry common in the 13 th century. The great boss of the vault 
of Notre Dame of Htampes, that we gave (3), is composed of s 
sculptures on the ribs and attached to the compartments, but 
in fact the four bosses of the compartments form a part of a 
Single composition. We scarcely know in France more than one © 
example of these isolated bosses on compartments, which exists 
beneath the vaults of the 014 sacristy of the abbey of Vezelay. 
(12 th century). As reproduced in Fis. 24, at & between the t 
two diagonal arches are placed the sculptured bosses, project- 
ing from the surfaces of the compartments, and that are scar- 
cely 12 ins. square. Fis 24 bis gives the detail of one of t 
them, representins a warrior fighting a dragon. The hall isc 
covered by six vaults thus decorated, and amons theseobosses 
are recognized the four signs of the evanselists within the 
circles of foliage. The closed vaults beneathethe central bell 
towers of churches after the 13 th century are nearly all fur- 
nished with bosses of great diameter, pierced by a larse hole 
for the vassase of the bells; but these bosses are described | 
in Art. Oeil. | 

Under the vameled carpentry ceilings constructed durins the 
144 th, 15 th and 16 th centuries, at the junctions of the head 
of the kingoost with the ribs and the upper cross-beam are at 
attached bosses carved in wood, formins an expansion of the 
foliase of ornaments, which marks the junctions of the timbers 
of the carpentry above the caps of these kinsposts. These bos- 
ses are only ornaments without real utility, ancarved band at 
the head of the kingpost’? they produce a good effect and con- 
tribute to set off these tunnel vaults in wainscot with a qu- 
ite vopr appearance. Sometimes even the bosses of verforated 


ars 
peeks to aok¢onst sdt ts toe o1s boow siuees! hue 
i: prays 3 Pasate edd sige 49 ediax bovine odd dtiw enifana Lenib 


i, 
# ia “ware 


(38) bas \deoushives to beet eft te ezod 8 (20) eonbeaqsa oF 

“efi? .dia bevivo ed¢ dtiw sit s Yo acktonst edt Saiiesm eeod s 
Ao yiineqiss sari0V-olomk ai nommoo yiev ese asenod tes! ses 
® dtin bsvieo foe hosegotIec ere yond fas .windooo dd af oft 

Bifosv feanvd seer eebdt to qnotonom eds Soideetd .[lide down 
“Ifite wotiG %o exelsq Leouh 5dt to [ied seexe edT .ebss0d to 
ysteiq yibdass nd Zr ond to tivev nehoow edi disensd enisisy 
eSaitntao fue blok wd beriotine sis tadd .betner7s eodd eseeod 


» 


. ie syidnsoted oi maisy a , yeh «FEI 

{sme gs yiinsorss to sitow of betent rest eft yet Atow oad 
T .selt oiwd ond astes? fos tqsnmoo.ot ben®iesh boow ie sosia 
**) esit sIduoh seeds .yitneatso flo nt beyolaws toisd ton nox 
<s70m ows ddvomdt Qnteeso eyed neboow Yo ensem yd bsnrot saew 
“Wao OF nedet esw s1sd wnio 10 yet slitil s yd fexit bas eesti 
tuoddiw baa bavos yiev .boow eft To afere edd ‘Siw eyes oped 
“eecitiom odd ovni neviak yltess 6c bfuoo vost tedt of .atond 
Phe ,Sta1sqee eved seeds to eno A ds ({S) evit ef .wold s vd 
| -@id [etnostacd @ of weit civd astest of feosia eye owt 7 ts 
Lf edt olidw .eis odd tenisks ersed. ysi edd te OD bsed eit 1796 
ee stdbis (fe eweth ok neviabh Snted @ yet slssil 

—miv anitned ro esis niws ditw besdit aseesis aiatise oi to§ 
-bienoo & yir1e9 ot hebnretnt et uesdett e elomexe 109 ti . axed 
|. Beonaterb nisdzso ts ti evetisa oF betiesk sf ti .Leol si{derxe 
~ai ned? .efectoniag odd mort bebwegqeve eels nind to ensem yd 
yd efsatoniza eft of eois niws Gnitned seeds Saisfod to tsetse 
eeotes beeksq stew evex neboow .ysbod fsettosaa es ,edfod nor 
“gevis een eltetandal teeth seso tedt nl «electonixa edd evoeds 
; -eyex oshoow ent oF 

9180 Yo soeta tad¢d to tnometneras oft so evi [fiw &S .is 
«tonize eit & bas betucqowe Sd oc meedeid ans sd A to] .yadns 
oe of benones baw bodoton e18 DD acts niwd Leotdtev ows Lec 
giedt gtatvesl mort electsasv sect Snsve1c eniq ows “0 yet as008 
edd to dntoctle si? etnevera 8 foold sbhew & jenonsd bos eaisd 
© Bexod aefimie s ei F ta .Leqioniaa fentl[oni edt no yet s8008 


ai° 


) ae gy ebesere:. 1 : -eteiot adt asves of ahtvase 


 .seage deem eed nottosnnoo 8 dove .masdeit edd enibsooens vet 
| @ otd ed¢ tnizesd soeeuitd eft Yo emeedets sit ote sud? .dvdq 


ZA5 

and carved wood are set at the junction of ties or of lonsita- 
dinal purlins with the curved ribs dividing the ceilins and 
serviné to cover the joists. 

We reproduce (25) a boss at the head of ahkingpost, and( 26) 
a boss masking the junction of a tie with the curved rib. Th- 
ese last bosses are very common in Anslo-Norman carpentry of* 
the 15 th century, and they are perforated and carved with m 
much skill, breaking the monotony of these sreat tunnel vaults 
of boards. The great hall of the ducal palace of Dijon still 
retains beneath its wooden vault of the 15 th century pretty 
bosses thus arranged, that are enriched by sold and paintins. 


OLEF.. Key, a term in Carpentry. 
' By the work key is desisSnated in works of carpentry a small 
piece of wood designed to connect and fasten two twin ties. T 
Tron not being employed in old carpentry, these double ties 
were joined by means of wooden keys passing through two mort- 
ises and fixed by a little key or pin. Care was taken to cut 
these keys wit: the srain of the wood, very sound and without 
knots, so that they could be easily driven into the mortises 
by a blow. We sive (27) at A one of these keys separate, and 
at BR two keys placed to fasten twin ties to a horizontal timb- 
er. The head CG of the key bears against the tie, while the 1 
little key D being driven in draws all tisht. 

Sut in certain trusses fitted with twin ties or hanging tin- 
pers, if for example a tiebeam is intended to carry a consid- 
erable load, it is desired to relieve it at certain distances 
by means of twin ties suspended from the principals, them in- 
stead of bolting these hangings twin ties to the vrincipals by 
iron bolts, as practised today, wooden keys were passed across 
above the porincivals. In that case sreat strensth was siven 
to the wooden keys. 

Bis. 28 will sive us the aj naan of that viece of carp- 
entry. Let A be the tiebeam to be supported and B the princi- 
pal, two vertical twin ties C 0 are notched and tenoned to an 
upper key D; two pins prevent the verticals from leavins their 
gains amd tenons: a wedge block G prevents the slivpvins of the 
upper key on the inclined principal, at B is a Similar boxed 
key susvendins the tiebeam. Such a connection has Sreat stre- 
néth. Thus are the tiebeams of the trusses bearins the hip op 


cee ee 
; 
: i ed) ionic A Yo Isa idee oe to ‘titi vt es C ie 
j seleatontzc eae pierre sent orn. (qratnse it | ar oe te 
re <7 ana asblo doum of bawol exe encitoursence feottnebi 
sort > ghana ‘Oise ie lerbsditeo odd to ted¢t ob sidetoa 
dhe Ftd? Bes. -wietoss ds St odd 
( 
mhaiied iW ee *ilvomboon ni mist A .tsell .98I0 
baitted bos e2otce ria “peltstevok efeitevbyed to sealo [feme A 
=«wea0 fos tef[t medi qeed ot ,ebusod feniot to heszcamom alensa ne 
| -su@teeio bs lietevob fomied cele sus uisefo sesdT .tntcrew tne hi 
S.A efenses ++ 7 s(sizesionsM .t78) wil 


afi j 
Tics beneginn’ aaa). eden ni mused A .¥sk F809 
ye Me a | 
ao Pe yc effed | .3HD0I0 = 

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| deit Soleesq ot betste ed deum Si 10% bakit oF Jed YE1G os ton 
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eved bas ,ncitecimoh nsmot#O of betoctdwe ented sioted alled 
Jo 10 Nort to asislo sem ot fotildo eeied ,yebot vos visorsce 
iedeilasi od? seodouwndo edd oi [utdtie? edd sldmeees ot boorw 
+f bos tnemsniter bas wileutizioe siedt mo eevisemeat ebitc 
-#09 sft a0 .shtef yiev Yvou'sis eeedt cele ;eliod wel eved oe 
testt ci bus stial medv sved etaimel? bos anevze® odd yisyd 
bos etoesseo .tnomeniter slivif utedt mo1t eemoo sedd yredmxn 
~28 ‘,dmob bre tasb .elcol .asthlide ,coitifbaoo wol Yo enoe1se 
 =-e79¢ bealies .bavoa meds ased of 10O elied Snir tt evel yiies 
<a bos eetod elled to busce edT .deds 109 anivil on svsed sno 
“,gedg anstseb bons efios ehsed aieds estem .wect eeoneicsvace 
tiotsY .tlowm ee eyes wmidu sid fine elfed sXfil son esoh casi? i 
s ,ultasi® medt ‘bevel ests elbbim sit tent heaestnoo sd sens Xl 
-p971 eedowde detzsd .modd to widasup evoltiborq s shaw fue 
-do Isthedteo bos yedde eft *erewot [fed ond beessegca yitnen 
welled bentataoo teft ,ceves hedosie eemidemoe neve ssdois 
Sy  focehhRh wedtod .09f sq «82 .GOFD eS sJOV OBR. get ston 
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sbemmi <(203) netnids® eqod sect misfo e1odéve smo. .ytiootins 
LL nena edd bed isoge1g te1l} ~yr0be1D .2 Yo rosae9oHe nad | 


216 
principals of the spire of the cathedral of Amiens (besginnins 
of the 16 th century) are suspended from the principals. But 
identical constructions are found in much older carpentry, m 
notable in that of the cathedral of Paris, which dates from 
the 13 th century. 


CLEF. Cleat. A term in woodwork. 

A small cleat of flardwoodcis dovetailed in across amd behind 
panels composed of joined boards, to keep them flat and prev- 
ent warpins. These cleats are also termed dovetailed cleats. 
(Art. Menuiserie). 


CLER. Key. A term in ironwork. (Art. Serrurerie). 


CLOCHE. Bell. 

«The small people of the mob,” says Thiers in his Traite des 
superstitions, “run in a crowd from all parts of the church, 
not to vray but to rings. For it must be stated in passins that 
the rudest persons are those who love bells most and their s 
sound. The @reeks, who are a very civilized people, had few b 
bells before being subjected to Ottoman domination, and have 
searcely any today, beins obliged to use plates of iron or of 
wood to assemble the faithful in the churches. The Italians 
pride themselves on their spirituality and refinement and al- 
30 have few bells: also these are not very large. On the con- 
trary the Germans and Flemings have them larse and in sreat 
number; that comes from their little refimement. Peasants and 
persons of low condition, children, fools, deaf and dumb, sr- 
eatly love ts ring bells or to hear them sound. Refined pers- 
ons have no likins for that. The sound of bells bores and in- 
conveniences them, makes their heads ache and deafens them.” 
Thiers does not like bells and his whim says as much. Yet it 
must be confessed that the middle ases loved them Sreatly, 4 
and made a prodigious quantity of them. Parish churches freq- 
uently possessed two bell towers’ the abbey and cathedral ch- 
arches even sometimes erected seven, that contained bells. 

NOLS 1ePeBBQI"e VOUo Zo, SHAN AQ. HP. 160. Paris. ATAL. 

Bells or at least hand bells were known from Greek and Roman 
antiquity. Some authors claim that Pope Sabinien (604), immed- 
iate successor of S. Gregory, first prescribed the use of bells 


: 49° i wo ye: ae 
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,. = Relay «80L OEE ot ESS mort . 
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sisdd eevoeth ot testeomooni eeviseivo sniwintoost .eiisd to 
. poy ti’. tinfs [fede ew ,toetdue ent to shislwonmd 6 dviw s1s 
-91 yiasivoidieo sxe elfed nwont bas flo edd Ti dedé ,sesela 
a vd savaced ef cidt ,nwoe tiedt to wifsen sddi vol eldetuen 
nedw won yevitoeteh sisw dent ou nevoid stew [fs sonerete19 
=e spent evebnrot wo .nstord nesd eved tedmun sIdsaefienoo « 
ma. vePs _— geeettitaow stew madd Yo teom tandt- nisteue 
(_buoTred sddo yd ,edoos® set Tus B90UFOK 99% .L8S.qel ston 
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247 
to announce the holy offices. What cannot be doubted is that 
bells were huns above churches from the 7 th century. These 
primitive bells however were of small weisht compared with 
ours. The largest of the bells siven by kins Robert to the 
church S. Agnan of Orleans in the 11 th century, and that pa- 
gsed for an admirable work, did not weighimore than 2900 lbs. 
The bells Sgiven by Rudoloh, abbot of S. Trond at the beginnings 
of the 12 th centary for the church of his monastery weighed 
from 225 to 33590 Lbds.. 

William Durand bedgins thus his Chapter on the bells of chur- 
ches; “fhe bells or campanes (campanae) are bronze vessels f 
first invented at Nola, a city of Campania; this is why the 
largest of these vessels are termed campanes from the provin- 
ce of Campania, and the samallest are nolas, from the city of 
that name.” But the opinion of the bishon of Mende, shared by 
3. Anselm, by Honore, priest of the church of Autun, and by 
Binsfeld, is based on no monument or any proof. Only later f 
from the 12 th century were given to bells considerable dimen- 
sions: at theteepochothe art of the founder was already very 
perfected; it must necessarily be apolied to the making of b 
bells. It is probable that only about that epoch in the man- 
afacture of bells were observed two kinds of proportions, ab- 
solute and relative: the one that produced the sonority of the 
bell, the other that established the relations of harmony and 
of accord between several bells. To obtain these results tod 
ay, there are formulas deemed infallible for the mixture of 
the metals and for the forms to be siven to the bells; which 
do not prevent our founders from too frequently makings bells 
with bad sound, while all: the old bells still existing are r 
remarkable foh the beauty and ourity of the sonorous vibrati- 
ons. However as we do not desire to quarret with the founders 
of bells, recognizing ourselves incompetent to discuss their 
art with a knowledge of the subject, we shall admit, if you 
please, that if the old and known bells are particularly re- 
markable for the quality of their soun, this is because by o 
preference all were broken up that were defective: now when 
a considerable number have been broken, our founders could s 
sustain that most of them were worthless. 

Note 1.op.2Biw See Notices sur Les Coches, vy abbe Borraude, 
Anserrted iw the Bulletin wonumentatle, puolished by Me. de Gau- 


en Ady & ee : 
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‘ 


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~s een ti .pedetsec sit Yo ednedsidednt edd ret bos .titod esx 
aa Nabap apa pan. onideso odd reddedw misel ct 19eddem. evoiase 
ppegnns thy 20, etavooos eit Jo eredeiben eft niltkser en0 Jon 
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218 
Goumont. VO. 10, 0-93, Annales archeol. Vol. 16, pe325~ 

Wote VopPoABLe Rational. Book 41. Ghapter 4. 

A distinction is to be made between several parts of bells, 
that each have a mame: the edse or lower part, which is thin; 
the bow or thicker part, against which the clapoer strikes; t 
the body or middle portion approachins the cylindrical form; 
the gorge or transition from the bow to the body, the point 
at which the bell becomes thicker, and the bell besins to as- 
sume a greater diameter; the upper part of the nearly cylindr- 
ical body andvthe domeyetheytov.or uover dome receiving the 
rings suspendins the clapper: the ears at the ton by means of 
which the bell is hung from the axis. the clapoer of wrought 
iron in the form of a very lons pear terminated by a weisht 
intended to give it more swins. The clapper has at the top 
of its stem a ring, that serves to attach it to the interior 
of the dome by means of a strons leather strap. Father Marse- 
nne first left a sure method for foundins bells, he establ- 
ished the ratios that must exist between the dimensions of t 
the bell at all heights and the relative thickness of the dif- 
ferent parts. The material servings for castins bells is an a 
alloy of rose cooper anf refined tin. The covnper forms three 
fourths and the tin one fourth. It has longs been believed that 
silver added to the alboy gave bells a proper sound, and the 
ciety of the faithful made that addition to the mixture in 
awite great proportion. It is certain that now has been reno- 
unced the casting of silver into the crucible by the founders 
of bells, and we are well disposed to believe, that formerly 
it entered into the purses of those manufacturers more than 
into their crucibles, for our sous, said to be made of bell 
metal and manufactured at the end of the last (17 th) century 
of the frasments of bells, contain only a very small part of 
silver; still it is found there. 

Note 1.02282. Harmonie universetle. Vol. 2. Book 7. 

The castins of bells was formerly a great affair. The found- 
ers had mo foundry, but went to the nlaces where it was desir- 
ed to cast the bells. A pit was dus near the church, a furnace 
was built, and for the inhabitants of the parishes, it was a 
serious matter to learn whether the castins was successful or 
not. One reads!in the registers of the accounts of the work 
of the cathedral of Troyes, that in 1475 Jacaues of Bouticle 
and Robinet Reguin came to Troyes,to cast several bells. To 


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eyauld Fo aussuM ott ad Eatsacgsh sto todt 
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to exsttel edt to sno (S$) evitb oW .fefom edz ro feastest xen { 
| 019 edt booterehan edem of 2e ce .osie Ifvt notdgitoeni teda gi 
j sy [fom seit Yo boiteso edT .sxebmuel edd yo bevolome sixbso 
_a 99 eretiel eeedt to eenil edsoilfet oft Lfs teadd .msefo ce 
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219 
inspire them to do well,“ the canons presented them with her- 
rings, carps and other things; M. J. de la Hacte, merchant, 4 
also gave them 10 pints of wine. The vicars of the church vi- 
sited the workmen, chanted Te Deum, and were present at the 
blessings of the bells.” 4 

Note 1.p.283. Gomptes de Vioeuvre de Viestise de Troyes. 

The oldest cast beel seem by us is that still found in 
18-5 in the abbey church of Moissac. It was very beautiful, 
an admirable casting, not retouched by the Sraver, and with 
full sound. The form was sufficiently remarkable, that we be- 
lieve its vrofile should be sgivem very accurately Fis at a 
scale of 1: 20. 

Note 2oPo%® Se The weir of Moissoac erocked the sawe years 
AAS. Ve wos recast, burt the founders foiled to reproduce the 
Oa Torn. | 

Fhat bebl was very simole and had as sole ornament two ins- 
criptions between the body and dome, placed one over the oth- 
er; here is the first. + Salve Resin Misericordia. (Hail Queen 
of Mercy). 

Retween the words Resina and Misericordia was a ltttle fis- 
ure of the Holy Virgin, surrounded by a halo with two voints 
like a seal, after the last word were three seals. 

The lower inserivtion bore in a single line and in smaller 
tetters:. | 

Anno Domini millesimo CO°LXXtercio Godfridus me fecit et 
gocios meos Paulus vocor. 

In the year 1203 Godfrey and his men made me; Tf call myself 
Phot” 

Note 1.p.2284- Ke node Veodien saueezes of these LNSoripnrtrions 
short are Geposited in the Museum of Cluny. 

The first inscription had been made by means of strivs of 
wax fastened on the model. We sive (2) one of the letters of 
that inscription full size, so as to make understood the pro- 
cedure employed by the founders. The casting of that mell was 
so clean, that all the delicate lines of these letters were D 
perfect, and the seals are as clear as the impression in Span- 
ish wax. | 

The bell of woissac from 12/3 was a very rare example, for 
we know of none so old: the metal was dark and very like the 
bronze of Greek statues: copper certainly entered into it for 


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220 

a Sgreat part. But from the 15 th century in particular were 
given to bells considerable dimensionssaadvweishts. The first 
great bell of the cathedral of Paris was cast in 1400 by Jean 
Je Montagues,. brother of Gerard de Montatie; 95 th bishop of 
Paris: it was named Jacoueline from the name of Jean’s wife. 
It is said to have weighed 16,750 lbs. A second Sreat bell 
was given to the church of Paris in 1472; it weighed 28,000 
lbs. The celebrated bell of Rouen given by cardinal d’gmboise 
and cast in 1501 weighed 40,600 lbs. It was cracked im 1786 
and was not recast. 

Note 1.op.2285. The werasnits of great bells hove Reorly always 
been exaggerated, and the insoriptions mentioning These on % 
sheir surfaces ore freavently erroneous. Thus ahe present er- 
eat. bei\ of Notre Dawe, which passes for wershinge wore thon 
33,750 Vos, really werahs only 28,600 Los. 

Jne of the oldest bells that has been preserved is that of 
the cathedral of Rheims; it was cast in 1579 and weishs 
25,700 lbs. There still exist betls of medium size in the ca- 
thedrals of Amiens, Beauvais, Sens, wetz, Chartres, the old 
cathedral of Carcassonne, in the churches of Soumanes, Notre 
Bame de Bon Secours at Orleans, Trumilly, etc., in the belfri- 
es and cities of Valenciennes, Bethune and Compiesne. 

From the 16 th century, bells are decorated by ornamental 
fillets, scrolls, fleurs-de-lis, heraldic shields, little re- 
liefs representing the crucifixion of 6ur Lord, with the Holy 
Virgin and &. John, Jesus lowered from the cross into the ar- 
ms of his mother, seals of chapters, abbeys, churches and si- 
vers; it must be stated that the more they approach the 17 th 
gentery,the less clean is the castins of the bells. 

Inscriptions formed in the mould for each bell during the 13 
th and 14 th centuries, as shown by Fis. 2, are made after t. 
the end of the 15 th century by means of craracters of leador 
wood serving to impress each letter on abbittle plate of wax, 
that is applied to the model before formins the mould; because 
of this procedure, the letters afe each found inscribed sevar- 
ately in a little tablet more or less decorated, as indicated 
by Fis. 3} copied from the inscription on one of the bells of 
the city of Garcassonne, cast about the middle of the 16 th 
century. 

fe do not think that the custom of ringing bells by swinsing 


| is vy ~~ il - 
got. bet" sil tents org sien nem ylremz0® :dast eacee 6 a 
attr saab be os od 30 (hebe rewol eft sviate of hd be edd 


| Lieermnn emextxe od? .ffed edt Yo ebie edt of ts00sho eds 
v to efled edd Soiania gimied ton HI eiswod {fed flo vasm to 


 ‘p Biweo yet tent .dowe ef esiatied tesbhlo edt to gnemehaes 
_ =tkolmee s daidtioeeh Ifed eds to tostte edd feteiser oven sos 
ee oe elfed to notenscane etd betdotsieq need est yeboT slo 
* <Ofortted .¢rh) .eardatwe to toette end ytilfon ylasem o@ 
* ofr * ’ | 
$< ber? sue: io fe .aenoT .t98WwoT [fs .fFHOOID 
wiioaettetadd to esiavtnso deatt eft gnimwh sited esdorsdd 
YTlerswos [fed tuodtiv yilewsden srew fos elisd on seagzaaron 
 Buyos of bonditesh eiled Yo sen sdd yintnso di 6 edt at yOaouls 
weeds \bsetce Ket [vtddétet edd eldmeeas of 10 eooltie odd ts 
t evtene: oF enoiesemth Jssiz to yltastotitve ton sisw elied 
‘#@ Wnied e{loed easdt bus ,erewot eldsisbhienoo to uottoers edt 
‘Wo ,dotwdo odd shieed betoets esiinsarse elssil ni beineqese 
neve 10 ,eeldst to sexscs edt te beknetie ecdors at ,too1 saz 
webte sdt te sheos? edd no tiited boow to saisifed elssit at 
‘St sit ovoted yeso stew elled gest ded¢ eee ton ob sW sellew 
w® seodt of Berscmeo Iisme stew ciled seed nists {yantoeo dt 
Bos dd tf edt ifitte bas .estaetnss entevel lot edd Satswh sham 
~ensib ni votsetni ssiwon erewod [led hedoeis eeiavtnss at St 
yer on0 .yanineo di fi edt tette tiind seed? of Iddied 10 1st 
-bastot estnemsnom tnisd es erswot [led teeblo sat nasdd brsesy 
oq Ye note s es (tests besingooe: 9d of dotdo ofd senso ot be 
-10% gevitcoy .elled ntatnoo o¢ tlind stewos es coum es .r9KOO 
+ eeuso of besadiatnoo evsed Jenm esehi eucibiles adt od nuts 
hsv . OF 9G . -esdowwdo toinieths siswos toe noifesis sat 
edt .dta0h od to etesoo sit no enoieavai namie’ edd 2aitaed 
% Jeom .snis® edt bne stfod sd¢t to edined sit anofs hne test 
“sve teum nem jenstiedisd scodt yd bevose eter esdomsdo otd 
nidtiw wodd Yateol[one yd sdelliq mort msdz Fosforq oF Fdonedy 


vu 


~ gaged svad gevm vilerstsn eiewos sesdT .eatlosotde0s sisds feb 
“‘teom sueq edt Snisd es ,dowse edd to [et1eq sit revo s Lind 
> hapa eew elled sft to nokisool edt seso tedd oI .bstosise 


Yonk BeebaT sweat benwors ‘sade stoor Je ssintol edt nt 819 
es 


ans edt yorbut oso sno ee tet es Hos pataniwe yd sxie mvifem — 


<nStsh sedd eiswost snotde yd weds Seinedsonsste yd bos .eliaw 


“KOs esei¢ to ¢immye oft mort bebneqese sis yort iw1oeesoos 


abs a i i) ae oe 


te 
; 


Dat 
was very ancient; formerly men were probably satisfied.for t 
the clapper to strike the lower edes, or to toll it by drawins 
the chkapper to the side of the bell. The extreme narrowness 
of many old bell towers did not permig pinsiné the bells of 
medium size by swinsing; and as far as one can judge, the ar- 
rangement of the oldest belfries is such, that they could n 
not have resisted the effect of the bell describins a semicir- 
cle. Today has been perefcted the suspension of bells so as 
to nearly nullify the effect of swinging. (Art. Beffroi). 


CLOCHER. Bell Tower. Tower. 

Churches built durins the first centuries of Christianity 
possesses no bells and were naturally without bell towers.If 
already in the 8 th century the use of bells desisned to sound 
at the offices or to assemble the faithful had spread, these 
bells were not sufficiently of Sreat dimensions to require t 
the erection of considerable towers, and these bells being s 
suspended in little campaniles erected beside the church, on 
the roof, in arches arranged at the apexes of sables, or even 
in little belfries of wood built on the facade or the side w 
walls. We do not see that great bells were cast before the 2 
th century! asain these bells were small compared to those m 
made durins the following centuries, and still the 11 th and 
12 th centuries erected bell towers nowise inferior in diame- 
ter or height to those built after the 13 th century. One may 
regard then the oldest bell towers as being monuments intend- 
ed to cause the church to be recosnized afar, as a sisn of p 
power, aS much as towers built to contain bells. Motives for- 
eign to the religious ideas must have contributed to cause t 
the erection of towers adjoinins churches. 

During the VYorman invasions on the coasts of the North, the 
West, and alons the banks of the Loire and the Seine, most of 
the churches were sacked by those barbarians; men must have 
thousht to protect them from pillage by enclosins them within 
walls, and by strengthenins them by strong towers that defen- 
ded their approaches. These towers naturally must have been 
built over the vortal of the church, as beins the part most 
attacked. In that case the location of the bells was merely 
accessory; they were suspended from the summit of these tow- 
ers, in the logsias of roofs that crowned them. Indeed in 


snotesvat Isottoises sit yd fevever viislvotixea asonivorg end 
<i detasa neve hos sedonndo vedds sdt ses sw ,enami0¥ edt to 
~id ylotsnusiotan doldw to .ssenot evieesm yd bsheoe1g eedomw 
ee ee ae ‘= 4getvote rewol edt yino atemea won sve 
*=$o2 [lite etued ss sord-esb-nismied .£ to dorsio yedds edt 
ge1oted tlind sewot asikniwofis) edd to adiaq aswol edd ents 
en? sbetedns Iutdttet edé dotdw yo .lesaoa (sqioning eft 
) yedds edt bns ,enisl sdt no [rete1D Yo Snes yeetoo to sedor 
-exq.wotted ni aive® .t to bos ewoTt to alvash .2 to sedoaundo 
~@ edt tatbsoerg tev0y ovisesm s Yo Saemetusiis ease sit thee 
yd bettspst te1tt te eew tedW .doroo 8 a8 Sniviss 10 soneidas 
Gowdo doses :Jnsmodnsi1e bststoeenod a emBoSsd noes yIieeeosn 
-Ogddte.seol ton bivode sno aedtant? s1ewot edi sven od heutesh 
sedis th -yavineo dt rf eds ni Jee eft to etate Isiooe edd to 
eeiteso beitidiot Setoore ti sbsdeiidates esew nsilebust dooce 
-l -yewotd s .o98% s beeeseeco Ife esliess ssedd :aniemobladh no 
“tivo edt onibnearmco bos etntbiiad edt to tes1 exit aads asd id 
noleeseeoq ni e1ew esdorsde yedde fae [euhsrites edd woli .shie 
/» ewse edd hetcobs yedt .eeldon yel oft es etdkin smee sat to 
'> ee cent .eossd evoltifer svad ot hoileeh bas .entke sidiziv 
- gedd ¢iwbs fonneo sn .eoeed yistisim «iss bed eolteso ens 
edt Yo esdowsdo yedde sdt antbeoesa esowos Iisd esuomiaone snd 
648 ssii0se aswol exodw .snodd sfowaxs ict xa .yisetaso ds tf 
~o© bnoms oseeio¥ tse bue sticd-tue-sioned .o Js nese od ot tey 
=—nwe abedd ts alisd sviteos1 of benitesh yleles eter .etsdito 
-' elfed sesdd tedd omnes of yreseoosm od bilnew Ji tot jetio 
--eitigooowe owt seodt inedmun ewoteiboud ni 10 stis{ yiev oxy 
_o‘enen yawtnse dt ff edd oi elled :eldteetmbeni ottie exe exo 
“ons #8 sedl 00d to [fed 2 breter sw med? .soisoe bas (Lewe 
as -eovieeneds wolle bIove eodo1udo wet gedt .yiwxel to tostde 
fecéern «(edoold .t1h) 

~fedce ride need bed yintmeo di ff edd ni sswot [fed env BT 
80 aetsext Bis bevolgme evsd etosvowrtanoo sds bivoweyiw .wrt 
~ ‘bstiido nstto slidw .medd oattos19 ni esoivoest atedt to #4 
-fotude sit to nottonxtemeo odd ai ymorooe tesdsetk sid sen of 
| +fex eft to feeoaeth edd te elisd elsiti wet s bhreaene of Tee 
- “wm otse seve s beoftine s1edt ,doogs tedt oi tnemwnem evotst 
{evod svitiwize edt ot see of yisesecen neds ef Si elder edd 
« $ Yo YO (evedds foe elsrbedtso to rsweq [sbust sid Yo y1am 8 
| ‘tsdd tnemom ods @o1% .gensmmon to sonstteqmt ins d¢tisew edd 


222 
the provinces particularly ravaged by the periodical invasions 
of the Normans, we see the abbey churches and even parist ch- 
urches preceded by massive towers, of which unfortunately th- 
ere now remain only the lower stories. 

The abbey church of S. Germain-des-Pres at Paris still ret- 
ains the lower parts of the Carlovinsian tower built before % 
the principal portal, by which the faithful entered. The ohu- 
rches of Poissy and of Greteil on the Seine, and the abbey ch 
churches of S. Martin of Tours and of S$. Savin in Poitou, pre- 
gent the same arrangement of a massive tower precedins the e 
entrance or serving as a porch. What was at first required by 
necessity soon became a consecrated arrangement; each church 
desired to have its tower; further one should not lose sisht 
of the social state of the West in the 11 th century. At that 
epoch feudalism was established; it erected fortified castles 
on itsidomains; these castles all possessed a keep, a tower 
higher than the rest of the buildings and commanding the out- 
side. Now the cathedral and abbey churches were in possession 
of the same rights as the lay nobles, they adopted the same 
visible signs, and desired to have religious keeps, just as 
the castles had their military keeps. One cannot admit that 
the enormous bell towers precedins the abbey churches of the 
141 th century, 3s for example those, whose lower stories are 
yet to be seen at S. Benoit-sur-Loire and at Moissac among o 
others, were solely destined to receive bells at their sum- 
mits; for it would be necessary to assume that these bells WN 
were very large or in prodigious number; these two suppositi- 
ons are alike inadmissible; bells in the 11 th century were 
small and scarce. Then we regard a bell of 6600 lbs. as an o 
object of luxury, that few churches could allow themselves. 
(Art. Cloche). 

Tf the bell tower in the 11 th century had been only ahbel- 
fry, why would, the ‘constructors have employed she sreater Da 
rt of their resources in erecting them, while oftem oblised 
to use the greatest economy in the construction of the church - 
es? To suspend a few little bells at the disposal of the rel- 
isious monument in that epoch, there sufficed a turret set m 
the gable; it is then necessary to see in the primitive tower 
a mark of the feudal power of cathedrals and abbeys, or of t 
the wealth and importance of communes. From the moment that 


ae —_ £ “as > -_ Ons i wee e's - € _ 
L fi a o 


. ;. ; ees 
sg edd 2OT ebing Yo notteeud s omsoed asvot s to noitoess edt 
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eisw sds nool .tewot Waleoami teom bus Jeodoia .sesdeid eds 


dotdw oi e6ontvoic edt ai yitetdo et ti Foe ,entn oF qu tO SY 
~ tadd .eelteso aldebimie? sgeom att hotoers aeifsbust asivoee 
aeewerenee sedorndo derived sdt sedel hue eyedds .elesbentso 
wind on Stowos epotensa bos tnsoktintem 
-Oo1s ddansenten sot scyt # a8 bevise Snol sortlieed namof eT 
=a Of beosemmoo youd bis ,eedoiwde aiedtikestitod at efoesia 
‘gi yidtaeo dv tr edd to sninnibed edd Suods yiso Fi moit v1 
eneq yitenids, tes% edd Yo etas edt dotdw oft esontvorg emoe 
-fostss stew Biewot sit modW .ntewomil] bus btokiasS af jbeted 
-aemenom ssolttas vllenotditbeis ,esotitasd svisisiini eds oy bs 
wae Biswod aiedf 10? Sqobs of Heotot erew efoesivors ed? .eta 
~bom es gvis2 of eniddonm bed sosliesd ewoftnas odd sonte .em10% 
~Stnsowise to baivY tadd act fs 
aswod evieesm & xediden sd¢ Yo bsstent t*ntvosrs Yo sebi sdT 
teum tnsmunom edt oF sonaxtas edd to senetsb sid 10% sldasine 
sbetqobse Bay fedt ..evods bedsté svst ow es bos ,[s1sden stom ad 
dtiv Befansoc [fs Yo sexi? eisw siédonasehoo nsibatvol[isd tecF 
e bus aswot dovan s yd bednvomine sansteh ‘s to noltosis sii 
# Bnitetoosh Yo text? te {Is ts Snidaist én isis avoionce 
-ttod dsfl yd eoltns sit ts bevoe[t elfen doid? .esaswod aiede 
ewebuiw e1si yd dows Bavor & vd eeed sit ts bsotsiq .eeeser 
-[ed 8 fue ethol a (etnemeltisd yd fenwo1s hae ,esitose edd ni 
-"eveo taied yrote bowors edT .erenos hlo ase seoomoo senm yi 
~VISe f neta enofde ne no vilanan .tIpav [onset Sewer s yd Be 
eead most betsoiaummon yitosiih afete se views? .so109 & eas fs 
bnides edd t{ooltiib etom sxem oF ,Joomusom sit To Timmve od 
edt yd betoss: vino siew esitote asagn edT «senetesh Sede Yo 
Yo a0lysint oft ni bsneaqo yewroob s yd 10 Svan sit to Btoo4 
=-bef es onies bos ,inemeveo edd evods ehiey smoe ‘te Koguio ead 
on bad esdttivourte sted (fas Yo weiv te tdaiog sdt nore Sask 
oF betosts gerntourte Iendoe ed teum yedT .eldsdxzemed dnifa 
meq wswol sit .dor09d edt teY .taowor odd Yo been sit yieltes 
11s fompees eomisomoe .sonstine edd Snifsosiq soitibe sid Yo 
48! stpeens@od evisinind ©. pededst-as) yrev ybestle ednemesne 
e so beead ton nedw evants :cotinevat ni a00c es etntostide 
‘edt of tiedw ¢09 .efinede ylusfudeie een Fi pnottibeas nemos 


-68 evit (owt bed seforndo tiewod slanke s ditw fettetisa gon 


223 
the erection of a tower became a question of pride for the m 
monasteries, chapters or communes, it wasifor them who built 
the highest, richest and most imposing tower. Soon they were 
not satisfied with a single tower; churches had two, five se- 
ven or up to nine, and it is chiefly in the provinces in which 
secular feudalism erected its most formidable castles, that 
cathedrals, abbeys and later the parish churches constructed 
magnificent and numerous towers. 

The Roman basilica lons served as a type for Christian are- 
hitects in builainSithéir churches, and they commenced ‘to va- 
ry from it only about the besinnins of the 11 th century in 
some provinces into which the arts of the East abruptly pene- 
trated; im Perigord and Limousin. When the towers were attach- 
ed to the imitative basilicas, traditionally antique monumen- 
nts, the architects were forced to adopt for their towers new 
forms, since the antique basilaca had nothings to serve as mod- 
el for that kind of structure. 

The idea of erectins instead of the narthex a massive tower 
suitable for the defense of the entrance to the monument must 
be more natural, and as we have stated above, that was adopted. 
That Garlovingian constructors were first of all occupied with 
the erection of a defense surmounted by a watch tower and a 
sonorous alarm, not thinkins at all at first of decoratins t 
their towers. Thick walls flanked at the angles by flat butt- 
resses, pierced at the base by a round arch, by rare windows 
in the stories, and crowned by battlements, a lodge and a bel- 
fry, must compose our old towers. The sround story being cove r- 
ed by a round tunnel vault, usually on an oblons plan, + serv- 
ed as a porch. Rarely a stair directly communicated from base 
to summit of the monument, to make more difficult the taking 
of that defense. The upper stories were only reached by the 
roofs of the nave or by a doorway opened in the interior of 
the church at some yards above the pavement, and usins a lad- 
der. Prom the point of view of art, these structures had no- 
thing remarkable. They must be actual structures erected to 
gatisfy the need of the moment. Yet the porch, the lower part 
of the edifice preceding the entrance, sometimes assumed arr- 
angements already very far-fetched.~ Primitive Romanesque ar- 
chitecture was poor in invention; always when not based on a 
Roman tradition, it was sinsularly sterile. But when in the 


Se 


‘ 


ZT 7 , : 

Tiered: ce noiseitened edt beenso hed eneiteneY ont teeth 
ge beraweee susdi ,tes® edt ni bousdtss ecvileewods bed veds 
‘bébnetxe tadt ono .Qwhblind to tus edd ni noisulover Lentos 
~8odtOT otat hme exiod edt ot neve aievomid bus hiobdiye? mot 
seel on ei dotdw .yswod senemmit ne. hat? ow xusokixass te nove 
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-fesate e¢i vot asdt .(yusteso dé ff eft to exsev gerit) sots 
- esotoutdence iT .coltewidenoo efi lo eeenblod edd hoe mio% 42 
dowsds aatteixe edt tetisete istis .xneusiasd to dno? .2 Yo 
anioy etd ac tited .eoineY Ye As .2 to tedd Jo Ishom sit ao 
-wet e1supe & yviniaso dt f to Wt Oo edt Yo dowds waived saz Yo 
aids tedtedh .epmylon ao entod each feoinoo s yd bedaninisd xe 
-asameo flo edt mort ylisiddgie? eesl vo s10m bsicon ean zswod 
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qveysels ai .givines dé $f edd do etostidoas baokized odd yd 
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-ni teetasie edt etididxre ti dsy bane .dRid visv sr wswose sad? 
ph ua eaeitouzsesos fo Ecid jedt ni eonelysaxe 

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@ pwoteod ai atao® .8B Fo ,esTo-esb-asow7Tsd 12 Fo sired ye88er 
eid Gal «(sdor0d .#7h) .vesio? fo smu 

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-9f9709 .F¢4 ae wodt oF 

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Betws oot thorseg oal/o ~stusoatidoath .F7h SOB .88S.g.4 OF OK 
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W £26 o1ntowite mited odd svods (f) enottaveiec ert ovis of 
tnos® .2 Ie tewos sdd te cfoedidors sd? .fsoslo ei ti dotdw 
.) Stsr0e ows ssoars9qwe od nsdd istied baldton bevel wioebhive 
sdt Snioubota endt bos tedto oft Hnitisd eno Snihsos: ,esitose 
{scustot edt voi :onizemi od eldieeoo enedrsvo enoredneh teom 
- edt SnedtevVe y1ode etss02 s1s00cn end Yo ellew edt Yo esostine 
' yidasq siete eftns edd sadd of ,ytode rewol eft to esostise 
# sevso bas jesdois i9K0l [lems edt Yo siiczency edd no deed 
t dtiw antegote tov .ebianivo exsio edd devpg oF buet of node 
+ =wors edoedidors seeds .Jnemebastys enoroiv of bre gerit send 


224 
West, the Venetians had caused the penetration ot the arts, 
they had themselves Sathered in the fast, there occurred an 
actual revolution in the art of building, ome that extended 
from Perigord and Limousin even to the Loire and into Poitou. 
Fven at Perisueux we find am immense tower, which is no less 
interesting to study because of the late date of its construc- 
tion (first years of the 11 th century), than for its singul- 
ar form and the boldness of its construction. The constructors 
of &. Front of Peridueux, after erecting the existing church 
on the model of that of S. Mark of Venice, built on the ruins 
of the Latin church of the 6 th or 7 th century a square tow- 
er terminated by a conical dome borne on columns. Whether this 
tower was copied more or less faithfully from the old campan- 
ile of &. Mark of Venice, or it wasccomposed on unknown data 
by the Perisord architects of the 12 th century, it always p 
presents arransements novel for that epoch, foreisn to the R 
Roman traditions for the entirety, if not for theidetails. T 
That tower is very high, and yet it exhibits the sreatest in- 
experience in that kind of construction. 

Note 109.288. Such ore the bases of the towers of Crerter\ 
near Paria, of S. Gerworin-des-Pres, of S. Sovin in POtLtou, 6 
ond of Poissy. (Art. Porche). | 

Note 2o-po2BWSBw Grertervl. Recent excovartions caused the aisap- 
pearance of portions, perhaps unique, Of that curious struct- 
ure of the 11 th century. Ne. Batovuerlle, architect, had. the 
Kindness to drow then for us, and we have occasion to return 
%o thew in Art. Porche. 

Note Bp 288. Grertei\, S.~ Savin. 

Note AeWeBVWB. See Art. Arohitecture, aso LYarchitecture B 
Byzonrtine en France, by Me. de Vernervvnr. 

We sive its elevations (1) above the Latin structure on w 
which it is placed. The architects of the tower of S. Front 
evidently found nothings better than to superpoose two square 
stories, receding one behind the other and thus producing the 
most dangerous overhans possible to imagine; for the internal 
surfaces of the walls of the upper square story overhans the 
surfaces of the lower story, so that the angle piers partly 
rest on the voussoirs of the small lower arches, and cause t 
them to tend to push the piers outwards. Not stopping with t 
that first and so vicious arrangement, these architects crow- 


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 Istoosixod 392 e1sv sodo1s te ewom edt sented yinoesm odd Yo 
 BtesoNIIeD0D nISd29#% To etided edd OF Baibroo0s ,hoow Io eels 
tedt asvewoH .noisonrtenoo edt aletniem seid esodd tedt boa 

2 te 1ten0t oft to noisefamoo edt asi3s omit oltsil s .ed yeo 
-_ @t 2nibrooos biov betnsesicet evsd ex Jedd esdois edd ,tno77 
adore Boe admet yd obient bent vitusg sosw ,oafo Lenteixo edd 
ss geRateego Isnibiro edd bedeintwib yldsishizaoo tads. ,adlovi 
a fkellew yleritas sion sesd sdé ds evolain asivanstoo1 edd bas 
et seswos evitimiag.eidt to aoitopadenoo edd mi yhsealA .an 
-tidows mictesw odd to titige biod test to sonenltnt oft tIe% 
ebbheiwont so feesd .sowbata od otew dedel yinineo « ofw .atoes 
-otddil .tdbied aisdé yd Sateatiowe adnemenom ,soneiisexe base 

-—«s tedw o¢ yebot extadooer ot dLmol}ib ei 41 .ysilidede bas ees 
+ 1032 sayt es bevise xeubins? to ¢nor% «2 20 t9KOd odd Salo 
betrexs gi tsdt ;taeW odd Yo esoniveiq odd ai adostidors sit 
2.6-ef enoitvonitenoo aisdi to 19¢me0 te972 & nO sonmentTIol os 

ti osdd astel es)owodt aot Anit [fede ew gud ,fvtiduob gon tosi 
ebenmoe isdto mo1t Soimoo atnemsis .yisdnes & Sled doode vd 


q febsoet eteupe edi ei tnosd .€ to 1r9wot edt eesiissosisdo tsdW 


-me geqo doidw neowied .eamyloo be2shne yd heorotnies esizose 
. Batonoto [solnoo taedd ylasivoivaisg bos ,aeninego fhedows Ile 
gee1d s bott [feds of .enmuloo to bemaot mowh & 20 snt0ed oR 
,ettod edt oJ neve bos desi edd oi aboinwoio Isoinco te tedagn 
tt es [fen ea .estinines dt Sf bas dv ff sit to exeswodt edd no 
aletiaqso secin ,enmuloo betstns tiedt ctin eiswod sisupe edd 


' fleddons esize ssa ow .ensissneV sdt yd bedtaogmi eqadieg ets 
san isimkooer ni yelvoliltib deer) eved [leds ew nibino scodu 
885 eeaut seeds o1e% .kaiteixe asbaol on esayt evidimire odd 
nae unde enoled yedd bib .eldedoie Bi doidw 20 Tai 
‘ine 


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- +wot Lrokiasd to ylimst Jedd of {si{sieq tuf .esobni0co s10qaue 


Be abs 
eT 200m ave dinev soins da te oa rote seaen'e ag , more en 


225 
crowned the uoper story by a hemispherical vault surmounted 
always by an overhansinsg nearly conical cap borne on @& row 
of isolated columns taken from Roman monuments, and all of d 
different heights and diameters. It is true that to diminish 
the dangers resulting from the thrust of the upper dome on t 
the angle piers, the arcades of the upper story were simply 
closed by sedsmental lintels instead of archivolts; but these 
lintels must break under the load, and just this occurred. 
What cam amaze one is that such a tower could have remained 
standing. It is necessary to believe, that in the thickness 
of the masonry between the rows of arches were set horizontal 
ties of wood, according to the habits of Western constructors, 
and that these ties maintain the construction. However that 
may be, a little time after the completion of the tower of S. 
Front, the arches that we have represented void according to 
the original plan, were partly lined inside by jambs and arch- 
ivolts, that considerably diminished the original openings, — 
and the rectangular windows at the base were entirely walled 
up. Already in the construction of this primitive tower is 
felt the influence of that bold spirit of the westerm archit- 
ects, who a century lateh were to produce, based on knowledge 
and experience, monuments surprising by their heisht, lishtn- 
ess and stability. It is difficult to recognize today to what 
point the tower of S. Front of Perisuex served as type for t 
the architects in the provinces of the West; that it exerted 
an influence on a Sreat number of their constructions is af 
fact not doubtful; but we shall find in towers later than it 
by about half a century, elements comins from other sources. 
What characterizes the tower of S. Front is the square receded 
stories reinforced by engased columns, between which open sm- 
all arched openings, and particularly that conical crownins 
cap borne on a drum formed of columns. We shall find a Sreat 
number of conical crownings in the West and even to the Loire, 
on the towers of the 11 th and 12 th centuries, as well as t 
the square towers with their engaged columns, whose capitals 
support cornices. But parallel to that family of Perisord tow- 
ers perhaps imported by the Venetians, we see arise another, 
whose orisin we shall have great difficulty in recognizing, 
the primitive types no longer existing. Were these types Lat- 
in? Or which is probable, did they belongs to the last remains 


: . ass 

-oeh tonnso of fensienivoisN sdt asisw sonehsoeh asmof edt to 
' s¢mbive Qeied .ev of Oniatames einsnnnom ofT .nolteenp ess shi 
meit eted teum ow ,eeoitibe &nibsoesa most enoiteviash xine vi 
yods sonedw mort steothes of Saitqmeste ‘twos in .918 Yedd se 
fehicy ef «8800 

» tae8t von, sebnnail pa sesate eit to eble odd ts eteixe eredT 
~iw bee efieeti door eft so t{ind rsxot tse12 & ,xvepdsised mort 
<txe' of :1swod bessloei na ei tI wt dtiw aoiseoinwmmon soods 
©) Bxotonitence eft .dowdo eft to eloor sdvJ svode e1om di base 
»@ edt eveds .¢i Ob tuods omiets wttifo aeste sit yd het tito 
gmosnas§ to sewot edt Yo yrote rswOd ed? .svao sd Yo dnemoved 
teeth s hemo? sono eedo1s e¢i Yo evit to Saigolo edt s10ied 
mo Qnipeno .toor sdt dantaae [law dso1b @ obie sno dtiw [iad 
© beusvoo tinsv L[eoitatI[s ah .eedors oeeb xie yd eshie se1dd 
~lite etivo bus asieente ytev ef goigoniatenoo seoin .lisd dads 
-2 8 ef evodA .yiode bevor dedt Jo nefo eit et (S) eaeh «ini 
» eft yd ebie. dtron edt te vew emee eft ni beeolo I[Ied broose 
—Sdeil bos .dddili sdoteave we ni eriste tninissoon [few tseue 
) sentuleo yd bedersqceer eetois yd seflie seido esidt sdt no bs 
gon esw {fed einT .(f 25% .wnode bnoose eidd %o nala ase) 
edd fedtcocaus vidasbive tert ~moolt s bevieoss ind bet {vey 
-omtewod) sit to nottoes eds (4) evita oF .yatnearso ni stso [fad 
<ooe eid? .evode enela ond ofS Yo 8 A enil ef4 00 emotnsid Yo 
ak .meitopisenco beteinolso [isu bas iatitde s esisoibri sots 
wd bstrcooue yiiwtline eis abtiodje ta9qqu Snibsoes- edd doinn 
-n09 0 yiote oft to sesetine [ensedni eft. to ooitentloni ond 
-st edd neddanorte of «etao [led edd Yo Sninmided edi muloled 
qmidd etiup sts tedt .sewod sdt Yo esinote awscan edd to aso 
~ttod Iifeme dtiw bos 0 esdoiws edt tnovomine esidss hifoe Jaesab 
-1s eint vowem (2) mottsvale eT .eolans sit sorctnie: esses 

-t1eq s ton ei tenot eidd to nela sd? .eldieili[ednt insmekaed 
to tnemevem oer? evasl of 1eb10 ob anoldo el tud .sisepe dos 
-s etnoled teat .moteuo tneione yiev © of onibieeod .elled odd 
-te steviag ni yabot bsscobs nee eved ow dadd bos .yorsyd oF 
- et tewot edt aotamoto saed etenne tin bimsiyg edd ,eeustons 
<tdeno0o ylesttnas et wwot edd dawodtie .elddus (Ieme to tlind 
(t edt %0 nottourtenco edt aT +.tetned bas tno saote Yo fsiou 
-n90 dé If odt to olbbim edt svods betosxs .smodnoe19 to a2swot 
 -beyofome aaiblied to show foe emiot odd elisoe2 anidten .vi0d - 
 -« & tenol efstil edt od eidt eeolow .xnenziaeY Yo sewos odd oi 


226 
of the Roman decadence under the Merovingians? We cannot dec- 
ide the question. The monuments remainins to us, being evidat- 
ly only derivations from precedins edifices, we must take them 
as they are, without attempting to indicate from whence they 
come. 

There exists at the side of the abbey of Brantome,not farf 
from Perisueux, a Sreat tower built on the rock beside ana wi- 
thout communication with it. It is an isolated tower; to ext- 
end it more above the roofs of the church, the constructors 
profited by the steep cliff, risinS about 40 ft. above the p 
pavement of the nave. The tower story of the tower of Brantome 
before the closings of five of its arches once formed a sreat 
hall with one side a Sreat wall asainst the rock, openins on. 
three sides by six deeo arches. Am elliptical vault covered 
that hall, whose construction is very singular amd quite skil- 
ful. Here (2) is the plan of that ground story. Above is a se- 
second hall closed in the same way at the north side by the 
Speat wall containing stairs in a straight flight, and lisht- 
ed om the three other sides by arches separated by columns. 
(See plan of this second story, Fis. 3). This hall was not 
vaulted, but received a floor, that evidently suovorted the 
bell cage in carpentry. We sive (4) the section of the tower 
of Brantome on the line A B of the two plans above. This sec- 
tion indicates a skilful and well calculated construction, in 
which the receding upper stories are skilfully supported by 
the inclination of the intermal surfaces of the story © con- 
tainius the beginning of the bell cage. To streusthen the fa- 
ces of the upper stories of the tower, that are ouite thin, 
Sreat solid Sables surmount the arches D and with small butt- 
resses reinforce the angles. The elevation (5) makes this ar- 
rangement intelligible. The plan of this tower is not a perf- 
ect square, but is oblons in order to leave free movement of 
the bells. According to a very ancient custom, that belonss 
to Quercy, and that we have seen adopted today in private st- 
ructures, the pyramid with souare base crownins the tower is 
built of small rubble, although the tower is entirely constr- 
ucted of stone cut and ponded.! In the construction of the t 
tower of Brantome, erected about the middle of the 11 th cen- 
tury, nothing recalls the forms and mode of bwaildins employed 
in the tower of Perisueux, unless this be the little lower 4 


i. 


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Py 77 4 1 


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a. ss wes A : 
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snidiao oft J 8 eetsothnt [[s emodne13 to rewot od ml ewok e;! 
| way dois edd Yo mot ,bnttaiot ,sctdourtenc0 te moteva eit 
 -osmtence to veiv to dates eid ro1t beoolfeveh tre stefamoo ei 
|) # emudowtse eids to anottrogo1g eit ot nove ai otei? smott 
Iebiov edt yeteidas stemmmenco of eninistiseces do1sses1 nistie9 
 epenshyt od? sfotudiaserb yliwilide ers ebifoe bos envisoetora 
«dnd betlls ek. ,cowntonite nemol effeo01 notdrca 19wol edt to 
? wt docdos cid? .tnemednetts asaqw sft oF encttiensis yoosh 
 gote ton bliuotis bos xnenhiied to dedt oF toiveque bas ndisi0t 7 
stefomos szom edt si qoleveh ti see on seeitvoo enit s done at ' 
teomis .frsn0s) .2 to wewot edt Yo noisonitence edt ot is0nem 
meteve odd onintsie? .fmotnaig Yo sedd déiw euooneroaqmesnoo 
s odd ,smotneri® to wswot edd to estrote aewel edd ni betoobs 
© ns tosis o¢ doodysbay bisnesd .2 Yo iswot edd Yo tostinors 
a50% sit es trogave to edntog edé tnidat vd yttisd Ienetstoo 
‘eefde® oft to gexsqs Wot ont bose iswot sisuoe sdt to eelban 
ss oe .yitied eidd lo sead ont ta beorsia eesois sit bnieezorio 
-ot sit to tebim et wa notetoo eti to eslans an0ot tnesexq of 


eidd to svttooqeron edt Oo shit se?) .etawde sit to eebia aw 
inert ,isnteizo bus [ever ylertdns modeve 6 ean Jad? .(aewod 
oa nobstoo edt to eafene oft vot ,[sitnadedye vitostied bas va 
~n00 eft to edvisa instetes1 ey oo yltosizh siom Fstesor heosla ; 
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~stebh ext to roitwoexrs sid al aescos nofsonatesoo eft ai doz 
eaT .toempnom Lutitused etdtd 90 emoitiogoyd edd ri hos efi 7 
d to enotetvih Isctontxc sdt o¢ wesbasad nevie eed tostidorw iy 
sesd sit no A ge eebsous baifid Yo swor tatosl[o vd zswot ein 
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_ semof supizns book af esinkoos1 of bheeseia ei eno stadt .eeiti 
tonigvgent os .tnemenifet nietiso s wsdtivt bee .saintosetidow 
to etoetidois Yo Loodos eidd of ehnofed Isdt .enotsaecorg s0T 
msteye eidt .rete{ tled s base yintneo A .esonivors nasteer aH0 
/etud :eeomid ts beilaos nists sew erect Yo noitovitence to ny 
sette assaosst sven of .yintnso di bi edt oi seol sd teum ti 5 
©) Bk ,esonivotg seeds ni dda0o sdd to etre eft to notssvait ens 7 
‘to ofted et bienoed .2 Yo sewot edd Yo sxice edt Yemotnsx ts 
a RYERCLC GI O68. e632 7: e .% > ie ') .elfddedr 
L; “FOR; Ore was ebTOe: conned y we ayeh Tuo af a90F .AeS.q.t ston a 
edt yr90 {Tenmow sae sat ni b9Tsd0o 8T0 s98vOH StoolTG . 997 


; “4 
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nN we i ; 7 o ’ i, ae : ~ 


227 

dome. In the tower of Brantome all indicates a Latin origin, 
the system of construction, jointins, form of the arches; it 
is complete and developed from the point of view of construc- 
tion. There is even in the proportions of this structure a 
certain research appertainins to consummate artists; the yoidsl 
projections and solids are skilfully distributed. The rudeness 
of the lower portion recalls Roman structures, is allied by h 
havpy transitions to the wover arrangement. This school is f 
foreign and superior to that of Perisueux and should not stop 
in such a fine course; we see it develop in the most complete 
manner in the construction of the tower of S. Leonard, almost 
contemporaneous with that of Brantomi. Retainins the system 
adopted in the lower stories of the tower of Brantome, the a 
architect of the tower of S. Leonard undertook to erect an 0 
octagonal belfry by taking the points of support as the four 
angles of the square tower and the four apexes of the Sables 
crossins the arches pierced at the base of this belfry, so as 
to present four angles of its octagon at the midst of the fo- 
ur sides of the souare. (See Fis. 6, the perspective of this 
tower). That was a system entirely novel and original, frank 
and verfectly substantial, for the angles of the octagon so 
olaced rested more directly on the resistant parts of the con- 
struction, than if this octadson had been placed with its sid- 
es parallel to the sides of the sauare. This study and rese- 
arch in the construction appear in the execution of the deta- 
ils and in the proportions of this beautiful monument. The 
architect has Siven Srandeur to the principal divisions of h 
his tower by placing rows of blind arcades at A on the base 
and at B at the too. In this remarkable work are all the gqual- 
ities, that one is pleased to recosnize in good antigque Roman 
architecture, and further a certain refinement, an instinct 
for vroportions, that belongs to this school of architects of 
our western provinces. A century and a half later, this system 
of construction of towers was asain applied at Limoses; but 
it must be lost in the 14 th century, 80 mever reappear after 
the invasion of the arts of the North in these orovinces. AS 
at Brantome, the spire of the tower of S. Leonard is built of 
rubble. . 

Note 1.p-294. Boen in our Goys in Vienne, Dordogne and Cor- 


vreze, private houses are covered’ im the same wanner, very Li- 


> 
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at ae AS y As ficy 7) is 


niretaeo oO ¥ —_ mer tout ,tlévd ef rte od nets » | 
abe: evddua fo pct 8 t98 e970 wro} stds a0 bro rbatvosge 
betesqno, gated noltowstenoo sit .xatroe of osod mor} sbsend 
+ oe gltashles si aidt yageere” 9d you aaftstoso Jenvstad sit 
Tr ke Geees AOstibort tasiano yte¢ 
:. ponerse. asw brsn0si oF 10 sewod ext Yo noivouisenoo edt asdiA 
 fonitag odd enieser [Lise isdd .dorog-1sw0es 6 sodorss!) dea bes 
_ asaqu edt ted semodmaxd Yo 19wod edt Yo eoiteisstosisio Lee 
of tefi{exeq sobsosi eti stneesiq ,Ienobatoo disodiis ,yiode 
_ meented eort toiniemo: eeitas edT «ceed sieve edt to eaodt 
enote yd bereveo e1s nela I[snobetoo edd Yo ssla ereupe sit 
.& (etd 3) evib of .eolosnnta Iobhewslq offs Onides enotiostotd ro 
# Boe ,esines? Yo sLind ef dI .eedares Jo aswet edd to weiv ag 
-sednt yd gso1cd exe vaiote [snokatoo esd Ico esost [snctalb edd 
feotmobh s no efeouvytbasasechte stso [I9d edT .eledsoo Lea we 
s0t Quinsco ms yd sot te beoteto .eved fanokstoo dtiw tiusv 
hetowiztenoo yftomiot ese brwerva edt selied eat Yo emaeeraq scat 
eti) to etige aI .yitosc1so vd heoeloes needi2sd Jud ,elddu1 to 
 gasey teal eft mort seteb sw8wot eidd ,somerseqce supaenemos 
%o eoontvors odd 3i dade ewode ¢i bas yyustneo dé SL sdt Ye 
fp emsW yous .etis snpsenamo® fetootiasa vibicer bsd enistivos 
-Isemeds set}, oF yrutsso dé Sf offs So Bae edt ts beeousit don 
owe odd deY .ddtacl edt. to asonivo1g efit.edil ,eeeds wort eev 
te beosit sve ow tedt toow® .6 to sedd ,brobi1e4 to efoodos 
eefowdo ynem at bose esdowss! .bistoed .f te nedt fos emotne19 
_ # mont .noitnem tnidviuem woiisv hiids s dnessia ,olevomid to 
-soo0es9 .sonsisscge ton ti nolivouitenoo to xsiv to teiog odd 
e1ewos Yo noitowitenoo edd ai daieoassawe fo ssbi sdé ya beig 
--@uomts to etootidors edt .1eddo dose bnided aaifsoss asitose 
 etmab yd iedtis ,¢ivrer elds aieddo od Aeee events gon bib ot 
 .tetif[edios yd 10 ,xssukined to tdno1t .2 i6 88 ednandisve euots 
pam eeebevernenstenve evsd yerit ;eedotes bos swodnerd gs 3a 
a sbodiem Jneretti£ 
~ bustes besos19 een yiotnes dt If edd Yo efbbim edt stsod4 
edt to. seom to noiteoe! edt 2i tadt 10t) sekomil 19. Isibsdteo 
etteeetq aslo aswol seodn ,is"ot teot® a .(docas tsdt to si9wod 
 gomuloo f[ansetat 1003 sdT .({),er9ed bedsotioi Snemednaixe ost 
svizesoous edt mossod eft mot? troqane of bsniteeh ends sso A 
_oyeege aewol.semds odT s1ewod Sit to asitote edt to encisneces 
43, tad Yo exntouite 2 mi besofons fns feniste: exs sacle. seid 


i ' 


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228 
ViEht carpentry 13 oOVILt, thot Vs merely Oo centeriné, propeny 
speaking, ond on this form ore set courses of rubble corbvelted 
Inside frow base to vertex. The construction veins completed, 
ahe Unternad centering way be removed. This is evidently a v 
very ancrtent tradition. 

After the construction of the tower of S$. Leonard was erec- 
ted at Uzerches a tower-vorch, that still retains the princi- 
pal characteristics of the tower of Brantome; but the upper 
story, althoush octagonal, presents its facades parallel to 
those of the square base. The ansles remainins free between 
the square plan of the octagonal plan are covered by stone 
projections taking the placeiof pinnacles. We sive (6 bis) a 
view of the tower of Uzerches. It is built of Sgranite, and t 
the diagonal faces of the octagonal story are borne by inter- 
nal corbels. The bell case oficarpentryyrests on a domical 
vault with octagonal base, pierced at tov by an openins for 
the passame of the bells; the pyramid was formerly constructed 
of rubble, but hasbbeen replaced by carpentry. In spite of its 
Romanesque appearance, this tower dates from the last years 
of the 12 th century, and it shows that if the provinces of 
Aquitaine had rapidly perfected Romanesoue arts, they were n 
not disposed at the end of the 12 th century to free themsel- 
ves from these, like the provinces of the North. Yet the two 
schools of Perigord, that of S. Front that we have traced at 
Brantome and then at S. Leonard, Uzerches and in many churches 
of Limousin, present a third variety meritins mention, fromt 
the point of view of construction if not appearance. Preoccu- 
pied by the idea of superposinsg in the construction of towers 
stories recedins behind each other, the architects of pimous- 
in did not always seek to obtain this result, either by dans- 
erous overhangs as at S. Front of Berisueux, or by corbellins 
as at Brantome and Uzerches; they have sometimes attempted ao 
different method. : 

About the middle of the 11 th century was erected before the 
cathedral of Limoges (for that is the location of most of the 
towers of that epoch), a great tower, whose lower plan vresats 
the arrangement indicated here.(7). The four internal columns 
A were thus destined to support from the bottom the successive 
recessions of the stories of the tower. The three lower stor- 
ies alone are retained and enclosed in a structure of the 13 th 


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CEN Seen HP? 
aor “bebeves th jedt .ovei fed od swo ebasl aaa 
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a a. te {sabedteo eft Yo secs .(yresmeo dt Ir ens to 
et 4ewot etd? .veetkioe act nt tnomedasi1e smse odd en eevt® 
| 66 4no? déin {fsw Qateofons exsupe s te sesd ds hesoummo 
ot exeta eeeds mort hemind ore esdotA .aoiiedat sit of saefo 
 ano% Sat of aélpotbasa1eq etfusv Leneus drocone foe ellew ott 
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7 e8i9tg sant no eise1 Ts 

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sed aa ints edt (©) ,aewot eidt Yo mettose eft (8) ovin ef | 
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* baidd edi to D fovel oft te mafo edt (14) wrote hnooee ont 
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| seredexd ot es oe [lide dour iin onitoseisint asdein feared 
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feds .dowdo sdt oteotbat ot ,iste nece ed oF Fetine toomnnom 
setdel sdé bervoes sved bluoo vedt wot ,elled edd svtsos. of 
‘-s9 ef tF .netvooe edt eatnimsxe aI .te0o 2 sf dowm fe tlues1 
— efisd Se" Sdnaddd: Fewes edd YO 4508 Gud dhae Cadénends oF ve 
tote tesf edd sitdw .0 Bos © S¥eesd oft meowted beetaomoo 2i 
- Bgodels | d 2 osdd nemfotex © 10t moC1 edt t9efts. doom et 


i 


ae At ye oe ra : 


229 
century. As for the upper portion, it no longer exists; but e 
everythins leads one to believe, that it receded so as to rée- 
st on the four columns. A tower of a more recent epoch (end 
of the 11 th century), that of the cathedral of Puy-en-Velay, 
Sives us the same arrangement in its entirety. This tower is 
composed at base of a square enclosing wall with four detached 
piers in the interior. Arches are turned from these piers to 
the walls and support tunnel vaults perpendicular to the four 
walls; on these vaults rest the uwover stories, that recede u 
until vertically over the piers; thus the summit of this tow- 
er rests on the piers. 

Note 1.p.299- ALthough Puy-en-Veloy Vs not comprised Wa the 
western provinces, yet at thort epoch in the 11 th century, +% 
shere existed frequent ond continued relations between Auver- 
éne and Limousin. | 

Ne sive (8) the section of this tower, (9) the plan at the 
level A of the first story,(10) the plan at the level B of t 
the second story, (11) the plan at the level C of the third 
story, and (12) the plan at the level D of the uovper story: 
The last olan, as may be verified, is exactly superposed on 
the lower piers. One will note the sinsular arransement of p 
plan in Pié. 11, which presents a series of internal and ex- 
ternal niches intersecting with much skill so as to transfer 
the loads to the ansles of the tower. 

Kote 1.p.300. These plans ore ot.a° scale of 1 \ 200. Ke owe 
them to the courtesy of M. MolLoryu, former architect of the 
Cothedarot of Puy. 

But already in the 11 th century Auversne possessed constr- 
uctors with rare skill and much more skilful than those of the 
other provinces of France. (Art. aonstruction). The tower of 
the cathedral of Puy-en-Velay, whatever its importance and the 
dimensions of its structure, still could have only quite small 
bells, as shown by its section in Fis. 3, and certainly those 
that erected it thought as much of building a hish tower, a 
monument suited to be seen afar, to indicate the church, than 
to receive the bells, for they could have secured the latter 
result at mach le s cost. In examinins the section, it is ea- 
sy to recognize that the vart of the tower intended for bells 
is comprised between the bevetS B and C, while the last story 
is much rather the room for a watchman than a belfry. Bishops 


moteodd to eaod sd te memioden soni seum ove ee base ,ehaol 
¥ _etlg Yo egos ont no b&b ebyol mel edt es tant ,sedotsda to ete 
ss @4ew Sain bas veh yd Hemdotsw sasiT .eslteso ited To eqesx 
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Wend edd Yo Kosorsgs yemrOys .semtt ,entod Bntwold ro eLled 
poe paepnent: edd te Sateolo fue enineao .nve sds to &nteks 


eam aeese 24! .eredetolo edé¢ to hue Isabeddao 
to awadgoeet ” %o 1ewet sid Yo noltevele ena (St) over of 
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a 


230 

lords, and as such must place watchmen at the tops of the tow- 
ers of churches, just as the lan lords did on the tops of the 
keeps of their castles. These watchmen by day and nisht were 
charsed to signal to the inhabitants of the cities by ringins 
bells or blowins horns, fires, storms, approach of the eneny, 
risins of the sun, openins and closings of the portals of the 
cathedral aud of the cloisters. 

We gave (13) the elevation of the tower of the cathedral of 
Puye 

It is certain that the architects who erected the oldest t 
towers sought to crown them by surprisins arrangements of a 
nature to excite admiration or astonishment. To olace the be- 
lls did not rejuire labored combinations; it was first of all 
desired to attract the attention of the people by erecting b 
beside the church or on its lower structure a monument seen 
afar, and that by its form should contrast with the towers 
of castles or palaces, while rivallins them in height. 

From the 11 th century the towers of cathedral churches of- 
ten served as belfries for the cities (Art. Beffroi), and the 
city was also interested like the chaoter in markins its weal- 
th and power by bold structures dominatins private houses and 
public monuments. 

The bell tower of the cathedral of Puy is joined to the boly 
of the edifice, but is not palced on a porch or the crossing 
of the church; it is a monument nearly independent of the plan, 
an annex as at Brantome. That arrangement is only found in v 
very old churches. 

Everyone knows that in Italy the towers of churches are all 
isolated, and that they form a detached monument. But in Ita- 
ly durins the first centuries of the middle ages, the cities 
had retained their Roman constructions or nearly so, and the 
bell tower was a municival as mach as a relisious monument. 

In the South of France, the lodest towers present the same a 
arrangement and do not form a part of the plan of the church.. 
The tower of Perisueux itself is placed on a retained portion 
of the primitive church, but is not attached to the abbey ch- 
arch of the end of the 10 th century. The constructors in Per- 
isord desired to utilize the old structure, that served as a 
substructure and allowed them to raise to a sreat heisht their 
nen tower without too much expense. There is certainly a aues- 


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231 
question of economy, the more because one finds everywhere in 
the church of S. Front the evidence of a penury of resources, 
the desire to erect a wast monument while spending the least 
possible. . 

It is probable that in the first centuriesoéfitheumiddtead 
ages, there were built beside weryyoldichurches, but outside 
their plans, towers to which it was desired to sive sreat he- 
ight and consequently a stable and broad base. From the 11 th 
century, what characterizes the tower of the church and dist- 
inguishes it from the towers of castles or of private houses 
are:-- 1, those open upper stories destined to receive the 
bells: 2, the pointed pyramidal stone upper vortion servins 
as a roof. The primitive towers in France takins the square f 
form of plan, the stone pyramids crownins them have square b 
pases themselves, with or without ribs on the hips. Yet there 
are exceptions to this rule, and the old tower of Perisueux 
is the proof of this; there the cap borne by a circular story 
is conical; but it must be recognized, as we have already sta- 
ted, a foreign orisin in the tower of Perisueux, which served 
as a type for many towers in the West, for we see those coni- 
cal caps persist in that part of France durins the 12 th cen- 
tury, and even penetrate into Berry. Outside that influence f 
from Perigueux, whose origin may be Byzantine, and outside t 
the western school of which Brantome is a type, the vrovinces 
composing the France of our days adopt bell towers for their 
churches, large or small, after the 11 th century; but all do 
not adoot the same arrangements, either for the location or 
the form given to the towers. Some, like Auversne and the Cen- 
tre, that were in advance of the North and West during the R 
Romanesque period, first place their towers over the intersec- 
tion of the transeots and nave, on the crossings or the facade; 
the others as in the provinces, place them before the naves 
and in the adler of the transepts. Finally others hesitate 
as in the most southern provinces, and do not include the t 
towers in the general plan of the church, or sive them a min- 
imam importance. Perhaps in countries where the municipal sp- 
irit of the Roman cities was preserved as in italy, there ex- 
isted near the churches isolated towers both religious and c 
communal, that were destroyed at the time of the relisious 
wars of the 13 th century; what is certain is that in the ci- 


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i. 


232 
cities of the North, the awakenins of the municipal spirit is 
marked by the erection of Sreat bell towers attached to the 
cathedral churches, for it is necessary to observe that the t 
towers most imposing by their height and their richness rose 
at the end of the 11 th and during the 12 th centuries in the 
midst of cities erected into communes by permission or force. 

But no vrovince rivals Normandy from the end of the 11 th 
century in the number and‘dimensions of its towers. The Nor- 
mans established on the continent soon became indefatigable 
constructors. ‘They first had wealth, then a spirit of contin- 
"vance lacking to most French peoples; these two conditions w 
were equally necessary to erect extensive monuments regquirins 
lengthy labors. Well provided with materials for buildings, t 
the Normans after the time of Villiam the Conoueror erected 
vast churches and crowned them by numerous and tall towers; 
particularly during the 14 th century their cities distins- 
uished themselves amons French cities by the number and prod- 
isous height of tke towers. The most of their churches, even 
of the second order, possessed three, a tower over the cross- 
ing and two on the facade. Their cathedrals and abbey churches 
goon had five, for to the theee with places just indicated w 
were often added two of less imvortance flankins the sanctua- 
ry over the side aisles. It was only at the end of the 12 th . 
century, that the provinces of the rolay domain even went be- 
yond the Norman structures by sivins their cathedrals seven 4 
and even nine towers. (Art. qathedrale). 

The central Norman tower placed at the crossing of the tran- 
sverse aisle is not only the tower rising above the vaults of 
the church and restizs on the four main piers, but it akseleo 
contributes to the internal effect of the monument by leaving 
over the crossings a vast lantern, open and visible in the in- 
terior, whose effect adds strikinsly to the Srandeur of the 
nave. As for the towers annexed to the facade, the oldest rise 
from the sround, and the interval left between them is reser- 
vei for the porch or vestibule. That method applied to the c 
construction of the towers of facades was not properly above 
that of Normandy, before the Gothic veriod. Romanesaue const- 
ructors would not have dared like their successors, to pkace 
those colossal towers partly on the front and lateral walls, 
partly on an isolated pier, and it must be said that they were 


FES 

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233 ; 
right in principle. Besides the Romanesque architects did not 
generally sive to the towers of facades the importance since’ 
Siven to them. For them the principal tower, that rising hish- 
est and having the widest base was naturally the tower erected 
over the crossing. That base was determined by the distance 
between the piers, by the width of the nave, and starting from 
a plan so extended in area, it was indeed necessary to raise 
its summit to a great height, so as to sive suitable proport- 
ions to the tower. 

Unfortunately of the great Norman towers erected over the 
crossings before thé end of the 12 th century, there remain 
to us only fragments, traces buried in later constructions, 
or at most the lower stories. - These towers were square, pier- 
ced by one or two stories of windows lishtins the interior of 
the church. Properly speaking, the tower only commenced above 
these stories, which participated with the interior of the c 
church. 

Kote 1.9304. There Vs stivi to be seen obove the vault of 
She crossing of the carthedrol of Boyeux the stump of the vet 
tower, from the vesinning of the 12 th contury, buried in the 
structure of the 12 th, which indricotes that this primirtwe 
Lower had the same bose as the present one, rebuilt at alffer- 
ent Times. 

Ne shall first occupy ourselves with these central towers, 
and that apoear to have been adopted in France about the bes- 
inning of the 11 th century imithe provinces of the Centre, 
the Fast, and in Normandy. We have given in Fis. 1 the tower 
of the cathedral of Perisgueux, which dates from the end of t 
the 10 th or the bedinning of the 11 th centuries. As we have 
stated, this structure had an influence on most of those erec- 
ted in the 11 th and 12 th centuries in Perigord, Saintonse, 
Angoumois and Poitou. But the imitators avoided the defects i 
in construction noted in this tower, and that required the c 
cbosing of nearly all its openings; on the contrary, they so- 
usht to give their towers sreat stability by means of strons 
angdles ef masonry and ingenious combinations. The architects 
of thosepprovinces, either influenced by the position assisned 
to the tower of 3. Front of Perisueux, built astride the old 
Latin church, or that they had recosnized that the centre of 
the crossing of churches as the most resistant point afd that 


re. 


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eenmbioo betebns to bemre? ereto yd hedseqaue eerdows seadd yd 
.viota asinotio s ciesd tivev Lsotvedasimed « nore .6 ge eh 
fisee St te tud .enarloo to wor eeolo.2 Yo heeoqmoo aszacl on 

' yd bebivih esdous nega doidw asented: yeezasitiud Lsoirbailyo 
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_-é08 .da077 .6 to tedt eitl ,eeleoe bhetisvni YO heasvon aac 
G Yo aevnost odd Yo tecd neds [ntiide si0om ,toetinore edt sisd 
aot eds bsol dens ed tact boodeishas ybsoile aed ,xvenkiasy 

~ates? mwstse1 evit oF .asiosnaia yd sesd sisune sdf to eslene 
= Pr seeloas sesnd oc soned 
yd Besiv0D encte env betatoosh ed Jedd saneutea nese vem TI 
q od teqo1q siom mose blaow #i texit te aot ,eelsoe Estusyet 

| os ee of .eslis exif sense isawdsn tiedt oi seslaos sit sosla 

d -cimsxé one cedw ised :sedsewnies sft Yo favomet edt stetiltoet 

=tebou od .eseioo suoie sesdd to noitdourienoo ont yleeols ee 
“tae aslpaate aids bedqobs erebliud edd ydw yitoetuec ebnate 
8 emzot eslsoe edt aseused soeqe doss seusoed ai t1 .tnswehns 
A» setatot Iscitiev edt wort stew sat enivome: retind elssil 
~te at oniteveo to modeye eidd aleloxs o¢ yiseesosm ef siuait 

~sog edt to nolix0q s to Liateh svitoeqeiec a ad (7L) ted .950 

-obns 4 38 S0ted esersoo sdt to ebed edd ;moitose s to saeo vi 
eoetive odd Sndwollo) eyewle acts? .f se einiot, [sotisev edt 

sostiwe towel edt reve 3 eostaive s mort bsdoubaoo vileiten vi 

dotdw ,etatot Inottiey est staitenso o¢ bel gon ai audd bas. .0 
-og deenaid oft te bnwolt sie yeds sauacsd etsese siom edd sis 

-S sostive Isoidaey saisdt anttosvsstni bose esisoe sit te @ toi 
~est teited asisoe betsasvar yd bsievos esnon sesdd heebni bod . 

-10e dtoome dtin snegtink: 70 eenoo oasis nist to tostie edi tet 
DL ce de) ok eee eeu nas ) iteeet eeosesoe) 

jRe-taoHt ve 20 soxoto « edd. detae to dqnesadets to m30% wee 


mir), 


of 


234 
most abutted in those monuments, by preference built their tow- 
ers at the intersection of the transverse aisle, at the entr- 
ance to the choir, om the last reinforced bay of the nave. 

There still exists angreat tower of the end of the 11 the 
century on the church of abbey de Dames at Saintes, which st- 
ill recalling the primitive arrangement of the tower of S. F 
Front, is already frankly Romanesaue, and abandons the antiaue 
forms characterizing the tower of Perisueux. 

We sive (14) a view of this tower. Above the vaults of the 
church it is compdsédiofoassgquarecstory pierced on each side 

by three arches supported by piers formed. of engaged columns. 
As at &. Front, a hemispherical vault bears a circular story, 
no longer composed of a close row of columns, but of 12 small 
cylindrical buttresses, between which open arches divided by 
one column. That story is surmoun ed by a slishtly conical ¢ 
cap, covered by inverted scales, like that of S.. Front. But 
here the architect, more skilful than that of the tower of P 
Rerisgueux, has already understood that he must load the four 
angles of the square base by pinnacles, to sive sreater resis- 
tance to these ansles. 

It may seem stranse that he decorated the stone courses by 
inverted scales, for at first it would seem more vroper to Dp 
place the scales in their natural sense like tiles, so as to 
facilitate the removal of the rainwater; but when one examin- 
es closely the construction of these stone courses, he under- 
stands perfectly why the builders adopted this Sinsular arr- 
angement. It is because each spece between the scales forms a 
little sutter removing the water from the vertical joints. A 
figure is necessary to explain this system of coverins in st- 
one. Let (15) be a perspective detail of a portion of the sca- 
ly cone of a section; the beds of the courses beins at A and 
the vertical joints at B. Water always followins the surfaces 
is naturally conducted from a surface C over the lower surface 
D, and thus is not led to penetrate the vertical joints, which 
are the more secure because they are found at the hishest po- 
int # of the scales and intersectins their vertical surface fF. 
Aud indeed these cones covered by inverted scales better res- 
ist the effect of rain than cones or pyramids with smooth sur- 
faces. 

The form of the towers of which the church of S. Front of 


. 6 oe area as Pe, or 


a 


els ee ees 

- ~sootseas bas Sebndecqusdther vanes nvond ¢evit edt ef xvenbines 

9 yasl see odd © esonivoig sd¢ ot yindneo dt Cf ens ai bs 

-wot [eisnss eaeaeod {ftte senosnisé bas siomsosaA Yo. eodoids 

| asbaele stom sissy baa _besourtenco Iflew .fbevieonos flew-s19 
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bsntdmos oe et zeae oF Seed mort toidw .sno sosdse IIsde ow 
sso Sit Yo tewosd oft si edt sytilidste toetiea tnsee19 oF e8 
-ftifs auotsifes oft Yo teom siif dowsdoe ted? .defneh to doa 

e°s to Besoemoo ei .sonivore tedd of wshi0 bhnosee sit to san 

| =—-« keds edt Yo sonatas edt FA seemob yd berevoo efeis sitate 
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B yyatied edt to yrote exsupe od¢ Yoinsfa edd ek (TE) sreB 
aselreddotorss agin enod edd to eesd edt to opla edd (82) baw 

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e@stom ets estiqe [soinoo edt ,eancis10c01g yoash Ssved eeirose 
‘yesleoe se{vorlo betuevat saslweas yd bersvoo sis foe s19b809le 
hedneesig noltonxadenco io si[aionina sdd Suinisie1 syenls god 
smi S10m smoees bas nooo o1e eefoenate ef2ee sad :FE WET yd 
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*aenot to mio? eidt yristneo dt Sf eds Yo bne sit Lignd .ocead 
eesdd vesitetosisdo dadw do9 .19eddbt! enimeosd ylish .eterers) 
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eoviaie die ovoesnsmoBess eeitd sis eslsoe saoiw aniseyoo Leot 


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bimerwg ss yd beawor ecisote eeidt 10 ows avin nel eSaorstoo 

L PRRRS 207 Stel ass s fees +f exdores rari 77 } 


" . Lak a ' r - 
a? Del ae Ma cs ” ' ‘\anty" 


235 

Perisueux is the first known tyoe, is pervetuated and perfect- 
ed in the 12 th century in the provinces o the West. Many c 
churches of Ansgoumois and Saintonge still possess central tow- 
ers well conceived, well constructed, and take more slender 
forms as they approach the end of that century. Amons several, 
we shall setect one, which from base to apex is so combined 
as to present perfect stability; this is the tower of the ch- 
urch of Roulet. That church like most of the relisious edifi- 
ces of the second order in that province, is composed of as 
gingle aisle covered by domes. At the entrance of the choir 
is a bay thicker in its lower parts, which bears the tower. 
Here (16) is the plan of the bay in the sround story support- 
ing the tower, that rises from the ground on the two side wa- 
lls and the two transverse arches turned over the four piers. 
Above the roof is a square substructure decorated by blind a 
arcades, then a story likewise square bat pierced by open ar- 
cades; that is the story intended for the bells. Om the last 
story rises the frankly conceived spire, no lonser convex. 

Here (17) is the plan of the square story of the belfry, a 
and (13) the plan of the base of the cone with itscfonpslitts 
le pinnacles. Fig. 19 Sives the section of this tower, and 
Pid. 20 is tts elevation.” These sketches show, that already 
about the middle of the 12 th century western architects were “ 
occupied in giving more elegance to their towers, the square 
stories have happy provortions, the conical spires are mores 
slender and are covered by ansular inverted circular scales, 
but always retainius the principle of construction presented 
by Fig. 15: the ansle pinnacles are open and assume more im- 
portance. They are set diasonally so as to profit by a wider 
vase. Until the end of the 12 th century this form of tower 
persists, daily becomins liBhter. But what characterizes these 
towers in the West is there souare stories, that rise from the 
bottom, from the base to the spire, and particularly that con- 
ical covering uhose scales are finer assRomanesoue art arrives 
at its final degree of elesance. 

Note 1.9.30%. We owe these Grawiyas, thike those of Brontowe, 
Ve Me AdaAdLE, architect of S. Front. 

In Auvergne from the 41 th century the central towers rest 
on a dome inscribed in the square, and abruptly come to an o 
octasonla olan with two or three stories crowned by @ vyramid 


; ‘es fextneo * bervoteos yidasoor edd eisw dow? .eebte sddie ddiv 
~el0 te s109-uh-ems0 sxtok ,eiioeel to estorsds sdé, to exswod 
a ff edd to tied bnoose eft antavh slisd ,siisvoe¥ .2 .snon1 

_ e@ aathaoled sintonrsedue & so steer ersKOd seedd JuG .yaHdaes 
tied ond, bos emobh sié baigizqmoo bos .endasvud o¢ ylevienloxe 

_ Aesttd) getqeensad edd Yo notsosntbh edd mit si Bnidtuds eomob 
_qidepoo sidd <(setit® .emitowsatenod .seusibife® eidosdidowds 
© o8 mo seed fanotstoo diiw s9wot a antosiq ai eteienoo nots 
~esaedt: sol .voged ton ef base .savtowite asludknssoe1 exomions 
dowwdo oft of aaisnolsd sistomatedus eft mord moistiens1s on ek 
~asixs edd no smob sii sosqene tom eeoh eye edT siswos edd of 


§ WoO etesi a9KOT Sis aenaiag 8 wod Sostershas sonoso hae .t0l- 


, Yo \tharec -eleasios4 
ueeeds BTSWOS SaSAT. peey e POF FOM oh YS ePFOSeq of BF Ox 
five »boyorvrsieeh aad 


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emob eaT .enisedO to doisdo slatif od¢ to sawed Laistaso adé ni 
~deet,,brohized) to tedt ylexttae si eoised0 te Snieeor10 eds to 
om omobh od¢t no seovidnebneq bre asics ssisvensis ast no eat 
i ‘Yo moitsvele edt. (IS) evid of .1ew0od [snoketoo asgqo ne eoatt 
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gti -ststouzsea eidt to yieditas ent estes 

‘eid nit bao stetxs teeaos oF aréige srote ot .OLbo get ato 
-eedeen -foor yrfweqi9. a yd beoatger 

a, bas xueudired to foodos edt mort beviareh sew wsteye vidT 
Hoe .wisineo dd Ff odd to boe edd Litav oobenan6d af belisvera 
® to titnd .eenolvol to niniel «2 to 19wot Isidneo tee1d odd 
® een ,yawiaso ds &f edd to sibbim sda tuods foiad bane snote 
» »bakt oeis sh .elatoning teds oF Qnibroo;s hstowisenoo Liste 
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Ieinov-el-yeaiss Yo doredo [wttivesd ofT .ybookaeS of neve bose 
-ytote tewol seode ,stbod Leataco Ienobetoo ns eseeseeoq [Live 
" NIode teqqu edd hos yrstnso dt Sf ect to bos edt mort seteb 
bas ebietvo dibiw ai .t% &.SF esd aswot aidT «dd FL edd moard 
+ sseesq 102 baitego ne xd boosie swobh Isnokstoo ns etovonise 
= towel oct ot tedt..oton of Lntees €i ti eidd n0\.elled odd to 
_ -8e8q 1ct diel e1s siainsqo on etewos evitiming edt to et [os 


n au 
] Ma he ; 


236 
with eight sides. Such were the recently restored 2 central 
towers of the churches of Issoire, Notre Dame-du-Port at Cle- 
rmont, 9. Nectaire, built during the second half of the 11 th 
century. But these towers rest on a substructure belonsins e 
exclusively to Auvergne, and comprising the dome and two half 
domes abutting it in the direction of the transepts; (Arts.A 
Architecture Religieuse, Construction, ESlise); this construc- 
tion consists in placin® a tower with octasonal base om an eé 
enormous rectangular structure, and is not happy, for there 
is no transition from the substructure belonsins to the church 
to the tower. The eye does not suspect the dome on the exter- 
ior, and cannot anderstand how a prismatic tower rests on 4 
rectansle. ; 

Not] 2e HeBO7T. BY We MOLLOY, Grohitect. These towers have 
been destroyed. 

Qn the contrary, we find these transitions skilfully managed 
in the central tower of the little church of Obazine. The dome 
of the crossing at Obazine is entirely that of Perigord, rest- 
ins on four transverse arches and pendentives; on the dome r 
rises an open octagonal tower. We sive (21) the elevation of 
that tower. Tt is evident how the pendentives of the dome a 
are covered by sloving triangles, and how from the sauare ba- 
se resting on the four piers and the transverse arches the s 
structure attains the®perfect octagon. The section (22) indic- 
ates the entirety of this structure. 

Note 1.p.310. The stone spire no Longer exists and hos veen 
replaced by Oo carpentry roof. 

This system was derived from the school of Perisueux and. p 
prevailed in Lansuedoc until the end of the 13 th century, ad 
the great central tower of S. Sernin of Toulouse, built of s 
stone and brick about the middle of the 13 th century, was s 
still constructed accordins to that principle. We also find 
octagonal central towers of the transition epoch in the prov- 
inces of the Centre, in the church of Cosniat, for example, * 
and even in Burgundy. The beautiful church of Paray-le-Monial 
still possesses an octagonal central spire, whose lower story 
dates from the end of the 12 th century and the upper story 
from the 13 th. This tower has 32.8 ft. in width outside and 
surmounts an octagonal dome pierced by an openins for passase 
of the bells. On this it is useful to note, that in the lower 
vaults of the primitive towers no openings are left for vass- 


4 ; i» - 7, | 4 : eae | 7 
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«80K +8t .f0¥ .ysog 70289 «M Jo atutostisovat bh suvei sat al Boe 
B47 902.3631" | «8 bao & .& 58 

+ *geed¢ to sedmen cissiso & tases10 oF aolesooo sven Ilede oF 

| yeeife® .taA ni sidito® Yo nottiensst to. dooas tadt te exewos 

seve {9  .etebse1 avo aste1 sw doidw of 
sesbaol sade: eno odt esw eeonivorg done1% is to yhosmtol 

Yo etnigecto oft seve etowot Iseaofoo anifosis ni boieiai1ec 

ems. .nepeh ,esonstucd (xveved Jo"elsabediso onT .eedorudo esi 

Ifitve yosvof to sen0 .2 to ,989 to sfiataT edd. te esdoando 

moat dt Fr «at Cf sdv moxd stab stadt .ereswot L[artnso eeaeod 

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me Rieehtors > ggatae eid wnidoso 
ced le cea 1SVC poaen ereros Pacaund Fads exseacs tT] 
-a lvota edt of hetoobs ylrss y1ev es asdorndo Yo sknieeoto ond 
tet 10 soneylink setdatvelisO ed o¢ soo’dne Viisleotsase eso 
_ <feenco en0 .ottams otsl edt to etre edt to sonsselsns% edd Yo 
. edt asvo Tewot & sosla ot tivottTIib eaw ti tedd .besbhni eov 
elieweds to ucontoins Lisme oft jsotliesd nigelie to eniesors 
| * seentson satibie eaven edt to dtbiw odt .etnemenom seont Yo 
— yleorsoe .doisdo sit to ybod dt to d1oqans ‘te etntoo sid to 
‘fa yiscgss dtiw eoistoutte Jdki{ dove Yo anthsol edt bewolls 
beeuso bed sovemeliedD nodw Jn@ .tdeied tse1s yiev s of Bate 


eisw seodT .elfed to seseesa 


oc onl 


237 
passage of bells. Those word wartaetenbl y small dimensions to 
be introduced throush openings of the tower, or which is more 
probable, were raised before closins the lower vaults. 

Note 2.p-310. The tower of the church of Sosniar, which wuch 
resembles that of the churoeh of Obazine, and which is older, 
has retained Vis stone spire with octagono\ base. 1% Ve engro- 
ved in the Revove A*ArohVIecture Of Me Gesor Dolyue YOU. 12. Nos. 
8,04, 0 S1 Onde. | 

We shall have occasion to present a certain number of these 
towers of that epoch of transition of Gothic in Art. #slise, 
to which we refer our readers. 

Normandy of all French provinces was the one that lonsest 
persisted in erectins colossal towers over the crossings of 
its churches. The cathedrals of Bayeux, Coutances, Rouen, the 
chucches of the Trinite of Caen, of S. Ouem of Rouen, still 
posses central towers, that date from the 12 th, 13 th, 14 th 
15 th and 16 th centuries. While in Ile-de-France, Bicardy a 
and Ghampasne were renounced from the end of the 13 th centu- 
ry the vlacing of stone towers over the crossings of churches. 
The cathedralsof*Parisonever possessed but a wooden spire at 
the intersection of the transverse aisle, which dated from 
the beSinnins of the 13 th century; the cathedrals of Amiens 
and Beauvais were surmounted by central towers of stone and 
wood; but these structures hawins fallen or been destroyed by 
fire were replaced only by spires of carpentry covered by lead. 
The provinces of the fast during the Romanesaue period erected 
central towers of stone on a sreat number of their churches; 
these were square on the upper Saone, upper Marne and upper 
Rhone; octasonal toward the end of the 11 th centurw in appr- 
oachins the Rhine. 

It appears tha cebtebe korere placed over the centre of 
the crossings of churches was very early adooted in the provin- 
ces particularly subgect to the Carlovinsian influence or that 
of the Penaissance of the arts of the late empire. One concei- 
ves indeed, that it was difficult to place a tower over theec 
crossins of a Latin basilica; the small thickness of the walls 
of these monuments, the width of the naves afdithe weakness 
of the voints of support of the body of the church, scarcely 
allowed the loading of such light structures with masonry ri- 
sing to a very Sreat heisht. But when Charlemasne had caused 


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-189 1swot [extnso efit Yo sonseste edd bone etek edb eeusosd ti 
fetoors asw ti sonie .xveukiisd ds dno1l .2 to tedd aeadd s9ii 
,tnesete odd Litny nod? .yisdnso dt © end to anianibed edd te 
‘edt Yo noitowbordat ed? rot enikine soniteib ows batt aso enc 
-tesw oft no eneiveneY od yd sno ssones) odni exswod [s1dns0 
ed to sonsgetsce: nsiantvolisg edd yd wdd0 es pdes00 ars 
_ bs teom eeonentini ond seeds orsdw eeomivoig e168 eisdl .Jees 
wh edt Ii WOK .yletsisqs2 otsaimoh ysis o1edw etedsq ;elsnia 
_ ~=deasdo to tedmen tesi2 s 102 sqyd 8 ee bevise Juorl .c lo 49 
yon tot) yorimred 2o decd Of umoolans e10Ked.de08 ont he 2 


es 


a) 
a 


238 
the construction of sacred edifices like the church of Aix-la- 
Chapelle, which are built om circular or polygonal plans, sir- 
ensthened by niches in imitation of certain oriental edifices 
of the first Christian times, the resistance of these struct- 
ures, preferably abutted at all points, and even their form, 
necessarily led to am elevated céntral crowning part. 

We possess on the banks of the Loire at Germisny-des-—Pres 
near Sully, a little church of the sreatest interest, for its 
date and history are known. “The monk Letalde, a writer of the 
10 th century states,” says M. Werimee, “that Theodulphe, at 
first abbot of S$. Benoit-sur-Loire, then bishop of Orleans, 
caused the building of the church of Germisny in imitation 
of that of Aix-la-Chapelle.” Tt must be confessed that the 
imitation is very free, for what exists of the vlan of Theod- 
ulphe, i.e., the principal part of the edifice, sives four 
square piers surrounded by a side aisle with three little ap- 
ses, one at the 6ast and two at the south and north. This pl- 
an much more recalls the little Greek churches of Asia and of 
the Peboponnessus than that of Aix-la-Chapelle. However that 
may be, on the four central piers rises 4 square tower resting 
on four transverse arches. Its belfry is only separated from 
the church by a floor, and on each of its four faces it is op 
oierced in the lower story formins a lantern, by four little 
windows decorated by stucco inside; in the upper story intend- 
ed for the bells, by four twin windows. One finds in the stuc- 
co and in the construction itself, made of rubble covered by 
plaster and mosaic beneath the vault of the eastern apse, tra- 
ditions of the late empire. 

But we shall have occasion to return to this curious monum- 
ent in Art. HSlise. We must here limit ourselves to mentioning 
it, because its date and the oresence of the central tower ear- 
lier than that of S. Front at Perisueux, since it was erected 
at the beginnins of the 9 th century. Then until the vresent, 
one can find two distinct orisins for the introduction of the 
central towers into France; one by the Venetians on the west- 
ern coast: the other by the qarlovingian renaissance of the 
east. There are provinces where these two influences meet and 
mingle; others where they dominate separately. Now if the tow - 
er of S. Front served as a type for a great number of church- 
es af the West, towers analosous to that of Germisny (for we 


se Peviee Qnived to womed edd soktibe alssil sets eves sonaso 
 eeastowste beonsefini .sisiao yd e1swot neihnivolsed (sow « 
ot bas enieN t900n oft .onoeh oft to eined sat wo néidstrsbhas 
-kvo1q tesl edt to erswot [ardoso tesbfo sat Yo on .etanaovi 


oesd evieesm odT .enoyd vs yenid to doisdo edd to sadd et son 


ati bus ,xwiass di Ll-edd wos? eotsh yidedorg 18 wos teas to 
gevol eft stefienco sao tI +d Sf edd sort yiote aseqs asco 
Jedd besooane ed tddia si ,yanid to 1r9swod [e1tneo eft To t18q 
-ew-oviessm efi sot .seitete [sisvee ised ot becitash sew tt 
oved- bus ,edet doses no baineco slitil a yd beowelo ylno eis aff 
J betnvomine yino een seed eidd teY .oonstaies1 sidaisbianoo. « 


ni ete1 gon ei tik SoY .eshsois yo beowsia yrove sizate s va 
Ye yd besevoo ,eiswos yomute seeds déiw teem of eisnnovd blo 


.«uiientkiz0 eelis camofi yd betostow .witnsa1so nk Yoor salt 
fa adew: : -eeits wolfod yd sedsl 

T syeoiA Yo tewot Isadoso odt to wetv s etaeseiged FS dik. 
edeot di .onote tuo lo eafans dtiw elddnui to sited ei sead edT 
qeevieesm odd ,emoh s eaisinoo bee eedois seisvensid ivct mo 
emte to et doidw .yiode rsc0H edt od eheol yewiiste, Isnoaylog 
yaode vad? Snisisaimist soisies eT .sesd edd msde aedel ne 


est Balttimieg Joa .eledioo yd hetrecaus soivostowg eit ewaet | 


Yiote, sno sedd sic# gontjienoe of neitnedni ss to soltieoagne 
fa sdownde odd Yo etleay edt evodsrsesd dein sit no 
-omgos oi ,..8.f ,enee? reden sot Ons snis¥ as000 edd brencT 

sve ton of esdousdo te erzewod Isataso edt .enids sdz veidor 

‘wods tey yaeatce ecote yd herevoo sis hos ,wred bedenio Jada 

edd»,~eoini00 aninwos1o sdt od au nefo stenoe ett ciate: tceol 
eelans odd bos .aelo mi L[esotatoc yidseupert at sataa enote 
eis sisepe edd boa notyloa ent fo esble edd neented Qniniamed 

6 enoitostoiq fo mio? edd ni enote ico encidenimiss yd bells? 
eseend to soneesic odT .saice edd toahimsayo: oid mort bedosdsh 

_ ~tuatenoo sid yd hevidom eigeloanniq islusosiady Yo enoitosford 
_ «§feda00 no. tee1 seest ivel ssodw .enote to exiae eds to. noid 
; bebostni- nied eelosania edt to bsol eda <8evitosbasg 10 ebci 
ol .sevidnebrec 10 Snt{{sdaeo edt Yo Snsraevo sft toevesq o¢ 
of Bos yasdnso dt tl edt Yo seuntonase ond esonivoxg sesdd 
sizems1 to eta exowos eft bos ebor esa dt Sf. edt to dninnioed 
1 eft to eensosd shie ateteew edd a0 beeolo :ydtotlomie elds 
-foze favor wortsn sting yd vino bsoxsig sis yodd jebniw woies 
yas ¢eodsin serige svaupe yd betauowise bos eobie seisd oo 29 


f 
a 


239 
cannot sive thet little edifice the honor of havins served as 
a type), Carlovinsian towers by orisin, influenced structures 
undertaken on the banks of the Saone, the wpper Marne and in 
Lyonnais. One of the oldest central towers of the last provi- 
nee is that of the church of Ainay at Lyons. The massive base 
of that tower probably dates from the 11 th century, and its 
open upper story from the 12 th. If one considers the lower 
part of the central tower of Ainay, it misht be supposed that 
it was destined to bear several stories, for its massive wa- 
lls are only pierced by a little openins on each fate, and have 
a considerable resistance. Yet this base was only surmounted 
by a sinsle story pierced by arcades. Yet it is not rare in 
old Lyonnais to meet with these stumpy towers, covered by af 
flat roof in carpentry, protected by Roman tiles orisinally, 
later by hollow tiles. 

Fis. 23 represents a view of the central tower of Ainay. I 
Tts base is built of rubble with ansles of cut stone, it rests 
on four transverse arches and contains a dome; the massive p 
polysonal stairway leads to the upper story, which is of stme 
and later than the base. The cornice terminatins that story 
forms the ppojection supperted by corbels, not permitting the 
supposition of an intention to construct more than one story 
on the hish base above the vaults of the church. 

Toward the upoer Marne and the upper Saone, i.e., in appro- 
achins the Rhine, the central towers of churches do not have 
that crushed form, and are covered by stone spires: yet they 
lons retain the souare plan up to the crownins cornice, the 
stone soire is freouently octagonal in plan, and the angles 
remaining between the sides of the polyson and the square are 
filled by terminations of stone in the form of vrojections d 
detached from the pyramidsof the spire. The presence of these 
projections of triansular pinnaclesis motived by the construc — 
tion of the spire of stone, whose four faces rest on corbell- 
ings or pendentives, the load of the vinnacles beins intended 
to prevent the overhans of the corbéllins or vendentives. In 
these provinces the structures of the 11 th century and the 
besginnins of the 12 th are rude, and the towers are of remark- 
able simplicity; closed on the western side because of the r 
rainy winds, they are pierced only by quite narrow round arch- 
es on three sides and surmounted by Sauare spires without any 


aS ie ys ; 
. We ‘ Obs 
) -00 UW yboirsc,eupesnsmo? oft fo emit steel edt oi tO ,tnemsn10. 
—«ss 4 @ddefto Sno ene of¢ to etenos odd tnomA .ehinsayo [snosed 
t et. noktevissss1c Jostyes eti yd Sotiestesci seom bra teehio 
odt mort eoteh ti seemoel Io dowedo sissif edt Yo aewod ed 
gistseste .visdneo fie Sf oft to tad bacose 
eidd Yoo sninnors odT .wsiv svidoegese0 edi (DS) tnesera of 
eesd sit SA .etoeTinove Yo solsnedss edt Dokzst etir]em tew0d 
-niiig ayot to bos eeldsk a0} Yo hesoawoo ei Fi .Stice sft to 
~tif efT .tostts snoseivteta teom ec? diiw sefens sid ts solos 
e1ew eelosputa sefuaeainxt av0l edd gnidsnimyss miottele oft 
-[eanave snot sit to estnkit est evisoet od hentiseh yidedore 
emi bedetidsetes vileisces stinp motdeno s o3 Snibsooos ,etei 
- bos tvo bodoold viomie esfyobis®d »endbsomedd oi baa ybovdand 
-sonta sit bos asidst sft psovted erice eft mo1t t9deKn edd ov 
ta eves: satoe cidi gedd esevore ylisotoatiwe siseitiawl .aels 
bas etosensad tuodddw SvencSdscto aflewduaetaf ows oo seed 
etewot [sxtneo sievpe sesdd Ti oS .esdow saievensad ows HO 
seve tect .bestnsoce1 sd teom di .ritixo asigaivolisg s evas 
w says evidiniaa sdf ,betentaixo yodd sistiw asonivois edd ni 
edd mo etewot Isatnso odd Ife vlaeon rot .bektatom noes caw 
tified eis esiipineo dé St bow ad It aid oi soit ead Yo saned 
tonnes sno dsY .svodea bise svad ew es ,aefo Lanckeioe na no 
ts ,oslq odd to weritne of¢ ni don ii ,sonenttoi dads excnri 
-nei1e odd .eelhns oft te eslosanio sd? .elisdeb edd ni seast 
fo bas ebnusd odd to enoisesrcoeb eid ,eeninsoo sdé Yo Fnsmeb 
-bive sas enosé ssgay eat bos episM teogu eds. to alsdiaso edd 
vyinO .elvte ositntvolase) evitinise edd mor} beworsed vitae 
{ bos Intiidje esol .esonivorg sesi sesit Jo eistowasenoce eag 
sosia gon bexsbh yidsdors .snidf sds to seodd ostt tatwomd asel 
-udo edd tlind odw tostisoirs edt iT -exsia awot ne nobstoo ns 
»o si¢ beigop sd tedd .dtist boot wi isveiled vorimusd Ye doo 
beshat nao seo ,eileascD-sl-xiA to doaste sad To soisonasenos 
-bealo¢ni esew esmoel Yo zswosd osv Yo tostisows ofd Jens tivke. 
Isnobetoo eit taobe 6¢ beaeb en yino testosoocite deinedh yd 
te emon ybute ot ep 109 wrseasoen Bi dt] sexioe edt 107 nala 
-oet eft senso of asonivota deinedf eit to eiswed Laatnso sad 
efit no betisxe oved Jeum yous’ Jedd ,oonsulIni ed to nottinee 
Ob 2) so eydeet odd to seontvore dooney? edd Yo asisdouise 
oe seliswds) to foavdo edd to anieeeio edd oe eteixe sxsdT 


‘ 
7 


- cy G . % 
ed Bae ‘sf i ud 


240 
ornament, or in the last time of the Romanesaque,period, by oc- 
tasgonal pyramids. Amons the towers of the Marne, one of the 
oldest and most interestins by its perfect preservation is t 
the tower of the little church of Isomes; it dates from the 
second hatf of the 12 th century. 

We present (24) its perspective view. The crowning of this 
tower merits fixins the attention of architects. At the base 
of the spire, it is comoosed of four gables and of four pinn- 
acles at the ansles with the most victuresoue effect. The lit- 
tle vlatform terminatins the four triansular pinnacles were 
probably desisned to receive the fisures of the four evansel- 
ists, accordins to a custom quite generally established in 
Bursundy and in Champagne. Gargoyles simoly blocked out rece: - 
ve the water from the spire between the sables and the pinna- 
cles. OurfPFisure sufficiently proves that this spire rests at 
base on two Lateratrwaliscofsth@6inavé without transepts and 
on two transversi arches. But if these square central towers 
have a garlovinsian origin, it must be recosnized, that even 
in the provinces where they orisinated, the primitive type w 
was soon modified, for nearly all the central towers on the 
banks of the Rhine in the 11 th and 12 th centuries are built 
on an octagonal plan, as we have said above. Yet one cannot 
ignore that influence, if not in the entirety of the plan, at 
least in the details. The pinnacles at the ansles, the arran- 
Sement of the oveninss, the decorations of the bands and of 
the capitals of the upper Marne and the upper Saone are evid- 
ently borrowed from the primitive Carlovinsian style. Only 
the constracturs of these last provinces, less skilful and 1 
less knowins than those of the Rhine, probably dared not place 
an octagon on four piers. If the architect who built the chu- 
reh of Germisny believed in good faith, that he copied the c 
construction of the church of Aix-la-Chapelle, one can indeed 
admit that the architect of the tower of [somes was inspired 
by Rhenish structures; only he dared to adopt the octasonal 
plan for the spires It is necessary for us to study some of 
the central towers of the Rhenish provinces to cause the rec- 
osnition of the influence, that they must have exerted on the 
structures of the French provinces of the Hast. 

There exists an the crossins of the church of Gebweiler ac 
central tower, octasonal from its base, whose four faces par- 


. iiss | ras 
 méaebieg no enaod ove etsepa oft to elexodsib edt o¢ Lelleisa 
to Bae sds of dosd estab stewod eidd Yo noitoutsdeneo snT .eevi 
“° .@dated ett o¢ basée1 déitw ddorl eit ti iyrutnso dt tr sad 

at ® te bons .nolzavels odd O da ,nslo edt OD de et (@S) 8198 
eletyssem dt to steten sd? .rewot etds to § A no nolitose sds 
-tendo sdd hettiniea (eeReoV sit mort enotehnse ber) bevolons 
-miotds [I[sme s ation wosadoe sit to elisw odd svit ot tOton1 
buedxe ton ob eliew easdd to eenote oft atsts ¢(.s7 3.8) eee 
-nk sfddea to ¢{ind ei yroste tewol sid teadd eston sno ,fanords 
‘ede Yo selftas edT .sbietuo anote tuo dtin bsostane boa shies 
Sit to seed edt te eslfosnnia snose sities yd bshsol sia meiso 
edd de esvitnesbssa sit enizesvoo eefiosetd av0ol sat base .siias 
-d¢ OW dads .esotete olt¢tl awot seqofe aiesd 10 svisosi seed 
* 99 ©° ©\enoesee s00t edt eaedtso 10 ebniw 100% eddionsaihe 

“#886q Seiwodil tbesedteldoe de to% .8 Yo doasis esotavo eAT 
-etiaem isdt 2a0beeoI sag wsvo Soteia aewos Iei1doso a eeees 
"FOU .2 to r]ewot end .teliewded to sadd etid .benottnen sated 
_ sensi no bos todos eetevensas aol no onidesx .fanobstoo ei 
-da ebsois feild s yd bedoomento yrote s to stekenoe JT .adae 
& sfote Ishimsrvqoe ome yrote neqo ns to ,.sanvourtednue # svo 
“Te S168 .eetnt00 sdt fron sebhie xevaco yiedeife aiiw siiag 

@ I slid lew ,1ewot vidi Yo svidosaersq 8 (cS) ewvin of 
-ote Owd sit to dore to esfdae oft te ston {iiw sn0 .snodtebase 
gags .deteitt enimwors Ssf#3 I[Ilsost tadd atosmenxo Jal$ edd esta 
& @emoel to etevwed te esriee sft to easd eft ts nsee sven sw 
ekosnei10dmedaoo ei tbhaetedisids= Yo aswod sit .asilewdeD to bas 
batnnbasd' edd 10 dt ff edd Yo bas #Ad of etnofed Si rekds dttw 
~feogmo {stens tieds ni betsev sh39fI eytutnes dt St edt to 
¥ eat to eiewos [stinso delneih eft .elisdesbh afedd at bos nokd 


-eefamsxs owt seodt ot eesl 10 stom doso1ags docas syossnsmof © 


esvidaviash geom edt ot nister of BH ICT YiIseesosn Won ai IT 
ted n98@ feed esd tI .xveuvi199 10 Jno .2 to tewot edd mort 
-~% .2 to twewot tsdd of astivosa ersfosaieaio L[aefoses sit Yo sno 
& sit oteiscsa tedé .enmploo hetetne oisdiiso ni @telenod tro 
eidt ebett sad .situtostidoswa to eishio nemo edgy srl esdots 
s sonotvais® .etomeoknk to exswod [eatnso yosm af tnomstnsi1s 
“=10omteoM Yo aewot odd ni betoobs yildnaxt et $f sbaodiass Bos 
~[ot #f nese sved ow bas josecel to hus osxnote? Yo seods .ns6 
-tni ‘edt telIva teverod dadt (esonivoia tnsdeib ot fieve bevo! 


| WEFT ates \seece-nIes#eN Sid Yo oAEAoOsiKoTS O43 to sonEwI 


ee ee eRe 
. os ea Perea o 
7 ? . - a 4 


241 
parallel to the diasonals of the sogare are borne on pendent- 
ives. The construction of this tower dates back to the end of 
the 11 th century; it is light with regard to its heisht. 

Here (25) is at C the plan, at D the elevation, and at Bt 
the section on A B of this tower. The nature of the materials 
employed (red sandstone from the Vosges) vermitted the const- 
ructor to sive the walls of the oetason quite a small thickn- 
ess (2.6 ft.); again the stones of these walls do not extend 
through, one notes that the lower story is built of rubble in- 
side and surfaced with cut stone outside. The ansles of the 
orism are loaded by eisht stone pinnacles at the base of the 
spire, and the four breaches coverins the pendentives at the 
base receive on their sloves four little statues, that we th- 
inkearetthe four winds or perhaps the four seasons. 

The curious church of S. Foi at Schlettstadt likewise poss- 
esses a central tower risins over the crossins, that merits 
beins mentioned. Like that of Gebweiler, the tower of S. Foi 
is octagonal, restins on four transverse arches and on trans- 
ents. It consists of a story ornamented by a blind arcade ab- 
ove a substructure, of an oven story and anpyramidal stone s 
spire with slightly convex sides next the cornice. 

We sive (26) a perspective of this tower, well built of s 
sandstone. One will note at the angles of each of the two sto- 
ries the flat ornaments that recall the crownins finish, that 
we have seen at the base of the spires of towers of Isomes a 
and of Gebweiler. The tower of Schlettstadt is contemporaneas 
with this; it belonss to the end of the 11 th or the beSinnins 
of the 12 th centurys Little varied in their seneral composi- 
tion and in their details, the Rhenish central towers of the 
Romanesaue epoch approach more or less to those two examples. 

Tt is now necessary for us to return to the most derivatives 
from the tower of S. Front of Ferisueux. It has been seen that 
one of the special characters peculiar to that tower of 3. ir- 
ont consists in certain ensased columns, that separate the a 
arches like the Roman orders of architecture. One finds this 
arransement in many central towers of Ansoumois, Saintonse a 
and Perisord; it is frankly adopted in the tower of Montmor- 
eau, those of Sesonzac and of Jaosac; and we have seen it fol- 
lowed even in distant provinces, that however suffer the inf- 
- luence of the architecture of the western coast, as in Poitou 


, one 
, lp 


Pe cg) ES 

 pnpbtaed to: fowdo isdqn edt to 1swos sdT .yv1s08 ni ceve due 
doomeonenis ¢edt entages vine ton ,yreutonse edd ssvo dlivd 
set es ;eefosnsia eibns ond osle Jud ,niewod haokizs9 odd to 
--ed¢ dnd .Isotneo snisd to besteni lenosesoo ei ti ,etioe att 
976% t9wot sedt foetoste ofw yInIaso od SI odd Yo etoetidots 
-© bebebne olante s sadd booteiebsy bas ,c10doursenco Ietlive 
| gow bib \gnor% .2 te es yiosa steps & io elans eit ts smploo 
_ een di sedt bes ,sedors edd Yo dewadd odd Jeieer od solitue 
t Bevomet nedt eved yedT .esltos ent nsdtonets2 of yiseRsoen 
_ +“ seteo7h ment svect of ,osgtne seeds wort enmnloo beteans edd 
no. gebsoxs elduobh sit asteen Sdaword evead eudd bee ,dtenorte 
g yd bobsol anied selans toidd edd hodtem eidd vi .sori dose 
«#xoognue Yo etniog seswol aot edd ylisoidaev bsol eolésanig 
ow to daisg oft more .r9wod edd to Wilidste edd nisinism bos 
- food to fowsdo sit to tewot [satmeo edt .noisowitenco to werv 
=-bized to esnottitbert edt setts benhiesh tesd edvc3d eno ai 29 
nD. A4 ti to evivosqsieq @ etneesita (YS .2i7 boa ,b10 

—gaetrvos sft of sinivowh tant owt oaF ewo OW .8L8.gqet efox 
end. 4: blows ivesoe .K Fo 

W edd dase veal sdtdimoxt enimoo esivie ows edt yd Sats Lto19, 
-18 nismobh isyor te esontvoig edt to etdosdinois sit .teen 
.Brtswos Isatnso yridaso ad Cf spt ni eedotstie saieds no betos 
f sedt [Ie ceil dud .esomeulini ond seont of Jooidve sisw dant 
| «9908 s bemites noce ,vrefiazet bns dooas tadé to oasoed tors 
a 8 bait of .elyte donet? edd viiset ei doidw ,tetosisdo Lei 
‘adornde steteelioo edt ni.yaeiod te ¢i Yo olowaxe eldaitemes 
*.%) wkotio eft to sonettne edd 3s even edt to yad dasl edd nO 
. \teitest sewod & eseix .(edasens1d tuodtin et doindo Jens 104) 
oft to eslans aot edd ds sevenpe ei eesd esl .exeta aot co 
eldsii « entsdnoo enols sno) eslosnnio svieesm iwot sein sesd 
-eaitiw wailed edt to seed sedi beolsa ef sveds ;{aiste weave 
e Ifsme fns egies! aot oatvead ,.e.i .aalo [snoketoo selphaie 
 ‘@sdaitaebive ei tr ,exeia 1s0t ne sewod sit SnioalS .vebie 
Y notstoo isfcses edt ¢qobs of beish Jon svsd eroctositsecco edd 
| «+ udusen es Gmind o¢ bas” ,stsqmutt te912 cot héove ot rsb10 oi 
- staogane Yo etateo tmo0t seeds neo bso! eiivae eft eldiesog es 
> ,enmuloo. bebetne aisat eesezog nobetoo sad to eeldns sid inf 
pameed od Sones: doidn .selosnoia aisdt sisuoe edd to eeftnas edd 
ve eisnotetoo ek y1iied edt bos ,sonsnlini nistesw 
Sewn slertnnn oe fo.evkoe ed .tesi edd Io exewod Leatuso edd 


“aot 

- 

é oan 
a oy i 


242 
and ewen in Berry. The tower of the upper church of Loches, 
built over the sanctuary, not only retains that arrengement 
of the Perigord towers, but also the angie pimnacles; as for 
its spire, it is octasonal instead of beins conical. But the 
architects of the 12 th century who erected that tower were 
skilful constructors, and understood that a single engased c 
column at the ansle of a square story as at S. Front, did not 
suffice to resist the thrust of the arches, and that it was 
necessary to strensthen the angles. They have then removed t 
the ensgased columns from these ansbes, to leave them Sreater 
Strensth, and thus have brousht nearer the double arcades on 
each face. By this method the thick angles beins loaded by p 
pinnatles load vertically the four lower points of support, 
and maintain the stability of the tower. From the paint of v 
view of construction, the central tower of the church of Loch- 
es is one oOfsthe best desisned after the traditions of Peris- 
ord, and Pis. 27 presents a perspective of it. 

Note 1.p-318. Ke owe the two Lost drawings to the courtesy 
of M. Boeswilword. 

Profiting by the two styles comings fromithe Hast and the W 
west, the architects of the provinces of the royal domain er- 
ected on their churches in the 12 th century central towers, 
that were subject to these two influences, but like all thea 
architecture of that epoch and territory, soon assumed a spec- 
ial character, which is really the French style. We find ar 
remarkable example of it at Poissy.in the collegiate church. 
On the last bay of the nave, at the entrance of the choir (f 
(for that church is without transepts), rises a tower resting 
on four piers. Its base is square; at the four angles of the 
base rise four massive pinnacles (one alone contains a little 
screw stair); above is palced the base of the belfry with a 
Sinsular octasonal plan, i.e., havins four larse and sHall s 
sides. Placins the tower on four piers, it is evidentithat 
the constructors have not dared to adovt the resular octason, 
in order to avo#d too sreat trumpets, and to brins as nearly 
as possible the entire load on these four points of support. 
But the angles of the octagon possess their engaged columns, 
the angles of the square their pinnacles, which recall the w 
western influence, and the belfry is octagonal, like most of 
the central towers of the East. The spire of the central tower 


ee. ie erat 


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esi fann i: . o -ecions ent ts 
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» Yo,e18s" edt yd fotstesveb .sonsi% to dyecq Jedd ai c1e2 yisv 
e9solg tedt .tellivoateV lo dant of ;viwineo tedt Yo bane edd 
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243 
of the church of Poissy is of carpentry, like certain spires 
of Norman towers in an analosous situation: snd there is no 
reason to suppose, that it was originally projected in stone. 
The open story of the octasonal belfry is composed of twin ar- 
ches in the wide and single arches of the small sides. The b 
base of this tower contains neither a dome nor a lantern, li- 
ke the central towers of the Rhine or of Normandy, it being 
merely the lower story of the belfry above the vault of the 
nave. 

We present (28) a verspective view of this tower, whose con- 
struction dates from the first years of the 12 th century. S 
Still from the end of thet century men renonnced in Tle-de- 
France octagonal towers for the central towers of churches; 
the souare plans of Norman towers prevailed, the spires alone 
retained the octagonal form at the base with four pinnacles 
at the ansles. 

Not‘far from Poissy in descendins the Seine may be seen on 
the left bank a little church built at the centre of the vil- 
lage of Vernouillet. That church possesses a tower over the 
crossing at the entrance of the choir. The construction of t 
the tower of Vernouillet dates from the last years of the 12 
th century (about 1190); there are no more experiments or un- 
certainties; the different Romanesaue influences from the Hast 
and West are fused; a new art formedyat these different elem- 
ents, but frank and original, avpears all its splendor. 

Before the construction of the central tower of Vernouillet 
was erected that of Limay near Mantes, and which already sives 
a souare tower surmounted by a spire with octasonal base, with 
four solid pinnacles on the angles and dormers on four faces 
of the vyramid. The tower of Limay is still heavy and subject 
to Romanesque traditions, but is one of the first steps made 
in the new path. The central towers of the 12 th century are 
very rare in that vart of France, devastated by the wars of 
the end of that century; so that of Vernouillet, that closes 


the epoch of transition, must be studied with care. [It is com— 


posed of a sauare base without openings, restins onhtherfouers 
piers of the crossings and on four transverse arches. The open 
belfry rises on that base; its angles are reinforced by enga- 
sed columns forming buttresses: the four faces afe eachfpiers 
ced by two openings. A cornice with corbels terminates that 


% 


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tesa yilotiite bimeryo edd Yo esost as0t aa0ed Sadt A etsoanad 
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-tisé bentiont edt dtiw haitesm ttedt ot yLlsoitiev seis aswod 
‘neds ovom on esd etdd tntog teft mot? bas ,e1kaa eft Yo asos 
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; ~o@ Yo sortto edt [22fet geadd 0 seldah« add Yo etinmve sit vd 
| -tenoo Snimisdo efdd ssoewssd -(sobtourtencd «t74) .asesordsnd 
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8, 


244 

open story desisned for placings the bells, and comes to the p 
perfect sauare plan without recessions or projections. a 

Here (29) is the plan of the story of the belfry. On the c 
cornice are eisht monstrous heads, placed at the angles of t 
the octagon inscribed in a sauare, sivins rise to the eisht h 
hios of the byramid with octasonal base formins the spire.O” 
the projectins ansles of the sauare four columns four columns 
~ bear four pinnacles, that abut asainst the eight ensasged c 
columns at the base of the spire, separating as they rése. Th 
These columns are monoliths not forming a part of the constr 
uction of the vyramid. Four round-arched openinss between the 
ezsht columns allow passase from the interior into the pinna- 
cles. On the four faces of the pyramid parallel to the faces 
of the sauare, four other openings form Sreat domes surmount- 
ed by gables. The plan (40 as taken at the level of the base 
of the pyramid, and explains the arransSement of the pinnacles 
and of the dormers. A perspective view (31) gives the entire- 
ty of this monument. This construction is lisht and well reas- 
oned, executed in small materials, and has suffered no notable 
alteration in its entirety. The courses composing the spire 
are carved externally in circular scales and imitate tiles. 
A section is necessary to make understood the simple, bold a 
and solid construction of this tower. We sive it (32). The t 
trumpets A that bear four faces of the pyramid skilfully rest 
their gorinsinss on the crowns of the arches B of the eisht 
opsninss of the souare story. The tnternal surfaces of the t 
tower rise vertically to their meetins with the inclined surf- 
aces of the spire, and from that point this has no more than 
a thickness of 3 ins.; but fourcof its faces are reinforced 
by the summits of the Sables C0, that fulfil the office of b 
buttresses. (Art. Construction). Between this charming const- 
ruction and most of the tolerably heavy buildings previously 
Siven, there is an immense steo indeed. The proportions of the 
different parts of the tower of Vernouvillet are desisned by a 
true artist, and contrast with the stories divided in eaual 
zones of the towers of the Hast, with the deoressed crowninss 
of those of bhe West. The details of the mouldinss and ornam- 
entation are well executed, refined and firm at the same time, 
skilfully calculated for the phaces they occuvy; so well that 
this tower, that is ofrvery small dimensions, abdpears sreat 


mt ot dh yd betnvomwe soitibe [feme visv offs setralase bos 
=noo to drow sft sredd eestnkoos1 snc y{leni® .ti wotdevis to 
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1§ 


A. 
a 
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245 
and enlarges the very small edifice surmounted by it instead 
of crushing it. Binally one recognizes there the work of con- 
Summate artists, of wise and skilful constructors. A tower of 
that epoch built on the crossings of a cathedral, and accordins 
to such havoy provortions, must be a monument of the sreatest 
beauty, unfortunately we do not possess a sinsle one of them 
on the soil of France. Fires and the hand of man, more than & 
time, have destroyed them all, and we no longer find on our 
Sreat relisious edifices but the bases of the ruins of such 
beautifulsstructures. The cathedral of Coutances alone has r 
retained its central tower of the 13 th century; yet it is 
not complete: its stone spire is wantins. As for its style, 
it belongs to Norman architecture and differs much from the 
character of French architecture. 

Note 1.9.323. These four columns no Longer exists out one s 
sees therir traces on the cornice course. The pinnacles that 
SurBounted Ww have consequently Fisappeared, out their arran- 
dement is shown by the erisht seporoted columns of the airec- 
tVon of their copirtors. | 

Only ineIle-de-France and the adjacent orovinces does one 
8éeithe central towers, as well as those facades, suddenly 
assume a character so determinate from the end of the 12 th 
century, and abandon the Romanesque traditions. In Champagne, 
Burgundy, on the banks of the upper Marne, of the Saone, the 
central towers remain souare, and most commonly terminate by 
pyramids with rectansular bases until the besSinnins of the 13 
th century: The central tower of the church of Chateauneuf, 
built about the middle of the 12 th century, is an example of 
this kind of construction. It is composed of a plain substruc- 
ture of rubble with angles of cut stone, set accordins to cus- 
tom on the four piers of the crossins and the four transverse 
arches; of a story pierced by a sinsle openins on each face; 
of a belfry with four twin openings, and of a pyramid with a 
sauare base built of rubble with four dormers. 

Here is the elevation of that central spire (33). One will 
notetthe arransement of the openings of the second story; as 
in the details of the Romanesouve architecture of those provin- 
ces, there is a reminiscence of the Gallo-Roman monuments. H 
Here the angles of the belfry are flanked by pilasters suppor- 
tins the cornice; this is again a memorial of Roman antioguity.. 


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pyiode. tegas sav o¢ yosoifob, hus sonsbels svi of etudiatooo 
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© Pebnerrs 918, eteqmoxT .elled eft Yo bauer, sit weeg od fonds - 


246 

The section of this tower that we sive (34) shows at the b 
base of the stone pyramid traces of wooden ties, a sort of r 
radial timbers desisned to arrest the spreadins of the four 
walls under the weight of the pyramid. It is necessary to no- 
te the original arrangement of the clusters of little columns, 
that sevarate the twin openings of the belfry story (35). The 
constructors thus obtained sreat apoarent lishtness at the s 
same time as perfect stability. Hxaminins this tower alons t 
the diasonal of the square, the opeminss left in these clust- 
ers of four little columns occupy all their width, and thus 
contribute to sive elegance and delicacy to the upper story; 
the twin openings with their open pier form a wide openius, 
that does not seem to load the single openings of the lower f 
faces. This arransement is asain found in certain towers of 
Auversne, and it produces the most sraceful effect, particul- 
arly in square towers, whose ansles present to the eye a very 
solid mass. At Bois S.. Marie we find a central tower uith an- 
alosous arrangements. In approaching Bourbonnais, the square 
form siven to the central towers still persiststtowardttibeend 
end of the 12 th century, but the antique traditions are lost: 
very broad innovations appear, although less frank than those 
introduced in the architecture of Ile-de-Prance. ; 

Tn Bourbonnais exists a central tower erected during the f 
first half of the 13 th century, presenting the most sinsular 
mixture of the various influences, that have left traces at t 
the east and west of that orovince, with the new system alre- 
ady adopted in Ile-de-France: this is the tower of the church 
S. Menoux near Souvisny. Like the towers of Saone-et-foire, 
the central tower of S. Menoux is square; but its substructu- 
re forms a lantern in the interior of the church, like those 
of the central towers of the Norman churches and those of the 
Rhine, of the cathedral of Laon and the church Notre Dame of 
Cluny.. (Fis. 36; sectiom of the tower of 3. Menoux). Its sec- 
ond story is decorated on the exterior by a very rich blind 
arcade, and is opened by means of slabs pierced by round hol- 


es and auatrefoils; then rises the story opened by arches des- 


‘ igned to pass the sound of the bells. Trumpets are arranged 
to support a stone spire with octagonal base, that still ex- 
isted at the beginning of this (19 th) century, receive pin- 
nacles on the ansles of the saouare. 


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| | stoob! o66°{enoneit 42° t0 dedd nt sedt exon om \ersKos Seibsoste 


247 

The elevation of this tower (37) shows its external decora- 
tion, agmixture of the Romanesaue traditions of the provinces 
of the West and of the new French architecture of that evoch 
As in the West; the ansles are still flanked by ensased colu- 
mns, and the peinted decoration is the only concession to the 
taste of the time, which is scarcely motived by the construct -—- 
ion, still entirely Romanesoue. The svire with octasonal base 
on that sauare tower is also itself the result of a foreign 
influence on local traditions, and the trampetssrest very un- 
skilfully on the coupled columns of the uppver oveninss. A lit- | 
tle stairway, circular at base and octagonal at the top, is 
detached from the mass of the tower, and ascendins from the 
Sround, gives access to the lower story of the belfry. 

Ne sgive (38) a detail of the openings of that lower story 
with the holes pierced in the fillins slabs. Indeed the sreat 
oointed archivolts of the two stories are only a decoration, 
and play no part in the cons ruction. In makins that concess- 
ion to the new forms, the architect understood that these ar- 
ches, if they had been built of through stones would have had 
the effect of pushing outward the angles of the tower, and a 
adoptins a decoration of a character already Gothic, he porud- 
ently retained his Romanesaue system of construction. It is 
necessary to point out an advance in the tower of S. Menoux;- 
this is that this tower is very well arranged foh placings a 
bell cage of carpentry supporting the bells at its top. The 
timbers are sufficiently ventilated by the openings of the 
lower windows without risk of being wetted, and the upper s 
story allows the sound of the bells to pass freely. In most 
Romanesque towers is very soon recosnized a desire to erect a 
tower, than to satisfy a special need; the towers with octa- 
Sonal bases, sO common in the vrovinces of the Hast, lend th- 
emselves badly to the placing of wooden bell cases, which can 
only be inscribed in the sauare, their permanent stories are 
likewise opened and do not allow the vibrations of the bells 
to be develeted in their entire intensity; the combination a 
adopted in the construction of the tower of 8. Menoux is bet- 
ter, in that it gives only one story of very open windows, 
near the vyramid, whose stone concavity is very favorable to 
the reftection of the vibrations of the bells. Yet in all the 
preceding towers, no more than in that of S. Menoux, one does 


wi Ba 
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248 
not see that the architects were preoccupied by placins louv- 
re boards, designed to protect the carpentry of the bell cages 
from rain driven by the wind. This carpentry, at least in the 
upper story, remaining in the free air, was covered by lead 
or merely painted. Snow or rain introduced into the tower was 
collected on a lower slopins slab furnished with gutters and 
Sarsgoyles. But we shall have occasion to return to that impor- 
tant detail. 

The souare central towers then persist very late in certain 
provinces of the Centre; one finds them alons the course of 
the Marne. While in the villase of Vernouillet on the Seine 
was built the pretty tower siven above, at Dormans on the Mar- 
ne was erected @ tower, that retained the traditional form of 
the towers of the provinces of the Centre, althoush the deta- 
ils may already be entirely Gothic. The church of Dormans is 
small and its transepts are smaller than the body of the choir. 
On this base was raised a central tower, whose plan we present. 
(329). Bor a small church theoobbodsobdlan lent itself better 
than the souare plan to the placins of the bells; these beins 
in movement reauired more space in the sense of their swins 
than inethe.o0ther. 

In thesperspective of the central tower of Dormans (40), e 
except anbase taken in the height of the roof, there is only 
one completely open story. The crowning of this tower consists 
today of four sables of equal height but unegual bases, and of 
two intersectins roofs with four sarsoyles at the bottom of 
the valleys. But this roof only dates from the 15 th century. 
We are disposed to believe, that orisinally the open story w 
was terminated by sables of unequal heisht, as shown in our 
figure and accordins to certain examples of Romanesaue towers 
of Champasne. 

Up. to the present we must only indicate the central towers 
of Norman churches from memory, not that these towers may not 
have had a Sreat importance, but because as stated at the beé- 
innings of this Article, they present entirely peculiar arran- 
Sement, and they are rather lanternr intended to lisht and co 
divesclevation to the centre of the church, than as bell. tow- 
ers vroverly so-called. Indeed central Norman towers precedins 
the 13 th century and still existins, like that of S. Georges 
of Bocherville, the remains of that of the abbey church of Ju- 


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249 
Jumiesges, althoush much elevated above the pavement of the ch 
church, only sive a very low story for placing the bells, a 
sort af lossia with an immense carpentry roof covered by lead 
or slate. The tower of the church of S. Georse of Bocherville, 
most complete of all, and whose outside width is 36 ft, only 
possesses an upper story indended for the bells with a heisht 
of 13.1 ft. The rest of the tower downwards forms a lantern 
at the centre of the crossings. On the story of the belfry ri- 
ses a spire of carpentry having a height of 88.6 ft., passing 
from the square to the octagon by broaches on the diasonals. 
Hach face of the belfry is pierced by three found-arched open- 
ings divided by little columns. The spire havins Sreat impor- 
tance as a work of carpentry, we have placed it amons spires. 
(Art. Pleche). The central towersof the abbey of Fecamp pres- 
ents a similar arrangement; that of the abbey for Men at Caen 
only retains its lantern of the 12 th century, terminated by 
an octagonal pavilion of the 13 th century; the central tower 
of the cathedral of Rouen likewise presents a lantern in two 
stories, from the 13 th century, above which rises a tower of 
the 15 th andii6 th centuries, that before the last fire was 
crowned by a wooden spire covered with lead, erected at the b 
beginning of the 17 th century. 

Whatever the appearance of the great central towers of the 
churches of Normandy, voroverly speakins they had not the cha- 
racter of true bell towers, or at least those remainins to uw 
from that epoch very much later than the Romanesoue period, 
and do not offer us complete examples, such as we find in the 
other provinces composins the France of our days. 

It is necessary to return to the bell towers of facades, 1 
lateral, isolated and risins from the sround, and finally to 
those risins over the side aisles of churches. These present 
more varieties, if possible, than central towers. The archit- 
ects being no lonser subject to an invariable prosramme, that 
of placing the tower on four isolated piers and four transve- 
rse arches, could more easily devote themselves to more exten- 
ded and bolder conceptions. In commencins this Article, wes 
stated that these towers served for defense at their orisin, 
that thus they petained all the characteristics of a fortifi- 
ed tower, and that in seneral they were either isolated or 
placed on the western porch of the churches. In case of siege, 


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250 
the ramparts of cities beins forced, these towers served as 
refuges for the defenders, like the keeps of castles. In 1105 
Robert Fitz-Haimon beings besiesed in Bayeux by the soldiers 
of the duke of Normandy, took refuse in the tower of the cath- 
edral. (Old French poem).. 

Note 1.-0-3385¢ Roman Ge Rou. Verse 16,194 et sea. 

the besiesgers set fire to the church to comple the captain 
to yield. Then ome will regard in certain circumstances the. 
the towers of churches as fortresses, their use as belfries” 
beings only accessory. Thus all towers of facades before the 1 
13 th century retain the appearance of a defensive tower, at 
least in their lower portion; or indeed it has occurred, asf 
for example at Moissac, that built in the form of an open por- 
ch and surmounted by oven stories, they have been equipped 
with battlements like an external curtain. 

Among the most ancient towers coverings the entire area occu- 
pied by the porch, it is necessary to cite that of the abbey 
church of S. Benoit-sur-Loire, which dates from the 11 th cen- 
tury. We have seen that the primitive tower of the cathedral 
of Limoges and that of the cathedral of Puy sive us in plan 
four isolated internal columns, designed to bear the upper s 
story receding from the lower stories. The tower-porch of the 
Ghurch of S$. Benoit-sur-Loire presents the sace arransement; 
but here the four internal and the exterfal viers form a rega- 
lar ouincunx, and bhe entire tower must find itself supported 
by the Sable wall of the nave, by the eight external and the 
four internal piers. This tower havins only one story built 
on the same plan above the porch, we cannot recognize wheth- 
er the four internal piers were destinedito bear the upper 
stories of the tower, the belfry, or if these external piers 
must rise from the Sround to the roof; this last hypothesis 
is less probable, for if one admits it, it is necessary to 
assume for this tower ancenormonus=heisht because of the area 
covered by its lower plan. We incline to believe that the four 
internal piers being alone intended to support the belfry, t 
the open story containins the bells, and that the external w 
wall must receive aiterrace from which men could defend them- 
selves afar against assailants, that wished to take vossession 
of the monastery. Illustrations are necessary to make unders- 
tood what we say here. 


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Here then (41) is the plan of the sround story of the tower 
ef S. Benoit-sur-Loire, or rather of the porch, and (42) is 
its side elevation; the structure was built to the level ay 
and fromithenéxtradoses of the arches above thet level A, the 
old wall has only a thickness of 2 ft. Then it was not inten- 
ded to raise this wall to a great heisht; it is only a wall 
of defense, the thickness of ordinary battlements. All the p 
portion comprised between the level A ‘afidithe too was never 
built; that rests on the four internal piers, and according 
to our hyoothesis must contain the bells. Our readers will in- 
deed wish to take our restoration only as a probability. 

Note 1-9-3386. See the Seneraor aArowinées and details of the 
tower of S. Benoit-sur-Loire im Architecture au VV? on XVI” 
Stecle, wy Me Jo Gairlhovoud. 

Yet this ouincunx of piers, adopted for the plan of the ér- 
cund story of some old towers, was not always destined to sup- 
port from the Sround the upper recessed story. We have a pro- 
of of this, otherwise remarkable, in the construction of the 
tower of Lesteros. In the ground story the tower of besterps, 
built about the besginnins of the 12 th century, vresents near- 
ly the same arransement as that of S. Benoit-sur-Loire, except 
three tunnel vaults borne on archivolts replace the Roman cr- 
oss vaults adopted at S. Benoit. Above the ground story rises 
a beautiful and great hall vaulted as a round-arched dome on 
an octasonal plan, obtained by means of trumpets placed on t 
the angles of the sauare. A second story presents the same 4 
arransement in more rest:ricted dimensions. Pis. 43 gives the 
western elevation of this tower, and (44) the settronsmdde om 
the axis of the porch perpendicular to the facade; at Ais 
the doorway of the nave. A third storw B is recessed, but has 
not been completed or has been destroyed. Thus here at S. Ben- 
oit, we are reduced to conjectures resardins tke crownins of 
this tower. It is certain that a third story was vierced by 
twin openings on each face, and was inserted between the spi- 
re afd the second story, and that addins the probably heisht 
of the upper story af the spiee to the existins parts, one w 
would obtain from pavement to the apexzof the pyramid a height 
of about 197 ft. The ridge of the roof of the nave of the ch- 
urch beins at D, it is probable that the bells must have bem 
placed in the story ©, the more so that an openings exists in 


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252 
the vault of the second story intended for the passase of the 
cords reauired for ringing the bells: in this case the fourth 
story B only served as a wathc tower. The tower of the Church 
of Lesterps has an enormous importance in comparison with the 
nave with side aisles preceding it‘ it is by itself alone a 
monument, an elevated keep with the purpose of imposins by i 
its mass and of viewins the country afar. But the stairway a 
attached to the northwest ansle ascends only to the second- 
story, and we do not know how the constructors intended to 
reach the upper stories. It ussdifficult to know today for 
what could be utilized the beautiful hall of the first story; 
it opens on a Ssallery & lookins into the nave. That structure 
is very beautiful and well reasoned; overhangs are carefully 
avoided, althoush the stories are recessed behind each other 
as shown by the section (Fis. 44). The influence of the two 
schools of Perigord makesiitsebf left again in the colossal 
structure, admirably treated. To complete the tower of the po 
porch of the church of festerps, it is necessary to seek exam- 
ples im analosous monuments subject to the same influences. 
Now we have Siven the tower placed on the nave of the upper 
(old collegiate) church of hoches: its crownins (Fis. 28) may 
serve to complete the tower of Lesterps. 

Rote 1.p-840~. This monument wos drawn by Me. Abode, archit- 
ect, to him we owe the drowinds reproduced here. 

Td porch-towers of churches of Fle-de-France could have been 
employed for defense, it does not appear that they ever had in 
apeasorzheisht aneimportance eaual to those of the provinces 
of the West and the Centre. The naves of the churches of Ile- 
de-France and of the adjacent provinces were generally: quite 
narrow, and the porch-towers did not extend before the side 
aisles. The base of the lod tower of the abbey church of 3. 
Germain-des-Pres at Paris, that of the tower of the collesiate 
church of Poissy, scarcely occupied more than a square area 
of 16.4 to 26.3 ft wide. But during the Carlovingian period 
the provinces of the West and those borderins the roire were 
much richer than the adjoinins provinces of the Seine, Oise a 
and Marne, they counted on a very extensive commerce, they w 
were industrious and possessed the most fertile territory. It 
was only at the end of the 12 th century, when the French mon- 
archy took a real advance, that Ile-de-France was enriched e 


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295 

and in its turn erected monuments larger than those of the L 
Loire, Poitou, Perisord and Saintonge. Yet is seen to appear 
in the provinces properly French from the beSinnius of the 
12 th century, a style of architecture that yields in nothins 
to the style adopted in the West and the Centre. Not by extra- 
ordinary dimensions and colossal structures did this architec- 
ture make itself noted, but by a harmony of proportions, ref- 
ined and earnest execution, happy and already bold arranseme- 
nts. The towers furnished architects with a prosramme, which 
required all their science, and that lent itself to the devel- 
opment of their natural imasination; for this prosramme was 
much less restricted than that of the other parts of relisio- 
us, civil or military edifices, and allowed the use of new f 
forms, opening a vast field to artists endowed with a vivid 
imagination. The extent that we are obliged to sive to this 
Article sufficiently indicates how the constructors of the 
middle ages, according to imported or local conditions and to 
their own Senius, have been compelled to vary infinitely tbe 
forms, that they save to the monuments, which were not only 
the result of an imperious need, but much rather a work of a 
art. Thas the stone towers exeited the imagination of archit- 
ects during the middle ages. 

The western school scarcely proceeded from types adopted a 
about the besinnius of the 11 th century; it quickly reached 
a complete development and ceased to advance about the middle 
of the 12 th century; it diéd with Romanesaue architecture. 
The eastern school with its seat on the banks of the Rhine w 
was struck by sterility after its first attempts; it only re- 
produced infinitely its first experiments; imagination was e 
entirely wantins to its artists: one cannot detect a real ad- 
vance in the conception of Rhenish towers, and the most beaut- 
iful and best understood are perhaps the oldest. In France on 
the contrary, i.e-, in the royal domain, the Romanesque tower 
successively drops its traditional forms durins the course of 
the 12 th century, and at the end of that century creates eon- 
ceptions of sreat beauty by a series of attempts indicatins : 
the hapoy effects of artists filled with imasination and sen- 
se. From modest square towers of the endcof the 11 th century, 
built on the banks of the Seine, Oise and Bure to the old tow- 
er of the cathedral of Chartres is only an interval of fifty 


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- 


254 
years; from the point of view of the art, what immense progr- 
ess! We shall attempt to follow step by step the course of t 
this advance; for if Gothic architecture was bora in these 
provinces, in the execution of its towers particularly appea- 
rs its resources and the prodisious fertility of the imasgina- 
tion of its artists, at the same time as their science and t 
their taste. 

Ne shall first take as one of the most complete types of 
French bell towers the porch-tower of worienval-~built at the 
end of the 11 th century. Its base is that of the Carlovingi- 
an towers of S. Germain-des-Pres and of Poissy. That base, e 
excluding the projection of the buttresses, is only 19.7 ft. 
square outside. According to the custom then adooted, it rises 
plainly, except the arches of the porch, to shechézsht of the 
cornice of the nave. Above that level A is a second story pi- 
erced with a double arch on each face, then a third story al- 
so opens, which serves as a belfry. 

Note 1ePoBA2Ae. Recent restorations have taken from the base 
of the tower of S. Germoin-dee-Pres ali its character, but n 
NOt Long since 1% existed nearly entire, except on outer por- 
VoL of the 18 th century. 

Here (45) is an elevation of this tower, which must have o 
orisinally been crowned by a stone pyramid of four sides; for 
it does not appear, that the towers were covered by carpentry 
roofs before the 13 th century, 2 unless perhaps in VYormandy 
and in Flanders. One feels already that Simple structure the 
impress of an artist of taste. The buttresses reinforcins the 
angles and the lower part stop at the proper heisht to permit 
the belfry to detach itself on a sauare base. The story of t 
the belfry itself is Rendered more celesant by ensased -anSlens 
shafts, that break the dryness of the sharo edges. The little 
order supportins the archivolts of the upper openings has a 
haopy proportion, and the plan of the piers is lisht and stab- 
le.(Pis. 46). The crownins cormice is composed of a slab sup- 
ported by Garved corbels, and is refined and rich at small c 
cost. Although wery simple from base tic summit, this structu- 
re still produces its effects with skill, reserving sculpture 
for the upver parts and leavins nothins to caprice; it employs 
only materials of small dimensions, and leaves for the bells 
the largest possible openings. What causes the assumption that 


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255 
the porch-tower of the church of Morienval was originally ter- 
minated by a stone pyramid with sauare baseiiis, that in the 
same church the two other towers flanking the choir, conform- 
bly to the customs of that epoch, ° are covered by masonry py- 
ramids as indicated in Fis. 47. 

Note 2-poBA2~- From 859 to 861 the ovbbey church of S. Bertin 
of S. Omer wos reouilt, ofter having been vourned by the Noru- 
Ons, and the tower of That new church wos terminated by a car- 
pentry structure containing three stories of bells, besides 
she spire, the whole was covered with Lead. (See Les avbes de 
S. Bertin, Grapres Les anciens won. Ge ce wonast., by He de 
Loploce. Part 1. pe GG- 18BA. S. Omer. 

Note 3.9-342. The towers placed at right oud Left of thart 
sanctuary were intended for ringius, the offices, partioular- 
Vy Ww obvey churches. Thus in the choir the clerics were with- 
in reach of the bells without Leaving the cloister enclosure, 
BeV\ towers of the focodes were reserved for ringiug on fest- 
Awole, ond For collins the TortsnTul from outside. 

But toward the beginnings of the 12 th centuryin the new pl- 
ans of churches built at that epoch, men ceased to erect tow- 
ers over porches; as that was a reminiscence of the disastro- 
us times of the Norman invasions; the reasons causins the er- 
ection of those towers no lomser existed. Towers so placed o 
obstructed the windows, that could be opened in the western 
Sable walls; they compelled makins the porches narrower; they 
narrowed the entrance of the nave, and to rins the bells it 
was necessary to ascend to the second story, for the ringers 
could not remain in the porch and thus obstruct the passase 
of the faithful. The religious in the abbeys, like those ser- 
ving in the parish churches, preferred to have towers near t 
the sanctuary, and if they were erected on the facades, this 
was at the side and communicating with the side aisles, so as 
to leave entirely free the entrance to the church. (Art. B¢gl- 
ise). By a very natural reauirement of symmetry, if towers w 
were built beside the facade or at the flanks of the sairctua- 
ries, instead of a single tower, two were freauently erected, 
and far from retaining the traditional appearance of a defen- 
sive tower, men sought on the contrary to render them elesant, 
so that their mass should not appear to crush the church buil- 
dings. Yet men did not dare at first to place them directly 


7, 


nie ae (BOE of al i v4 
= a4 


aad tat —_— yet bose inde pee oe idiaieds 
Sacecacabibianit Lovet ee01 cot eolets ebie edt Yo ref¢ bhetaloes 
 yseteitosd es satvace Ifed eftsh & bewict yiota bonwoiwe aieds , 
‘gusdesw edt isen beoslo exvew vend ti ,beob edd to fegado to 8 
22° J eertatd eft bus yietiose oft Yo sala end Aoot 10 .eheoat ny 
Parry ?  eYisntonse eddy seen Slind syew yeds . 
estoiedo neises Snedyoamt yisv 10 eedoundo yedds gasy oft ‘7 
ows bae sheoet sid to esbie dtod is aryswos betosts ylinsvostt | 
tt edd to sedowdes ol¢sil odd aud :yisndonee ett 1850 erento 
<iswos [fed sno sud eved of olds ented esinnineo dd St Fae as / 
bas sons1?-sh-s!IT nI .ulodo sdt se6n sonsistsyq vd Si betoste y 
‘gbtooos bre .Jnovosit stivo ef snemsaneizs Jedd eloetovuse® My 
Vito stelliv off .ciderow to einemexinvos1 edd dtiw yliostaisa 
evotiw .dowedo tnimredo s benistss esi mebi-elel'l seen slesl 


‘DPns ,vivtrso dt of ot Yo atasy seal oft nk ests noitosts } 
.(yistheo dv SI edd fo etsey tert?) aswot asbhlo ne entotbse reds : 

_ . ettodo edt to ebie niedsoce oft de tewod Sect coslg of es of 

| bebbedms ef tswot sig bre .etoeene1t Suodctin ef downto fedT 12) 

bone .bedorteb yifsaitice need sven genom ti ssleis obfe sis ni i 


'F sd? .even elonte « dviw sousdo 2 sbiesd sIind yidadois sew 

bot bevisonco Jesd edt to eno ef eles! to downdo sid to.asv0d 

_ <-wWorg gerd yd feretaw? selcusxs evotemun oft booms ti fod seed 
| estswost Iutigvveed of efits? deom .fo0c0s teit bas soot ~ 2M 

«20 Lisw viote bnposs eft svoda .ffb).nolvevele sti evita of 

o owe Seia ,wokoiv [lene eftute « yw teowsia ,sidste bone fee 
aainweoro sitce enote ei? .yrtied edt icf benitesh esirose neao 
“SoM ds es melq siesce s no tLind weeeol on ef yiose tesl end 
-qaque sve eobie [ancksib samot seodw nosetvoo ns no gud ,isvaei 
-tH Ifeme to )nemunom eidT .eevisrsbrod Isnistnt ase? yd bes+c 
ett es [lew es viorttas eti ai beibude vidsdiemes et enctenen 
+ niot yilsiiide 9 bons A 290in100 edd wod eedon sa0 .alisish 
«foo betebos yino sis teddt ,eseeouttod sions saé Yo ebesi sad 
ot beiloce vino .deontss bas bentter ei siedolvee eft .eomy i 
«morvedo yd beteroosh yiomte era etiovisors sit -eleviqas edd ’ 
edd exedwyisve :eliyte oi teelisoxe Ene etsotieh sie etntbiIvol 
-o9b edd dtiw bedvoonnoo yistamidni bons sidieiv ef noltoniseros 
“yiode bnyoys eft vino dsdd vee ot yresesoenun ei IT enoidsasto 
-bicose tlind et feel to dowwde edt Yo rewot ofT .Est[uev ei 
ene Yo batantged odd ds ybestle suk .steh supesnsmof of bok 

_ cert ot tnivese seoattvoug Jedd Yo edoesidons ed’ wifes dd St 


pie Inerig Deis. ee 


‘ 
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yy =————— Te ee 


i : 


% @ 


256 
before the side aisles, and partly supported them on the first 
isolated pier of the side aisle. They rose from the ground; 
their sround story formed a little hall servins as baptistery 
or chapel of the dead, if they were placed near the western 
facade, or took the place of the sacristy and the treasury, if 
they were built near the sanctuary. 

The great abbey churches or very important parish?churches 
frequently erected towers at both sides of the facade and two 
others near the sanctuary; but the little churches of the i1 
th and 12 th centuries beings able to have but one bell tower, 
erected it by preference near the choir. In Ile-de-France and 
Beauvoisois that arrangement is auite freauent, and accords 
perfectly with the requirements of worship. The village of N 
Nesle mear 1’Isle-Adam has retained a charmins church, whose 
erection dates in the last years of the 15 th century, and 
that adjoins an older tower (first years of the 12 th century), 
so as to place that tower at the southern side of the choir. 
That church is without transepts, and the tower is embedded 
in the side aisle; it must have been orisinally detached, and 
was probably built beside a church with a single nave. The t 
tower of the church of Nesle is one of the best conceived and 
best built amons the numerous examoles furnished by thet prov- 
ince and that epoch, most fertile in beautiful towers. 

We sive its elevation.(48). Above the ground story well ba- 
sed and stable, pierced by a single small window, rise two o 
open stories destined for the belfry. The stone spire crowning 
the last story is no longer built on a square plan as at Mor- 
ienval, but on an octagon whose four diagonal sides are supp- 
orted by four internal pendentives. This monument of small di- 
mensions is remarkably studied in its entirety as well as its 
details. One notes how the cornices A and B skilfully join t 
the heads of the angle buttresses, that are only ensgased col- 
umns. The sculpture is refined and earnest, only applied to 
the capitals. The archivolts are simply decorated by chevrons. 
Wouldings are delicate and excellent in style; everywhere the 
construction is visible and intimately connected with the dec- 
oration. It is unnecessary to say that only the sround story 
is vaulted. The tower of the church of Nesle is built accord- 
ing to Romanesoue data. Bat already at the bedginnins of the 
12 th century the architects of that vprovince, seekins to free 


i 


» 
e j 
oO belie Vy 
Ves ne 


| a 
| bus, Levon sissas0. fsa Sr iecblinieesalienk ie manioopods 


bas: go1 bogsLoveb ye deum dotdw ‘Stinapine adie 
bas. Hinata e1om ,benogss1 rested exton sowhorg of mods bel 
 tkikes od? .estistnse enibeserq edd to erodd asid rcliaw eee! 
edd at sqediec .eeenblod esom déin yew asi obsm acitsvooai to 
 ~—s godto. nt asd? yisdneo dt Sf edt daiauh erewos Yo notsourtanvo 
=§dme ton e1en etostidois to enoitenizemi odi 10l ,eeistouwe 
-dt sot [ettasees yino aew Ji peemmeiz01g evissisgmi o3 betos 
-teib tnemenom s too19: od bes alled edd 10% esosla bait os be 
tod bas aetdhil sonsissqge os yd escdabien esi mort bedeingni 
. 8 gupesnsmof sed? .ednemstasti1s nesestotan bas [sven yd ,1sb 
abso ti ;souboro blooo di tads Lis beoubo1g bed sintossidors 
_.9mee edt no oxnidnco yino biuoo bus ,etiail geal esi bsdoasa 
_seitstebh evoultieque déiw tleasi xoifeol yo satlosh 10 . dee 
-o1d yitausde soosyhe ot beniloni bnied eysule euineds aisisev 
-. -Beostoietesm cia avomssds gexti esi fue ,enoitibsas diin of 
-2icd to ebbot, [lene siashses 290 i 
sto sJébin sdt teodp bsovhorge,taamegom SPAT oTAbo Ged fon 
foa bsdtom oot af ,avatted bro efve sdf al,yrutase dt St oat 
efo0qs fodt fo extow sit whute oda Sto fo wofétastion toartio of 
_eytonmottofd aédt al smelt wou ti aoftnsa of mofavooa saed of 
-woq feom bao fari® até gated .tivige ar9hom sh? at agnossd tt 
o#os ydw saith of sido na9d toy fom sood. om baw ,f TOT Ts Jutrts 
esotbufsrg voldwqog’ tosiev ofw ,asm-beavosts bao bsdalygaitass 
storvoqss of ariash ,4adbl/isd Fo tre att of aregaorie sro tud 
. sstoasbast sasit (stutostidore fo tro edt anteonoo todw nt} 
yodt todt timbo ot ton ysfofosqes bao .f90q99. tuo Jo suodtt morF 


4) om PI .aw 107 fosteh o aow Bhht Fi ao y,yttauos tuo oF gnosid ; 


ssontt To tasmssrhoslib efadt Fo seuoo sdv Sniregoos/& at Ss900"8 
-m0 s7shost tvO touttens oF saeimorg Sw ,88c/9eTVO bao ano0srTsg 
* ‘ai ; «tt guéarso 
.foindo slésil s etgixs L[aV-sl-yosal ts sonivoig smee edd ot 
W .vVisetonse odd isen eiewosd sesdt te eno enistes [lise Jadd 
#9lee%.to iswod edd aosds asiel elitil 2.ei soitowweooco saody 
sisiq ,emupe ai sesd atl, .(yaudaeo dd. Sf odd Yo. Yfed sert®) 
gisupe efi o0,.¢leis obie tuodtin seas edt word bedosteb hae 
 -,e8toor ed evods badosteb ei doidu yrote neao as esein s ogad 
«Vode baoose aids no tiind ei sesd Isnokeatoo dtiw yriled A 
‘svitosqeisq sei (Ob) o1sh .bimerya snose 8 yd bsisvoo ei bas 
_eetsoibni vbseils coitou1sanoo to meteve seodw .s9wod sitit to 
| Meentd snieos? to sifesh eit sostinow sad to d1s0 edt 20 


= i . 


: F : ; ‘ , : 
eo ee * 4 a as Pena) Ae we ek 


257 
themselves from these traditions, attempted certain novel and 
original arransements, which must have developed rapidly, and 
led them to produce works better reasoned, more sraceful and 
less anifor than those of the precedins centuries. The spirit 
of innovation made its way with more boldness, perhaps in the 
construction of towers durins the 12 th century than in other 
structures, for the imaSinations of architects were not subj- 
ected to imperative prosrammes; it was only essential for th- 
ed to find places for the bells and to erect a monument dist- 
inguished from its neighbors by an appearance lishter and bal - 
der, by novel and unforeseen arransements. Then Romanesque a 
architecture had produced all that it could produce; it hadr 
reached its last limits, and could only continue on the same 
path, or decline by loadins itself with superflwous details.. 
Western genius always beins inclined to advance abruptly bro- 
ke with traditions, and its first attempts are masterpieces. 
1 Our readers shall judge of this. 

Note 4.p-347. This wovement, produced avout the widdle of 
the 12 th century, in the arts and Letters, Vs too morked nor 
4O attract attention of ali who study the works of thot epoch. 
Ke hove occasion to wention Vt mon times Ln this Dicrtrionory. 
Lt belongs to the modern spirit, being Vtse first and wost pou- 
erful effort, und we hove not yet been ade to diwoine why sone 
AVstingvuished and Learned men, who reject populor prejudices 
burt are strangers to the art of wbuildinéd, desire to seporote 
(An whot concerns the art of orchirtecture) these tendencies 
from those of our epoch, ond especially not to admit thot they 
wVLong to our country, as Vf this wos a defect for us. If we 
succeed in Aiscoveringe the cause of this Aisagreement of these 
persons ONG Ourselves, we ProWrLSee TO Lustruct our readers coo - 
Cernius Vt. 

In the same province at Tracy-le-Val exists a little churad, 
that still retains one of these towers near the sanctuary, w 
whose construction is.a little later than the tower of Nesle.. 
(First half of the 12 th century). Its base is sauare, plain 
and detached from the apse without side aisle. On its square 
base 2 rises an open story which is detached above the roofs. 
A belfry with octagonal base is built on this second story, 
and is covered by a stone pyramid. Here (49) is a perspective 
of this tower, whose system of construction already indicates 
on the part of the architect the desire of freeins himself 


yiaues “qed dt cake ‘aniéisatias 
cesaresetea’e waa ae fae0 fd SE edd Yo bas odd to tue don 
\4 re °6 ‘yd :sedows bodaiog videdeile. es awath e618 eQnineqo 8 8=6—* 
d@ fenotstoo eds Yo welons edd .feneise1 ce evolastak @a Joon 
m6ee Sd¢ to etiovidows dais edt te eawo1o edd no se02 yrtled Zt 
y e1espe say neented Sninisme2 eeltoeiit edd (iit of .yrose bao by 
«9 bedese Beosla ead sostidorvs odd .eetiose Lenosstoe eds bas ek 
~ pottounitanoo visio sidt to sintqivoe edt .elstns Yo esaukit 
-siy bas sfatainm ,beetten sis ehaiblwom edt tod ,asorsdasd ef 
nwob ylaiscorg Snedxe etlovidows sdt io secdd .tnsled Asin bee 
dt edt°%o eacktsr0c01g edd (eedsolbiat ooivsibh avo BA .admet, odd 
\‘yldostieq oie eitsieb edd ,tastele e168 [sV-el-yor1T Yo aswod 
-nSH0f teom ai Snitosl yilsuo s .Jmomvnom edd Yo slsoe sat 38 
#04 & of yawiiste slssitl A .fooas tedt Snibsosiq siswot suoee | 
rytote Bnooes odd of rhneoes bus ebiedwo beosla ek asw0d baw 


@ y 


widget ge besals exrshisl yo vine bedoses1 si yiiisd eit sonedd 
pe 4 -2tewod evosenemoh [fe yiuesa at 
“fF owo oF oshlsatuo of) 8.8f ysaod sf sa0d séAT «VAS. GS SFO. 
“ease o¢ stdvort off AOOt Ow ,bSoa/Fuas0d «Kh oF Sabworh afdt | 
7 aw TOF Tewot elat i 
-wot pedbeasadt sig eodetonatsett tedt eistosisdo edz to sad. 
-10% to seve ins eiaetovese? to secsit mort sonai§-sh-slT Yo eas 
et .efyse otnso® edt to inevbs siz to guemom sda [idan .vboem . 
-oimiss sesdt [f[2 yiaee¥ snote Yo ebimetya vomnde fons wol sas 
Bi ~ dle aieds ‘estamiié omel eeons ni fsyorsesh need sevens enoita 
y pied? sd¢ Yo sotot [fut edt Sotvisoe1 soitanilont elttti Yo es 
-bed sad setts beoalae: sion bos .yibiaey stow need sved Jeum 
J “Ipotdase ,ebins1yd asete yisv yd vintaso dt ff ont to sntant 
"6 M885 WweEH sontvota sadd ai ateixs sysdT .vbnsma0V ni vires 
Bdsd aevo SLied wilentoiae ,yiusoeo dé tf efit to aswost silststl 
-*yomnde evi bontster ged doftdw .nossT to doisdo sd¢ to dor) 
+ “$6 Feet odd to ersnos sipesnamc® edt Yo seodd efif bhimstvo 
‘=sd datseoasiat stom dv eg 109 si rewod eidT .fooge mse end 
-mitq sd? to enotsibesd svienetsh ed¢ yo Beeestami [fide senso 
bovers 6d¢ moat yewiiste efT .2edo10q asvo diind exswod svisi 
~ to aeendoidt edd ni mesiat ei doicg sdt to siwav odd ot Yaote 
- edd evods miot asivorto eti Snimuse2 ,eisiaq wot sdx to ene 
ant of ewdt as of .isia esizoaqo eft enols ylno yiote hnoose 
~eit 100lt hovettesdt avode tewod odd teddas] .shesesq sqeaTsd 
"e802 \domde ‘edd Yo eedous sesevenert Isnteset edt fatded es 


»% ae: : 


f 


a); ; A 

_ 4 ; j rg : 

S ‘= 7 7 
a a 7 a - t Te Bia fo F 


258 

from Romanesque traditions, and is the first step toward Pre- 
nch art of the end of the 12 th century. The archivolts of the 
epenings are drawn as slishtly pointed arches; by an arranse- 
ment aS ingenious as rational, the angles of the octagonal b 
belfry rest on the crowns of the eisht archivolts of the sec- 
ond story. To fill the triangles remainins between the square 
and the octasonal stories, the architect has placed seated f 
fisures of ansels. The sculpture of this pretty construction 
is barbarous, but the mouldinss are refined, multiple and tra- 
ced with talent, those of the archivolts extend properly down 
the jambs. As our drawings indicates, the proportions of the t 
tower of Tracy-le-Val are elesant, the details are verfectly 
at the scale of the monument, a quality lackins in most Roman- 
esque towers precedins that epoch. A little stairway in a ro- 
und tower is placed outside and ascendr to the second story; 
thence the belfry is reached only by ladders placed imside, as 
in nearly all Romanesoue towers. 

Wote 2epeBA7. This base Ve only 13.8 Ft. outside. We owe +% 
shis Grawing tO NM. Boeswitwarld, who took the trouble to drow 
this tower for us. 

One of the characters that distinguishes the Romanesoue tow- 
ers of Ile-de-France from those of Beauvoisis and even of Nor- 
mandy, until the moment of the advent of the Gothic style, is 
the low and stumpy pyramids of stona Nearly all these termin- 
ations have been destroyed in those damp climates; their slop- 
es of little inclination receivins the full force of the rain 
must have been worn rapidly, and were replaced after the bes- 
innins of the 13 th century by very steep pyramids, particul- 
arly in Normandy. There exists in that province near naen a 
little tower of the 11 th century, orisinally built over the 
porch of the church of Thaon, which has retained its stumpy 
oyramid like those of the Romanesaue towers of the West of 
the same epoch. This tower is for us the more intesestins be- 
cause still impressed by the defensive traditions of the prim- 
itive towers built over porches. Its stairway from the sround 
story to the vault of the porch is taken in the thickness of 
one of the four piers, resuming its circular form above the 
second story only alons the opposite pier, so as thus to in- 
terrapt passase. Further the tower above theudround floor ris- 
es behind the internal transverse arches of the porch, so as 


7 : - 9 j 


i ees © tebe , “4a a 
| Tae bsotie dt. to. v10de. nevol.edd goede j eves I of 
“etdpetsize. tedt domed odd Yo tiwav edd to got odd to level as 
soe s+eteqstsg. -evienotsh s déin bedeitaust osed svsd LIsw debim a 
so yrote baword edt to easlg beeogueque edd sas (O¢) e195 . y 
eyed ew dedw nisloxe doidw ,yiose bsooes sid to bos w98wod eidd ah 
9 add To sewed ot to aptdevete edt (12) ovis of -botede test 
~yeato 8 sedtawt ef aLdT ‘.(S¢) mnottose eti bas aosdT Yo. dowsdo 
-fneoes, yewtiste ed asee ef noliose 1vo md A JA .soitibe bate 7 
bimsiva odT .yiote 1ec0H odd o¢ d{vev end Yo cod odd mort bok | 
4ei1swod nemt0% oi havot aste{ doom miol & ,9asd eisupe s eso 
#1 .tedto dose ao 2nthsest tse ese1voo wol jo fezcqmoo aj bas 
yiao entouh edi to efbbim edd te bas seed eti ts bednemsnic at . 
.qwot aedée1 10 .er9m70b wold, .eismias to eksed enisootorg vd 
on ILiw en0 .soinieo odd oveds si IdRil erainego aslp&nsd091 
exnineao edd to soivoundenco odd (Se -bt%) nokdoee avo at od 
| etoetidois edt ,etotovaenon [wifiie siid .yasoer asaqqe ent to 
; ~ine sit of asnote dowyoudt beee ton svad sossT Io tewod end to 
-ne@ edt tentere devo o¢ gon es of aanineqo seedt to sJastxe oal 
-Bib s daimaot ends .ddmordst bastxo vino ericeenov evit .selb 
 .§.30 eintneco sit 108 .elstnil bedors sdt sveds dows anidsaedo 
Se eelaos odd tudes niske essesitind eeciw .ddsacnsd yiode sad 
yisatnoo efi oo ,yvsed ef bacl sid sisdw buns ,sindonide ond 
etlovidors edd of aomegve davoudd heer eved etosowsatenoo sad 
“118 Baw wod vont os onieesiatsdme Aev Bi TI .etainsao sedi to 
duo si seldas seodw to eno ,1ewod dedi oi ebso [lsd edd hosns 
-foow 8 tedd ,sveiled of bel ed bivode of .yswiiste edd yd tio 
© a9c0n edt to eliie sdt to [evel sdt ts bsoslo eau rz098elT ns 
tadd to emsed edd Snixt? act eelod edd ssdd siom 943 ,.shniasao 
-dt moat bobosqave stow elled edd dedd bos .teixe [Lite a0colt © 
bexit? efne dtiw sisdmidt bereots ond mort sasiiso fas emesd see 
-eue to medeye eid .eticae ons to shninsgo slstif anol ead at 
6d ton bluode si sud yevitiaizrs wtev seed even biluow noieneo 
e$dhtl yrev sisw allied yiutose dt ct edt eiotsd seid .neddod1x03 
eb t9d0t~doltqud «hk ot gaswors siAt swo oF sOG8 eget etaXk 
| abiasiya gainvoro edd ,ssadyedo te]9en bas ,woftad onisy gt 
 enistte yhserls yioineoudd SI edd to olfbin sad mort eisnot io 
«SH setewot odd Yo Sdzied edd diiw bsasawoo Jdkied tasi2 « bs 
yystneo dt Sf edt to exswod Quiawoxo add esdoo] ts vese ovad 
pose 9909 9 9 --8timmue etuos yrev diin ebimsiyg sceiesezeod 
snotatuih teeieaie edt »d oisde1 of yiseesoen eysnis ai 31. 


oor ot D0 


259 
to leave betweem the lower story of the tower proper at the 
level of the top of the vault of the porch, that originally 
might well have beem furnished with a defensive parapet. 

Here (50) are the superposed plans of the ground story of 
this tower and of the second story, which explain what we have 
just stated. We give (51) the elevation of the tower of the 
church of Thaon and its section (52).7 This is further a char- 
ming edifice. At A in our section is seen the stairway asceni- 
ins from the top of the vault to the upper story. The pyramid 
has @ square base, a form much later found in Norman towers, 
‘and is composed of low courses set recedins on each other. It 
is ornamented at its base and at the middle of its sroins only 
by projectins heads of animals. Four dormers, or rather four 
rectangular openings light it above the cornice. One will no- 
te in our section (Fis. 52) the construction of the openings 
ef the upper sotry. Like sktrifwl constructors, the architects 
of the tower of Thaon have not used through stones in the ent- 
ire extent of these openings so as not to push against the an- 
Sles. Five voussoirs only extend through, thus formins a dis- 
charging arch above the arched lintels. For the opnenings of 
the story beneath, whose buttresses again abut the ansles of 
the structure, and where the load is heavy, on ihe contrary 
the constructors have used through stones in the archivolts 
of the openinss. It is ver embarrassing ao knou how was arr- 
ansed the bell case in that tower, one of whose ansles is cut 
off by the stairway. We should be led to believe, that a wod- 
en floor was placed at the level of the sills of the upper o 
openings, the more that the holes for fixings the beams of that 
floor still exist, and that the bells were suspended from th- 
ese beams and perhaps from two crossed timbers with ends fixed 
in the four little openings of the spire. This system of sus- 
pension would have been verx orimitive: but it should not be 
forsotten, that before the 12 th century bells were very lisht. 

NOTS LoPeB5Q~0e KO owe This: drawing to Me. Ruprich-Roberr. 

In waine, Anjou, and near Chartres, the crownins pyramids 
of towers from the middle of the 12 thecentury already attain- 
ed a Sreat heisht compared with the heisht of the towers. We 
have seer at Loches the crownius towers of the 12 th century 
possessins pyramids with very acute summits. 

It is always necessary to return tic the political divisions 


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~793%h rb it ati aaa a entsonoS tt abt 
- - cos dt th <V1singo dd St edt at exnsoed tdors to. eloodse tne 
(eettied) bowers bas voted Qo t18q ~vokaA ,onieN | evbnsnick so 
-de ni bleiy gon bib dedt ,eaotowisenoo to Icoton s beeesezog 
otew yeds dud <tebosmie% to bore eonsit-sb-s{T to seodd of Ili 
7 asdtio to eonseltai odd of tiefdne sien bose Jasboeasdni eel 
_» -ete9W odt to eloodos edd to elyte ond 10,s8lyse asmr0¥ eds 
0918 sds sr0ted .yisinso do Sf edd ita. dled jeqii eat Sata00 
difod esw ,eosatisd) io Lerbeddso edt Yo tewod Blo eds to seis 
doapsdo ysdds sd¢ no tashineqeb aewos [fed bsdostebh senemmi ag 
~m@100 sft to woiv to tuiog eddtmox¥ .emobesV to yintaT edd to 
9 ed denn qewod eidd .sivde eft of Haste: divin bos ,noisvouad 
-iyde owt odd to eonsnJini odd erstive ti sLieteh oi beninsrs 
2eonivoig nisveer ont at atod slyte.eupesasmof bli edt to ,ee 
at to bos seid edt to einsd edt no beaoleveb eiyte edt Yo ine 
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260 

of the territory, when it concerns recognition of the differ- 
ent schools of architecture in the 12 th century. At that ep- 
ch Normandy, Maine, Anjou, part of Poitou and around Chartres, 
possessed a school of constructors, that did not yield im sk- 
ill to those of Ile-de-France and of Normandy; but they were 
less independent and were subjelt to the influence of either 
the Norman style,or the stvle of the schools of the West. 

During the first half ofithe 12 th century, before the erec- 
tion of the old tower of the cathedral of Chartres, was built 
an immense detached bell tower dependent on the abbey church 
of the Trinity of Vendome. Fromtthe point of view of tha cons- 
truction, and with regard to the style, this tower must ba e 
examined in details it suffers the influence of the two styl- 
es, of the ild Romanesque style born in the western provinces, 
and of the style developed on the banks of the Oise and of t 
the Seine after the beSinnins nf the 12 th century. 

The section of the tower of the Trinity of Vendome (53) ex- 
plains to us the arransement of this singular structure, alr- 
eady auite perfect, but where one feels the attempts of arti- 
sts, who seek new means, and who do not entirely free themsel- 
ves from preceding traditions. Its base is a square hall, va- 
ulted by a domical cloister vault, with four pendentives at 
at the angles sivins for the plan of the vault an octagon wi- 
th four large and four small sides. On this vault with point- 
ed section rises at the centre a sauare pier B with four ens- 
ased columus. (See plan of the second story; 54). Four trans- 
verse arches A, also pointed, are turned from the pier B to 
four engaged piers C. But to carry the central pier B with a 
all security, two crossed arches concentric with the vault 
rest on the walls of the lower story, and to avoid the rising 
of these two crossed arches under the weight of the pier, four 
flying buttresses, a sort of shores indicated on our section 
(Fis. 53), end beneath thesbases of the columns D of the four 
engaged piers. Tt would be difficult to make this systemzof 
construction understood without the aid of a fisure; so we 
give (55 a perspective view of the interior of this story. 

At Bere two crossed arches on the extrados of the vault and 
bearing the eéntral pier; at F are the flyins buttresses end- 
ins under the bases of the engaged columns oftthe piers atta- 
shed to the walls. At G are portions of a wall shoring the 


fe. 


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a ine P 7 | - “yr Veh 7 


261 


System of arches. The sides J of the lower cloister vault are 
Gee ease they take the place of timbers placed at the angles 
of the radial members and termed ties; ‘they peevent the move- 
ment of the entire system, connect ana stayythe ansles of the 
masonry base. Weans so powerful must haye2g motive. This mot- 
ive was to support on the central pier the four transverse ar- 
ches IT and the thinned wall K an enormous bell case of carpen- 
try, for which the upper part of the tower served as an enclo- 
sure. Constructors had learned, as they save sreater heisht t 
to their towers, that for carpentry bell cases moved by the 
swinsgins bells was required a stable point of support near t 
the base of the tower, where the heavy and loaded construction 
had nothings to fear from the unequal pressures of the bell ca- 
Ses. Now these four transverse arches and the recess bore the 
lower sills of the bell case, and this construction in stone, 
well abutted and shored, still retained a certain elasticity. 
Above this base the enclosure or upper part of the tower could 
be light, not beims subject to any vibration; and indeed, the 
tower of the Trinity of Vendome, if compared with the preced- 
ing towers with sections Siven, is very lisht in resard to its 
height, which is consiéerable. (About 262.5 ft. from base to 
too of spire). 

Until then ix Romanesaue towers a simple recess, holes in 
the internal surfaces, projecting corbels or 4a domical vault 
received the sills of carpentry bell cases; sradually by reas- 
on nf the movement in vibration takén by these bell towers, 
the construction was dislocated, cracks appeared above the up- 
per openings, the ansles of the towers were strained and ended 
by seovaratins from the faces. ~ Tf the carvoentry for the bells 
rested flat on a vault with filled haunches, the little elas- 
ticity of such a bearins produced effects more injurious thar 
the recesses or corbels on the internal surfaces. For these 
vaults beins sometimes faced one way, then the other, first 
were distocated, and soon produced irresular thrusts. The be- 
arins system for the bell case adonted in the construction of 
the tower of Trinity, by its complexity even and the contrary 
pressures of the lower arches, because these two stories of a 
arches separated by <a pier, possessed an elasticity etual to 
gts resistance, and so divided the alternatins poressures of 
the carpentry bell case, that it came to neutraliae them com- 


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264. 


completely. That is very wise and shows how in some years 

the heavy Romanesaue constructions were transformed under the 
influence of the new schools. The tower of the Trinity of Ven- 
dome is perhaps the first erected on a fixed prosramme. It is 
no longer a tower for a sort of defense on which has been bu- 
ilt a belfry, it is no longer a porch surmounted by halls amd 
terminated at top by a lossia; it is an actual bell tower bu- 
ilt from bottom to top for placing bells, an enclosure for 
bells, restins on the bearing of the bell case. While retain- 
ing most of the Romanesaue forms wf construction, it belongs 
to the new school; it replaces the passive resistances of Ro- 
manesgque construction by elastic resistancss, equilibrated a 
and living (excuse us for the word to express our thought) 

of French construction. This principle once discovered and em- 
ployed had consequences to which architects placed limits on- 
ly those given by the properties of the materials, and asain 
they sometimes exceeded these materoal limits, thanks to the- 
ir desire of applyins the principal in all its logical rigor. 

Note 1-0-3855. These effects are apporent in nearly oll Ron- 
onesaue towers, particularly since they hove veen furnished 
with very heavy bells rund with wide suing. Let us Hoveforger, 
shot we stated in commencinde this Avrticre, thot bells wuntrir 
the 12 th century were small, and that they were not Wutended 
+o be swund widely. The tower of the Trinity of Vendome i328 9 
also Anteresting to study from thot point of view, since 1% 
evidentyn Indicates by the manner Of Vis construction, the 
Vocation of heavy bells rung with a wide swing. 

Let us now see the exterior of the tower of the Trinity. 
(56). Although the openings are covered by slishtly pointed 
arches, its appearance is Romanesque; its octasonal upper st- 
ory below the spire rezalls the terminations of the towers of 
Brantome and of SkashSonard with their solid gables above the 
principal openings, and the pinnacles of the towers of the W 
West. The archivolts of these pinnacles are round, as well as 
those of the arcade below the pyramid. But the pyramid becom- 
es very acute: it is reinforced by projecting ribs at the an- 
Sles and the middles of its faces, it is no longer built of 
rubble, accordins to the old Romanesque tradition, but of well 
dressed stones, and has for that enormous height a thickness 
of only about 1.6 ft. at its base and 1.0 ft. at top. 


- 


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262 

We sive (57) the horizontal plan of the spire of the Trini- 
ty taken near the level of the pinnacles. Those, as shown by 
the plan, are borne on little columns alternately simple and 
reinforced by a little sauare pier; their plan is circular. 
There is still a last vestise of the traditions of Perisord. 
One will note that the stone stairway attached to the tower 
only ascends to the top of the vault of the lower story.(P 
(#is. 53). Gonformably to Romanesque customs, one ascended i 
into the bell case only by means of wooden ladders. 

Brom the towertofithesTPinityyoffVéndomeewe have come. to t 
thé old tower of the cathedral of Ghartres, the largest and 
certainly the most beautiful of the monuments of that kind, 
that we possess in France. Admirably constructed of excellent 
end well chosen materials, it has suffered terrible fires and 
has seen seven centuries pass without havins suffered visible 
alteration in mass and details. But before describing tke last 
tower, it is well to make known its various origins. 

We have seen at Vendome, that the influence of the monuments 
of the West still made itself felt. At Chartres that influence 
is less apparent than at Vendomer but om the other hand the 
Norman style and that of Ile-de-France takesa sreater place. 
Until in the 13 th century, Norman towers not placed over the 
crassing rise from the ground, like the towers of the fast. 
These are saquare towers strensthened by buttresses of slight 
projection, narrow comoared to their heisht, pierced with ra- 
re openings in their substructures, decorated by blind arcad- 
es below the belfries, presentins at top a series of stories 
of equal heisht, terminated by square vyramids. 

The two beautiful towers of the abbey church of Trinity at 
aaen, those of the cathedral of Bayeux, in spite of the addi- 
tions and modifications in the 13 th century, retain the very 
frank character of the Norman tower durins the 11 th and 12 
th centuries. We do not think that the Norman towers of the 
beginnings of the 12 th century possessed very Bréat heisht, 
and the tower of the church of Thaon before siven is there t 
to confirm our opinion, since its cons ruction does not prec- 
ede the end of the 11 th century. But about the middle of the 
century, Normandy preceded the French provinces in erecting 
the first pyramids of excessive sharpness on the square towers 
of churches. This system was promptly adopted in [le-de-Frauce, 


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To Sonn shit Po srvsosons oat Lott Seboversg stew odw ,sH#oe Fo 


ft ‘ = 


r 


Avs Ry at xy >" 


264 
Maine and Anjou; except that these last provinces preferably 
Save an octasonal base to their spires. 2 Of 

We do not believe it, necessary to sive here the towers of 
the church of the Trinity at Caen, that are in the hands of 
everyone. From the architectural point of view, the composi- 
tion of these towers is quite mediocre up to the bases of the 
spires, whose construction only dates from the 13 th century. 
Their division into stories of equal height is not happy, th- 
ere is a defect in proportion,that is found only in that pro- 
vince and on the banks of the Rhine; yet ase construction the 
Norman towers are remarkable; almost always built of small m_ 
materials perfectly dressed, they have retained their vertic- 
ality, in spite of the small area of the bases in relation to 
the heisht. But the Normans had not that instinct for propor- 
tions possessed in a hish degree by the architects of Tle-te- 
Brance, Beauvoilsois and Soissonais. Always the boldness of t 
their structures, their perfect execution, the elevation of 
the spires, evidently had an influence on the French school, 
properly so-called, and that influence made itself felt in t 
the old tower of the cathedral of chartres. That like all Ro- 
manesque towers rises from the sround, i.e., rests on four s 
solid walls. Orisginally like the adjoining tower unfinished 
and completed only in the 16 th century, it flanked a porch 
that preceded the South side aisle of the nave; it was thus 
detached from the church on three sides. ! 

Note 160-3580 ALT the besinning of The 18 th century, this 
porch wos suppressed, the gable wol\ of the nove bering exten- 
4ea to the western surfoce of the towers, which coused then 
%o Lose shertr primitive appearance.(Art. Gothedrale). This 
wos probably ofter the fire of 1194, that this gobble wall wos 
reduriLs Un V4se new position. Of the wonument conmenced by Ful- 
vert ond completed about the widdle of the 12 th century, th- 
ere remoined standing after the fire, only the wwo towers of 
she western focode. The Low porch, covered by Oo terrace conn- 
ecting them, wos suppressed, and the new wove of the 13 th © 
century wos extended to the outer surfoce of the two towers, 
Pintara Wh his Histoire chronovogique de Loa woilrle de Chartres 
SOYS, Po.iVWBr-- “in the year 1145, Thertwo eEreart towers were 
PULL Bertoched ot the end of the nove, according to the Vaea 
of sone, who were persuoded thot the enclosure of the nove of 


yt : af 
9 7 AS : » ¢ A? ’ : 
o i ‘oe ° 7 
ce _P. : ‘ “= 


tno? toned sails add of tdguord svex dotwts ste dpoinbanalh oat 
oo eo on agueeai Maere fodt rst}a ylao atewot oAt Fo 
‘b10 ett Fo ae¢itesy aAt ,votr9s ad ef brofat® “.svosqqe sidt 


hed 


~aéqo sit bac ,tastagqo gitostrag sta dotog sat To tasuegacrern. 


~/69 edT srsqota yrse sf astio sd todt “,saoatsg soe” Fo nod 
aoa) sertt0tg 96 sa0@ ertoK 96 a9tootsm 83h svatd att Fe rot 
« seaetled ,etessiqud .k ,(sevse af ytutase At &t sdt fo tgérosyu 
edt mont reteol af settsodg fo vewok bJo edt Fo sréqa sdf todt 
- -gotado oft yo botothertéinoe 2f wodaiqo todt tua .AStt Fo srt? 
: _ tf gd bao -— @ todt Jo ssatbliom bao stutgsiuces adht Po rt9t 
‘Yo tolretal sat” woe sw .A&8L Fo ari? sft svoted .wostouttanog 
otf Bsarud ylao dofdw ,sO Ltt Po sts} At to s900T¢ Ori ge toat 
-stvJoedo ssou7tt ,.sonotrtogad slitis Fo yldedorg ,eteo J/sd bso 
¢@ wrote oteuwps sit shfant sédiate Jfite oradit a0 smog sit ys 
Feta s sotigqa ted? wolsd 

’ shea Isabedss edt to 1ewod blo sav to mela odd ek (82) sx08 
v dee7s 6 ef A th setode benoie edd to [evel sat te eoutyadd 
-oteds bee (6 dorca edd ao bsasgo vitewre? jedd [led betilvev 
tedt to asfidse edz .evan eid Yo yed gextd edt no ensac yebot 
eit to Snianiaed sit ts J oF -D moctt beomevbs need Qnived sven 
-onigenoo spoeesnsmosS To motewo end of Sotbhyio9oA wwindmes dt Fr 
-wot edt of @ ts etisie sieving dt .(motevo sain viev s) ero’ 
: tect .stadonate edt nsiser gon HIh bans ellen ead ohietno et as 
| eetrisno edd mort elaiistaw suomicoas Yo slind et yiote aswel 
f -bhied eidexsamcont to snoteemil s bedeinis? seft .stedo159 to 
t sewod eidé to noltevele edt eevith C7 .2i7 .ysibifoe bas eeen 
| Eeodt to toot edt ot esad edd wort .32 2.CFF Bt tddien seodw 
_—s« = me edd Bestado0eT sno s1eH..erige sdé eauoio dsit .eeo19 n0rk 
s omse eft ds hetoers seeds sevo euptowrts aidt Yo yiinorusa 


esenso his einsmebasisa ([snaetoi sat o¢ Sathreoos betes 
-gmi 910m neve bas ustset: tse9qe od tnsmenom odd to aeam ait 
‘Yo ebsois salet sddv yd bstasm ifew ei [fed aewol ofT .anieo 
omae ods to [ied deao e10m broose « et evodA 5 bnad serst ond 
-paedoia eis eaninsoo bos seoetine Llantetxe seadw isd .ddbied 
_ ~--« #@0 nedT stinev bneoee 8s to level edf eataoibai baad bavese « 
-H fevel edt ts tleev tedd ao eteo1 sead seodw .yitied edt som 
¢ Bedetoseh s10m bas asco si0m ai T qxode od? .(ioatted .s9a) 
ae oad sot situtourtedus s es sevice ti .yiode biids ens asnd 
¥ ted vitautds sonemmoo ton es0k siiae sess oi bafstoths eit 


P eh ; ; | ‘oe | 
Mo, x ’ pi ite 


es 


»elinutitde et eotiote edt to aoieivibh edT .ybngm210% ra 
BD 


265 
the facade of the church were brought to the Vine of the front 
of the towers only ofter that time, although no vestige of + 
this appears.” Pintard ts in error, the vestiges of the od 
arvrongewment of the porch are perfectly apparent, and the opin- 
Von of Wsome persons,” that he cites Vs very proper. The edi- 
tor of the Livre des miracles de Notre Dawe de Ghortres (man- 
uscript of the 13 th century in verse), Ne Duplessis, believes 
shot the spire of the old Gower of Ghartvres Vs Vater than the 
five of ALBA. Burt thot opinion Le condtrodkoted by the chorac- 
ser of the sculpture and wouldinéds of that spire ond by Vts 
construction. Before the fire of 1836, we eon the Anterior of 
that spire traces of the fire of 1194, which only burned the 
OG bev’ cage, probably of Vittle importance, troces avsolute- 
Vy the same aos there stil\ visible inside the squore story © 
below thet spire, 

Here (58) is the plan of the old tower of the cathedral of 

Chartres at the level of the Sround story. At A is a Sreat v 
vaulted hall, that formerly opened on the porch 8B, and that 
today opens on the first bay of the nave, the sable of that 
nave having been advanced from C to D at the besinnins of the 
13 th century. Accordins to the custom of Romanesque construc- 
tors (a very wise custom), the private stairs at & to the tow- 
er is outside the walls and did not weaken the structure. That 
lower story is built of enormous materials from the quarries 
of Rerchere, that furnished a limestone of incomparable hard- 
ness and solidity. Fis. 59 sSives the elevation of this tower,! 
whose height is 339.5 ft. from the base to the foot of the i 
iron cross, that crowns the spire. Here one recosnizes the m- 
periority of this structure over those erected at the same e 
epoch in Normandy. The division of the stories is skilfully 
calculated accordins to the internal arrangements atid causes 
the mass of the monument to avpear greater and even more imp- 
osins. The lower hall is well marked by the false arcade of 
the first band G. Above £8 a second more open hall of the same 
height, but whose external surfaces and openinss are richer; 
a second band indicates the level of a second vault. Then co- 
mes the belfry, whose base rests on that vault at the level H. 
(Art. Beffroi). The story I is more open and more decorated t 
than the third story, it serves as a substructure for the sp- 
ire adjoining it: that spire does not commence abruptly but 


vee | warne ae a Ay oad 
‘> Be | 5 ‘Adal 
if w . a el ruet anebid eae 7) ote atts moi a see: eteon tad 
aber eso ased mab issokstoo edt bas yiote teddt neowsed osat 
“go bsorsta 918 etom10b 1007 .ekoinedo mosm es halmi0t eeloss 
s91su08 eft to eobite sat o¢ Ieilesxec nodstoo sdd to eeost edt 
-od¢ snwomive seldes ¢geea5 sv0l .emobesV to yitnial sat ds eA 
ss meq OF Bs OF abninsve Yd heoretq eevleemeds exe bus eomoh ee 
sw alt SHG syTtLed esd mod eqsoee oF elfed odd to bnuce ont sim 
| ot ,bimaiya edt Yo esos? edd no dosotone Yilutlive esfdsk eee 
teedstise Hentlont edt dtiw etxeq [ecitasv sis toeanoo od ee 
gedd e666 ono smcbnsV to wéiataT eft SA .sonevbe os ef eiad 
eet! Istacxtion vd botoserstnt niste ets esetiote ses0Hn add 
a edd mort witisd odd to’ memeanetis iswol eit starscee tadé 
t edd yd betsrsces ton 918 edasq ows seeds donoddis .bimerya 
ged goetidois edd eersies® th .edodw efdnie a m10$ bane sz00L1 
bimsi1yo edd bas yatied ett ted? ,footerasbaw yisoetisa si shen ¥ 
stiqe senemmi o& .god of mottod mort Yams yaote eno ylno ots 
‘es aeleoe dtiw esost bas eefhne stlt no edia yd heterocoeb et 
~m od fsen on et eised? ,iewod eidd eotentmied base .swobhmey ts 
dotdw at Soitieoamco tsdd Yo avebsssae fas yduesd sid ox tesia 
t IIs sisdiw ,noiteiushom stsq te tooio ebem esd tostidosrs sas 
“(8 euat edd vd tod .etoenenie vd bealsido ton sis etostts ond ij 
TIwottlib eAéT .eéaaq Susasitib edd to enottaoooid [utltve bae 
; 


ma a - 


.9a3 Boe sead sisupe odd neeutod bsdeifdates od oc nottienast 
{fide e diinw duo Hsiaiso bus hstsnem ei suice sid Yo novayos 
ssioivino aso sno egsdte%..etnomonom taelinia oi beeesaaine son 
-n1de cot Snibns 103 tewod exsuDe Sat Yo eeuserdend efias sds 
-iseqqgs gosteb eisd noiduoexe ni dud ;X boad sit aisensd yito 
edd vd betsivdo yietslaqmoo ei aniwsab [rsotasemoe) edt no oni 
sinnoo sstnol om sent ,eeeeerttud eeedd to noisoetora [feme 
evem10b sig to eawobente edt to velo ott yo boe .Sddied Jand te 
eit déiw seansm deetagad edd of ssinowied Jedd \eelosonia bre 
~ ateqmnad odT .epsd sasnpe ond Yo eknineco oft to enottostoiqg = 
Yedd to etainego ent sveds Sniage yieo etige edd Snitacaone 

-ewode J Jewel edd ts asviet (00) oelo sat bas .eefoagnnia avot 
“-eef00 odd sebeo of wod went erotomidenoD ond [fide sede doin - 

. Bbeetent ,eelosnata elane ape) oT .stewpe edt toserei ni o¢ no 

' edd odff ,erswod suoeeremos mi es Inemento os ylno aeied to 

~ Tfew .seeeertied [evtos sxe ,emobasV ds wiinia? end Yo 1ewoOd 

-00 6dt of eebie iv0od sdt Yo sddiew ont tsteners tends .bebsol 

» spot etd oF .orsupe oid to elenodeibh sdt ot [eliexeq . noes 


ge ‘ 


266 
but rests on a drum with octagonal base; the triangles left 
free between that story and the octasonal drum bear four pin- 
nacles forming as manr} openings. Four dormers are pierced on 
the faces of the octagon parallel to the sides of the souare. 
As at the Trinity of Vendome, four sreat sables surmount the- 
se domes and are themselves pierced by openings, so as to per- 
mit the sound of the bells to escape from the belfry. But th- 
ese gables skilfully encroach on the faces of the pyramid, to 
as to connect the vertical parts with the inclined surfaces; 
this is an advance. At the Trinitw of Vendome one sees that 
the upper stories are asain intersected by horizontal lines, 
that separate the lower arrangemen of the belfry from the p 
pyramid, althouSsh these two parts are not separated by the f 
floor and form a sinsle whote. At Ghartres the architect has 
made it perfectly understood, that the belfry and the cena 
are only one story empty from bottom to top. An immense spire 
is decorated by ribs on the angles and faces with scales as 
at Vendome, and terminates this tower. There is no need to en- 
phasize the beauty and srandeur of that composition, in which 
the architect has made oroof of rare moderation, where all t 
the effects are not obtained by ornaments, but by the true a 
and skilful proportions of the different parts. The difficult 
transition to be established between the square base and the 
octagon of the spire is managed and carried out with a skill 
not surpassed in similar monuments. Perhaps one can criticize 
the angle buttresses of the square tower for endins too abru- 
otly beneath the band K; but in execution this defect appear- 
ing on the seometrical drawing is completely obviated by the 
small projection of these buttresses, that no lonser counts 
at that height, and by the play of the shadows of the dormers 
and pinnacles, that harmonize in the happiest manner with the 
projections of the openings of the sauare base. The trumpets 
supporting the spire only spring above the openinss of the r 
four pinnacles, and the plan (60) taken at the level L shows 
with what skill the constructors knew how to cause the octas- 
on to iniersect the square. The four angle pinnacles, instead 
of being only an ornament as in Romanesque towers, like the 
tower of the Trinity at Vendome, are actual puttresses, well 
loaded, that transfer the weight of the four sides to the oc- 
tason, parallel to the diagonals of the square, to the four 


=—" 
Lon : ' NOS 


oR [8 aroma b eds pntawe s{da? 2 190% sit “etenod sth Me vadinns 
| <¢5 fdentarcceb slamis ei don sis bus yillsy aiedd sved ., 
to sebiw edt ot [sllersg me xb oft to esost av0t ods beol yeas , 
-ost seed od sonstaies1 Ietuswoe 2 ovit o¢ es of .StewOR edd 
q {I es et (03 .81%) vicete seal odT .ovsd [enoketoo edd dtiw es 
‘© 90 sotssidtv sdt bas ofdd o1@ admst edt yeldiseog ee sodtl 
-@1g BHim1o? eofosnniq sd¢ yd betetee: yftootiea si wrote tana 7 
- * gtkge edd to sesd odd Yo envdenemth sbieni edt sey ,enottost, 
7 ~steb eft to noituvoexs edT .obiani .dt C.ff meds evel son sxe 
a -yltostisq sie esetv0o efdy ,e1so Jeioece dtiw betssad sie elt 
bas eharbhi[yuon edt .Iwtlide yvisv anied anisatot eat ,1elwge1 
-tidorws edt ei sistwon ;ydnsed teetsexd edt to o18 stutalnoe 
9a ee edt sonsdeni gonnas eno bos .3Jiest te bavol tos 
~stnso Yisd 2 bstoete serntouite edd ni mommoo o€ 
cient Stel auiddvon ,bedaluolso bak neseet0e? ei [fh .astel v1 
b fo edt and? .bexasiis ylomfe et tetew to szasdosibh edt :s008 
asdt ashfo exsey ¢itit ed yam Si ddwodile .eersisdd to renod 
teed edt hewstise ead Ji Pedt ins .{eabsddso sdté to tesa edd 
ed [ftw doisdo edd nodw tatbaste od [lite (fiw .sertt ond Yo 
6 ,OVIL of Obtf mort titwd nsed evad tewm JT .niva ai nslist 
~mifsen sdt ddiw efeazsinos sostonatenos sad Yo yroesd ens bas 
eft te L[ocdoe efT .doasdo sdd:lo ¢add to eagsnseraco bos son 
<toidssexe to weiv to tatog sdt mort ,somei¥ ni yindase da St 
“eft EL oat to tsdd yd belisuoe yleie1 bas belleoxe aeven est 
-tel sdt tatash beacieveb esonsevbs oltitesiog edd to stiag ai 
-sD .d9A of toat elds Yo eseuso odd nisloxe [fede ow tud s4e7 
-Sisibedt 
~yo9d von S. aifiotsh ait bao ytevétas off 892 .0598.qst otox 
‘ bsdetiduqg ,ssrtrond 3h .dtoo of 96 .$0v04% ai grutowrtea Jupit 
—-wovh mot) ,géilet0n naiad aoltouvteal of/dv? Jo tatasvaik sat yd 


4 


| 
| 


, p a <SH8807 «K to shad 
2 ~tib odt dstopateetb oy meied svad ow tedd s1s9o edd asvetedh 
te Lioa edt tavoo cedd ,21swod sdt to sotteiustosisdo tns1st 


=31ib efd sdeotboi of ,yastoso dt SI edt [itov sons1t snsesa¢ 
-inisxe yedt esonsultnt edt bas etateeoto risdd (efoodos Jucas 
.lofad yiev ef dton wo dsdd eeetaoo seum ew ,isite dose oo bee ~ 
mi evewoH .teetetni [801 Yo efieteh shies ¢tal oved ew tedt — 
~connos ef si jsonssiccmt Jse1s cot esd nottesnp eidd esys aH0 
© * ‘edd od bas .eeds elfbbim edt to siaice edt dtin doom cod bet 
fs ‘+Lbost od damedis gon blyode ew teds .e1otonitence Yo eds0lis 


Un 


~ 


=< 
*¢ 


a.) Va of ae a _ Vee = 


267 
angles of the tower. The four gables crownims the dormers also 
have their utility and are not merely a simple decoration, t 
they load the four faces of the drum parallel to the sides of 
the soware, so as to sive a powerful resistance to these fac- 
es with the octagonal base. The last story (Fis. 60) is as 1 
lisht as possible; the jambs are thin and the vibration of 
that story is perfectly resisted by the pinnacles forming pr- 
jections, yet the inside dimensions of the base of the spire 
are not less than 33.5 ft. inside. The execution of the deta- 
ils are treated with special care, the courses are perfectly 
regular, the jointing being very skilful, the mouldings and 
sculpture are of the greatest beauty; nowhere is the archit- 
ect found at fault, and one cannot instance the neslisences 
so common in the structures erected a half centu- 
ry later. All is foreseen and calculated, nothings left to ch- 
ance; the discharge of water is simply arranged. Thus the ol d 
tower of Chartres, although it may be fifty years older than 
the rest of the cathedral, and that it has suffered the test 
of two fires, will still be stamdins when the church will be 
fallen in ruin. Tt must have been built from 1140 to 1170, a 
and the beauty of the construction contrasts with the neslige- 
nce and coarseness of that of the church. The school of the 
12 th century in France, from the point of view of execution, 
was never excelled and rarely eoqualled by that of the 13 th, 
in spite of the scientific advances developed during the lat- 
ter: but we shall explain the causes of this fact in Art. Ga- 
thedrale. 

Note 1.9-360- See the entirety and the details of this beau- 
LLf~UL structure Va Monos. Ge Lo coth. de Chartres, published 
oy the Minister of Puolic Instruction and Koreship, from arow- 
VWnNEsSs Of Ne LaSsus. 

Nhatever the care that we have taken to distinsuish the dif- 
ferent characteristics of the towers, that cover the soil of 
present France until the 12 th century, to indicate the diff- 
ereat schools, their crossings and the influences they exerci - 
ged on each other, we must confess that our work is very brief, 
that we have left aside détails of real interest. However in 
our eyes this question has too Sreat importance; it is connec - 
ted too, much with the spirit of the middle ages, and to the 
efforts of constructors, that we should not attempt to facil- 


tmrsliih eft Yo nottsortieeslo sit exshse1 avo 102 stetilios? 
ot lo notioo1e edT .eeemkota aieds hue sexiness sakedt .eloodoe 
os asiiwoeq eelysa edt wolict vievorcsix ton esok oale asen 
—- |  emotetvib [sixotiares dose 

es. hase, ei szswot ons. «Vibtaeo dv St efit to bos sat [tial 
bos elsshedtso .einemivifdetes oiteenom Ans .soitebs sdeasace 
-dw ,Iewot s dowds edt o¢ bexenge ylisenpe1t eesoindo feviaeg 
-Siyse Isool edi oF noitaiet sientintact sn sovd svitiniag seo 
#2 wdte1 ei wen0od sit .eobs ofbbim edd Yo hoises teds saiaed 
nad? .(noieesigxs odd bewolls od vem gw ti) Yeinsv to saomucom 
8 nem gadd .boleiuzgqiwe gon nsdd ei ti rytitlisu Yo Inemvnom es 
agit nisido o¢ aootsibsad Ieool wort ashmen semidemoe Einode 
eecdt Snilevix to eldaqeo eottibe as anitoere to noidosisisss 
& to noldsiuimbe odd bettoxe doidw .ysedeenom 10 yJio emo Yo 
| ~flime1 bos efootios yo siswos jo noitsoitiess{o eff .exetnaite 
~zemmoo edd diviw esonivoig sdz ai seblonion eloofse te enoitsao 
edd ewollot soitsoitieesfio etdd :;enottsis1 Iseitifoo bna [sto 
»weiv to daiog sit mot? senciésisox esedt to Inemevor Lewsten 
~teddi1s2 Saio&® eroted aos? «fuleas sd nodvd yeu ai et0Edtetd Yo 
no bise eved ev tedw sishast 190 102 esinemmve ot yilenitt bas 
,sonett to qsm s (16) etaq oxen ods ro evi’ ow ,etnempnom ssedd 
J getetlib edd to sinior Leitso odt bevxasm evead ew doidw no 
i. duode anctvaciivae: tiedt Io gnotxe sid fone erswot to seaqvs 
~picetidows Jeet sdi sicted ,yistinso dt Sl sft Yo olbbim eds 
¢ scoitufover e jtandoA Gilidd to ogie1 edz ot noitalover Lat 
» to sloodos seed? 20k foodoe olanka s etucgitedue of anibaes 
senibige tnsistiib 

re Yo fae edt mort a hrobiaes gadéd biee sved SW 
-ot Yo ascyd owl’ dv ft edd to goionined ef? bos ytntneo dt OL 
sedt bos fd «dio .osiq wo 06 A betaem sooTl .2 to sedt rexew 
8 donseid 8 fisdvoe ebase A saytoto1s ofT .f betasm omotnaad to 
-easwol edt to ainsd odd no shnetxe .elal Io sevia edt anole 
-ensq doneid s ;sevolno? oF esnno1ad odd ehneoee has .enrobued 
ce WE a9eddist ehastxe A eoys to sonenlilni edT..e10dsQ o¢ setert 
ebasoeeh .wodiod tne .einws ,e§nodnie®, ,etompokoA eebavni gi 
aodt ,eedobd haiswot déi0k sid o¢ beknofoig et bys eansiV edd 
deneaq teiT «(elosd lo isnot) xwomestend of sibal edd shusces 
~6y of teol et bos ense{2xO bus enol neensed sited edgy eoBEsg 
emosasi8 doidw to .4 baiokiged to sayd brooee edT .wotoA fae ond 
— .omgeb10d edd to velisv edt ebneoes tasdxe [ebom sesble sat et 


268 
facilitate for our readers the classification of the differat 
schools, their course and their progress. The erection of to- 
wers also does not rigorously follow the styles peculiar to 
each territorial division. 

Until the end of the 12 th century, the tower is still as 
separate edefice, and monastic establishments, cathedrals and 
parish churches freauently annexed to the church a tower, wh- 
ose primitive type was aintintimate relation to the local style. 
During that period of the middle ases, the tower is rather a 
monument of vanity (if we may be allowed the expression), than 
a monument of utility: it is then not surprisins, that men s 
should sometimes wander from local traditions to obtain the 
satisfaction of erecting an edifice capable of rivalins those 
of some city or monastery, which excited the admiration of s 
strangers. The classification of towers by schools and ramifz- 
eations of schools coincides in the provinces with the commer- 
cial and political relations; this classification follows the 
natural movement of these relations: from the point of view 
of history it may then be useful. Thus before soins farther, 
and finally to summarize for our readers what we have said on 
these monuments, we give on the next page (61) a map of Prance, 
on which we have marked the central points of the differen t 
types of towers and the extent of their ramifications about t 
the middle of the 12 th century, before the great architectu- 
ral revolution in the reign of Philip August; a revolution t 
tending to substitute a single school for these schools of 
different origins. 

We nave said that Perigord possessed from the end of the 
10 th century and the besinning of the 11 th two types of to- 
werse that of S. Front marked A on our plan, Fis. 61, and tmt 
ef Brantome marked B. The prototype A sends South a branch a 
alons the river of Isle, extends on the banks of the lower 
Dordogne, and ascends the Garonne to Toulouse; a branch pene- 
trates to Gahors. The influence of tyoe A extends farther North; 
it invades Angoumois, Saintonge, Aunis, and Poitou, descends 
the Vienne ayd is prolonsed to the North toward Léches, then 
ascends the Indre to Chateauroux (tower of Deols). That branch 
passes the Loire between Tours and Orleans and is lost in wa- 
ine and Anjou. The second type of Perigord B, of which Brantome 
is the oldest model extant, ascends the valley of the Dordosne, 


LS 
oe 


-w? of servtexs bas ,{stmo0 sdv to divo® satatavom edd 2seeot0 
.eebomt] esezeo ,dia0oY eedeng donsid anorvotiv sed¢onk .yelsV-os 
&.2 te esilod siJ eseects .A sayT lo donsad & atoem eadood Ja 
-eoq cele enbisvsA .eestieanid bone smohneV ot ehnerze bee tions? 
Bib to eonO .tece eti Bt H ts tnom1e!0 ss ;Loonoe ei eseese 
animoo sedd etesm Ti stsdw .yud oF aetI{4 sat ebnsoes asdonesd 
witoerih fonerd s ewomdt BH eqytoto1g edd ddvo® ont tH ~8 word 
~BA'h weM ot tewOl bow .nedA fone sevolvolT oF onnorwed odd 2aols 
epovos edif{-nst astonesd efi eisdteoe si déao¥ edt o0-.eisnns 
-na ,e1eveli od ebhbrsixe neve donsid eno :snbemid to eniele edi 
oP wetennoyl to sniesnoom eft yd beagote visourde Eniesd rete 


' -efsed0 to entsttapA toetone eft [Is yauooo esqyd seidd seesT 


~olas) off .siatevey otni seve eedone1d emoe words brea .sntem 
-=el-xih wr 0 ts beosia sven ow tse2 Seodw .soytotota naiyaty 

- gi eereug ti tentaS bos elieso .seveW eit gsefavai .elisgedd 
-,BaoladD oF snie¥ odd no cove bows esanshik sat eeorcs donend 
-tbmeses .ysniwoT o¢ erebfaslt ok soo bas ,noomees? of tedtons 
esigsatewA estoncoo si ;fusoe® eit tnthnenesh bans eidm|al edt oo 
ewoudd .coduA ni 0 és soalg ow tact ,sqytotouq metbawtwd edt 
sennoY edt To yelisv edd etsee bag asvioN ed’ veor0R fonsid 8 
d asivond .ecote ci sisdw .ersexwd oF tevin end ebhneoesh bns 
“e090 ,enisdnvom e683 anole nonide-veedsdd woled seeesa dons rd 
eisotevil nt esdoneid [aisvee seoelo weatived ts svtod sad see 
-e1d ylevil baidts A .eebawod Snidossa saoted Sleeti eseol Ens 

| gedd \esibnod snidoset .no-id bos enves€ no tiseti\ eteso fon 
ddypot A .etodedD oF Ssnie¥ edt ebnsoesh entstnvom edd ikatesoro 
-ni® .ncomsess ot teat $43 Hrewot ebneoss bas edvot sid sider 
ebastxe fas ences’ etd to yelilev sit ewollot détit os vile 

20 donsad s gniveem .onasiV bos enoyd yd &nisesq ,sonelaV o8 
-vdastons sdt estqnooe @ [oodo® .seltA ts heosla .T sovtodorza 

_ -8fT of anitcoled sayt sat .ybnvoand Yo mobenixt netsotvolasd 
~nei eworls .sited ni @ te beoslo ei sitass seorw: sone1t-sh 
~qgemO .2 of dta0l yoowoh of deseddaon ;tleesi bawors Ife eedo 
Doe emtedS oF tesa® seelO oft entbneces .aidneod .2 bes yea wvoT 
8086 ot bot snte® oft tnibneces eoyouT of seeedduoe senolendd 
‘P-ee1Tiedd of Jest! fos ense{[x1O of Atoor senno¥ edd tuthosose 

_ §mes0 af 5 3s booslo ei extneo esede ,sovd semtol odd yilsott 
Soes boo .fod of Seo .oF of Faewidton .eebie fle os eedonexd 
‘eeeesa donsid A .xve1vE of 9108 sit ebseoseb e010 ont onibns 
“ xgudco efoodoe seal ond oT .beelon% evevoo hos subiewss edd 


269 
crosses the mountains South of the Contal, and expires in Puy- 
en-Velay. Another vigorous branch pushes North, passes Limoges, 
at Loches meets a branch of Tyoe A, crosses the hoire at §S. B 
Benoit and extends to Vendome and Chartres. Auvergne also pos- 
sesses its school; at Clermont at H is its seat. One of its 
branches ascends the Allier to Puy, where it meets that comins 
from Be At the South the prototype 4 throws a branch directly 
alongs the Garonne to Toulouse and Agen, and lower to Mas d’As- 
ennais. On the North it scatters its branches fan-like across 
the plains of Limagne; one branch even extends to Nevers, an- 
other being abruptly stopped by the mountains of Lyonnais. T 
These three types occupy all the ancient Aquitaine of Charle- 
magne, and throw some branches even into Neustria. The Garlo- 
vingian prototype, whose seat we have placed at © in Aix-la- 
Chapelle, invades the Meuse, Moselle and Rhine; it pushes a 
branch across the Ardennes and even on the Marne to Chalons, 
another to Besancon, and one in Flanders to Tournay, ascendi- 
ng the Sambre and descending the Rscaut: it occupies Austrasia. 
The Bursundian prototype, that we place at D in Autun, throws 
a branch across the Morvan and seeks the valley of the Yonne 
and descends the river to Auxerre, where it stops. Another b 
branch passes below Chateau-Shinon alons tee mountains, cros- 
ses the Loire at Charite, vlaces several branches in Nivernais 
and loses itself before reachins Bourges. A third lively bra- 
noch casts itself on Beaune and Dijon, reachins Lonsgres, then 
crossing,the mountains descends the Marne to Chakons. A fourth 
seeks the Doubs and ascends toward the Hast to Besancon. Fin- 
ally the fifth follows the valley of the Saone and extends 
to Valence, passins by Lyons and Vienne, meeting a branch of 
prototype I, placed at Arles. School B occupies the ancient 
Garlovinsian kinsdom of Burdundy. The type belonsgins to Tle- 
de-France,: whose centre is placed at # in Paris, throws bran- 
ches all around itself; northeast to Rouen: North to S. Omer, 
Tournay and S.. Quentin, ascending the Oise; Fast to Rheims md 
Ghalons; southeast to Troyes ascendins the Seine and to Sens, 
ascendins the Yonne; South to Orleans and West to Chartres... 
Finally the Norman type, whose centre is placed at G in Caen, 
branches to all sides, northwest to Hu, West to Dol, and asc- 
endings the Orne, descends the Bure to Evreux. A branch passes 
the tsraisht and covers Ensland. The two last schools occupy 


7 


pbetaotbat- ex: snot ‘atl ’ nebonivolaed ent osu won0 satitevey 
"Stain aeidnivolyed det edt baitG .eenil bestob vo 
| e978 \dnedxe oi teedoit tans ei soissinpA .ins§ to ssomivosa 
- eyneddind bos sao edt .yboukied fdiw no beivsso somsmwco bie 
. to sonenltni odd deedtist edexteneo of bseveo cele eno atdT 
=o odd yd hebivib eaw sixteue .euwdocatidows Yo eloosioe eti 
919 ofd Litow .soneultal efssil dud bempees hoa aoteavoi nem 
eentmaxe yilotsiss soo tT .enkieisvoe donee sid to sonsnimeb 
© asluanie exiem of notesooo bett [lim on .(fd .8f8) asm aida 
| .Wisdoso dd Si edd ni tedd esse eno .elomexe 107 .enoitavisedo 
: noieivibh edd tnihesooue enciseloves [soitifea edt to stiiae ni 
-niste1 e9lqosa edt ,déseb etd de onsemefied®d yd sham fused to 
iy ~ibowdwe .eneioiastiopA to exstosiedo ales sosdéai teomle be 
ot Ifiw exshse1 suo soedte9 .eneieestewd bos ecaiateus! ens 
_-yatswod of bisket ai noidseno dotd yisv & smueee ow dads snk he 
«afeed edt eonie sono sedd si0m dads Test10% Jon Hlsofis ow bas : 
{enoiten animvees to heewoos need sved sw ,di0on eins to onin z 
neds ynoidvenitemt anc ok yino betelixe vedd .eloodoe bas eiae a 
~Ratnante1 sildu ,ewmedt avo coleveh of au vol wiseseesn ei ti 
toselieco of av helleqmoo sved ofw .seont od auirsadt sasenie an0 
nottessp Insdaoomi edd Saidsiden{Ii 103 stooig bas et\eb ent . te 
“naedeon edy no sindoetidois to ave oft to saemcolsvel sit to 
.tnsaiteoo nesoows edd Yo yiotiaies fi 
ssolitibo aeddo yas sadd stom nodel gids estacvilins? aswot ea? 
bow .eetesd edd ectaoibni gi sindowrde ashto yas nedt stom a0t 
B edt to fodmye eidteiv end ai ti yeefoosa edd to: snoidibssd 
-dieiv ¢eom sft ei ti sdfson ett ti bua vio ot¢ Yo awebasrd 
-thifer ddod .dooss ¢sdt to noitesiLivio sdé# to noieestoxs ef 
-qoleveb eft te seuaced sonsdi00mi esmuves Si ;teluoee has evo 
“nl ofgeanon mort bevome1 ei Jf ;tiatee L[saicinum sat to tnem 
«haow ono ni [is yee ov ;Joesmunom ishteo wa nedt siom esoneu lt 
e@ ni .ywwdtnso dd Cf edt bo tnomunom [enoiten onat edd ei ti 
_--s =neqebot geome exefoun « bomic? yiio deedzogmi dose nedw emis 
; ed ysm sewod [ied on? .meilebost Leoiislo 10 asisose to dneb 
 «-@oleveb [eforemmoo bae Isintevhnt ead to nadie ohdt eg hebrsbes 


— 


‘ 

B nevi ast of eved ow tedd eolamaxs ef? .eeitdio eft Yo tnem vy 
fo bsosla etiam .foteoibut sved ew dedd eiusmbusl ynen of eae 

bos [siastem nest exe eloorg eiT .gam ie no heosit sentl sit a 


. yeedonsid eeent to oss to noisoetibh edd svaeedo wow .eldsalso 
) Spied Pametens ef floidn ,sievi2 edt to seaoo edd wollot vedas 


270 
Neustria. On our map the Carlovinsian divisions are indicated 
by dotted lines. During the first Carlovinsian period, of all 
provinces of Saul, Aaquitaine is that richest in extent, area 
afd commerce carried on with Burgundy, the North and Brittany. 
This one also caused to penetrate farthest the influence of 
its schools of architecture. Neustria was divided by the Nor- 
man invasion and assumed but little inflwence, until the pre- 
dominance of the French sovereisns. If one carefully examines 
this map (Fis. 61), he will find occasion to make sinsular o 
observations. For example, one sees that in the 12 th century, 
in spite of the political revolutions succeedinsS the division 
of Gaul made by Gharlemasne at his death, the peoples retain- 
ed almost intact their characters of Agquitapinians, Bursundi- 
ans, Neustrians and Austrasians. Perhaps our readers will th- 
ink that we assume a very hish question in regard to towers; 
and we should not forget that more than once since the begin- 
ning of this work, we have been accused of assumins national 
arts and schools, that existed only in our imasination; then 
it is mecessary for us to develop our theme, while returning 
our Sincere thanks to those, who have compelled us to collect 
the data and proofs for illustratins the important question 
of the development of the art of architecture on the western 
territory of the Huropean continent. 

The tower facilitates this labor more than any other edifice; 
for more than any other structure it indicates the tastes, and 
traditions of the peoples; it is the visible symbol of the $s 
grandeur of the city and if its wealth; it is the most visib- 
le expression of the civilization of that epoch, both relisi- 
ous and secular; it assumes importance because of the develop- 
ment of the municipal spirit; it is removed from monastic in- 
fluences more than auy other monument; to say all in one word, 
it is the true national monument od the 12 th century, in a 
time when each important city formed a nucleus almost indepen- 
dent of secular or clerical feudalism. The bell tower may be 
resarded as the sisn of hre industrial and commercial develo - 
ment of the cities. The examples that we have so far given a 
are so many laimdmarks that we have indicated, margs placed on 
the lines traced on our map. The proofs are then material and 
palpable. Now observe the direction of each of these branches; 
they follow the course of the rivers, which is natural, or of 


pe ae = 
tedd : yaw eutedeed, 0 Litene sa: bicdathes bait: a 
" Weddute caottextinrneo-edé to Haon odd bebis ylasluteie evad 
iduaih bebnetxe teom eft to smo aiet ew tod .ascog Isotdorss0m 
ss yaaewit edd Yo se1n0o edt Yo smuoo0s stad son eeob tedt yeedo 
 =@ bas estomid yd Qoiessa ,xosnvimel enivest gent .slamexs sot 
~o1 Isadoeo dse12 edd stedt¢ se2 ton ow of .esadaedO te torbns 
‘ods bod Ymottsiveh toodtiw ylisea .eize? of estomid mor? sto 
=f09 of emeiuoenk yd eseeso soidw ,ortaso omee edd mort asdto 
oefs ton gi ef .snits¥ edt bos stiod edd mo tleest Jeao of vos 
Wods0 Ton es0d Tvsh ave nk bewollot eiso1 [siorsrm0D tests #& 
eed e1iol] sat tedt .eciaasad feistan dedsd Yo snnoooe etay asm 
Feone17 to divo® bas Adve eddy neswied bshetodetes eect oe 
‘enoled> of entey sdf mort doidw .ybouksaed to enil teddy bad 
wileqenO-sf.xit eedinn .etanncyd to -edimil eit o¢ aaibneorsh 
.onost sds bas ental sit yd enodh sit of sllecoM brs saidsS ond 
| Vemit avo of fsoait bas fevol{cl einer sii ates son si ef 
gistise of tnibicose beset ci osm ts0 Feds misio tonnes srO 
sebiesd sisi ets edoemnnom oid oteks tessbi bevisononszq | 
-~ntfeeds to tdiie eds yd yino ep of bstes®hue sss seebi seen 
o¢ sfde nesd sven sw dad? ,eddewhbnel heastssoe edt aniniot es 
gaivisss esdonsid esidd 10 ows Jsom etedw eststisoo! nl .ciem 
eonsiliai edt evorg oso ew .sitnso fsesage seat 10 ows mort 
et tos? etd? .eead so seodt moat stis oft to euudxim odd bas 

V ,senolvol ..ctsvel /.saisy-t08-enoledD .geasiedd Js mneisces 
10 eved encitsidenlii a0 -ognes bre OTISKLA .VOT .sonmeleV 
-vael esdons1d ows, edt to toisenro oft .aidd edaartenomeb Iliw 
~ilbat eedonerd seodd [14 .eadoo] te tnersa0s ai xusugire9 ei 
dd Si edt Io Soremmoo ent vd bewollot bane Heosas estyor siao 
-sisttexs ne sodsi eidt evib of aaltwislo tooddin bus ;yresase 
- Buiyouteeb ai bis nso di Jedd evetied nso sw .consdixegmt bed 
eee 1so%g eit n& oninevistak eousdo Yo ,notentnos to sebé elas 
~adieg teqo1wh Yo tieo eind to etxs sit to Snemagolevesh edt bne 
-) seed? To yiotvetd relomoo sit oo staail emoe taso [Iiw ti 29 
_-—s = bnet eedonsid riedt déiw eeisnee seedd an 10% seemis dnsdeth 
t lo saste sa1it edd otaoibni etntog mtatiso ts stinu of ani 
P febust edt to tebin edt at ytiau [enotien biswot eelqosq end 
geen cdi to seazueo sdt Qnibatt ni bie sec etost sesdT ;wedteve 
of yiivortiib sved ew sonedtoomi seodw ,eeltiorntssiaso ‘te dtl 
bedeildstes rewoo Isoidotenom edd neil .ysbod anthnesersbay 
‘eseed benedseacise yilesbsi2 no yretseo dé ft edd at Yeast 


ie 


> 


® 
7 


TE 


= 


271 

the great commercial routes, that still exist today, ways that 
have singularly aided the work of the centralization of the 
monarchical pouer. het us take ome of the most extended bran- 
ches, that does not take account of the course of the rivers; 
for example, that leaving Perigueux, passing by Limoses and ¢ 
ending at Chartres. Do we not see there the sreat central ro- 
ute from Limoges to Paris, nearly without deviation! And the 
other from the same centre, which passes by Ansouleme to Poi- 
tou to cast itself on the Loire and the Maine, is it not also 
a great commercial route followed in our day? Does not our w 
map take account of that natural barries, that the Loire has 
so long estabcished between the North and South of France? 
And that line of Burdundy, which from the warne to Chalons 
descending to the limits of Lyonnais, unites Aix.la-Ghapelle, 
the Rhine and Moselle to the Rhone by the Marne and the Saone, 
is it not again the route followed and traced in our time? 
One cannot claim that our map is traeéd according to certain 

preconceived ideas; again the monuments are there; besides 
these ideas are sussested to us only by the sisht of the lin- 
es joining the scattered landmahks, that we have been able to 
mark. In localities where meet two or three branches startins 
from two or three opposed centrer, we can prove the influence 
and the mixture of the arts from those ce tres. This fact is 
apparent at Chartres, Chalons-sur-warne, Nevers, Toulouse, V 
Valence, Puy, Auxerre, and Rouen. Our illustrations have or 
will demonstrate this. The crossing of the.two branches leav- 
ing Peridueux is apparent at Loches. All those branches indi- 
cate routes traced and followed by the commeree of the 12 th 
century; and without claimins to sive this labor an exassera- 
ted importance, we can believe that it can aid in destroying . 
this idea of confusion, of chauce intervening ‘tn the progress 
and the development of the arts of this vart of Hurope; perha- 
ps it will cast some lights on the comolex history of those 
distant times. Por us these centres with their branches tend- 
ins to unite at certain points indicate the first steps of t 
the peoples toward national unity im the midst of the feudal 
‘system; These facts can aid in findings the causes of the wea- 
lth of certain cities, whose importance we have difficulty in 
understanding today. When the monarchical power established 
itself in the 13 th century on sradually strensthened bases, 


hie AS : 


bo : v 


ry ; Shape _ "1 _ 
-‘Yib to seont DIG _YeswseC nolttéotowmseo seeiit: ead ti 
orreee ti ns bus esotevo ,enitisgo ¢os19 
Pe -log wow sat dttw aiemob Isyou edi tc etre sit Yo nottaxsIene0 
ss ettdows, eopeenemoS wor benteloxs ei evdT -2noitadistend Lenidé 
-atvoig eeeid word :doces Jett te besvlaisa yinebbus eaw suwstos 
ett Yo soneultnt edt bevtsoet divo® bas sesh teal edd to eso 
ows 10% medd bevoee fed ¢edt .eetuoy omse ant vd nismob Isyorx 
«8d18 awo atedd Yo encttirbass edt sbhiedvo Snibnedxe at eetontaso 

eect egosivermye eoxutied® to [arbeddss ent to 1swot bid eaT 
*oefeodos [eacioniza ows edt to enoitibsss fos eedess ,atactts 
 \ @ s9eeef 10 se¢s918 to eeonenlini bos yroseid seodw ,fna9 to 
to wwelnets sdt dtod sseeeesoo JI .beoatd seul eved <n tneitxs 
Yo tewog eit hoe JecW odd to eteatias ont to encitaqeonce est 
18 memiol edd to ezenhlod evosbetasvhs edt ,zsiviourte atedé 
~ ¥Yacmted vol gJonigveni bra inementist ,.viroridee eld .efostino 
to erovoursanoo sdv to moitioc edt 2ew dotde ,enoitiogqeic to 
esceia bas e2if .snte® sit to evelisv edt to .nismobh [evo sas 
s slate « ni sent of wod weak onw Soetidoweceds to seman sdT 
-asqmi eid ted :swook ton ef etremele swexrstith seeds soitibs 
decd an of wevoig .vyting ei Jiasm terdo seodw (Yow el{dsedet 
¢ @eitis sdt to eniast odd no erom tet ebnscsh ytiileco sidé 
ib To sen odd tend yebaed eid oi beosla efosmels ect no nadt 
-dw ,viilfecisin0 ebuloxe don of eavisemens ni etnemele Jnese? 
‘yixeqo1g bas ,foim veut s yd beiwsdts? sxe elsinetem seeds as 
2 omi erewos sasivo ste even? .bued [stiide bas baed berinakae 
-ai ai estsisdd to aewot blo edd ot bisty yleoisce dads sonets 
@ yaqgsd setkeb d8td s dose mt entdmoo ¢adé enon sud {SonsII16q 


- 8 
» 
¢ 


yommer201g & to noitsde1qietoleassteoos aft Adiv enoLtyoqo1 | 


-sto0t anoisitsst to noidsotlace edt .sesndota atin noidversbos 
sdtotie dneisags tuodtiw eoitibs sfente se od asite dose oF net 
_-« =foo yliese siom .slomie erom emese 2niddon ,erice sadt 892 oT 
—spoktouidesce sti eoxvisne ono Yi tey bas lbsduoers bas bevieo 
-tib sedi to encivonut Iutitte sat eevieo1sed ef .s1s9 omos déiw 
¢ fewese oF tostdue Snimoese2 s&s sisdwyisvs ,etnemels yns1st 
i edd Yo yiotein odd aol enidesisesni viev ed bloow I] .eaesd 
~tidote doneil edd oc sintosedidows enpesnsmoh mo1t ooLsiensat 
~esm-edd emeo sonedu mo1t nond os ,yIudneo dé FI ess Yo srsdes 
o eft to soltouitence sat bstevatss eaw modw od ekuewste wes 
aan: es¥ .berdoled so somivoig daiw cy .estdasid to rswos blo 
oat bas sei0 sft Yo adined edd no eeitio aeent te sno oi ated 


pte - a on iy 


272 

it found open these communications betweey provinces of dif- 
erent orisins, customs and lansuasge, and it caused the rapid 
penetration of the arts of the royal domain with the new pol- 
itical institutions. Thus is explained how Romanesque archit- 
ecture was suddenly paralyzed at that epoch: how these provin- 
ces of the West, Bast and South received the influence of the 
royal domain by the same routes, that had served them for two 
centuries in extending outside the traditions of their own arts. 

The 61d tower of the cathedral of Ghartres summarizes the eé 
efforts, tastes and traditions of the two principal schools 
of Gaul, whose history and influences of sreater or lesser e 
extent we have just traced. It possesses both the sSrandeur of 
the conceptions of the artists of the West and the power of 
their structures, the advantageous boldness of the Norman ar- 
chitects, the sobriety, refinement and instinct for harmony 
of proportions, which was the portion of the constructors of 
the royal domain, of the valleys of the Seine, Oise and Aisne. 
The name of thebarehitect who knew how to fuse in a single e 
edifice these different elements is not known; but his imper- 
ishable work, whose chief merit is unity, proves to us that 
this quality devends far more on the genius of the artist, t 
than on the @lements vlaced in his hands; that the use of dif- 
ferent elements in themselves do not exclude orisinality, wh- 
en these materials are gathered by a just mind, and properly 
organized head and skilful hand. There afe other towers in ¥ 
France that scarcely yield to the old tower of Chartres in im- 
portance; but none that combine in such a hish degree happy p 
proportions with the accuratesinterpretation of a prosramme, 
moderation with richness, the application of traditions fore- 
ign to each other to a single edifice without apparent effort. 
To see that spire, nothing seems more simple, more easily con- 
ceived and executed, and yet if one analyzes its construction 
with some care, he perceives the skilful junctions of the dif- 
ferent elements, everywhere a reasoning subject to assured t 
taste. It would be very interesting for the history of the t 
transition from Romanesque architecture to the French archit- 
ecture of the 13 th century, to know from whence came the mas - 
ter ofrworks tc whom was entrusted the construction of the o 
old tower of Chartres, to what province he belonged. Yas he 
born in one of those cities on the banks of the Oise and the 


evs 
‘Tbewiseet¢ Sa0f of e19m enoitibert nsmof-olisd. saedw .enets 
_ vedt bna snie’ edt to exnad saz mo1t smoo beebak ed bib. 36 
. teal tedt oft entloni bluode o¥ @nsuoh bos aired nested eaph 
<BOws1a00 Yo asvos odd to efindeb edt ak ebnt? eno 10% ,ntgtro 
~te1 edd ,osetaluoe sid af bos esdows sdt to etntbi{uom edd ni 
~~ eonet7 sdi to soitzoqg tadd of Bnignoled sos1® bas snemani 
.9 edd biawot eneté edt bae estO edd to eniead sid aT .yr0tia 
~~ bas elomie siom ois e@nib(yom sit .vantaeo At SF edd to bas 
-dasd ai eiutalvos off .emoidibert nemof-ofle Yo ees! nists. 
| scnsultai naitaivores sah smz0t vot dametnoo yd anie bas sow 
. Yedasg odd ni olinw ,2eonivorg desl odd ot stel yiev eteiereq 
. - pew yxsen@ bas eotnsl .zinsd ngewssd beeorqmeo gons1i—-eh-olT 
sieaed seodw .yietooo di tf edd mort feodoe stsisase s banvot 
“nso dv Sf sdv to s{bhbim oid tuoda Litow bektirng ylilswheig ei 
| -ts beanees diiw sbosoorq hee eaokteie®zaxe abiove tadt vied 
| »-etaecif[eh .dnemenite: bes sonstels 10 [{vt t18 as buswod eas 
| elbbim sdé¢ oi foodoe tedd Baivest sostinors oA .benisstead bae 
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-. ;waotenow otni [fet son of selaioniag nwo edi to gence odd 


273 

Aisne, where Gallo-Roman traditions were so longs preserved? 
Or did he indeed come from the banks of the Seine and the 
Rure between Paris and Rouen? We should incline to thet last 
orisin, for one finds in the details of the tower of Chartres, 
in the mouldings of the arches and in the sculpture, the ref- 
inement and Srace belongings to that portion of the Frence ter- 
ritory. In the basins of the Oise and the Aisne toward the e 
end of the 12 th century, the mouldimés are more simple and 
retain less of Gallo-Roman traditions, the sculpture is barb- 
arous and sins by contempt for form. Hhe werovinsian influeme 
persists very late in the last provinces, while in the part of 
Tle-de-France compresed between Paris, Mantes and Dreux, was 
forméd a separate school from the 11 th century, whose taste 
is gradually purified until about the middle of the 12 th cen- 
tury, that av@ids exasserations and proceeds with assured st- 
evs toward an art full of elegance and refinement, delicate 
and restrained. An architect leaving that school in the middle 
of the 12 th century, findings in Orleanais tke last traces of 
the arts of the provinces of the southwest and some elements 
of those of Normandy, brought just what was necessary to build 
the old tower of Ghartres by combinins his own aualities with 
the Romanesoue influerces, that had entered that province. It 
indeed is curious to observe at that epoch and still later at 
the beginnings of the 13 th century, how the architects of Ile- 
dJe-France, although they were in advance of the adjacent sch- 
eols, bent toward the local traditions, when called outside 
their centre. It was only at the end of the 13 th century, wh 
when architecture had accepted actual formulas, that the flex- 
ibility of the artists vanished entirely to sive place to an 
art, which took account of neither traditions nor of local as- 
toms, but resolutely advanced in the path it traced. As for 
us, we orefer flexibility to these invariable formulas, to t 
the enexorable logic, which forces art to throw itself into 
the abuse of its own principles to not fall into monotony; so 
our readers will pardon us for extending to such lensth on t 
the epoch of transition 4nd research, even of experiments, an 
epoch much more varied and fertile in instruction than the s 
succeedins one. 

Tf at Chartres an architect of Ile-de-France conceived and 
superintended the erection of the old tower at Rouen, it is 


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very probable that one of his colleasues conceived and built 
the tower of the cathedral known under the name of S. Romain. 
The tower of S.. Romain of the cathedral of Rouen is contempor - 
aneous with the old tower of qhartres (1140 to 1160}. The pri- 
mitive termination of that tower exists no lonser, or was ne- 
ver erected. It must probably have consisted of a sreat octas- 
onal pyramid, like the terminating one of the stairway of the 
same tower.However that may be, the tower is entire and is cr- 
tainly one of the most beautiful of that part of Prance; it 
presents a mixture of the two styles of Tle-de-france and of 
Normandy, tn which the first element dominates; there also t 
the French artist is subject to the local influences, but he 
has evidently brought the taste of his school and his own se- 
niuS.. 

Here (62) is the elevation of the tower of S. Romain on th 
east side, where is found the stairway leadins to the base of 
the belfry. The tower of S. Romain of the cathedral of Rouen 
is detached on three sides and starts from the sround, like 
most towers of facades before the 13 th century. Like that of 
Chartres, it is internally composed of two superposed vaulted 
halls, and a belfry story divided into two. But here the mean 
arrangements are confused, the division into stories of equal 
height of Norman towers was adopted by the French master of 
works; submitting to these customs, still he has diffused in 
his work the grace and refinement, the study of details, the 
moderate projections, the perfect harmony of the mouldings a 
and sculpture with the whole, that belons to the school from 
which he came. He has very Skilfeblyyarransed the solids and 
voids, sgivins more importance to these and increasing the sca- 
le of the details as the tower rises from the Sround. These 
details are of Sreat beauty, the construction is executed in 
small materials with the care that the architects of the 12 
th century took in all their buildinss; the mouldinss project 
little and produce much effect in spite of their extreme ref- 
inements: the buttresses are skilfully placed and profiled. T 
The stairway on the east side deranses the arrangement of the 
openings, but is a masterpiece of architecture. The construct - 
ion of the tower of 3. Romain of Rouen, althoush very light b 
by reason of the extraordinary dimensions of the edifice, has 
suffered no alterations but those produced by the fire, that 


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275 
destroyed the cathedral at the end of the 12 th century. In 
the 13 th century was placed at A an arch in one of the twin 
openings of the belfry for the passage of the sreat bells. T 
This fact is curious; it indicates either that before that 
epoch the bells were raised in the towers during their erect- 
ion, or they were of small dimensions, as we said above. 

We could also furnistenumerous examples of these towers of 
the epoch of transition built in the vicinity of Ile-de-France; 
but it is necessary to limit ourselves. It remains to us to 
show how the architects of the 13 th century knew how to pro- 
fit by the experiments of their predecessors, and apply the 
principles orisSinated in the provinces of the West, Hast and 
North, to the new method of construction introduced at the . 
end of the 12 th century in Ile-de-France. 

One of the rare complete towers from the beSinnins of the t 
13 th century is that which flanks the facade of the cathedral 
of Senlis at the southerm side. We give a persoective view of 
it.(63). Built at ome spurt durins the first years of the 13 
th century and of materials excellent in auality, this tower 
already shows us the tendenciss of the architects of the 13 th 
century to seek sarvrisins effects. Rising on a nearly solid 
sauare base, but beneath which opens a charmins portal openins 
next the south side aisle of the cathedral (Art. Porte), con- 
trary to the habits of the precedins builders, this lateral 
tower is no lonser aedetached monument; it intimately partici- 
pates in the plan if the church; its ground story serves2as 
vestibule to one of the side aisles. Already the lateral tow#- 
ers of the abbey church of S. Denis erected by abbot Suger pr 
presented that arrangement, which appears to have been adopt- 
ed in tle-de-france from the 12 th century. Above the sround 
story is a vaulted story, lishted on each side by twin openi- 
nss; then immediately over that story rises the belfry with 
octagonal plan. A stairway A, placed in a strensthened angle 
and no lonser independent as in the precedins examples, sives 
access to the story of the belfry. Great openivitnacles placed 
on the angles of the square serve as transition from that sa- 
gare base to the octagonal story. One of these peinacles con- 
tains a round tower B, which encloses the top of the stairs. 
Four lons openings open in the entire height of the belfry in 
the four faces parallel to the square, and allow the sound of 


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276 
the bells to pass. Three other smaller openings are in the o 
other sides beneath the pinnacles, as indicated in Fis. 646 
fhis <isure shows us the arrangement of the open pyramids cr- 
owning these pinnacles; their axes do not correspond to the 
axes of the pinnadless but these pyramids rest on the faces 
of the vertical octagonal story, as if to serve as buttresses. 
This deviation from the axes of the pyramids, abthoush auite 
eccentric when one examines the pimnacles separately, produc- 
es a very sood effect of the whole, for it leads the eye from 
the square base to the inclination of the sides of the sreat 
crowning’ pyramids, as shown by our Fis. 63. The upper pyramid 
of eight sides like the tower receiving it, bears on each fece 
a great dormer, whose opening allows the escape of the sound 
of the bells. These dormers are in a beautiful style; the per- 
forations decorating their angles and tymopanums are cut with 
sharp angles, and produce much effect at the heisht where pl- 
aced. One will notetthat the little stone roofs crownins the 
dormers are cut with ridges next the spire to detach it. (Pis. 
63). The spire afd the roofs of the dormers have cut scales, 
and the angles of the great pyramid have numerous crockets. 
That is an innovation belonsing to the 13 th century, and whi - 
ch tends to destroy the dryness of these lons inclined lines 
of the spires. Before comins to furnish the ansles of the sp- 
ires with leaf crockets, a sort of inclined cresting, the ar- 
chitects had made other experiments. At S. Leu d’Asserent not 
far from Senlis is a spire built about 1160, whose pyramid p 
presents that peculiarity of chestings detached from the spi- 
re, connected to it only by rings, like inclined columns. But 
that singular means, employed to avoid the dryness of a stra- 
ight line detached against the sky without transition from t 
the solid to the void, was not imitated. Above the dormers a 
are eight slots pierced at the middle of the sides of the py- 
ramid, which still lighten the upper part of the tower. What 
cannot be too much admired in these compositions is the skill 
with which the architects led the eyes of the observer from 
a massive square base to a sharp and light crownias, while h 
reservins projecting points profiled outside the general outl- 
ine, destroying the monotony of the great lines, yet without 
changins them. From this point of view the spire of the cathe- 
dral of Senlis is a work worthy of beins studied with care; 


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4 


277 
those having had occasion to erect edifices of this kind know 
how difficult it is to obtain happy effects. And modern times 
in which has been sousht this Seneral harmony, that perfect 
accord of lines, and at the same time a picturesaue effect, 
are those to demonstrate for us that but rarely is attained 
this perfection. The passase from the vertical parts to the 
inclined planes of the spire is an obstacle asgainst which are 
shattered the efforts of constrectors. Architects from thee 
end of the 12 th century studied with great care and executed 
with skill these important parts of their spires, and all the 
precedins examples here siven show, that if finally they com- 
pletely succeeded, this was not without long experiments, not 
always crowned by success. They had behind them traditions 
and examples more or less happy, but in great number, that co 
could serve them as Suides; while for us today it is necessa- 
ry to seek scattered models, whose original types we cannot 
find, amd to base ourselves on examples, that present #0 us 
only superfluities of different styles or of various epochs.. 
Then too frequently one allows himself to be seduced by the 
appearance of harmony, that time has cast over structures for- 
med of dissimilar elements, and one is notisreatly surbriséd, 
when after havins erected a tower copied from those structur- 
es, he has only produced an unsraceful and incoherent assemb- 
lase with uufortunate outlines. Every architectural part outl - 
inins itself directly on the sky requires forecast, and more 
yet an exquisite feelins for form, for nothing is indifferent 
in such a position? the least detail assumes proportions dif- 
ferent from those obtained on paver or on the seometrical dr- 
awing, and very lons experience of the practical tendency of 
effects to prejudgecthecperspective appearance of the seneral 
combination. 

After havimg¢sought to produce surprisins effectr by complex 
means, aS it always happens, the architects soon perceived +t 
that the simplest seneral combinations are most proper to sive 
the idea of grandeur. The tower of the cathedral of Senlis th 
that appears so sreat, although of very. ordinary dimensions, 
whose perspective effect is so elesant and with such happy ou 
outlines, is a perfect simplicity of combination. The octason 
of the story of the belfry and the pinnacles are exactly ins- 
cribed in the square base; four longs openings serve for sound 


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278 

with eisht similar dormers on the eight faces of the pyramid. 
The Seometrical combination and the trace of the various mem- 
bers of this tower are indicated in Fis. 65 at A, at the lev- 
el of the pinnacles with their little cross vault, whose sro- 
in arch C rests on the head inserted above the openings D; at 
B directly over the pyramid; this plan B shows the direction 
of the augles of the pinnacles and the entersections of the 
dormers, with their valleys in the pyramid of the spire. 

We must leave aside for an instant the towers of Ile-@e-Pr- 
ance or the adjoinins vrovinces to examine how at about the 
Same epoch, i.e, from the 12 th to the 13 th centuries, the 
provinces distant from thet centre of architecture transform- 
ed and passed from Romanesaque to Gothic forms. In these prov- 
inces the transition was lonser and less decided, and the re- 
voltion was only complete, when the purely French schools reac- 
ted on the most distant provinces from the centre of the beau- 
tiful and good Gothic architecture. Sur reader 

Our readers have seen that the central towers of the Saone 
and Saone-et-Loire, which belons to the Bursundian style, were 
a combination of the Carlovinsian traditions from the Rhine 
and local influences produced by the presence of Roman monum- 
ents ; that is why we have placed on our mao (Fis. 58) the c 
centre of that school at Autun. But at Autun ttself exists m 
tower preceding the 15 th century, which has any value; it is 
necessary for us to find the Bursundian typnes of the besinnins 
of the 12 th century at Beaune and Saulieu. At Beaune a cent- 
ral tower vresents a orimitive story possessins all the char- 
acters of the Bursundian Romanesque type. The church of Saul- 
ieu retains its two facade towers nearly entire in the same 
character. We find the very developed Bursundian type at Char- 
ite-sur-Loire, although a littel mixed. The abbey of Charite- 
sur-r,oire dependant on the order of Oluny, built in the first 
half of the 12 th century, like all the churches of that ord- 
er was preceded by a vast vestibule, over the side aisles of 
which rose two sreat towers, one of these towers still entire- 
ly exists, except the crownins, which is of carpentry and of 
&@ more recent epoch. 

Here (66) is a perspective view of this tower, taken from 
the @nterior of the vestibule now destroyed, and where the 
springins of the vaults is seen at A. Here as in the architec- 


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279 

architecture of that epoch and of the province of Bursundy, f 
fluted pilasters nearly everywhere replace columns supporting 
the archivolts. The bands are either with corbels or are dec- 
orated by those little arcades so common in the Carlovingian 
architecture of the Rhine. The blind arcade of the lower sto- 
ry at B and the construction with stories of Ssreat size, as 
sort of facing of a mass, are very frankly Bursundian. But mh 
what should not be omitted is this band D, pamelédiwith roset- 
tes and relief ornaments, that seem to-be antique frasments 
set in the construction. We give a detail of it (67). Burther 
the appearance of this tower is majestic, what it can be rep- 
roached with is a certain heaviness, and that division of the 
belfry in two stories of equal heisht and similar in decorat- 
ion. But it should not be forgotten, that at the epoch louvres 
were not placed in the openinss of belfries, and that archit- 
ects sought to protect the internal carpentry supporting the . 
bells by subdividing the openings as much as possible, while 
makings up by their number for the narrowness of their openings. 
Yet on the banks of the Rhine from the 12 th century, as we 
have seen above, the architects sought o make the tops of the 
towers lighter by terminating them by octagonal stertres. Bur- 
sundy followed the advance, that made its way in the other a 
adjacent provinces. ' 

At Auxerre we find two towers, interestins from the point 
of view of the various influences, that reacted on the front- 
iers of Burdsundy, and tended to modify its native architectu- 
re. One was the old tower of the abbey ofurch of S. Germain, - 
built during the first half of the 12 th century, that almost 
completely abandoned Bursundian traditions to adopt a mixed 
style, that belonged to Ile-de-France or rather Champagne; t 
the other beins the tower of church S. Busebe, but built lat- 
er about 1160, remaining frankly Bursgundian. The old tower of 
church S. Germain of Auxerre, called the tower of S. Jean, w 
was built at one spurt from base to the apex of the spire, a 
and it is rare to find towers of that epoch and of that part 
of France retainins their primitive coverins. [t flanked the 
old facade of the abbey church, and at bottom rested on a sa- 
uare tower without openings, except an arch sivins entrance 
to the ground story. é 

Ne sive the elevation of this tower (68). The construction 


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280 
is unbroken up to the stsrry of the belfry, and is only decor- 
ated by a blind arcade at the level A. Hisht buttresses flank 
the four ansles up to the sprinsins of the internal pendenti- 
ves, that spport the octagonal story B. On each side three o 
openings in the belfry story allow the sound of the bells to 
pass outside, and at each ansle of the sauare are placed sol- 
id pinnacles, that strensthen the four ansles of the tower by 
their weight. A pyramid with eight sides rises over the last 
story and is decorated at its base by four solid sables. The 
sides of the stone pyramid are slishtly convex, as if to bet- 
ter lead the eye from the vertical octagonal story to the up- 
per point. From the base to the apex of the spire of this tow- 
er is 160.8 ft. The construction of the tower of S. Jean of 
Auxerre is executed with ¢great care in small soft materials: 
it is verfectly preserved. The transition from the square to 
the octagon is very skilfully arransed, but one does not find 
the happy proportions of the relative heishts of stories of 
this edifice, that are presented by the towers of Tle-de-Pran- 
ce. The story of the belfry has not sufficient importance: t 
that of the blind arcade has too much, or rather a strikins 
defect of proportions in the eoual heisht of these two stori- 
es. The four gables at the base of the pyramid are very mode- 
rately arranged, the octagonal story below is poor, and the 
four pinnacles are mean. Yet the entirety of the edifice pro- 
duces in execution a very happy effect, and which atones for 
the defects of the details is the seneral outline studied w 
with refinement. The horizontal lines, so necessary in every 
stone edifice to sive the idea of stability, and to indicate 
a structure built in courses, does not interfere with the en- 
tasis, that from base to apex sives a line successively rece- 
ding without abrupt changes. The four pinnacles, whose apexes 
exceed the too of the upper cornice, more by the perspective 
effect than the elevation, connect the square base to the py- 
ramid. One feels here a very delicate art, a serious study of 
effects. This tower of S. Germain of Auxerre must serve as a 
type for many others erected in the vicinity about the end of 
the 12 th century. At Vermanton still exists 4 charmins tower, 
that dates from the first years of the 13 th century, built 
accordins to the same details but much more elesant; the pin- 
nacles already have openings,and the archivolts of the openings 


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281 
rest on little columns. The stone spire of this tower has not 
existed for a lons time. The base of the tower of Vermanton 
is not without openings, like that of S. Jean, but it forms 
a vestibule before the side aisle. 

In the same city at Auxerre yet exists another tower, built 
some years after that of S. Jean (about 1160), but which more 
frankly belongs to the Bursundiam school. That is the little 
tower of 3S. Husebe. We sive (69) the elevation and at A the 
section. This tower was originally placed near the choir on 
the North side and rose from the sround} its plan is an exact 
squaree Today it is engaged in the side aisle of the choir of 
the 16 th century, at the end of the nave of the 12 th centu- 
ry. Above the ground story and pierced by a single small win- 
dow,rises the pretty blind arcade formed of pilasters and lit- 
tle polygonal columns, with foiled pointed arches. {Pfhatdapéa- 
de serves as a substructure for the belfry, very happily open- 
ed. In the interior from the level of the vault of the ground 
story of the base of the spire, the surfaces rise vertically 
without recessions or projections’ at B alone are seen corbe- 
ls on which probably rested the upper wooden floor. Foun trum- 
pets support the last octasonal story, that recetves a stone 
svire rebuilt in the 15 th century. One will note here that 
the upper story has an irresular octasonal plan with four la- 
rge and four small onésson trumpets. One also finds at the t 
top of the tower the cornice composed of little arcades, that 
we saw at Charite-sur-Loire, on the tower of S. Jean of Auxe- 
rre and on Rhenish towers. 

The tower of S. Susebe is admirably constructed, and its p 
points of support, arrangement of stories, details, mouldings 
and sculptures indicate the hand of a skilful architect and. 
man of taste. It is to be regretted, that the svire of this 
tower was destroyed, for it would be interestins to know how 
the author of this tower had placed the irresular pyramid on 
the irregular octagon; was it also irresular, or did the arch- 
itect compensate for the differences of the sides by some spe- 
cial arrangement? The last system seems to us to present more 
probability. 

We must confess to our readers, that there prevails great 
uncertainty concerning the form and dimensions given to spir- 
es of towers during the 12 th century, for most of the towers 


) ee aes ee ‘ “te bo 


ges 

eenoivouisence tneos1 oxom Yd henwo1o feed sved sooge sett Yo 
seodd to afoodoes owt edt to sao sesh sit nk tadd nese sved sh 
on mie? siddsa to eorice yistogo dv tf edd nt dlind seonivoryr 
fetoete Loodoe reddo odd dedt bos ,cot de eiaos bts @ ative 
eelsoe dtiiw sencte to eseasoo ni eerice Isbhimsava 1x0 Isodaco 
\e,%8s88 off to eeontvoig neiesivolis® edd ol .etuos etivo bas 
e218 {snokylog 10 e1supe ,doecs smse edd mor) steb sedd sertae 
m SE edd ai j{otuo08 yideasiod sis bas snote to tlind eeinedil 
“68 YIeV esewos dowedo eti no esoafa ybsasiis yboskip§ yiesaso 
OT -ettexsA to nse .2 to aswod eft elomexe 103 .2erige séu 
-“wOoIO g990 svsd o3 tesdceA enokesemib Iiswe to e1ewos vbosmi0l 
gaitmie? ylews: .sorice snote yd yloo yapdneo dé ff edd of bon 
«vYougswot yiis1c edi to dads eiil .xre0s sds ge olbase tedia 2 
betowrtenoo yitsebive e1s atewot tse12 edd jneed as)8n nent 
‘feedowsdo to etateeoss edd 19vo besoste seodd ylislvots1s0) 
a@tetnso as FL edt ot yino aan dT sebimexya neboow svisos. of 
Sémos yIeV déin eiencd dowede ati hereves eonivo1g etdd cand 
vbsearo!% of beteobs beddem odd sonaat~sbh-siI nT .esttae saove 
vweesaeoqg yino erswot sesbio ens ;benollot ased svsd os emose 
“189098 yindoso dé St odd aniseh bas (eerie saode vgqmude yIsy 
—w61b aso S00 tedt noiteulonco: yinc off .ebinsaya sivos edz bs 
ni .eitmed edd oi OFLL duods tedd .ei sisb euoiasv sesdt nott 
Sdt yotsmob [syor edt Yo .eseniveic sad bas ybasmack . vbowd108 
tuemeigqmoo yreeeeoen 8 88 hebisbea esw aenice sid to seenstuoa 
. -fIfame vo sbasi .iswot yaews to 

&veds Yo Sninnited sft pois .ybnubaed oF oisds1. eu tal sud 
-d6dd yloodee otitod.s sonivoig Jedd ni Esax0% esx yirdaso sa 
~beqmend bee eoasatesh-slT Yo seodd dyin anigeot Isupe ao saw 
Vistiése beaneled fstaobs hes i asiqionitg Isnenes edgy Yt gon 
eti beessecoo ti [Lids ,eindoetidois ni noitdelovse1 wee shit od 
-@noitibeasy sunegensmos Yo Jiuas1 odd ~ustosisdo sonizeib nwo 
-% Yo .bstete sd deom dt bos .elsiaedse sdt to yilsop edt Yo 
G§ ed? ssonivowg Jedd to estnssidadai odd to sinten Lesnsm odd 
-8 e908 of ,eeesies1 teoddin blod ei Ifite bos esw osiboudasd 
a deexte ddbim gecd settiwoitirbh shiovs ,.mis sdt of dddieadte 
eeel ydinsdxe 10 sslev tisdd eenoeib asdd ascdsd eesad0ig eid 
‘oo af¥nsd eft to 10 sabsamedS to ¢doetidsdat edt nets beniter 
-seogeih ted’ .déteside to sesoxs yd tedde1 emis sd .soiee etd 
‘eisdsa vd seviadh ei ed ,ysiletuxd of eaot netfo win ni noisie 
boos essaseeca oi tod ;kniweh bas efulozser ,lwixewog resc00e o¢ 


282 
of that epoch have been crowned by more recent constructions. 
We have seen that in the West ome of the two schools of those 
‘provinces built in the 11 th century spires of rubble form ns 
auite a large angle at top, and that the other school erecta 
conical or pyramidal spires in courses of stones with scales 
and auite acute. In the Garlovinsian provinces of the Hast, 
spires that date from the same epoch, square or polysonal, are 
likewise built of stone and are tolerably acute; in the 12 ta 
century Bursundy already places on its church towess very ac- 
ute spires, for example the tower of S. Jean of Auxerre. In 
Normandy towers of small dimensions appear.to have been crow- 
ned in the 11 th cemtury only by stone spires, rarely formins 
a right ansle at the apex, like that of the pretty tower of 
fhan nmear Caen; the sreat towers are evidently constructed 
(particularly those erected over the crossings of churches) 
to receive wooden pyramids. It was only in the 13 th century, 
that this. province covered its church towers with very acute 
stone spires. In Ile-de-France the method adopted in Normandy 
seems to have been followed; the oldest towers only possess v 
very stumpy stone spires, and durins the 12 th century aopear- 
ed the acute pyramids. The only conclusion that one can draw 
from these various data is, that about 1150 in the Centre, in 
Burgundy, Normandy and the provinces of the royal domain, the 
acuteness of the spires was resarded as a necessary complement 
of every tower, large or small. 

But let us return to Bursundy. prom the besinnins of the 3 
oh century was formed in thet province a Gothic school, that 
was on equal footing with those of Ile-de-France and Champas— 
ney if the seneral principles i. had adopted belonsed entirely 
to the new revolution in architecture, still it possessed its 
own distinct character, the result of Romanesoue traditions, 
of the quality of the materials, and it must be stated, of t 
the mental nature of the inhabitants of that province. The B 
Bursundian was and still is bold without rashress, he Soes s 
straisht to the aim, avoids difficulties that misht arrest h 
his progress rather than discuss their value or extent; less 
refined than the inhabitant of Champagne or of the banks of 
the Seine, he sins rather by excess of strensth, that dispo- 
sition in him often soes to brutality, he is driven by nature 
to appear powerful, resolute and daring; but he vossesses sad 


F8s 

- edt r0% (eitostedue bes euad odd eooitiruose seven bos senee 
~9bh seeds move bus seitileup seed. .noitestueteo Yo sonsisscds 
19 séinsmunom odt ai awsonem dnobivs seom odd ni 199008 Bt081 
-doas wonvedd 10% ;ybontasd ni ywiaso dt &t ede aniapbh besos 
. edd ead yaesoso Jant Yo Sninaixed edt ts bhotanitiao santoesi 
baigetad to .bevclams yll{nilide bos ylersonie sedw ,eseénavbes 
«ti baiylags ezods to etostebh bae asivilenn ont Ife tnhetl od 
of tarenoled smiady es emptoeticors eidd buster sw ydw ef dadt 
tee +VIINHOD IWwO 

-a9id s biewot youslo edt to eotomebned eft ,enoitibeas on? 
ssonsvhe dia eins :2oiddon ob ugo eslumie? edt hoe .t1s cite 
3s saevosiesio odd amisdo evolisy edi‘nt etaieo ti bos  enols 
-vitom eft yd exewod wok celsubivibni edd Yo neve esloosa ent 
\ doum es noidsricert to etnemanom gesel de ,ovods beoubhsh ee 
-tibe redvo yee osds ylevorobiv svom srteedqme .ytiliss to es 
meq sis omit edt 3s somivorg doze oF 1990010 esitileaup sds sou 
—~wedaieiteset eupesneaee esti roxt easa 

ene iwisv 8 vino seessaecq vbrotiw? .dte 102 yletsands0tsh 
© edd To esdoindo sd! .yustineo dt Ff edt Io eiswod Yo r9dm0n 
tedd oi svoventa yiov bas Isitaeultal se1sw xusetta to aski0 
anioslo 10% hewolia isihvo etds tedt nwond ei Fi fae .sontvers 
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to serfoisdo ed¢ mo1t febsloxe bed bisnieS «2 .yaseesoen ylewo 
- etremunom oeped es .eiswod gud sastc{pee yleo ton 19610 sid 
es btso1sd «2 to dnembbot oAT «.ydilbiy Iser terodtiw vrinav to 
eiswosy of nevi sonessicomt eit to notnigo we ea1itroo nists 
eorntopite aefdsy o1ew yond Jadd ~isiv .esta slbbim end anianh 
-wod nent tediay esiisteanom 10 seidio to shina sdd. .wene a0t 
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»mewog to te diiesn to &nileet ext .eedoado Yo anibliod ana 
be bieniel «2 vd fsonsono1g suedtens ent has ,etewost betosss 
-eut ot .etootq asdto to Aoel sdt ni coittus [lin ev9ewet denis 
to a0bia edt to nisiamoe evysenle neo S¥ .noissmides aso ytd 
~geonoo [snigixo fre [utitused to en bevingsb cow .basowd .2 
moult Santce yininso dv FL edd at doisw .esoad Lf{s exif enocis 
edd o¢ Hebnolsd veleseV .edoetidows seibondaeS to Loonos sat 
to.aebae sdvt to robin odd of heacage ylanowte .yanld to ysbh10 

~asgeh dorndo olstil koe 

_ ~witsa10-s18% .2 to dowsio odd ef eidé ;yaedesnom tens so dosh 
_ fetoere soitibe eltzil tedd ni aedt emsee FI .ewtets .2 to a9 


eV 189m wom ;woad [le es ,xusesrD 


283 

sense and never sacrifices the true and substantial for the 
appearance of ostentation. «hese aualities and even these de- 
fects appear in the most evident manner in the monuments er- 
ected durins the 13 th century in Bursandy; for the new arch- 
itecture orisinated at the beginnins of that century has the 
advantase, when sincerely and skilfully employed, of brinsins 
to light all the qualities and defects of those applying it. 
That is why we regard this architecture as truly belonsins to 
our country. 

The traditions, the tendencies of the clersy toward a hier- 
atic art, and the formulas cai do mothins; this art advances 
alone, and it paints in its various charms the character of 
the peoples even of the individuals. Now towers by the motiv- 
es deduced above, at least monuments of inspiration as much 
as of utility, emphasize more visorously than any other edif- 
ice the aualities proper to each province at the time art can 
pass from its Romanesque restraints. 

Unfortunately for art, Burgundy possesses only a very small 
number of towers of the 12 th century. The churches of the o 
order of aiteaux were influential and very numerous in that 
province, and it is known that this order allowed for placing 
the bells in its sacred edifices only the arransements risor- 
‘ously necessary. S$. Bernard had excluded from the churches of 
his order not only sculpture but towers, as beins monuments 
of vanity without real utility. The juddment of S. Bernard a 
again confirms our opinion of the importance sSiven to towers 
durins the middle ages, viz:- that they were rather structures 
for show, the pride of cities or monasteries rather than tow- 
ers intended to receive bells. If religious feelings caused t 
the building of churches, the feelings of wealth or of power 
erected towers, and the anathema pronounced by S. Bernard ag- 
ainst towers will suffice in the lack of other proofs, to jus- 
tify our estimation. We can always complain of the risor of 
S- Bernard, who deprived us of beautiful and orisinal concep- 
tions like all those, which in the 13 th century spruns from 
the school of Bursgundian architects. Vezelay belonsed to the 
order of Cluny, strongly opposed to the risor of the order of 
Citeaux, as all know: now near Vezelay a little church depen- 
dant on that monastery; this is the church of S. Pere or rath- 
er of S. Pierre. It seems that in that little edifice erected 


a ROO : : 
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; fo sonetseqas sit woiasdxs ent so seeel Js henisies Ji :elets 
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ebie edt asvo [led betlosv s to. edeienoo di aciastni edt of 
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4 
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Cae 


234 
about 1240, the architect as a dependant of the abbot of Vez- 
elay wished to protést against the Cistercian tendencies of 
Burgandy at that epoch; for he had erected at the sides of t 
the portal of the church of S. Pere two enormous towers, if 
compared to the size of the church. Of these two towers only 
one was ecompbetéed, except the spire, which was made of wood 
in the 14 th century and covered with shinsles. To see that 
elegant structure, beautiful by its happy proportions and by 
the charmins details that cover it, one must believe that the 
Bursundian school, in spite of the Cistercians, was not then 
at its first experiment; it is not by the first attempt that 
one attains to similar conceotions. There must exist in those 
provinces other towers formins the transition between the Bo- 
manesque towers of Bursundy and of Nivernais and the tower of 
S$. Pere. That transition for lack of existing examples and in 
spite of our researches, entieely escapes us, and if one finds 
still in the tower of S. Pere some traces of he Romanesaue 
traditions of those provinces, it must be confessed that they 
are scarcely appreciated. 

Note 1.9-382. See Art. Architecture Monosttaue. 

Fis. 70 presents a persoective view of that tower as the p 
primitive architect left it, i.e., without the spire and bef- 
ore the construction of the porch, that masks its base. At & 
is visible the charm of the structure of the nave of the chu- 
rch contemporaneous with the tower. Scarcely had it been ere- 
ted, than was added to it a Sable covered by statues and scul- 
otures, whose considerable height included a portion of thea 
angle of the tower up to the level #. Our view gives the tow- 
er of S. Pere here as it was before these successive additions. 
Although it was erected on the first bay of the north side ai- 
aisle of the church, and that one of its angles rests on an 
isolated pier, yet its base did not sive entrance to the side 
aisle; it retained at least on the exterior the appearance of 
a tower startins from the ground like the Romanesque towers. 
In the interior it consists of a vaulted hall over the side 
aisle, lighted by twin windows. Over thet hall the tower is 
entirely empty. The top of the vault of the second story is 
paved -lat with sutters along the four walls endins in a Sar- 
Soyle for discharse of the water driven into the belfry by 
wind. This vault and that of the side aisle are pierced by 


Fes " 

-d6 sesd sisupe edt nO .efled ofd to sksseeq eid 10% ekninsac 
~om yd Bedeeative yosorle ei nodstoo isqqn odd (8 baad sit eve 
fns [{sw sit mort soetorg ybsexls ted? ,enmuloo sftil to ens 
‘etishe sesdt nsewtedesosae si? .ebninseo slbhim eft ssofons 
ebneces yIno 0 yswitste edd Tot) Pifoe e1e esfene aot sat bne 
“40% edd mrot vedd bos .(yrote bacose eft Yo sfusv sid svode 
“] “.aewot edt Yo eisia elans sd¥ .troaque Yo etniog Lecioniaa 
ot Islisisa esost ett est ezad [enovstoc dtiw yviote teel oct 
edt Yo eeftas oft .eteqme1t no s1isupe sit Yo elenobsib sit 
-so0 ei3 wofst .esfosanta neqo yd betaninies sis aewot srenpe 
sav ni bedaeent enotliebem heviso betonm ais C te yrote [anode 
“Yo eediezor siy niete ef{[soe1 tedt? .sbettenled selet to sroe 
to swot edd to ehned odd neewied nese eved en vent ,etsifse1 

| «E[Isbem seeds tedd emese JT .attos-ae-stivedn Yo dorsde edt 
josibos sig to enbie oft snsestos1 eviews to redmun oft Yo enc 
@ “tostidors ent to ssbt sit eew etdd tedd sdeael ds dois ov 
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es fove .otinomns tiecot w yfevem at enoiliebsm eeedt to sat 
-10¥ to ytintotv edt ot enoveemil blo sdd ni Bowot vivnsuosa 
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witess ,s{dediame1 et e1e9 .2 to aswot edt Yo noiiiecamoo Is 
2o907qIboe Hos santbivom eit ee cove .elistsbh sid .hoosersban 
oy efnolsd doidw .mobss1t bos eeenblod tedd dttw betuoexs ote 
“S dtiw eeltns edT .yastnse dt Ff odd to slyde ostbnedaed sat 
‘od hetosnaoe hae eeam edd mort hedosstsbh enmuloo sltsil aisdd 
¢ Ase1d .eféstoso sia to esevosds ens bane ebnir yd ersia od 
-s00 asqo oft ct eye ont beef ins esfons sesit to eesnyaib edad 
od asilvese sisteo1sdd edt to eno to .eelosnnia sit to esnil 
siusourse odd to eaam scot tency .et sivtoetidorws to shom sing 
-80 Bkiée edt bos sreia sdT .notdercoeb sit to susbnsashat et 
-8ee7b siddae rot ees vem tedt ,e5ex000 wol ni ¢fivd 918 ef 
“foo sfatil ne exfoviders .ebosd ett elidu wlota ed déin be 
to .eabe no vee Snose Yo exoold etasl to betoutsenco sis enn 
=noo sid nsewdsd testénod ed? .s1s0 dtiw too bas wilsup boot 
“fle ebbs evitsioosh yieisg t1sa sdé bone seam sdt to nottouate 


285 

openings for the passage of the bells. On the sauare base ab- 
ove the band B, the upper octagon is already su@sested by me- 
ans of little columns, that already project from the wall ani 
enclose the middle openings. The spacesbetween these shafts 
and the four angles are solid (for the stairway © only ascends 
above the vault of the second story), and they form the four 
principal points of support, the angle piers of the tower. T 
The last story with octasonal base has its faces parallel to 
the diasonals of the soquare on trumpets. The angles of the 
Square tower are terminated by open pimnacles. Below the oct- 
agonal story at D are moted carved medallions inserted in the 
sort of false balustrade, that recalls agaim the rosettes of 
reliefs, that we have seen between the bamds of the tower of 
the church of charite-sur-foire. It seems that these medalli- 
ons of the number of twelve represent the signs of the zodiac; 
we think at least that this was the idea of the architect; b 
but the séulptar appears to hawe left himself to fanciful con- 
ceptions in the execution of some of these little reliefs. 9 
One of these madallions is merely a fossit ammonite, such as 
frequently found in the old limestone in the vicinity of Mor- 
van. This was a natural sculpture just found and placed there. 
Four statues of angels soundins the little ivory horn and cr- 
owned by canopies, happily terminate the angles of the second 
story of the belfry: on the sides of the octagonal story eisht 
smaller seated statues accompany the pinnacles. If the sener- 
al composition of the tower of S. Pere is remarkable, easily 
understood, the details, such as the mouldings and sculptures, 
are executed with that boldness and freedom, which belongs to 
the Burgundian style of the 13 th century. The angles with t 
their little columns detached from the mass and connected to 
the piers by rings and the abacuses of the capitals, break t 
the dryness of these angles and lead the eye to the open out- 
lines of the pinnacles. But one of the charcaters peculiar to 
this mode of architecture is, that the mass of the structure 
is independent of the decoration. The piers and the solid pa- 
rts are built in low courses, that may pass for rubble dress- 
ed with the pick, while the bands, archivolts and little col- 
umns are constructed of large blocks of stone set on edse, of 
good quality and cut with care. The contrast between the con- 
struction of the mass and the part purely decorative adds sin- 


/ 


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-[f{st nsqo ns ;efas9 to [avbedtso ef® to shsoel add to exrswod 


*88 .uiifed sit to sesd edt to ddebed ent Je medd esosnoo ye — 


-t:ed% to aiswod odT saead Yo Isibsdtso sid ds Jnemetesiis om 
eiewos to saan oft yd owond ,eias9 Yo Ietbeddse ent to shaoed 
~ige'snose edt to esesd edd oF yino Jliud s1sw .smsd sitoOY to 
easiisg yem noltonisence sisdt .mshit owote ot stew tedd .2s4 

~ @eead edt mort .cf&Sf bas @SSl exsesy edd meewted besiaamoo ed 
-oe8 oisme1 esewot sgedT .qot ent od yaelis nego deorwr sit to 
~fendgoeiss ots zoleas isd? ,siige edt to seed edd oF an ten 
“edd shie. dose no yovovo ekninsao oind bas ,eeezeittad yd be 
“aT .sotot00 asqq0 sda bas yis{ish teers ofd Gh SHdied stidns 
tena aorstoo ods of e1eupe odd mort Snieeec ereilisdi0o Lea19% 


a 


a 
dees S 


et = ae Eee ee 


7 
] 


286 
Sinsgularly to the effect produced here. 

The detail of one of the angles of the tower (71) will ill- 
ustrate the mode of construction adopted, as well as the hap- 
py composition of these angles open in some parts, as if toe 
establish a transition between the solids of the piers and 
the void of the atmosphere. Indeed that was one of the preoc- 
cupations of the architects of the 13 th century: they feared 
Ssdblid and risid outlines, it seems that the desired in struc- 
tures detached asainst the sky, to avoid the abrupt transition 
from the solid to the void. This principle, which indicates 
a very refined feelings for the external form of architecture, 
that lightened the emlarsed edefices by making them bland in- 
to the sky, so to sneak, carried to excess sradually led the 
architects to execute the stone lacework of the 15 th century. 

We give (72) the quarter of the plan of the upper story of 
S. Pere on which must arise the stone spire. This plan indic- 
ates at A the arrangement of the pinnacles at the four angles, 
that of the four openings, and how the octagon is inscribed 
in the square. 

Dating from that epoch (middle of the 13 th century), but 
rarely are found detached towers. In Prance proper the towers 
belons to the facades of churches; they participate in their 
Seneral composition and altually become towers only above the 
level of the side aisles and the walls of the nave; yet until 
about the end of the 13 th century, architects took care to 
place the sables of the carpentry of the hish towers behind 
the depth of the towers, so as to allow them to be more free- 
ly detached above the Sreat vaults. Thus are arranged the two 
towers of the facade of the cathedral of Paris; an open gall- 
ery conects them at the height of the base of the belfry. Sa- 
me arransement at the cathedral of Laon. The towers of the f 
facade of the cathedral of Paris, known by the name of towers 
of Notre Dame, were built only to the bases of the stone spi- 
res, that were to crown them, their construction may perhaps 
be comprised between the years 1225 and 1235, from the base 
of the sreat open gallery to the top. These towers remain so- 
uare up to the base of the spire, their ansles are strensthen- 
ed by buttresses, and twin opemings occupy on each side the 
entire heisht #6 the Sgreat sallery and the upper cornice. In- 
ternal corbellings passins from the square to the octason must 


7 a 4 
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y ae ne Ifon 08 coltourtedco fwtitnesd eins to wiotlonte 
- yebietue eesq oF bavoe theft wolle of bne elfed eat evisos1 of 
‘fevel sit te beoslo easosetie no &etieen etao [fed neboow oAT 
-efb dtiw yinoeem doidd no Sninesd ,yisiie> asco tee%xh sit to 
- efit Ye exeic odd ni noktsadtv on seueo nso 26018 Satoasdo 
y * bawor toshaecshait yltoetaso saveclonesn@ miot tadd  erswet 
~ e8¢ Yo Helo s1800e edt to atnemseastse eint tose {fed eins 
“aided odd te ,bimsiya Sniawoio sit to seed sat o¢ Gu siswod 
sone1)-st-siT oF yieviteuloxs asaolsd yipdned dd FL edt Yo satn 
ststoo dt bstcobs nsed ybssile hed eei0 sad Yo edwad edt nO 
‘RQntanited edd mort esint{ed to esaeq t9ec0w edt tOt nalo Lano 
“<f8ns 9dd no esfosnnia mead gasid déiw .viwdneo dé €F sda to 
yIsi100meTnOD ,nos to {sibetitao on? .eseed sispoe ent to e9 
- eft eed Sstutosdiders to elvta seod® bas .eis89 Yo tadd asi 
; wot a0t eeeeezeoa .omed’ a1tOV to stadt of YWinltie tee¢sexb 
. felfsisq esdset eit ano ,estatfed Isnotesoo yd bessnimiss ers 
“ear emeewentG vd betnelt onied stetoe sit to elanodsath sit ot 
. eesitote meno owd Ag 

98 9of$ todd .8 bao 8 .e8/T ,fOvP TST .#T4 99e .88E.G.2 ato 
m edt 7o S90 tawot avedtuoe sdt Fo og00 Sisd sit to enottoss 
hing 4 | SS Sanib0ToNS YIHOSOe 

7TEsWwOot SHAT yO nwods en soogs tort STOPST #OCE .98E.g.o stron 
ria oP 28% .JOVeas~poorP Fo 
-ost sii to eiswot sat Yo emo to noitevels edt et (f°) east. 
-9ven Sat to tiuev edt svode nexst coed to [siabeddsa sid to ebs 
ak beteothnai ei doftdw to taaq .terke Yeknol on eetias saost 
‘edt Yo wrote Bnooee sid 00 .c1ewed aeeds besavowise ,.dit a0 
+961 enotenemif Lseecloo to elemine beosig sie esloennta asue 
_ ems sido¥ to retoede edd gedd. beveifed ei ti *nexe battasses 
_ tes of tee Boa berptolwoe od oF esxnsit seeds heaves noed Yo 


i] 


-ved yvileabotaods! ben onw .elamine edd to aodel edt to sonsidme 
—-«  fLkd edt Yo timmne edt ot Istbedtso edt Yo eleitetem edt bel 


~ 


Baesel emoe eyswis et sied¢ tot) Eostel eT Cah yd benwote 
-bim edd to escotcke ssorr sit Yo nottourtenooe edd o¢ betosiss 
~gm Of sevieemedd Hedossts hexo [sisvee tedd emtalo (esde eb 
“ine .bOtatoeg ond woled Stef sd¥tow eldsrebienos Yo eletass 
 weinetevh Fon ob of .busytiow odd oF met bolued yLevoskerv00 
 - gir0w Yo teteem edd Bas astcsio ett Yo Sebi edd Fud :toed oad 
“sent tiaioe edt at seni oot ef soe. to [sabedteo sat to 


a* Pe asTetey ee. é 
whe hes tee: oF | ‘ 


69 etinbs foun oo: ‘tomas shoes ae (i a 


cor 


287 
carry the spires. One cannot too much admire the grandeur and 
simplicity of this beautiful construction, so well arranged 
to receive the bells and to allow their sound to pass outside. 
The wooden bell case restins on anrecess placed at the level 
of the Sreat open gallery, bearins on thick masonry with dis- 
charging arches, can cause no vibration in the piers of the 
towers, that form anmeenclosure perfectly independent around 
this bell cade. ! This arrangement of the sauare plan of the 
towers up to the base of the crownins pyramid, at the besin- 
ning of the 13 th cemtury belongs exclusively to Ile-de-France. 
On the banks of the Oise had already been adopted the octas- 
onal plan for the upper parts of belfries from the besinning 
of the 13 th century, with great open pinnacles on the angl- 
es of the souare bases. The cathedral of Laon, contemporary 
with that of Paris, and whose style of architecture has the 
Sreatest affinity to that of Notre Dame, possesses four tow- 
ers terminated by octagonal belfries, on the faces parallel 
to the diagonals of the sauare beins flanked by pinnacles wi- 
th two oven stories. 

Note 1.p.-386. See Art. Beffroi, FiIss. B and 9, thot give se 
sections of the vel cage of the southern tower ond of the w 
Masonry enclosing Vt. 

Note 2.p.386G. Even vefore thot epoch os shown by the tower 
of Trocy-LVe-Vol. FIS. AVe 

Here (72) is the elevation of one of the towers of the fac- 
ade of the cathedral of baon taken above the vault of the nave. 
Stone spires no longer exist, part of which is indicated in 
our fis., surmounted these towers. On the second story of the 
open pinnacles are placed animals of colossal dimensions rep- 
resenting oxen’ it is believed that the chapter of Notre Dame 
of haon caused these fisures to be sculptured and set in rem- 
embrance of the labor of the animals, who had laboriously hau- 
led the materials of the cathedral to the summit of the hill 
crowned by ite? The legend (for there is always some legend 
attached to the construction of the sreat edofoces of the mid- 
dle ages) claims that several oxen attached themselves to ma- 
terials of considerable weisht left below the precipice, and 
couraseously hauled them to the workyard. We do not Suarantee 
the fact; but the idea of the chapter and the master of works 
of the cathedral of faon is too much in the spirit of the epoch, 


oy - 
s oe ) 


3 sid Yo. : eaxne aah a 992 n80 en ae 
7 aineve 30 naethsenai sis yloo etexot edd to 200d end te 
aos ont ai 918 o190T .tnemunom ent to noisoois edt dtin heros 
«<8isming {[wieen to dégnexte bas sonsitso odd oF betsbn|e eds 

a ~gxe evies edd dowdo edd to Roiblind edt oF betudindmoo Jedd 
iniog sid mort .soideut, lo doileet snidoves yisv a to ooleeer 
~ig seisiqiaos isesoloo sesdt to soneseiq eds .t18 Io weiv to 
~nsissqge isivanie s nos) to e1swot sdt to etimmue ont ot eev 
-o90ns ef ¢1 «mehnss Aon Wiilentsirto efosl tedtien tedt .s0 
-nnsm edT -noisizoqmoo aids To yiussd odd saieadqms of yiseee 

- =e@ edt mo on10d o1s yilenobsib gee esloennio sd¢ doiiw ai 19 
[evel ofs te bedeildstes exmifledico fois edd .aseesasdud ob 
-wind eesds to mict sds asended moitiensst act svies doinw .A 
said to noigstebom edd .eelosnuig ogge edt Yo isd3 bes eeees 

» st9not edt to esinose edt to emoitaeqoig voosd sit .elistedb 
.etdaied aisi1tso ea senil {ataoxsiznd to aenoidiseasa szodt bos 
Nietenstictal .tasmunom dneoitiabsam 2 ydoritnas eidd to sien 
eleiaeism ditx beios1s-.stesd ol sfind stew esausouate sasdd 
~109 don ob bas .e1e0 sisdil oet déin bos ydilsup sterehen to 

Bh ef tI .moitieogmoo edd Yo 1sebsste ylistasm add og hnogeet 


“98m ,enoids10se971 Jasszogmi ot amon O¢ omits ane nb yvisessosn. 
' [sabeddso edd to sheoet sft te esade evoninr edd vd betsetieus . 


bas sonekilisini déin betosaih ,encidsiosae1 easiT .sc0g] to 
edt dimaeq [fiw .eene%aslloo Intlite geom a0 to eno yd [Lids 
-teimmioso {[sisves tol eisbhas oF 08d to exswort 

6& «9/7 -wwOmsAd oFSTA 29580 G08 ston | 

a os odd. yvantaso dd FE odd to esdouwndo edd ni dt1ctsoneh ; 
to.selg eft t9vo Lisve1g ot esw siswot edd 10% nos] ds bstachs 
19 edd owhed asw OSS! duodA .sone1%-sh-sll Yo edostidow esd 
to {sabedtso edt to shsoet edd to etewot owt sit to noistos 
ijin beisqmes ,sonetioami stsisbom te ylao e168 soidw ,saieds 
-steb o1s enols etisie yitied aiedT .abeost ext Yo tddied ona 
 -=wot seedt to melo eft s08 ! sholjonisenoo aswol sid most beng 
ened ovin of .sldedisme1 ei eciatisd edt to sasd sdt ta 2196 
ted? 8 ta fas .vitled edt to eead edt Yo Level edd A ta (b\) 
woled wewot edt exsvoo dadd .disev eeo10 [sneksdoo end wolsd 
soit gon dud emote si botostow sien esixode saenT .oxige edd 
9x6 diedd fetesiss yisinso asd bt eft Yo etedesetbh edd ‘bodes 


cra, Serer ath paves on asad sis eslosanig oitas ent 


2 


ok gevis Uieuotveta seodd oF bereqmoo ad aslo elds iI 7205309 
jon ILin sonsvbs sidiensess .elottid eidd te seas0o eft — mi! 


es > * a 
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ff Ga" 


we 
: 
— 


288 
so that we cam see in the presence of these colossal animals 
at the tops of the towers only the connection of events conn- 
ected with the erection of the monument. There are in the hom- 
ase rendered to the patience and strensth of useful animals, 
that contributed to the buildings of the church the naive exp- 
ression of a very touching feelings of justice. From the point 
of view of art, the presence of these colossal sealptares si- 
ves to the summits of the towers of Laon a singular appearan- 
ce, that neither lacks oridginality nor grandeur. [t is unnec- 
essary to emphasize the beauty of this composition. The mann- 
er in which the pinnacles set diagonally are borne on the an- 
Sle buttresses, the rich corbellings established at the level 
A, which serve for transition between the form of these buttr 
esses and that of the open pinnacles, the moderation of the 
details, the happy proportions of the stories of the tower, 
and those repetitions of hcrizontal lines a certain heights, 
make of this entirety a magnificent monument. Unfortunately 
these structures were built in haste, erected with materials 
of moderate ouality and with t3o little care, and do not cor- 
respond to the masterly grandeur of the composition. It is o 
necessary ain our time to come to important restorations, nec- 
e.sitated by the ruinous state of the facade of the cathedral 
of Laon. These restorations, directed with intellisence and 
skill by one of our most skilful colleasues, will permit the 
towers of Laon to endure for several centuries. | 

Note 3.p.386. Art. Animoux, FIB. Bh 


Henceforth in the churches of the 13 th century the plan a 
adopted at Laon for the towers was to prevail over the plan of 
the architects of Ile-de-France. About 1260 was besun the er- 
ection of the two towers of the facade of the cathedral of 
Rheims, which are only of moderate importance, compared with 
the heisht of the facade. Their belfry stairs alone are deta- 
ehed from the lower constrestion.|- But the plan of these tow- 
ers at the base of the belfries is remarkable. We sive here 
(/4) at A the level of the base of the belfry, and at B that 
below the octagonal cross vault, that covers the tower below 
the spire. These stories were projected in stone but not fin- 
ished’? the disasters of the 14 th century arrested their exe- 
cution.e If this plan be compared to those previously siven in 
the course of this Article, ansensible advance will be found. 
The angle pinnacles are then no longersa digression, little 


OT tz th f 
ets yedd ee wot ods Oe Ly siéner edd 08: bedootte sequdourds 


 peddoneto: e8nttevoo ‘tebtubh yaiwiot ti of beatet ylesemisnt | 
ss mfoo edt rstns dotdw peadnedrso Yo seo [fed eds to F eienteo 


_ eeitode nit hebivib son eas eofosonta eeonT .1swed sat to nods 
ss aNMed edd Yo s8oinege es Raivise ewobniw heaoil{om edt oxi! 
| -fose1 etimisq tadd .etiase neao ns eniatnoo 5 ts medt Yo sn0 
es ,betbute [few yaev et asia ein? .dfnav edt to cot sit aat 
at ¢eddv es .doocgs redt te [stoned n&é etnsmegnedie Ife ee [Ion 
yiscesosn ,yrtlied edt of eheo es1se0e & esvib ti toiastut sag 
Widasqiso sit to ytilidsse edd fas ef{ed sis to Bniwe sit Ol 
t vd betmeli asewost Isnotetoo ne amio? ti 10itedxe sft no Boe 
sead Ssistpe edd neswied solstens1s es onivise esfosantia aset 
to noituloe siefqmoo eds et ein? .bimerva Isnotstoo ent bas 
‘°o dt SP sdt to bue sds bo esoetidowis edt yd tee melIdoxa ods 
_10T eh .n0ed ts bevfee yitootrsami stud eew doidw bas .yantnso 
f Yo Isubedtso sdd Yo sb#ost sdt to e19wot sd .nottonatenos 
“neivosoent ;1steem [stlide bas setw se vd bedseid sien emisdA 
| =i{suo {stinee2zs tsdt to molsvimvooet vsenso snols nsfo edt %e 
& seedd yeenee yd ‘senso noiterciasdsh to etiae ai sods syd 
Lt ' »dibiloe Jostieq 8 eved exsnod 
~Ssdtoo edit Fo arswot sah — SHoood FFA S82 .58E.9¢.L SHOU 
; -9mfOdi Fo a0 aef71od fo aser 
-edil «WIstnso d¢ €L edt? to base edt te dooes omse sdt Foods 

~ytio edt af betoeie .sizem e181 to tootidowe svitean a .asid 

| ;isstette:s ayswis od o¢ ei noitilomeS seodw .dowsdo s emisdh to 
edd fexbedtss sdf th sestsotl .2 to yedds sit Yo dorsds sag 
yidieiv Saisd tuodtin si svods seit sisost six to ererot ont 
ee sie eisnods sdt Jude sedy eseeertted eAT .tit dtinw bstosnnoo 
-10q eft djiw betoondeo estisl[Ise yd bos edosmsni0o vd beeoloas 
Sastetshan of yrsegeosn si buim edt to taotte ne tant eles 
<osnnte .enmeloo efttif Yo eeam Tedd no tee1 erewot seeds Kod 
| Istioso s et tad¢ esys avo al .seavdafvoe bos etmineso .esl 
ton eeob efistebh edt to viused to eesndoia odd fae ,tosteb 
wosf edt ,esnil [écfoniiaq of Yo noteutnoo sAt to? Steensgmeo 
sbhsost edt mort sist blyew saO \stroeaue Yo etniog eldisiv to 
sote owd ati ..e.1 .ciswot ont esi emiod? to Istbheddss edt Yo 
eto ,eistouwde Qeintemsr oft Sninsiv ni nedw .esiatisd Yo cela 
‘bas yieseeosn s bottos! cow medt ot tent evisotec jon bloow 
seksoke .P 30 dowisio sit to sostidors ef? .teemefquos neses103 
yeaa motsicoamoo ai tive eneizes tact bieve oF wos went 


art de 
Whee 


| 
| 
| 


289 

structures attached to the four ansles of the tower; they are 
intimately joined to it, forming vaulted coverings over the 
corners # of the bell case of carpentry, which enter the oct- 
agon of the tower. These pinnacles are not divided in stories 
like the mullioned windows servings as openings of the belfry. 
One of them at C contains am open stairs, that permits reach- 
ing the top of the vault. This plan is very well studied, as 
well as all arrangements in seneral at that epoch, as that in 
the interior it gives a square case to the belfry, necessary 
for the swings of the bells and the stability of the carpentry, 
and on the exterior it forms an octagonal tower flanked by f 
four pinnacles servins as transition between the square base 
and the octagonal pyramid. This is the complete solution of 
the problem set by the architects od the end of the 12 the 
century, and which was but imperfectly solved at Laon. As for 
construction, the towers of the facade of the cathedral of R 
Rheims were treated by a wise and skilful master; inspection 
of the vlan alone causes recognition of that essential quali- 
ty; thas in spite of deterioration caused by storms, these t 
towers have a perfect solidity. 

Kote 1.9.388. See Art. Facode for the towers of the catheda- 
ra\s of Poris ond of Rheims. 

About the same epoch at the end of the 13 th century, Liber- 
Sier, a native architect of rare merit, erected in the city 
of Rheims a church, whose demolition is to be always resretted; 
the church of the abbey of S. Nicaise. At the cathedral the 
two towers of the facade rise above it without beins visibly 
connected with it. The buttresses that abut the towers are 
enclosed by ornaments and by galleries connected with the por- 
tals, that an effort of the mind is necessary to understand 
how these towers rest on thet mass of little columns, pinnac- 
les, openings and sculptures. In our eyes that is a capital 
defect, and the richness or beauty of the details does not 
compensate for the confusion of the principal lines, the lack 
of visible points of support. One would take from the facade 
of the cathedral of Rheims its two towers, i.e-, its two sto- 
ries of belfries, when in viewings the remainins structure, are 
would not verceive that to them was lacking a necessary and 
foreseen complement. The architect of the church of S. Nicaise 
knew how to avoid that serious fault in composition, and alth- 


{ 
a> 44 ro. 
cc 7 


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ss qm eEntsia yest ,eelets ebfe edt Yo yed dexit edd no sees Bae 
4 eve of) Seo seotirbe edd Ye sesd-edt mort coosla stedd sisam 
. | seddo dose of aslimie ,er9ewod ows .sesdd Yo eno (ZV) evi oF. 
tddilepaiwolls yiote besivsy asqo as asw sleis ebie sat svodA 
: more .sven eid to ved Jerttiedds to woboin eds davords eseq of 
| Baill edt bevieoisc etew Ist10a etd exroted bsdsool sosla saa 
of Ifed dedt Yo A evobniw edd danoidd sven edt to eeaeorsdud 
~yaots bnooee edt to [fed odd to tinev oiT .ysode bnooee end 
-Gioni1q edd to JIusv edt Yo FdBied oft 24 yYLltoexe beeiss esx 
’ edt Tooved gexit eft Yo Qnigddel edd Qntwolls sudd .oven Le 
; dowe medd heeze10xe asited fas elomta siom 2i &nidtov .svsa 
eof to motvonidenoo edd yitostiea erode dofdw .dnemetnei246 os 
-xenns as to 19tf0e1sd9 ati aswod edd oF ewolls dent bis. ,doasdo 
W (8 sotnioo ent oF saia ednomsnt0 eesleen Joodtiw eeeesiti 09 
§ -tud esedd nO .sven sit to tadd dtin [evel « ds ebasitxe dotdw 
‘ to esbis aot yosqmooos tadd .eeiosnniq edi sanyed sie aegesad 
: .eetrote ont oi sis eolosnnia sesdT .yitfed sad to motetoo sid 
to asweot edt to seods sil yilenotalrh ton bos sisuoe Yoied sao 
b A .eobie tidie d¢in teste sid .FY .aIT mi esvods mevin noses 
~yoa [isme av0ot bas ,yiotea [enoketoo edd etdvomise sitive tsexrk 
onbeeeq emo .0 setrealle® neoo on? .esloannig edd owo1o ebimet 
-ed 1sito odd bas .even ont to eldsk deeth ond Onided yitossib 
to yiote edt? to elbhia ett te eieswod ont edt Joenmoo .ti boid 
‘edt .od of ev of tse9qs seisoili .2 to exewod sit .y1tisd end 
-ost 2 Sniniot=hs aewod oidtoS edt to noiegstoxre sislomoo seom 
emmsiz019 ,toemesastis wi elamie ,ywibifoe bas zeentdsil she 
. ereieSaidton ,~booteieboar [[ow noltecitenoo .bsllitio? vitosxse 
Ifite ed ot yioo etosl tf ‘ieiziedid to t10w eidd of &nidnew 
anivessno eft .eliagebh esti ak di ybute od en wolfe oF Bnibaste 
dimteq of Dostysoa yitnetoilive er eeisoty .2 to sbeost edd to 
eidd foe .vitied edt to yrosve sit Yo naelo sdt stete9e: of en 
eiswod edd te dsdt mend .bevisonoo yllutiinde eeel on ef asia 
etnemebnsiis efi oi atceestq aeve J] .emied to emaG site to 


savvotaa® gaémrodo - move shom ef anéworh 170 eOQbeger stonk 


stocks hom. edt. — aakieile plies”, sabhaeliadebedba, 
4 ova irae ‘te seae ite mot .¥tsiaso dd ff sad Yo slbbim saz 


<emisdd FO moF sd oN yd hongls ban E85t dbetos ,ev0e7 yise won 
Raine oat qinnrest 444 to eravesaanite smotess sft of ytoTs Oo 


299 
although his two towers, accordinég to the mode adopted about 
the middle of the 13 th century, form a part of the facade a 
and rest on the first bay of the side aisles, they plainly m 
marke their places from the base of the edifice. 

We give (75) one of these two towers, similar to each other.. 
Above the side aisle was an open vaulted story allowins lisht 
to pass through the window of the’first bay of the nave. From 
the place located before the portal were perceived the flying 
buttresses of the nave through the windows A of that hall in 
the second story. The vault of the hall of the second story 
was raised exactly tic the heisht of the vault of the princio- 
al wave, thus allowing the lighting of the first bay of the 
nave. Nothing is more simple and better expressed than such 
an arrangement, which shows perfectly the construction of the 
church, ard that allows to the tower its character of an annex. 
Buttresses without useless ornaments rise to the cornice B, w 
which extends at a level with that of the nave. On these but- 
tresses are borne the pinnacles, that accompany four sides of 
the octagon of the belfry. These pinnacles are in two stories, 
one being square and set diagonally like those of the tower of 
raon given above in Fis. 73, the other with eight sides. As 
éreat spire surmouhts the octasonal story, and four small py- 
ramids crown the pinnacles. Two oven salleries ©, one passing 
dieectly behind the Sreat sable of the nave, and the other be- 
hind it, connect the two towers at the middle of the story of 
the belfry. The towers of S. Nicaise appear to us to be the 
most complete exoression of the Gothic tower adjoinins a fac- 
ade: lightness and solidity, simple it arransement, programme 
exactly fulfilled, constriction well understood, nothings is 
wantins to this work of Libersier? it lacks only to be still 
standins to allow us to study it in its details. The emsravins 
of the facade of 3. Nicaise is sufficiently perfect to permit 
us to restore the plan of the story of the belfry, and this 
olan is no less skilfully conceived, than that of the towers 
of Notre Dame of Rheims. It even presents in its arrangements 
the quality of simplicity lacking in the towers of the cathedral. 

Note 100390. Our Arowins ts node from a charming ensroving 


1 


now very rore, doted 1625 and signed vy N. De Son of Bherims. 
sontrary to the customs of endrovers of thot epoch, the char- 


ooter of the edofice is reproduced with a perfection Veavuing 


fe _ 4, | 
babi y ooss ais awand artes siinteb shetieinai or. gate Aton | 
> . heecibvctm edt) tod lod. Jo edovveriss tesd sat effoosr sia i: 
| sabeaetodetese? bafvargas fen? .9709. swoluqutos Atiw bstoolbas «¢ 
 pmro, ptt bao oftit edt Fo selavloxe ,sbfw .ent Bett bro deed 
*s rwat? bstosrt gisat} fo vetmsn & ott wolsd bao svode bsuorgas 
fo. yqoo o efefxs srsdf .Jotrod sat stoted ssosg sdt Sf) 89% 
Vauge © td of tobveant yreg at dolda gnivoraas todt /f 
eft to noitoss Istnosiaod edt A se awode (eid AC) nalo of? - 
 fevel oft te § ts bas .y1ode aswol edt Io Level edt de aswod 
<zewot edt to nostoo eA? .eelosnmia sit Yo yrose isagn eds to 
.Vitantetxe aeno s9lisme a90% to bas eebie staal avo? to bemz0t , 
o edd de se bus ,yrtied est to edso exsupe sid esdinoampo1to | 
~yadnesars. siz fo asitas eid sevoo aslosnaoio atid .[eibedsso Pa 
-~oo0 to enoidica sis asloannigq sesdd ,{sabeddso snd se es oalAa a’. 
.,0 aamuloo yd yrots aswol eda ai betdods tod malo ni anokas 
O¢A -eelonstos: ns enoketco [sidaeq seedt ediroemporlo doidaw 
betostoiqg aseeoisied edd to eteatio eviessoows edd noone sis 
-mo esirel[ist sid to sno gt B ds bos .onslq [stnositend edd no 
.ybentdmoo viluotlide yisv ei tect [1A .enx9nod owed sdé dattoan 
eViileop enti s et Wotdw .footersbhay yliese bans sidste yrev et | 
‘edd meowted bifoe dtel exes 0 essio est .(nottourxsenod .¢24) 
. 9 eve end beel bose ,eslosanitg ofd bos yitled edt Yo etniasce 
eit to esosiiue biloe sit ot saad od Bo eseeewsnd ond mort 
-) to eketnsvhs ent cele evead yout yaoidtensss yoosd « vd sxtae 
oe) bre ,eanineco shial end ot heorlo ed oF azsavwo!l motstinasa 
sibbim edt to efostidow sdT .yitneshet 10 saétte svodtin aids 
gedd dimil tes{ odd esw eins ;s1edd heagote eved Hivode eeds 
-bexs ofni anilist tuoitin dose1 Hlyuco sistostidows to gia edd 
ebeeeso nooe esw timif eidd bas. ,tnertse1d hesodel hoe noiseise 
~leebh ent .noivovatenos ai eeentddil tnsts0ge x03 nofaesq ont 
otmi etostidow fs{ nooe ,asoitibs anteizaise eeitosis 10% e141 
bseveo .bsyelqeth sonsioe sia to stioe ai doidw .dtsa scaled e 
vv of viteido esw tI .oemee book to edimil sit besoxe o¢ mont 
, ebem seeude oft Tait ynsm1ed sze9sn teeh oid Yo esonivore secs 
‘.mismob [syou edt of ILkte smid Snol # tot :t{et sevloemeas 
-nixng sft Qniylacs ni notdsashom niedaso 6 benisie  evostidoi 
 ‘newod oc? .yttmeo dd FI edt Yo bre ond te botekfdstes eslaio 
| Betetaqmom bre VSI oi bebavot .Pivdeswe to [exbesddso siz to 
j embed to nifol yd yasdaso dé bt ent Soiawh obsw enrieeh setts = 
«9 88D To eends sit to vasemue yrenibrosiixs Jaom eft ei \doed 


“ae 


a eed. 
: 


. 
Pe 


nts a a Re = vi ne : 


291 
nothing to ve desired, dertaive veiling Avrown with o Aevi¥cacy +% 
short recoLlls the vest engrovings of Tallot, the constructicy 
Andicared with sorupulous core. Thot engraving is 150e4 ins. 
Wish ond 11-8 ins. wide, exclusive of the title ond the arms 
engraved above and velow Vt. A numoer of finely treated Tieu- 
res TALL the place before the portal. There exists oa copy of 
thor e|nsraving which is very inderrior to it. 

The plan (75 bis) shows at A the horizontal section of the 
tower at the level of the lower story, and at B at the level 
of the upper story of the pinnacles. The octagon of the tower, 
formed of four. larse sides and of four smaller ones externally, 
circumscribes the sauare cabe of the belfry, and as at the c 
cathedral, the pinnacles cover the angles of the carpentry. 
Also as at the cathedral, these pinnacles are portions of oc- 
tasons in plan, buat abutted in the lower story by columns ©, 
which circumscribe these partial octasons in rectansles. At @ 
are seen the successive offsets of the buttresses projected 
on the horizontal plane, and at H is one of the Salleries cm- 
necting the two towers. All that is very skilfully combined, 
is very stable and easily understood, which is a fine quality. 
(Art. Construction). The piers D are left solid between the 
openings of the belfry and the pinnacles, and lead the eye f 
from the buttresses of the base to the solid surfaces of the 
spire by a happy transition; they have also the advantase of 
permittinm louvres to be placed in the larse openings, and 
this without effért or pedantry. The architects of the middle 
ages should have stovped there; this was the last limit that 
the art of architecture could reach without fallins into exas—- 
Seration and labored treatment, and this limit was soon passed. 
The passion for apparent lightness in construction, the desi- 
re for erecting surprisins edifices, soon Jed architects into 
a false path, which in spite of the science displayed, caused 
them to exceed the limits of Sood sense. It was chiefly in t 
the provinces of the Fast near Germany that the abuses made 
themselves felt; for a lons time still in the royal domain, 
architects retained a certain moderation in appolyins the prin- 
ciples established at the end of the 13 th century. The tower 
of the cathedral of Strasburs, founded in 1277 and completed 
after designs made during the 14 th century by John of Stein- 
bach, is the most extraordinary summary of the abuse of the 


-* 


4 ‘ss 
7 7 af 
lie % ‘ ' 4 


“5 ‘ac 7. oe w - = 
7 — . 


od noite. Ades foe a %0 sosiqueteem A \ebatiaee ofdeed 
ve isaudeusenees prone vino bindeewte Yo weWod ont 
a dviw toetinors sis to evactte eit to sttoe at bows .esailswo fp Ve 
son tr o16W fos secotvenidmoo evoineani seom baa teeblod ent 
-f0qe1 wti eolem disc tesqk nt dotdw ,iddien evomrons ett r0t 
-e11eds Intlide s es r9edisy ti haister yiseut HIvow eno .noits 1 
Yeogea ot nolesooo eved Ilede s¥ .t1s to diow s ee nsdt cots 


“sS9A OF .Satdce sit .rewot Jedd Yo yiote sestacomi seom sdt to rh 
sfefiure , -soistonidenod . ta 
erewods ‘Go Sefdit siisine oF yisessoso Ji svetiod gon ob s¥ 7 
sidtonite s es :sattutaso dt ff Bue dy dt oft snixeh betoers 4 

‘t OF mIoInco Yods ,toemednetis [et]ens? to fas nofttovitence to , 


q to bas eit to esoovidors eda yd Stel eslamexe I[utitnesd ent 
~—s egarbfwom sdt to alleteb yd vice rettib bas .wietneo ds Fr ede 
~s19 of eebiee? .eeentdbil to easoxs edd yd. .sistaluoe to fas 
od emeisl! edd fed yleist setustnso dt 7f bow dt bt odd gon 
S$ wet tod dtel yantneso dt Sf od? -eountourse sviensaxre Jose ; 
‘6at fae .etnsmunom euoizife1 to acsdtem ads ar ob oF eontad 
; -n0o hedeinitay efelamoo ot bad yino eetantneo 2nihssoone ont ; 
ots tifud tswot tssrh ofonie e easeaod ton oh OW .enotdounte j 
-fede Breland boe yaosmis5 slidw ,dsoas sedd Yolawh tus08 soo 
~O819 ,VIsnH00 10 bsetey teds .e1eHw enotteeeibh sat mord heres 
Intitcssd Jeom sdt Yo enO .er9wod dowdo tastroami visv bet 
-10¢ edt isvo diind \sandier®? to Ieibernteo edd Yo t9w0d ond et 
msaqo ‘vlertias Dns sftoe yisv ai eitae eft .foantio ¢adt to do 
ton Bib eae :tedd of smoo ylitesssoen tewm esoetidots oid 
edi at List 
° abies to erswot slitil hos eslinsames of aniseeq e10%es 
a aig mo betosis etewos teeth nissiso notinem Jeum sw .esdoindo 
«84 0F Jers aOTY esonivots seodT .eqno1s9 iscdy edd to edned 
vlevieulozs teom{[s siew efotid .genoteemil ontesseasoa ton ne 
‘vd sefintnso dt @f Sos dv be dv FE .dé SE edd Satasbh heyolams 
Yo 1sdmuq ofisi1so & sseesesog [lite sevoluoT -etostidoers sdé 
IO Lait sedt of cotxvoursenoco eaodw oi .Aotad Yo tlie erewos 
to elaionize sai? .tnombhst tostiesq déitw beyolume ef Istaisten 
eletistsm sdt to e1stan odd o¢ tostdus ,sintosdidow oidsod # 
+18 Aolad os evih oF sisteas edt Isqmoo yitaseasoon Seum beau 
bsris000 sidv jenote to seodd mort tnerettib emtot sistostido 
_ tind “esw ytio teds to enidoosl edt to downso sit .eenclyoT ts 
oo Yo Begoqmoo ef bos .viwdneso at FL edd Yo koe edd tuods - 


) 
- 


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292 
Gothic principle. A masterpiece of science and calculation, t 
the tower of Strasburs only produces a sufficiently unsracef- 
ul outline, and in spite of the efforts of the architect, with 
the boldest and most ingenious combinations; and were it not 
for its enormous height, which in great part makes its reput- 
ation, one would justly regard it rather as a skilful aberra- 
tion than as a work of art. We shall have occasion to speak 
of the most important story of that tower, the spire, in Art. 
Construction. 

Ne do not believe it necessary to enlarse further on towers 
erected during the 14 th and 15 th centuries; as a principle 
of construction and of seneral arrangement, they conform to t 
the beautiful examples left by the architects of the end of 
the 13 th century, and differ only by details of the mouldings 
and of sculpture, by the excess of lightness. Resides in Pra- 
nee the 14 th and 15 th centuries rarely had the leisure to 
erect exvensive structures. The 12 th century left but few t 
things to do in the matter of relisious monuments, and the 
two succeeding centuries only had to comolete unfinished con- 
structions. We do not possess a single sSreat tower built ato 
one spurt during that epoch, while Germany: and #nsland, shel- 
tered from the disastrous wars, that ruined our country, erec- 
ted very important church towers. One of the most beautiful 
is the tower of the cathedral of Preiburs, built over the por- 
ch of that church. The svire is very acute and entirely open. 
Gothic architects must necessarily come to that; they did not 
fail in it. 

Before passins to campamiles and little towers of parish c 
churches, we must mention certain sreat towers erected on tie 
banks of the upver Garonne. Those provinces from Muret to Ag- 
en not possessing limestones, bricks were almost exclusively 
emoloyed during the 12 th, 13 th 44 th and 15 th centuries by 
the architects. Toulouse still possesses a certain number of: 
towers bailt of brick, in whose constraction jn that kind of 
material is employed with perfect judsment. The principle of 
Gothic architecture, subject to the nature of the materials 
used,must necessarily compel the masters to sive to brick ar- 
chitecture forms different from those of stone; this occurred 
at Toulouse. The church of the Jacobins of that city was built 
- about the end of the 13 th century, and is composed of a sin- 


eC ro . V ran: 


Let‘ a sedi aeliaabasnne: o8et PORES Jourte ofaote 

: pte asdo s cdeampellninnaors sit to efxe sir so. sett, enn 

«lta ent deen e1sstoesinows .t1) .sece slonte efit bavore 

 wtbsa/ sit stoted bas down eft to sbie dét0on odd dA wed aS 

-soinummoo .sesd yvesd 8 fo WWod Jeo1k 8 Bosia elsgqedo aniss 

, parnans . » etlots a8 yd yino sven sit dtinw gnit 
(eb 9) neiv evitoegeteq s evi sw dotdw Yo .sewod eidT 

nog etivne esi ;g0d oF modted mort nefa iscokstoo ne oo Lind 

efesiaqso .,eelyohis> .etled edd saeors .evoiad to ef noitourte 

Yo eamaloo olfstil eft fas ,snose to 915 doitn .eslosanio bas 

scofs wrote bovor> of? .eidasm Yo exe tedd .obsors asdaw etfs 

) ewode- ott $.18. tuodes .t{naev edd Yo aod edd more .berluev ei 

 tttw elomte et noitoutsenoo. sdv .dowdo edt to tnemevec eds 


ah seat € duods esheosr yrose dos% se1c0{t 10M etlvev asdtien 


= ae s10ivednl edd fisw 

of ayrode asoqu edi to slate eid to asdxevo sit (TY) evita oF 
to wetemeth sit eoneinimih dedd boibsoes etde sod ton Ti ore 
bas tdated of aslimie Ils evs seedd .yr0te. dose te reWod sad 
«seit mesnted boeizanco ef spots yrote hooose sid ydnomednst4e 
i eid nent sedhid ei bua ,dntbhliod ont te sointos est fre tlusv 
-te boidd oivd nohsdoo sdt to. shite dose ao katineesiq .21sdd0 
sved ,1eito doses of deltwte ste esirete sendo avo? es? .eeo 
Snimyol ebotll[sd100" yd ted (etlovidows vd bersvoo ewohrix’ asvo 
oot te asions wiei4 

re ealieled {fiw aswot end to yr0de rsc0H sid Po Listeb oA? 
Yo studen edt vd heiotee1 visootieo \nofsovxsence rslubaie ei 
~eed goedidow ent tedd gnebive ei FT .beyolame efatnetem odd 
Bivom of bortesb ton esd bos .dotad Yo nisdt¢ea sivnte es bese 
«sg NBIITA OF Helleqmon need sved flyow ed doidw .etiozesov ens 
eit deY .eedow bowor Ifema od esdow sit bensvoo bad edati 
- peed eved bus {soliabnif{yo exe eisic sit to eamuloo bhetebnes 
-fvoldasa & evit of astess donm ei st dud :yleesraxe bebLyom 
» esti oo medd bed edi no tninasd sicted exoiad sit oF m10t +2 
‘enols sheigenisd rec9n edd Yo eedows edd Yo efoiad ef? .sos? 
vonisd onotve dsdt aselfo ols ef 31 .ertteesvov es heb{oom sxe 
-) ,eiptogite eidd oi bee yifsocisosoxs tod need esd sisi yisy 
aso dedt ,sisdasm [sivtoesinows sid to nottwoexs ent rot hus 
Giennlmaiovonse to seemnoo saT .isiistesm ieftens to sham ed son 


> 


a. wort — ‘edt to. eotmico sat. to tisied edd of ebsel - 
‘Vit Se 
ws 


_ 


a 


_ Sewod odd of hedostts yewrisse qoiboin A .6Y .Bf9 of betsorb oe 


@ 


aT 


Oe 


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293 
single structure divided into two aisles by a row of tall col- 
umns set on the axis of the buildins. Radiatins chapels are 
around the single apse. (Art. Architecture yonastioue, Fis. 
24 bis). At the north side of the church and before the ;radi- 
ating chapels rises a great tower on a heavy base, communica- 
tins with the nave only by an arch. 

This tower, of which we sive a perspective view (76), is b 
built on an octagonal plan from bottom to top; its entire con- 
struction is of bricks, except the belts, Sarsoyles, capitals 
and pinnacles, which are of stone, and the little columns of 
the upper arcade, that are of marble. The sSround story alone 
is vaulted. From the ton of the vault, about 81.2 ft. above 
the pavement of the church, the construction is simple with 
neither vaults nor floors. Hach story recedes about 3 ins.e to- | 
ward the interior. 

Ne sive (77) the quarter of the plan of the upper story. We 
Nere it not for this recedins that diminishes the diameter of 
the tower at each story, these are all similar in height and 
arrangement; the second story alone is comprised between the 
vault and the cornice of the building, and is hisher than the 
others, presenting on each side of the octagon twin blind ar- 
ches. The four other stories are similar’ to each other, have 
oven windows covered by archivolts, but by corbellings formins 
risht ansles at topo. 

The detail of the upver story of the tower will explain th- 
is singular construction, perfectly restored by the nature of 
the materials employed. It is evident that the architect has 
used a single pattern of brick, and has not desired to mould 
the voussoirs, which he would have been compelled to arrange, 
ifshe had covered the arches bn small round arches. Yet the 
engaged columns of the piers are cylindrical and have been 
moulded expressly; but it is mach easier to give a particul- 
ar form to the bricks before burning on its bed than on its 
face. The bricks of the arches of the upper balustrade alone 
are moulded as voussoirs. It is also clear that stone being v 
very rare has been but exceptionally used in this structure, 
and for the execution of the architectural members, that can- 
not be made of another material. The courses of stone are in- 
dicated in Fis. 73. A winding stairway attached to the tower 
leads to the height of the cornice of the church; from thence 


AES 

Yo aewot edT .erebb)el yd ebneoes sno ,1ewot sit to got edd of 
mm sey ;e1tge & yd hennoi asven esw savolvol to enidoost sad 
_# \medustsoM bas ebhssessD .cevolnoT ts e1ewot evobolscs bait 
Arredeaanlals ebims1yo Isnohedoo siuos vd betenimiet ois tadd 
efén?* -focas tnsost stom 6 to eal inemeknarie desl eids 

eamalenena os sones% of sis sanc1s) i909u oft to eiswod sat 
-iiidext soitasore oe jsoniverg tedt ot vino ebocied teat ,cok 
-olens dove evec i[s bos ,ssote anibliud to yiiowses edt yd be 
teom Sne Inutitused tsom eft ,nevib or)ed ofaqmexe edd tand  . ye 
sebow sidt so &nitasine sadesas dtin esnsoczif [fim .stelqnoo 
— enoigoursence to 

$< oisiao ond boil of utwte1 oF nishs ey 103 yiseeec|en ai I 
-o01 ylno tedd Josmetnsa1e ne ,e1swot to Jaemegner1e nissaso s 
doidw dud ,yiotneso dé bf sid antbsoorc aslomsxre wet s no ete 
yd beteninies eisrod edt Yo deeoe ef .bio yisv ed [lise teom 
“it no sona1%-eb-slT oJ .asvee ows diéiw toor es bas esfdrd ons 
to aedmun otetiss «= dtin tsem ow enisM fae-setO ent Yo evined 
@ een ein? .esdousdo elitil of anignolsd eysulse eiswod eeens 
-esls ow bos ,e1enod odd .Qninwo1o to ansem [soimonoos « bsebai 
seeonivoig seeds yirtneo dd Sf sit saeted gent ovode oved vhs 
nevi bed .s1dns0 edd to bas deel ont to seodd nedd dota esol 
edd to atasd odt oO .enolenemib betimil yiao ersvod aitedd od 
evotaifors e etaixe suedd ,enelA bos e2i0 ,sn1eM s9wol ,eaiee 
 ~eelautneo dt Sf bas da If edt Yo eedouwsdo delasq to asdmun 
-omoo vino eersdou1se deshom -erewot aedd benésie1 eved tedd 
re1ode. yatied s bos etnineoo tuoddiw erssoursedue s te beso 
-~sintes evitimiae 1iedt teol sven eiswod esedd [is seomfs sud 
enitub boow 10 snogve to asitce vd bsosfasm c19enW tad? .enoige 
\seedt to tedmum hook A .esinudnso As @r bas dd ME yt EL sae 
“avg enote wol yd bedenimiss yll[enibkizvo need eved seum eiswod 
bas eeldeh yd beasvoo sien isdmon tesee18 gs [lide gud sabine 
fis to sviensoxe east anied noitoviatanco to shom Jedy .f00% « 
~doamt smoe te etnemunom to tiusteb nI .betaqobs sd blyeo sends 
to boixt eidd Hstbhvte ed blyoo soidw bos .ysbhod anitsekne sonaes 
“gem of eempo051 eved of aw ict yresesoen ai Ji .noideniarss 
-eixe etedd wok .eteilex odt no etasmunom seeds Yo snoktssners 
issih s eizad to [zaberitso edd To ennk .E to fistaog end no ed 
Betase nibviV eft aotinsesice1 .vawiaso dd Sf odt Yo monsomyt 
‘2.8 to beaocamco 2t yoonso aint .yqonso Jnsoitinkem: s désened 
iso sduenim ftir hesvoexe ,eiswot ows yo betes? esmob to sa08 


294 
to the top of the tower, one ascends by ladders. The tower of 
the Jacobins of Toulouse was never cromned by a spire; yet we 
find analogous towers at Toulouse, Casssade and Montauban, t 
that are terminated by acute octagonal pyramids of brick; but 
this last arrangement is of a more recent epoch. 

The towers of the uwoper Garonne are in France an exasserat- 
ion, that belonss only to that province; an exception justifi- 
ed by the scarcity of buildings stone, and all have such analo- 
dy, that the example here given, the most beautiful and most 
complete, will dispemse with further emlarsins on this mode 
of construction. 

Tt is necessary for us again to return to find the orisgin of 
a certain arrangement of towers, an arrangement that only re- 
sts on a few examples preceding the 14 th century, but which 
must still be very old. We speak of the towers terminated by 
two gables and a roof with two eaves- In Ile-de-France on tie 
panks of the Oise and Maine we meet with a certain number of 
these towers always belongings to little churches. This was i 
indeed a economical means of crowning,the towers, and we alee- 
ady have shown that before the 12 th century these provinces, 
less rich than those of the West and of the Centre, had siven 
to their towers only limited dimensions. On the banks of the 
Seine, lower Marne, Oise and Aisne, there exists a prodisious 
number of parish churches of the 11 «h and 12 th centuries, 
that have retaéned their towers. modest structures only comp- 
osed of a substructure without openings and a belfry story; 
but almost all these towers have lost their primitive termin- 
ations, that were rephaced by spires of stone or wood durins 
the 13 th, 14 th and 15 th centuries. A Sood number of these 
towers must have been orisSinally terminated by low stone pyr- 
amids; but still a sreater number were covered by Sables and 
a roof, that mode of construction being less expensive of all 
that could be adopted. In default of monuments of some impoh- 
tance existing today, and which could be studied this kind of 
termination, it is necessary for us to have récourse to repr- 
esentations of these monuments on the reliefs. Now there exis- 
bs on the portal of 3. Anne of the cathedral of Paris a sreat 
tympanum of the 12 th century, representing the Virsin seated 
beneath a masnificent canopy. This canopy is comoosed of as 
sort of dome flanked by two towers, executed with minute care, 


Pn oP ae 


oa 


- oo dese yinisv sw tedt encitentmist seodt to eno en evit ted 

 s8odd NIS0N0d sted son seob elds bad .esvfeemens efnemunom ond 

teh s meds oxiees tonnso eno tadf .ysiotfomie dove to esfdss 

steiteslii teon astiesd tsd3 .noivieocmoo dota 6 besbat tod 

noiisniawss edd o¢ Oattelea etntog tnaticami smoe esys mw0 oF 

-boiieq ‘suosensmof sit sofawb sonat¥-sbh-siT to eiswot sist+so Yo 
#oin0 sisn0t « to [ehom efssil fadt Yo yooo s ei (OV) st9F 

mo A betism [evel sit tse gota ylisiens® esoonunom envesnsmof 

Betsono1s s A level sedd evodse g16d ese sO .onivesiens iv08 

8n01verio yd hesevoo snote to eeets00 aNCT Yo bemtot bimetve 

-m2e yd batoonnos .enmuloo bedoestsh te bseoamoo cotti0ca « neds 

ffotiw no enoilfibom dtiw soiat0o s Bnivtooque bons esdors Iie 

-10 68 Yd betsnimist bos eodors ows yd betsscesbh sides « eset 

“%18 me00 viev s vd bedawem [few eb eifsd sas Yo eoala scT .e20 

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1 sit booved nottostora gn01se 8 vd Sefasm ef easd ehinw viev 

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founds to soot edd ge Sltud estbvod .nointoc we osdtenedte 
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-doisdo to esbsort sit no betoors bre estore yd beorsta eliew 
of spastenefh ifeme yisv to elisd taioslg tot sortive geou ve 
8 ,edmum dass nf sisKot dooge Jnsions yxev & gs besbat bert 
to seonive rc eft nit neve bos .sonsah Yo divoe sot nt beoneris 
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ae 8 sag ene dy If eat fo ya senrt yee eis mor? eecet 
es , " “S? Ube teds 

- hb apne asdted vowod etdd to tasmeknerys odd exam of © 
feds noitsvele ebie edt bos A ts ebsos? sattns sat (08) evid 
to edmst, edd mrot bos bawo1d edd mort sein DD estessttod cwT 
yd beowsic [fen siz tudes bus ,yiote bovow eis ot yewrooh ens 


” 


295 
that sive us one of those terminations that we vainly seek on 
the monuments themselves. And this does not here concern those 
Sables of such simplicity, that one cannot assisn them a date, 
but indeed a rich comosition, that besides mast illustrate 
to our eyes some important points relatins to the termination 
of certain towers of Ile-de-France during the Romanesque period. 

Yere (79) is a copy of that little model of a tower. Our R 
Romanesaue monuments generally stop at the level marked A on 
our engraving. One sices here above that level A a truncated 
pyramid formed of four courses of stone covered by chevrons, 
then a portico composed of detached columns, connected by sm- 
all arches and supporting a cornice with modillions on which 
rises a gable decorated by two arches and terminated by 4 cr- 
oss. The place of the bells is well marked by a very open ar- 
rangement of the portico and the upper Sable. The last stori- 
es of this tower recede, as we have assumed in the restorati- 
on of the great tower of S. Benoit-sur-Loire, and the relati- 
vely wide base is marked by a strons projection beyond the r 
rest of the construction. The system of the portico adopted 
for the upper story intended for the belfry has always seemed 
to us to have been the primitive termination of the Romanesaue 
towers north of the fioire. Tne model reproduced in Fig. 79, a 
number of reliefs and certain visnettes of manuscripts,only 
strenéthen our opinion. Logsias built at the tons of church 
towers must necessitate the construction of roofs with two e 
saves and gables, or at least of carpentry hip roofs. It sho- 
uld also not be forsotten, what we said at the besinnins of 
this Article regarding the dimensions of old bells and the 
little space required for their suapension. We have said that 
walls pierced by arches and erected on the facades of church- 
es must suffice for placing bells of very small diameterss We 
find indeed at a very ancient epoch towers in sreat number, 30 
arranged in the South of france, and even in the provinces of 
the North. The little church of Rue S. Pierre, whose facade 
dates from the besinnins od the 11 th century, has a tower of 
that kind. 

To make the arrangement of this tower better understood, we 
Sive (30) the entire facade at A and its side elevation at B. 
Two buttresses C CG rise from the Sround and form the jambs of 
the doorway in the ground story, and abut the wall vierced by 


ae al 


7. <a 


oo) 


aes 7 a 

ats + to Saga ane an  antoslo r0t Balreabiichs lapalos 
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al .@ee1stod s no 10 dowwdo sav to [iew sveo ns no véaitoss & 
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) evwelfliose eit tas8 

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oe ee eee a eee : 7 : “y at 


-sa00 eisises ows yd. bedne IT o18 eeriots sloias Jo esiszoge ond 


296 
two arches reserved for placings the bells. The top of this w 
wall is covered by courses of stone set slopins. The bells w 
were rungs from the interior by means of iron cranks attached 
to the axles as indicated at D, and cords passins through the 
roof. It is difficult to suspend bells at less cost. But these 
towers were only a structure fulfillins a need without any d 
decoration, were frequently found erected in the vicinity of 
& sacristy on an eave wall of the church or on a buttress. In 
small village churches whose sovernment was in the hands of 
a single priest, he did not have to sive orders to numerous 
assistants, and was obliged to ring the bell himself before 
ascending to the altar; it was then natural to place the bell 
near the sacristy. 

The little church of Froissy has preserved one of these bell 
cots built in the 12 th century on a buttress in the vicinity 
of the tower. we give a view of it (31). In the southern prov- 
inces are found a good number of bell cots of this kind, that 
have a certain importance, but whose construction scarcely d 
dates beyond the 13 th century. It must be stated that this 
sort of structures, exposed to wind and rain, cannot resist 
as longs the storms as the covered towers, and the Romanesque 
towers with simple arches erected in those provinces, where 
the materials are soft and affected by atmospheric chanses, 
must have been freauently rebuilt. Indeed the church of Lala- 
nde of Libourne, of which we give an elevation (82), presents 
on its facade dating from the 12 th century a tower with arch- 
es, whose jambs are still Romanesque, and whose archivolts w 
were rebuilt in the 13 th or 14 th centuries. 

There exist towers of a more recent epoch in Guyenne and L 
Languedoc, where brick structures are so frequent, which pos- 
sess five, six or even ten arches suited to receive bells; 
these are most freauenlty simple sables pierced by openings 
placed as three times three, three and two, three, two and 
one, or four, three, two and one. This sort of bell cots sgen- 
erally do not have the architectural character, that distins- 
uishes them from thetmost ordinary buildings» yet one finds 
near Toulouse some very elegant bell cots built on this prin- 
ivle; we will cite amons others that of Ville-Nouvelle, whose 
two stories of triple arches are flanked by two turrets cont- 
tainins stairs with a passase from one turret to the other b 


ve Axa 

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} WAGE AAs 
Pe ‘ 


: in @)) -_ ' a ' 7 . : et asf, é 


297 
before the arches. 

As for bell towers crowned by gables and roofs with two ea- 
ves, these are found in great number attached to little chur- 
ches and dating from the 13 th, 14 th and 15 th centuries in 
Reauvoisois and Brie. Sometimes even instead of two gables, 
the towers have four or two intersectins roofs, thus formins 
four valleys, and crowned by a spire. The little church of 
Chapelle-sous-Crecy has preserved a tower of that kind, which 
is one of the most complete that we know, it dates from the 
second half of the 13 th century. We present its elevation.( 
(83). At the ends of the four valleys four stone sarsgoyles 
throw the water from the four roofs far from the surfaces. 
The Little wooden spire covered with slate is octasonal in 
plan; its angles are set on the ridges and valleys of the 
roof, which is perfectly intelligible. (Art. Fleche}.- 

Note 1tep.-402. This drowine wos given to us by Me NiCr. 

Powers with four sables are very common on the banks of the 
Rhine and dating from the 12 th century; but their terminati- 
ons present ahpeculiarity only belonsins to these provinces 
and that are scarcely imitated in Prance except in their vic- 
inity. These terminations consist in a pyramid with eisht si- 
des, four of whose angles rest on the ansles of the tower, a 
and the other four on the apexes of the four Sables; so that 
the inclination of the sides of the pyramid necessarily sive 
thecheisht of the gables; the more acute the pyramid, the hi- 
Sher are the gables. Indeed (84) let A BC D be the plan of 
the souare tower on which is placed the pyramid with octason- 
al plan. In erecting a sable of the side A C of the souare, 
(since it supports the angle EO), this sable must intersect 
that angle at the point G. Now in Fis. 846 bis, & O being the 
angle, & P the axis of the pyramid, the sable A C 6 of the p 
plan represented in section and erected on the point G will 
meet the augle at L; but if this angle has a Sreater inclin- 
ation, for example accordins to the line B’0, the sable shom 
in section and erected on the point G will meet the second a 
angle at M. Thus these gables are higher as the spire is core 
acute. 

A view (85) of one of the towers of the cathedral of Spires 
will make our demonstration intellisible. At Spires the crow- 
ning spires are of sandstone; but frequently these coverinss 


: 4 a8 ‘Vv. ) oe sf 
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@ -gotbat w ™ d ud enawedé Oddie. Vidneqts.9 eld beedel? be. 


298 
of towers are of carpentry, althoush assumins the form indica- 
ted here. The effect of these terminations of towers is mot 
happy, for it seems that the ansles meetings the apexes of the 
Sables do not have a sufficient bearings, that they push out- 
ward, and we cannot blame our architects of the middle asesf 
for not having adopted this system of construction. That is 
further not the sole defect with whilh we can reproach the 
towers on the banks of the Rhine in the Romanesaue epoch. It 
is seen (Fis. 85) that in the two last stories of the tower, 
these are identical; it freouently happens that some evem pos- 
sess six similar stories thus superposed; that sives to these 
edifices a monotonous appearance that fatisues; one does not 
know which of these stories contains the bells, or if they do 
not all have them. The towers of the Rhine have neither besin- 
ning nor end, and one cannot understand why the structure com- 
orises so many stories, or why it stops at the fifth or sixth 
rather than at the second. The terminations do not connect in 
any manner with the square stories. There is here an entire 
lack of taste and feeling for proportions, far removed fromo 
our French conceptions of the same epoch, all whose parts are 
connected with art, and from which it seems that one could n 
neither omit anythins or add anythins to them. 

Since we have just made an excursion outside France, we will 
also sveak of the towers of Provence, that are no more French 
than the towers of the Rhine. &f the arts of Lombardy and of 
the shores of the Adriatic had a powerful influence on the b 
vanks of the Rhine, the Roman monuments that cover the soil 
of Provence still reigned as masters in that orovince in the 
42 th century. The Romans of antiauity did not built bell tow- 
ers, but they did erect certain votive or funerary monuments, 
for examole like that of S. Remy, which rigorously misht fum- 
ish tyoes of towers to the architects of the middle ases. They 
in the lack of other traditions or influences, did not fail 
to take for models those remains of Roman architecture. We find 
placed on the gable of the facade of the church of Molleses a 
Little tower of the 12 th century, that reproduces quite acm- 
rately, though in a barbarous manner, the antigque monument of 
3. Remy. The tower of Wolleges is not over 6.8 ft. outside at 
the base: it consists of a square story borme on four piers 
connected by four archivolts, and a lantern on a circular vlan. 


ees. : 


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ae 


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P ry or yee oe Vie ny -laed 


nel Qnpwe od bivco elfed edd dadt ewode viasefo aelo eidt to 
Of soidentmies seonn .1swor eins (20): evidosoeted nT.seetmise - 
| sbso1s buifd e yd bedotine et 4H Level att evode eteixe vebeol “ 
, . af ‘ . ? % 


299 

We sive (36) the plan of the lower story,(87) the plan of 
the lantern, and (83) the elevation of this tower, whose sin- 
Sle bell was suspended at the centre of the circular lantern. 
This bell whose bottom must have been at the level B, could 
not be rung; it was very probably fixed to an internal cross 
beam placed on the cornice at the level A, and the ringer be- 
ing placed under the arch at © was satisfied to strike the hin- 
mer against the edge of the bell, or in other words, to rins 
by means of a rope attached to the lower end of the clapper, 
as still practised in all southern Italy. The upper part of & 
this tower of Mollesges no longer exists above the level A.” 

Note 1.-p-Adhe Me Revori\d hod the courtesy to give us the ac- 


1 


urote arowine of this tower. 

We do not believe it necessarm to enlarge on the various ap- 
pliegations of Roman art to the towers of Provencal churches, 
for that would be to digress from our subject, these examples 
having none of the characteristics of French architecture, po 
properly so-called, and only beings mentioned as havins exerted 
a certain influence on the structures built alongs the Rhone, 
outside that province and even in Lyonnais. 

Before closing, we must mention the existence of towers bu- 
ilt on a very pronounced rectansular plan, which serves as a 
transition from the bell cot with simple arches like those s 
Siven in Figs. 80, 31, 32, and the bell tower. These towers 
on a rectangular plan are rare. There exists a very larse and 
very old one on the facade of the old cathedral of Carcassome 
originally servings for the defense of the city. We possess an- 
other of a more recent epoch (beginning of the 13 th century), 
built on the strensthened wall of the single lateral chapel of 
the little church of Thoureile Frected in the vicinity of th 
sacristy afid the sanctuary, this tower was within reach of t 
the celebrant. See how it is placed in the Sground story(39). 

A is the plan of the lateral chapel built on the bank of the 
Loire; a tunnel vault turned over the recess rests on the pier 
C and on the mass # abutted by a thick buttress extendins down 
into the river. Above the roof of the church, the belfry of t 
tower of Thoureil presents the plan (90). The elonsated form 
of this plan clearly shows that the bells could be swung len- 
Sthwisee.In perspective (91) this tower, whose termination no 
longer exists above the level F, is enriched by a blind arcade 


an ’ bere 
3 ee ; 


‘ « 
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; gud .ehaineqo Suieizatus boimict enota edt ai encitatotiso yd 
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etestsini edt to eenstsh evienlors end ,tintos Isool edd often 
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———_ — . —— +. oF : 
i oe Sa! ee 


390 
pelow the belfry, and does not fail to be ouite elegant in s 
spite of its extreme Simplicity in plan. 

Note 1.p-AGG. Ne Parcel hos courteously communicated to us 
the avowings of the tower of Thorer\rL, that we giwe here. 

From the 14 th century in France the towers of churches lons 
retained the form and arrangements adopted in the 13 th centa- 
ry, and differed only in details, which follow the movement 4 
impressed after that epoch on the arts of’ architecture; i.e., 
that their voints of support tend to become more slender, th- 
eir spires and terminations more slim. The towers are covered 
by perforations in the stone formins surprisius openings, but 
the mass remains the same. Now these details find their places 
in the Dictionary, so that we do not have to occupy ourselves 
with them here. Besides as we have already seen, the political 
disasters of the 14 th and 15 th centuries left to the monas- 
teries, bishops and parishes no leisure to erect towers of a 
certain importance. Many of these towers were besun about the 
middle of the 13 th century, but remained unfinished, and were 
completed onky at the end of the 15 th century and the besam - 
ing of the 16 th. When the architecture, that had originated 
during the 12 th century in the royal domain and the adjacent 
provinces, had extended over the entire surface of France, t 
these differences of schools, so interestins to study durins 
the Romanesoue period, disappeared to sive place to nearly 
uniform reproductions of a single type. The tower is the mon- 
ument that most clearly indicates the numerous varieties of 
the art of architecture on the soil of the French provinces wu 
until the 12 th century. The provincial spirit was extinsuish- 
ed under the royal power, and that diversity vanished. If th 
nation sained from the point of view of politics, the art lot 
its orisinality, and the reproductions of types held inchonorr 
in the royal domain were often incomplete or badly understood 
in the distant provinces. Yet the towers were lons the monuné- 
nts loved by the cities; after each disaster, the people has- 
tende to rebuild them or to repair them as best they could. 
Men speak in our time of the influence of the tower to desis- 
nate the local spirit, the exclusive defense of the interests 
of the city, and we see daily poor villages impose heavy bur- 
dens on themselves, to erect a tower for their church. 

The state of the architectural arts today does not correspond 


, o 6 


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‘eestt Yo esveotons edd afdtiw tlind ed teum yrosvinizob s 


301 
to the desires and the efforts of the people of the cities or 
the country, and towers in sreat number built in the last th- 
irty years in our country, will furmish some centuries later 
a subject of study interestins to our successors; senerally 
padly conceived, worse built, presentins heavy or ungainly 
outlines, they will scarcely endure, and if they are mostly 
ugly, we can at least console ourselves by théiking, that they 
will not lons witness the return to one of the most vivid tas- 
tes of mediaeval peoples. After the sauare towers, cold and 
flanked by pilasters, erected on our churches from 1815 to 
1840, men have sought to approach the types left by the 12 th 
and 13 th centuries; but the latter attempts mostly emphasize 
the weakness of our studies and the poverty of invention of 
modern artists. 


CLOITRE. Cloister. Close. 

A court surrounded by walls and galleries established besi- 
de cathedral, collesiate and monestic churches. From the first 
times of Christianity, cloisters were built in the immediate 
vicinity of churches. The form of plan of the cloister is Sq@- 
erally a souare.- Abbeys possessed two cloisters; one near the 
westeru entrance of the church; the other at the east behind 
the apse. The first gave access to the refectories, dormitor- 
ies, chapter hall, sacristy, warmed room and the prisons: in 
the cloister of the religious all could walk. The second was 
reserved to the abbot, the dignitaries and the copyists, more 
retired, smaller than the first, it was built in the vicinity 
of the library; the infirmary and the cemetery. cathedrals all 
had their cloister attached to one of the sides of the nave, 
either at the north or the south? it was surrounded by the 
houses of the canons, who lived under a common rule. Freque- 
ntly schools were erected in the vicinity of the cloisters of 
abbeys and cathedrals. From the 9 th century the synods were 
occupied with the seclusion of the chapters of cathedrals. 

“Tt is necessary,” said these assemblies, “that the bishops 
establish cloisters near the cathedral churches, so that cler- 
ics live according to the canonical rule, that the priests s 
should confine themselves to them, nor leave the church to so 
elsewhere to live.” It was also stated that a refectory and 

a dormitory must be built within the enclosure of these cloisters. 


seeds bde %G bee 6s js Qee ni e(mgog aftoq) *FOheqef SHOX 


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3902 

Note 1.p-408~e (Latin poem). 

Note? 16p-A0D. Synod. Port. Year 876.-- Synod Rom. under Bu- 
genio 11. 

“Diversity of dwellinss and offices in the cloister,” says 
Willian Durand, “signifies the diversity of dwellings and re- 
wards in the celestial kinsdom?*for in the kinsdom of my Fath- 
er are many houses, says the ford. And in themoral sense, the 
cloister represents meditation in which the soul turns to it- 
self, and where it conceals itself after beins separated from 
the multitude of carnal thonshts, and méeditatescon°thessebe- 
eelestial goods Inotheccloister are four walls, which are self 
distrust, distrust of the world, love of the neishbor and the 
love of God. And each side has a row of columns. The base of 
all the columns is patience. In the cloister the diversity of 
dwellinss is that of the virtues.” 

Note 2-0-4089. Book 1. Shapter i. Sect. Ad. 

The most common arrangement of the cloister is this; the p 
portico is attached to a wall of the nave withothe entrance 
beneath the porch and an entrance in the vicinity of one of 
the transepts; a portico at the west next which the buildings 
for strangers, or storehouses and cellars with external entr- 
ances; the portico at the east sives entrance to the sacristy, 
the chapter hall and ecclesiastical services; the last portico 
opoosite that alons the church, communicates with the dormit- 
ory and the refectory. The cloisters of cathedrals were surr- 
ounded by houses servins as residences of the canons, someti- 
mes these are in common. The schools were placed asainst the 
west portico near the entrance of the church. We must add here, 
that usually the cloisters of abbeys are built on the couthern 
side of the church, while those of cathedrals’ are most freaue- 
ntly at the norta.° The orientation off the south is much more 
pleasant in our climate, and it is not surorisins that the r 
religious adopted it for their cloisters. But from a very ren- 
ote epoch the palace of the bishop naturally took that as the 
best place, and the north side of the cathedral alone remained 
for buildins the cloister. 

Note 2.p-409. 1% VSB well understood, that this VS NOt ON 
ovsolute rule, various couses come TO modify these orrongeme- 
nts, noture of the ground, older structures in cities, exist- 
Wns Streets, compelled the abvots or chapters not to ve Forlrth- 


a - ee r Wh 7 ae + oP a "Tt A e hu Ou a > ee 


i 


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/ 


303 
Focrsthn{uL to theiy programme. StAVL the cloisters of the abbveys 
of Sluny, Vezeloy, Cloirvooux, Pontenoy, ghovite-sur-loire, S. 
penis, S. Jean-des-V¥idnes at Soissons, S. Front of Periéeueux, 
POISsy, So Genevieve at Poris, Trintte at goen, etc., and por - 
LAculorty of the type of the obbey of S. Goid Cart. Avrohirtect- 
whe Honostique, PIs. 1), ave Located at the south side of the 
church; while the cloisters of the cothedratls of Portis, Noyon, 
Raven, Rheins, Beavers, Seez, Boyeux, Puy-en-Veloy, etc., w 
were placed at the north. Sometimes the cloister of the vbish- 
op?s poloce cdjoins, Gnd both ave built at the sourthern side, 
as ot Longres, Eoureux and Verdun, but these ore exceptions, 
she bishops and chapters generally preferred to occupy sites 
separated by the church. 

The arrangements of the cloisters of abbeys were scarcely 
modified before the 16 th century; while on the contrary the 
cloisters of cathedrals suffered notable chanses because of 
the customs of the chapters, more variable thantthose of the 
relisious resulars. Men continued to designate by the name of 
cloister of the cathedral a mass of structures, that no lons- 
er had in general or details anythnins of the arrangement ind- 
icated at the besinnins of this Article. Thus for example, t 
the cloister of Notre Dame of Paris of the time of fouis the 
Fat, was composed of houses of canons built within its enclo- 
sure and others outside it. That prince, before ascendins the 
throne, caused the removal of a part of these houses located 
outside the cloister, but which still enjoyed the same immun- 
ities as those inside it. he made aminds for the wrons done 
to the chapter on the day of his marriage. At the besinnings 
of the 14 th century the cloister of Notre Dame, which exten- 
ded north and east of the cathedral to the banks of the Seine, 
enclosed thirty seven houses of canons.“When a canon came to 
die, } if the house was in the cloister, it could be occupied 
by the family for fifteen days: then it was inspected by the 
chapter and repaired if necessary at the cost of the estate 
of the deceased; then it was sold at auction to another can- 
on at the price fixed by the chapter. In case the purchaser 
already had a house in the cloister, he could sell it only to 
a canon, and dispose of the price at his pleasure; but the @ 
price of the house of the deceased canon must be converted i 
into an income for the celebration of his anniversary. Hvery 


\ 


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304 
canon that received a house in the cloister was compelled to 
swear, that in the year preceding the day on which he received 
it, he had made a stay in Paris during twenty weeks, passing 
one hour daily in the chapter or in the church; and that he 
proposed to do the same in future. Also he engaged himself by 
oath to maintain the house and its dependances in as good st- 
ate, ifanot better than when it came to him; finally to accu- 
rately discharge the board and other charges imposed on the 
nouse./” These houses were endowed with lands and incomes, b 
put at the same time were burdened with numerous and very va- 
ried charges; thus the canons sought means to reduce asemuch 
-ascpossiblesthecamount of these charges by livings foreisn to 
their condition. They sold wine at retail, even opened taverns, 
rented part of the houses assigned to them; thus the chapter 
statutes expressly prohipvit these abuses, which proves that 
they existed. They also forbed each canon to allow any woman, 
religious or otherwise, to pass the night in the house in the 
cloister, with the exceotion of the mother, sister, relative 
in the third degree, or a woman of high rank, that could be 
refused without scandal. ~” These statutes aoveared at several 
times durins the 13 th and 14 th centuries against the abuses 
resulting from the presence of women in the cloister of thec 
canons. The cloister of Notre Dame of Paris, like most of th- 
ose of great cathedrals, then was rather a mass of houses com- 
prised in a shat enclosure, than a cloister properly so-called. 
Yet we shall see soon, that the chapter houses did not exclude 
the porticos of cloisters in certain cathedral churches. The 
cloisters of cathedrals then freauently preserved the appear- 
ance of a quarter with its special enclosure, its alleys and 
places. Abbe Lebeuf 3 informs us, that about 1350 the cloist- 
er of the cathedral of Auxerre was only a“mass of houses adj- 
oinins church S. Etienne, most of which belonsed to the chapt - 
er by donation from private individuals, by exchanse or purc- 
nase. That there were only two sates of the cloister, next t 
the river Yonne.“One is not very certain,” he adds, what are 
the bounds of the cloister in the upper auarter. There were 
only some marks desisnatins the limits, like sreat fleurs-de- 
lis and iron crosses. But the area, though not enclosed on 
that side, contained about half of ancient Auxerre. There was 
freedom and immunity in all that area for all the laity resi- 


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305 
residing there, and who wished to recognize and require it. T 
The bishop alone had all lordship there with hish, medium and 
low temporal justice, except in the houses of the canons, wh- 
ich bishop Brard had exempted from his temporal jurisdiction. 
The court had disputed this justice with the bishopv, but had 
yielded. Et nad recognized that bishop Hrard had ceded it to 
the chapter for the houses of the canons, and what depended 
on them outside the old walls, i.e., what then formed the gar- 
dens of some, belonged lesitimately to the chapter. Consequ- 
ently one of these counts had accorded to the bishop and chap- 
ter the power of building walls and gates in the places where 
the cloister terminated toward the middle of the city, on con- 
dition of keeping them open from break of day until curfew, 
as done for the two old gates, this agreement had been confir- 
med by the kins, who had permitted the enclosure as well as 
the bishop; but although that enclosure was well authorized, 
it had not been completed. The chapter had only vrepared mate- 
rials for it. So the citizens had always vassed freely by ni- 
sht as by day in the streets of the cloister of 8. Ktienne, 
and they had driven their wagons there. Yet the canons alwa- 
ys had the right to use the permission obtained. They based t 
this on the power of the bishop that had been sranted to then, 
statins that a lord high justice cowld enclose himself, when 
he thought proper; that the abbot of S. Germain had recently 
caused to be built in his jurisdiction a tower for prisoners, 
that occuvied part of the street, and that the inhabitants of 
Auxerre, who were at first opposed to it, had then consented ; 
that several examples of streets of the cloister of S. Etieme 
had been closed by the permission of the bishop, and in which 
nad been built arcades or salleries to pass from one house to 
another over the street, etc.” The canons based their demands 
for enclosure chiefly on what accidents had recently occurradl 
during the night. A canon had been killed in going to matins; 
horsemen had broken through the gates; another canon had bem 
wounded by the soldiers of the count; the orovost and other 
lords of Auxerre had come at another time at break of day to 
the house of the canon collector of the kins’s tenth, had bro 
ken his doors, pulled down a stairway, maltreated the canon 
and pillaged the house. Another time the bailiff of the prov- 
ost of Auxerre with his men to the number of more than eishty, 


. 


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306 
had besieged the canon Raoul Jouvain in his house. Horsemen 
had come at night into the cloister to take away the horses ™ 
of the canons. Finally insults had become so common, that wh- 
en one desired to threaten a canon or a cleric of the church, 
he said: “Tt will find you when you go to matins.” In the month 
of October, 1351, five or six hundred of the most important 
citizens of the city of Auxerre immediately after complines, 
because the bailiff of Sems, isnorins these recent insults, 
had rendered a decision maintainins for the citizens the risht 
of passing throush the cloister of S. Htienne, whenever it s 
seemed Sood, came to march through all the alleys of the clo- 
ister, while threatenins to tear down the houses of the canms, 
and to make their crowns red; they only retired after having 
filled the alleys of the cloister with filth in full daylisht 
and with @esign. The affair was taken to the court of the par- 
liament, and the chapter of 3. Htienne save up its rights for 
a sum of two thousand livres, that the city paid in four ins- 
talments. We have summarized the lons dispute, in order to m 
make known to our readers the extent taken by certain cloist- 
ers of cathedrals, and also the serious disorders, caused in 
a populous city by the privileges thus accorded to entire gu- 
arters, thus forming a city within a city. 

Note 1ep-A4i1d. Gort. aS VIBSV.N. D. Of Portis, published vy. 
Guerard, and the preface, pid. 

Note ~.epeAtie Latin text. Ghart. Boo. Paris. Part Ii, Book 
4@ SROWLUNAAG. 198i 

Note ®WePpehite Latin text. The sawe. Port TIL. Book 20. Now. 
AQZhDe 16 | 

Note S.peAti. Mew. Conc. V*hist. civ. et ectles. d*duxerre. 
VOV. Sep 22. ay 

fhe seneral arrangement of cloisters of cathedrals or monas- 
teries beings known, we shall occupy ourselves only with the 
structures for which this name is particularly retained, i.e., 
covered porticos built in the vicinity of churches. 

It is to be believed that the first cloisters were only por- 
ticos in the style of the antique porticos, i.e., sheds of car- 
pentry resting on columns with bases restins om the ground. 
We have| vainly sought to discover at what epoch the arrangem- 
ent well known ‘as the Homan impluvium was modifted, to adopt 
as we see accepted in the earliest cloisters. There must have 


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307 

been a transition that escapes us for lack of monuments desc- 
ribed or still existing. For there is a very sharp demarcation 
between the Roman imoluvium and the Christian cloister of our 
provinces, which is first that the rows of columns rest dire- 
tly on the sground, and that one ean pass from the portico in- 
to the squar through each intercolumniation, while in the sec- 
ond the piers of columns are always set on a plinth, low wall 
or continuous support separating the portico from the square, 
only interrupted by rare openings serving as exits. This arr- 
angement andithe small height of the columns characterize cle- 
arly the cloister bi the West, and make it . particular monu- 
ment with no relation to the Roman courts surrounded by porticos. 

One of the oldest examples that we have in France is the el 
cloister of the cathedral of Puy-en-Velay, whose construction 
partly dates in the 10 th century. In the 12 th century this 
cloister was rebuilt on three sides. The primitive cloisters 
are not vaulted, but are often covered by visible carpentry 
arranged as a shed roof, or if a story be over the cloister, 
by a ceiling of beams placed across the portico. These prin- 
itive cloisters in the South of mrance as well as in the Nor- 
th, are not Slazed, and consist of a series of arches resting 
on single or coupled columns, with points of support stronger 
and thicker at the angles. Still the cloister at Puy-en-Velay 
does not conform to these arrangements. It is covered by a s- 
ries of Roman cross vaults resting on the external walls, and 
at the court side on great piers flanked by detached columns. 
This cloister is traced at the angles accordins to the plan. 
(4). The piers rest on a low an@ithick wall rising about 1.5 
ft. above the vawement of the portico, thus formins a contin- 
uous bench in the interior as well as nekt the court; another 
bench B continues alons the wall afidiserves as a base for the 
columns attached to the wall. The sinsu,ar arrangement of the 
ansle pier © will be noted, whose vlan is determined by the 
spacing of the columns D, that were desired to be kept equal, 
so as to be able to construct resular cross vaults. 

Here is the elevation and section of this cloister made on 
the line ® G.(2). The piers are built in coursés and the col- 
umns are monoliths. the archivolts with extradoses are compo- 
ged of alternating plack and white voussoirs, repeated in a 
series of brick and stone forming a series of lozenses. The 


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dse12 to exsteiolo befosie eysddés odd yawinso dv fl eft mort ; 
“Sisq tnstrcamit teom end esw ti doundo edd testis tO? .eesndoia 
gd dnsoe avcitifes edd doitdw of tedd (etnomdeildetes seent to 
10 Isnistxs oJ 10 nommoo af eseysia ot betoveb ton eavod sxit 
© soiviee es sniviee vino don eisveiolo ea ,arcdel Ienrstai 
gomivemol .snoisatibem sot seoela Bas edilsw es tud .etobisi0o 
-idi0qg edd te eflew eft 36 eno no 10 JyHoo edt to ofdns ne at 
4 .enofiuids 10% niesd teeth s dtiw antetavcot s beosla sew oo 
.atesd odd bored lede doved heirsves Yo J10e8 a0 coidd0a elatrl 
-sw ot smso ofw .euorkifey edt amiode mort betosdorg ands Boe 
sv ef tnomeynsits sidd dedd hedete sd deuom Si [lide ’.eredd de 
 (ufetI Yo eisteiofo eft ni nommoo dav0dd .sons1? ni s1s1 yisv 
Beeld netto even enieed odd vatonoo tho nt t.ntso? Bae yfioie - 
' \nediede tHontiw div00 edd To olkus edt ai 10 elbbim edt ve 
fo ktoiG ad “ttove) nip age Phipinadessete eds to yinfotv eft ni 10 
RL) » andes | «(sei Lido§ ob ye 
Se chia dies yo gsddo swt fo wefavo/o sdf .8PA.g.f STORK 
Nite ond tA .s00/f70g St FO Sno To Siow sdt to afsod o. e9eeoq 
a4 we — adend bosv09 o ate/xe os/o yorstuct fo ysd 


t4!. wal i “yg a 


308 

tympanums are faced in the same manner; above is set a frieze 
of black lava and bricks. A carved cornice terminated the wh- 
ole base of the roof before the construction of the upper sal- 
lery, which dates from the 14 th century. To make beter under- 
stood the mode of construction and decoration of this insular 
monument, we present (3) the elevation of one of the arches 

at the scale of 1: 40. 

This structure is also rudely executed, and the capitals ¢ 
are barbarous work recallins the. Roman decadence. Rut its sen- 
eral appearance of the system of decoration,employed permit 
it to have a certain air of solidity and srandeur still impr- 
essed by Romam traditions. Romanesaue constructors wished to 
obtain in the composition of cloisters auite wide and low por- 
ticos, so that the religious should not be incommoded by sun 
or wind. They yever departed from this very sensible prosram- 
me, and even in the northern provinces, when they decided to 
glaze the porticos of cloisters entirely or in part, they con- 
tinued to sive them a Sreat width in comparison to their hei- 
Sht. The cloisters were always surrounded by buildings, and 
this arrangement also permitted the lishtins of the adjacent 
halls above the roofs of the porticos. 

From the 11 th century the abbeys erected cloisters of sreat 
richness, for after the church it was the most important part 
of these establishments, that in which the relisious spent t 
the hours not devoted to prayers in common or to external or 
internal labors, the cloisters not only servins as service c 
corridors, but as walks and places for meditation. Sometimes 
in an angle of the court or on one of the walls of the porti- 
co was placed a fountain with a sreat basin for ablutions. A 
little portico or sort of covered porch sheltered the basin, 
and thus protected from storms the relisious, who came to wa- 
sh there. Still it must be stated that this arrangement is ve 
very rare in France, thoush common in the cloisters of Italy, 
Sicily and Spain. Tn our country the basins were often placed 
at the middle or in the ausgle of the court without shelter, 
or in the vicinity of the refectory.. (Art. Lavoir in Diction- 
ary du Mobilier). 

Note A.peAiGe The cloister of the abddvey of Thoronet stir 
posses Oo bosin at the wall of one of ts Porticos. ALT the ao- 


vey of Fontenay also existe a covered bosin,. 


- eanit¢aisg vd betsi00e6 yléneunse7? seom essw erstetelo sdT 
-seT BIO edd mot} seasos Snitasserge1 yilsnikizo ,aliew edd ao 
6 edt setel {vioned .6 bas eniotad .5 to sbhnstel eft .taemad 
Pe head eebnosel nishes e10m 10 exdacell eoneh 
bat, pieenthbttetes oigesnom edd yisdineso dt SE edit Juods ned¥ 
to,eoois10q0 ent .dtiisen baer soehasit to xemiio 1tess bentadts 
. desir te bedtyoqn?: enmnfoe sidism yd besi1cogpe stew exsteiolo 
yaev dédiw betvooxe elstiosn edd to sistaivoe sat bue .seasaxe 
- edt enolsiis1 est to esys sid stoted hetexd .e1e0 asl[w0ldi84 
ta Xo -eboorel 70 yiodveid beiose to sensoe. 
~genemoh bevisee19 yis1s1 sve dtw0ov sat mi eoiretesnom ag0 
$f Bos dé ff edt 20ixeb 10d :dta0ow wiadiso 2 le e1etsiels ero 
~wyisve teonl[s eeonivotg eeett to anorsif{sa sit .eeitninsos as 
| & vd medd soaige: ot esstetolo neao blo aisds beyoitesh sieq 
mio? doemevom eid .ashised .e10ebisi0s bezoto ylusen 10 besele 
WBdt at hsovemmoo hed doidw .cisdostisorws to nokdsvons. sdi 
goibfivijex edt yd viwineo dt Sf odd to elfbbim od¢ tuods dsro¥ 
eaT .esizesesnom to yedmun teso2 s yd hswollot .elsihedteo te 
~Suemtons aeiuivos1 syedde ed% to sesoiusdo add To gniblindey 
-isd sistelolo edd ind ;benisier even eswdouate blo edd <2 oe 
ylevitstacaco ssnsqxes ooiaiepet Bae seavsonite gdsil yrew on 
| ioc! oid aoiN .esesd wen ocd ni Ii iucor Ile yiassa siswe, lene 
“mSxo 100 Asoe Lisde gw .dti0% sdt oi eietetolo syupesagemol to 
'&aied sinemdeildstes oidesnom end seusoed .dinoB sdt ni eelo 
edt to sistem edd to tnehrsaqshini slut nomnoo 8 yt hodsluss 
Vigeen enzo} des¥ odd ot betoobs yodt .elsiseysa 10 edamilo 
Laiene: oft 102 ,es1stowade yisnibio aledd dtvin L[sottasbi 
_ seintoetidows edd to elisish edd aot son ti . Snomek ners 
“190 ei dives edd Yo siedeiolo Imtituacd seom eit to end 
te, gooisieq edd to awl .egf14 to omydaoxT 12 to wads vinies 
iwiudoeo dt Sh edt to Reinnived edd mort e¢sb aedetolo eidg 
_hebivib ,ezsineqo {soioniq eesadt Yo beeoamce ek mead Yo does 
asia ent ek ()) 19H .enmploo niwd yd en10d sedow as0t osnt 
wmiteiolo edd Ye eved ent Yo eno to eninsoo na bas efare ne Yo 
elds mor? taebive 2i fi ymoidooe edi (2) bas pomydaor? 22 to 
seodd es [isw es ,k001te yIsv s%@ er)eiq slans edd ted’ .nelg 
fenaut evounitnoo s talved eooidi0g eff .eyed edd emitsrecse 
_) & bus 2edo1s seisvenssd owt evisoes eisig eitna sna .tluev 
-nud ows edd to noitoeetedni oft edasonon sedd .fors Isnokeib 
dG «fois opisvensat a eavisoe1 yed s to 1sitq dosh .estnav fan 


309 

The cloisters were most frequently decorated by paintings 
on the walls, originally representing scenes from the 01d Tes- 
tament, the legends of S. Antoine and 8. Benoit} later the 4d 
dance Macabre or more modern legends. ; 

When about the 22 th century the monastic establishments had 
attained their climax of grandeur and wealth, the porticos of 
cloisters were supported by marble columns imported at sreat 
expense, and the sculpturs of the capitals executed with very 
particular care, tracéed before the eyes of the religious the 
scenes of sacred history or lesends. 

Jur monasteries in the North have rarely preserved Romanes- 
ane cloisters of a certain worth; for during the 13 th and 14 
th centuries, the religious of these provinces almost everyw- 
here destroyed their old open cloisters to replace them by s 
Slazed or nearly closed corridors. Besides, the movement for 
the renovation of architecture, which had commenced in the WN 
North about the middle of the 12 th century by the repuildins 
of cathedrals, followed by a Sreat number of monasteries. The 
rebuildins of the churches of the abbeys requiring enormous 
sums, the old structures were retained; but the cloisters bel- 
ns very light structures and requirins expense comparatively 
small, were nearly all rebuilt in the new taste. With the lack 
of Romanesque cloisters in the North, we shall seek our exam- 
ples in the South, because the monastic establishments beins 
resulated by a common rule independent of the nature of the 
climate or materials, they adopted in the West forms nearly 
identical with their ordinary structures, for the seneral 
arrangement, if not for the details of the architecture. 

One of the most beautiful cloisters of the South is cer- 
tainly that of S. Trophyme of Arles. Two of the porticos of 
this cloister date from the beSinning of the 12 th century; 
each of them is composed of three pincival openings, divided 
into four arches borne by twin columns. Here (4) is the plan 
of an angle and an openins of one of the bays of the cloister 
of &. Trophyme, and (5) its section; it is evident from this 
plan, that the angle piers are very strong, as well as those 
separating the bays. The porticos havins a continuous tunnel 
vault, the ansle piers receive two transverse arches and a 
diagonal arch, that concéaks the intersection of the two tun- 
nel vaults. Fach pier of a bay receives a transverse arch. Mit 


A mm ORE - 
‘Yo notioes sit tedt ss@ ow .? .2i7 .noitdose said satwmexe sw ti 
- @ & elediod sdt teadd ds ,dows Jnsumear s ei tivav lenaws edd 


‘| [few oft Se sedows setsvansxs edt Yo eteoomt edd anidiocane 


edt dxom eretaslig edt to ebsed edd evode «tt O.S boosia ere 
enonnttnoo & totiesxs eds no D Je edon ole {fin sno ;eanineqo 
-etolo sit to anixevoo eis yilentoigo gadis tnivsolbat: <ISTT OR 
3 SXF To sobsttze oft oo ylsosaib biel eew adele snote yd «98 
-s1 eddy tie daiverso ,motawo L[eonevort sit astta tissv leonnd 
ebeed edt ywidadord tend bow .0 % ont fettob ede bnols astewnd 
eeslyobise ssisl svisoss of bebredai sisw eesesatind sdz to 8 
S1SW oodW .vIetaso dt FL edd wd-betneto esw soemedasaia sidT 
~teif{dstee eiew asosiist .astetolo edd Yo sootsiea ond tlindes 
0 [fen wol & bone .noidose 100 no nwode es IY sail edd no ke 
IBY o¢ tetew ont wolls oF Beotsta sefod bas geese doned = tiv 
‘t to Level eft svode .3% 4.0: beeiaa ssw yiessny blo sas odni 
‘esas ;sapdqluce at doia yaev ef aetefolo eidT .svas sert? sat 
@ Ye7s to 61a eisic sit to egniost .,elestiogo ,enmeloo elitil 
etivey fennut edd covisoes obsor doitoe (Isw et tools soldsem 
®ictolo edd to abnibhfvom eda ot es [lew es eetwtoluoe edz aT 
nenol To etse oct to sonmenftar edz elest eno .suitdoorT .6 to 
Peseoomes sas bons esutaete yd betercosh eta exsic sat .wiiveoisnae 
(3) evrd oF .sonsiescge boot viev 8 sven bos tus teomd dtin 
wanes neies .1sia eno bus oolisacgq et te sotixvoa s to weiv e 
. etivay ona 
“9180 8 yd berevoo ,osestoyv ‘Yo yedda sdv to setelelo sid al 
918 doidw ,etera edt no estan ono .j{[vev & zon bas toor yotne 
bh nistieo ss Sheors eft tourvetet bos eolhnue edd ¢e hednsaiw 
no Bsyiso .,enofunenth seer to Yetl[s1t ni serveoit .esoneteib 
ent Poa ,esiteoas vyevels eit Tussergs1 yeds -eldaem Yo evale 
“fodds tedT .f80r ni dowsdo sid hedsotheh ofw . fnew sodds 


. §@etole edT «nomi? .2 .eslseoar eit, 20 eno Yo soele sit eodad 


doomonom s to etnemtert to beeocmon ef oseetow to yedds sdv to 
-etofo eit Yo sottowisenooe edd os teeet ywweneo dd EE sdt Yo 
* "9moe ,ytwineo dv cl edd to Soinanised edt suods eknibliad a987 
-dpa gnemdeifdstes evnotoifes eid’ neniw doecs sat sioted esisey 
to eesndoia eft enteloxe etd? .xvsetiO to slwr edt of botsin 
‘? ,seterolo eidt Jo ersic fae elsticso eit Bo esistalooe sis 
go bisaief .2 yd “nen mictet ods fiiw frooss ton esob teda 
OF saat bee sens °° seesetdonide oftescom 
etsseiolo sid to Sntecirotentn wit ik betoobs ensioisdeid edt. 


310 
if we examine the section, Fis. 5, we see that the section of 
the tunnel vault is a rampant arch, and that the corbels As 
supporting the imposts of the transverse arches at the wall 
are placed 2.0 ft. above the heads of the pilasters next the 
openings; one will also note at C on the exterior a continuous 
Sutter, indicatins that orisinally the coverins of the clois- 
ter by stone slabs was laid directly om the extrados of the t 
tunnel vault after the Frovencal custom, carryins off the ra- 
inwater along the dotted line ? C, and that probably the heads 
G of the buttresses were intended to receive larse sarsoyles. 
This arrangement was changed in the 13 th century, when were 
rebuilt two porticos of the cloister. Terraces were establish - 
ed on the line F K as shown on our section, and a low wall L 
with a bench seat and holes pierced to allow the water to fall 
into the old sutter, was raised 6.6 ft. above the level of t 
the first eave. This cloister is very rich in sculpture; the 
little columns, capitals, facings of the piers are of sray m 
marble; alons the wall antich arcade receives the tunnel vault. 
In the sculptures as well as in the mouldinss of the cloister 
of S. Trophime, one feels the influence of the arts of Roman 
antigquity. The piers are decorated by statues and are composed 
with great art and have a very good appearance. We sive (6) 
a view of a portion of the portico aud one pier, taken under 
the vault. 

In the cloister of the abbey of Moissac, covered by a carp- 
entry roof and not a vault, one notes on the piers, which are 
arranged at the ansles and interrupt the arcade at certain d 
distences, fisures in relief of sSreat dimensions, carved on 
slags of marble: they represent the elevey apostles, and the 
abbot Durand, who dedicated the church in 1063. That abbot 
takes the place of one of the apostles, S. Simon. The cloister 
of the abbey of Moissac is composed of fragments of a monument 
of the 11 th century reset at the reconstruction of the clois- 
ter buildings about the besinnins of the 19 th century, some 
years before the epoch when this religious establishment sub- 
mitted to the rule of Citeaux. This explains the richness of 
the sculptures af the capitals and piers of this cloister, t 
that does not accord with the reform imposed by S. Bernard on 
monastic structures. 

The Cistercians adopted in the construction of the cloisters 


» 


2 ; ; ° 7.) 
pre is af ‘ - > i é 


- fe jhe if a 
= en ity 
asi f 08a qi tos ted ti udo: toed ide eh didetaads ro YS ids eda 30 


-— beeasones vod? sbotbste hated edizen dotdn tos rebs0 gadd, of 

he bes ,vitaso1so yd berevoo ylinsuoe1t taom eooitiog sibil esods 

, ot etiney Snizzetesq .meivulgmt supitns eat belfeosa doidu 

+ gtsev bus eintqivee anitosie1 .es1nsdowxse azisdt Ile of t10nboow 

~1s90g8 tiedy yi ofdaisemet eisseielo betosie yods .2dnemense 

aebio dedi sedw omit edd tA) .nolteish bosiddaneise ldo sons 

ss egbuetesnom to isdmsn elfdersbience & 18ey yet & oi betoers ( 
¢ Beseqmoo si9w seeid ,(sqo ws oreteen to se1s eiitne edt 1svo 

, an mneersed ,etivav eso19 10 Lonagé onivetsqse aisic tse1k te : 
4 a8 tedtea dedi .dninego bseserqeb bos wel s beosla si dot 

asdd.,.{[{sw Zoids a ot etninego to egiaes & to soneissa9s edd 

& witom sdv Yo coais s enisms1 r9ezd0l om ese%T.ocokti0g ¢ to - 

_ Feed YISV & 2essect ew dud ;xvaviis{O bus xvaesi® to eyedds 

emis odd ts slind ssen bas .esods déiw evoensiogmedado ssdmuo 

{lite ose ow dévo> ot oT semetoistero sit to masicudine sat to 

iad edd no saacevlic ,temotodT Yo avedde edd to seosd aaiboaits 

7a se0d¢ omvees doidu ,9uonams? to bas ,sonsiv7 sié.30 Aned 

, -om oid yd oevit smusahowg sft ylues{o atalaxs oT .emict saevy 

_mottoveiasecos edd 10% eistdaush eti oF xusediD to yedda asdd 

-teni sefoo1cg ot tnihicoos tlind siew seend 10% .atsteiolo te 

sistostidois, .t14) aeb10 edd Yo heed add vd nevid encisond 

r «¥Iseesoen ei noiteitemiii os .{ evoitesaoy 
<neat te yedda edt to.szeteiolo edd scvt os ea sided Lleda of 

g 1wol eed movevo lsisneg edd o¢ anifiooos sedeiglo cint .te 

Je Ilew.odtd goofs tscT .dowsdie edt to dition slind ecotra0c 

bas ,scoidaod isdso edd ssdt Level asd2id s te ek even edd 

_ Ho sdédtevo ef yiote boooee s« elidw .yiote bavoiw 6 ylno sed 

_-twgqee yitemtct ootti0g 2 20 ateienoo yiote hooose eid? .esed 

 sLm10b edt of sonstéme 2evit bas .toor yidneqaso elamie s eai 

yiose fasots sii to sooidaca ed! .searvisa ewoinsv bas ecitog 

69996 «d3 Ob yo tootd .t2-0.f eieiq teeth to esisee 8 tneset0 

edd osentsd tee ai nuvloo elonia A .etlovidors vd bedgasanco 

«Give oft of doidw svode .esiors sind fdame esiogase bas e19ic 

‘ benodsoneite .tinev leanut bayor A -2ninego buyor s ei mune 

_«eledioo mo en10d sefioi serevensad vd aeonsdeibh aslube1 te 

eo etiuev dennut betoics .ioido end ebieed oisscg edd Bisvoo 

— « Wolt esodw ,ootv10g dion eaT .eootd10g ieddo sexdd snd rsvOO 

. Sf test bas gas% te eooidiog ons edt Yo seedt usid iswol ei 

| At 90 Rainego Liss Leceysxed # yd oLbbim est ge betnecmooos 


Ay as ~~ . f 
oe ee ree a ia 2 & sh ed 


311-0f 
of their abbeys 2 particular architectural character, peculiar 
to that order and which merits beins studied. They renounced 
those light porticos most frequently covered by carpentry, and 
which recalled the antique impluvium, preferrins vaults to 
woodwork in all their structures, rejecting sculpture and vain 
ornaments, they erected cloisters remarkable fy their appear- 
ance ofistrengthnand duration. (At the time when that order 
erected in a few years a considerable number of monasteries 
over the entire area of western Europe), these were composed 
of great piers separatins tunnel or cross vaults, between wh- 
ich is placed a low and depressed openings, that rather has t 
the appearance of a series of openings in a thick wall, than 
of a portico.THere no longer remains a trace of the mother a 
abbeys of Giteaux and Clairvaux; but we possess a very great 
number céntemporaneous with those, and were built at the time 
of the enthusiasm of the Cistercians. In the South we see still 
standings those of the abbeys of Thoronet, Silvacane on the mk 
bank of the Durance, and of Semanaue, which assume those se- 
vere forms. To explain clearly the programme given by the mo- 
ther abbey of Citeaux to its daushters for the construction 
of cloisters, for these were built according to vrecise inst- 
ructions siven by the head of the order (Art. Architecture 
Monastiaue), an illustration is necessary. 

We shall take as a type the cloister of the abbey of Thorm- 
et. This cloister according to the general custom has four p 
porticos built north of the church. That. abong the wall of. 
the nave is at a hisher level than the other porticos, and 
has only a ground story, while a second story is overithe ot- 
hers. This second story consists on a portico formerly suppor t- 
ing a simple carpentry roof, and sives entrance to the dormi- 
tories and various services. The porticos of the sround story. 
present a series of great piers 1.6 ft. front by 4.9 ft. deep, 
connected by archivolts. A single column is set between the 
piers and supports smallitwin arches, above which in the tym- 
anum is a round openings. A round tunnel vault, strensthened 
at resular distances by transverse arches borne on corbels, 
covers the portico beside the church. Pointed tunnel vaults c 
cover the three other porticos. The north portico, whose floor 
is lower than those of the two porticos at Hast and West, is 
accompanied at the middle by a hexasonal hall openins on the 


- m ° 


“Gl ) ieee cf , 7 
did i iu Bis i a fll watvese  ineainetl fon | aw 
 @ te ote sat Yo endian eit to aottico s (%) evie of 4 
|  bnaa0 eesit to noitoseistni to eslbne ons sad JA  sssoront 
¥ eevis etfvusy [enovs oft Yo sottoseieint edd ,{svel edt so 20 
+ ~") 9°) + ©\esHtors Lemohetb yd bensdtensite etivev esos ows 
Jo yrteiase odt to . tes .mom #96 sosdork 998 ofS hageh stow 
(5 5) .Seteoug .y yd show yoddo sidt Jo gatvor’ oft .9tot2 
-eotusaiyor tvodtiw sis eamuloo bedossiebh odd to elsiiqeo ant 
2 asdésq1 ,eeesd sdd to eslkns edt etarcosh awslo slowie yrov 
“100 Sit Yo servo tert? SxT .motter00sb 10% osdt yiibifoe a0t 
-eveq edt estsisvse .eknibivem tuodtiw aenote hereupe to .sold 


' iF mwsveded¥ .[[ew as01 sit to Fass wo aveixe donsd redsons 
-si2 6 eved of [ist ton es0b sh Je1rsteestidors eidd Yo exscebet 
‘fot .nottovrterco es hoodevebou [few ei si Baa .rstosisdo ba 
¥d Bebzcl d¢ash tent Yo esta dewq younse divsv [enond odd 
‘Ye soneeds stisa  .yseta Bacose eis to coktioe yisoeem edd 
-3¢0 tuo ebned sldsaneaetbai ewoe vino .29iftow bee saathlvom 
-etneo evisos: of bra esostius (sniedxe eft soatord of belay 


~narsegqas oF .etivsv bax gedors esas Sainanty act svise og ania. 


. stew sevieemedd ewoinix seqqu edd -#esl> Yo 10 esiweelo to go 
\ .gecnivo1o otedtwoe ni yileioesqes .ti tuodsin nssto 

9 to nolvovitenco sat ai ySioilorie t¢6 noktaetosttsa efdd t9Y 
eit Yo boo edz te heasttoe vheesls ean sxgteiolo Herorssetd 
sineadeildsses oltesnom edd 30 eoreultei ode Yd YIvInso dz ot 
yoRia omse ody Qnisestow wort rst yiev orsw doidw .vawld to 
¢ erptostidow sonst? [fe suonkuo ms eudT .eesttibs saieds ni 
-ntag sdv Yo stice nt ashots emoosd of yisadnoom sdi no bebuss 
sonivoig emse edt ni bait s¥ .bisn1s9 .8 vo besestow aslgis 
| yedds sdf ni .fsedino¥ mort ast Jon ,sodds heteads{eo tend to 
-ofo's (etd © .2i# .eunttesno¥ savtossinoids .t14) ysastn0® to 
> -snstnetis telorsteto Isyeneh edd tninistes [Lite gent .s9tei 
‘Bne sosedels nistiso 6 etnses1a yiasile tey .bedede sent eta 
-te hnoose on asd tevstole eit .noisonitenos ovitiniag eeel s 
Beisvoo ,viote Hawe1h edd nt ooitace 2 to eseianoo bas yiose 
-flois bayer to beeoemoo 938 eysd seonw .eticsv e200 nsmoS vd 
belgnos no betroqene esos elduob yd bebivib ew bes .etiovi 
-wiBbas ,ytotoste: edd no: bemsdo ocoisi0qg atedévos etl .enmalco 
‘wo elbbim sit oi .{fed seqo [ntidveed & yd beinsancoos esw 
edd tod .fevortesb won tienes Meer ewroteavel edt san doldw 


4 


a «toned & €8 seviss bas taweo edt mort asteiolo eds to tasn 


312 
court and formerly servins as a lavatory. 

We sive (7) a portion of the pvorticos of the cloister of th 
Thoronete” At the two ansles of intersection of these portic- 
os on the level, the intersection of the tunnel vaults gives 
two cross vaults strengthened by diasonal arches. 

Wote 1.-P-421. See Archiv. des won. Hist. ot the WNinistry of 
State, the drowing of this abbey mode by y. Quester. 

The capitals of the detached columns are without sculptures. 
Very simple claws decorate the angles of the bases, rather f 
for solidity than for decoration. The first course of the por- 
tice, of squared stones without mouldings, separates the pave- 
ment of the cloister from the court and serves as a bench; a 
another bench exists on aipart of the rear wall. Whatever the 
rudeness of this architecture, it does not fail to have a gr- 
nd character, and it is well understood as construction, for 
the tunnel vaalt cannot push piers of that depth loaded by 
the masonry portico of the second story. Entire absence of 
mouldings and profiles, only some indispensable bands cut be- 
veled, to protect the external surfaces and to receive cente- 
ring to serve for turnins the arches and vaults. No appearan- 
ce of closures or of glass; the upper windows themselves were 
often without it, especially in southern provinces. 

Yet this affectation of simplicity in the construction of 6 
Gistercian cloisters was already softened at the end of the 
12 th century by the influence of the monastic establishments 
of Cluny, which were very far from professing the same rigor 
in their edifices. Thus throushout all France architecture t 
tended on the contrary to become richer in spite of the prin- 
ciples professed by S. Bernard. We find in the same province 
of that celebrated abbot, not far from Montbard, in the abbey 
of Fontenay (Art. Architecture Vonastiaue, Fis. 9 bis) a clo- 
ister, that still retainins the sSeneral Gistercian arranseme- 
nts just stated, yet already presents a certain elegance and 
a less primitive construction. This cloister has no second st- 
story and consists of a portico in the ground story, covered 
by Roman cross vaults, whose bays are composed of round arch- 
ivolts, and are divided by double arches supported on coupled 
columns. Its southern portico opened on the refectory, and w 
was accompanied by a beautiful open hall, in the middle of w 
which was the lavatory. That hall is now destroyed, but the 


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313 
traces afd beautiful frasments are found. At the centre rose 
a column to the impost of the former cross vaults, around it 
being the basin of the lavatory. 

Here (8) is the plan of the portion of the cloister of the 
abbey of Fontenay to which the lavatory was attached. The ar- 
rangement is monumental, the architecture is severe, and the 
construction is composed of admirable materials; at A is the 
refectory, rebuilt in the 13 th century, at B is the portico 
and at © the basin. 

We present (9) one of the bays of the cloister. Bach portico 
of this cloister consists of eight bays, sivins a perfect sq- 
uare in plan. The sreat archivolts of the entrances to the la- 
vatory are decorated by mouldings, and the piers are very rich. 
These piers are abutted by buttresses extended to the sround} 
and the archivolts of the porticos are without mouldings. These 
archivolts are the penetrations of the internal cross vaults, 
so that the construction is perfectly indicated on the exter- 
ior. The imposts of the cross vaults rest beside the wall on 
detached columns. The construction of this cloister is well 
understood and built of materials of large dimensions: the p 
oiers between the bases afidithe capitals are of a single blo- 
ox; which gives a grand air of strensth to the structure. To 
complete the entirety of the cloister of montenay, here (10) 
is the arrangement of an ansle pier with the junction of the 
archivolts intersectins the souare. 

Tt would appear that the cloisters of the Cisterciansestab- 
lishments may have served as a type (from the point of view 
of the construction) for most of the cloisters erected during 
the 13 th century. From the instant when were adopted cross 
vaults to cover the porticos, there was indeed no better and 
wiser way than that used by the order of Citeaux. There were 
required resistant poinis of support because of the resularly 
spaced thrusts of this sort of vaults, and the interval betw- 
een these points of support was reserved for the openins. The 
side arches of the cross vaults naturally appear as the exter- 
nal archivolts between the piers. The primitive cloisters, c 
compared to similar continuous arcades like the cloisters of 
woissac, S. Michel de Cuxa near Prades were suited for cover- 
ings of carpentry, but could not be arranged in bays for cross 
vaults. Although the cloister of the abbey of Fontenay may i 


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314 
indeed be entirely Romanesoue, its vaults are Roman without 
diagonal arches, its large and small arches are round, and o 
one already feels there the besinnins of the transition from 
the system of construction of the 11 th to that of the 13 th 
century. At Fontfroide the transition is still more advanced, 
although the mode adopted is the same as at Fontenay. Fontfrm- 
ide is a little abbey near Napbonne; its cloister is very 
well preserved. 

Note 16P-425e One shoud not ve surprised, Wi im this Artr- 
ole we pass abruptly from one province to another, whatever 
AUSstance separates them. General arrangencnts are concerned 
here, not details of architecture, and we hove olvready satd, 
short the wnonastic establishments acted under a uniform direc 
SLon, when they belonged to the sane order, whatever their 
Location im the western territory. 

We sive (11) the plan of one bay of the porticos near an a 
angle. This cloister dates from the first years of the i2 th 
‘eentury, it forms a rectangle comprisins!five bays on two si- 
des and four on the two others; these bays are covered by cr- 
oss vaults, and these vaults are of sreat interest for the 
‘history of construction. (Art. nonstruction). As at Fontenay, 
the porticos are composed of piers between which open three 
or four arches sapoorted by twin columns of veined white mar- 
ble, with capitals of the same material; the rest of the str- 
ucture is of stone. The side arches of the pointed cross va- 
ults on a sauare plan penetrate the arcade and form pointed 
arches on the exterior, while the arches of the arcade are s 
still round. The tracery is here frankly only a fillins inde- 
endent of the construction, a sort of perforated enclosure. 

Here (12) is an elevation of bays near the corner and a sec- 
tion of the portico. A beautiful chapter hall opens on this 
cloister; we shall have occasion to speak of it in Article 
Salle Yapitulaire. If the system adopted at Fontfroide is the 
same in principle, as that used in the cloister of. Fontenay, 
the details of the architecture are much richer; the archi- 
volts are moulded, as well as the eyes pierced in the tympamms 
of the bays; the capitals of the arcade are freely sculptured; 
the little columns are slender and well detached from the cm- 
struction, thanks to the material employed. There is a sreat 
advance indeed toward the system adopted in the 13 th century, 


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315 

for the openings already sugsest the tracery applied a little 
later batthenbays of the cloister. The cloister of Fontfroide 
never had a second story, but was covered by a terrace of st- 
one slabs, so as to take the least possible heisht above the 
vaults, thus to permit openings above these coverings to light 
adjacent halls. (Art. Dallage). In fact, the side aisle of t 
the church adjoining the south portico of the cloister recei- 
ves its lisht through round headed windows, whose sills are 
placed directly over the terrace. The eyes opened in the tyn- 
panums of the archivolts of the cloister of Fontfroide were 
never intended to be slazed; but it is easy to understand, t 
that in the climate more damp and cold, while leaving the ar- 
cade open one could glaze these eyesaand thus protect the mo- 
nks from rain and wind, if not to modify the external temper- 
ature, for the arcades are so low and the porticos are compar- 
atively so deep, that assuming the eyes tobbe Slazed, the wind 
could not drive rain on the pavement of thise porticos. Now 
there still exists alons the south side of the nave of the c 
cathedral of Laon a cloister, which fulfils exactly these last 
conditions. The narrow space at the disposal of the architect 
did not allow him to give this cloister the saware form in p 
plan; it is only a portico composed of seven bays facings the 
church and connected with it by a single bay, so that the yard 
Sives a rectangle having a lensth of seven times its width. 

Fis. 13 presents the plan of abportion of this cloister. It 
is covered by cross vaults, and dates from the first years of 
the 13 th century. But at Laon the vaults have no side arches; 
conseauently these do not penetrate the construction, and do 
not present on the exterior a series of sreat archivolts from 
one pier to the next, as at Fontenay and at fontfroide. These 
piers are abutted by projecting buttresses, and (14) the arc- 
ade is surmounted by rose windows inserted beneath the vaults. 
These roses were glazed and not the arcade} thus was obtained 
a suitable shelter and openings sufficient to lisht the port- 
ico. The little columns of the arcade are of a himestone sch- 
ist as strons as marble, which permitted the constructors to 
make them small; the piers and buttresses are built in cours- 
es and carry the entire weight of the construction, for one 
will note iu examinins the section (Fis. 14), that the wall 
pierced by roses above the arcade is very thin, 1.15 ft., and 


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316 
is actually only a perforated partition, that does not load 
the three little columns intended to carry it. The single por- 
tico of the cloister of the cathedral of baon is very near the 
church, and its openings are toward the north, the cloister 
would then have been Sloomy and dark, if the architect had mi 
taken the precaution to cause the sumshine to enter by square 
windows pierced in the enclosing wall of tbe side next the s 
street at the south. This wall is thick at its base and with- 
out offsets, to avoid deposit of filth, and recedes above the 
springing of the vaults, then allowing to appear the little 
buttresses at the thrusts. 

We sive (15) a portion of this wall, seen from the exterior, 
which explains what we have gust said. A beautiful carved cor- 
nice crowns it, and supports the carpentry roof covered by sl 
slates. To dissuise the monotony of this wall, that masks one 
side of tbe church, the architect had the idea of arranging 
at one of its angles (that turned toward the south portal) a 
sort of sreat buttress servings as a sable for the roof of the 
cloister, to decorate its head on the street by a fisure of 
an angei surmounted by a canopy, and freeing the lower part 
of the ansle by supporting it on two columns, so as to remove 
its acuteness. This motive is only purely ornamental and an 
arrangement for the square return, which is very beautiful; we 
show it-(16). It gives an opportunity to emphasize asain the 
qualities, always novel and unexpected, that distinguish the 
architecture of that epoch, and with what art the architects 
knew how to derive from an ordinary necessity an ornamenta, 
treatment. How were that orisinality and fertility extinsuish- 
ed among us, to be replaced by conventional forms, foreseen 
even before execution? That is a great question, which there 
is not time to solve here. We are content to mention this ex- 
ample, that like so many others will support what we shabl have 
to say on the couses of this decadence of the architectural 
Senius of our country. (Arts. Gout, Style). 

Note 1.ep.429- In the 16 sh century o sundial was attached t 
yo the statue of the angel, perhaps another existed there be- 
fore that epoch. Ke owe the Growings of this cvolster to Me 
Boeswiiword, architect of the cathedral of Loon. 

Almost always the external walls of the cloisters of cathe- 
drals, walls that mast preserve the appearance of a risorous 


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“qo yodd modu ,elsiisdtes fo eustefolo edd Yo eyawiooh ed 0% 
73h te vilsven crew youd ,teente oildea edt no yidooxtbh bens 
onount: sisad {ie elesacoq sdt ot eveel ot 28 ce ,ytioilomie sas 
te minor ebesedoin aiedd base soned 
sietat supesnsmo? odd boivael bee resddast kaiok-sacted tug 


..oflt Yo yosa tedtd stede. denm sw ,zeoniverg eisdtuoe adé te B19 a. 
-10d 089 dv St bas dé @2 odd, Baiiwbh dLiwde1 exsx eststetolo see ; 
-m09 9168 ‘«betete eved ov ae ,eisdeiolo eupzensmoh eesdT eet a 

-ia0qgue eomuloo sfittif lo bemset sosisiog exounisnon to bered ; 


sbhom 2idT, .toor odd to eves edt bentetave tend .etlovidows-ani 
. »NWpeoise eldieiv evisses of guosfoitive ven noltvourtenoo to 
Sasbaogeb yrstnso dt Sf edd to zetstolo A .tailisoomsboow s 10 
q edd entete1 sohsad ase0 sxoD eb IsnotM .2 Yo dousdo eds co 
eet t1, -yadnequso yo beasvoo sosidzog, to Jmenstasiis svisiniag 
ebofqueo gon has slonie ,ennuloo el#siif to, ewor to begoqmes 
“10 ni ,e1si¢ sisepe yd #eonedaif aiatieo ts besaprietat vino 
esasig isottiev egk ai sbsous 2aol sedd oistatem of seb 
edt at ;tesetofo aids Yo aeie edd. Yo noitiog.e ei (VI) eset ) 
bas eusig elias yino o18 s1sdt ,eomutoo te wor doses to déonst 
T ,ddbievqe obsous edt ofetniam tedd .& axsiq etsebimaséat ows 
_ bes gtode ote .otws Jon bas situate Snisd anmufoo sltail eat 
to ¢lind yleritne sbsoss odd to d1isa s (Si) evi sw :younte 
gedd to nottose sdji heosat ei S ds ;adonsirtel[iV mort sidiem 
-19iG ofone odd dtiw sheoxs 

fsa ens ni belisvexg eifusy yiutneo dt ££ edd. moat sad 
supasnsmeS edd Yo seom. doogs tadd ta bow ,exstetole to noi? 
toasn (sedmon teedeoi® edd esw sins) edfusv tuod¢in eooté100 
~nos edt ni aevenoH .stiusv ezo1s yd betevoo ed of awob nexad 
,» de0m goted elatiaose bas enousloo efdtil edd  .seontverg eaeds 
-aisie1 sien ved? .t408 {ntidssed to bas eldxysm to yletneupett 
- -eknsa4s wen edd tedne of modd Qnieuso .eldieeog as dona es bs 
- fetitesed edd ni sidteiv yiistoeoes ei aniblinds: eid? stom 
Lees souks! smoe te bedaudie eal to yedda edt to aesetolo 
Ae | 


ce aoa AS ti) eRe ok | inl eee « 


317 
enclosure, present to the eyes of passers motives of decorat- 
ion, that mask the lapored and cold effect of these structures. 
Their angles viewed from several points at the end of the str- 
eets surrounding these great monuments, were especially deco- 
rated by some statue of a saint, before which was hung a lan- 
tern at night: and to obstruct passage as little as possible, 
as at haon, these ansles were Supported on pendentives, colu- 
mans or corbellings, more or less decorated by scubptures. As 
for the doorways of the cloisters of cathedrals, whem they op- 
ened directly on the public street, they were usually of sr- 
eat simplicity, so as to leave to the portals all their impor- 
tance and their richness. 

But before soins farther and leaving the Romanesaue cloist- 
ers of the southern provinces, we mast state that many of th- 
ease cloisters were rebuilt during the 13 th and 14 th centur- 
ies. These Romanesque cloisters, as we have stated, were com- 
posed of continuous porticos formed of little columns support- 
ing archivolts, that sustained the eave of the roof. This mode 
ef construction was sufficient to receive visible carpentry 
or a woodencceilins. A cloister of the 12 th century dependant 
on the church of S. Michel de Cuxa near Prades retains the p 
primitive arrangement of porticos covered by carpentry. It iss 
composed of rows of little columns, single and not coupled, 
only interrupted at certain distances by square piers, in or- 
der to maintain that longs arcade in its vertical plane. 

Jere (17) is a portion of the plan of this cloister; in th 
length of each row of columns, there are only ansle piers and 
two intermideate piers &, that maintain the arcade upright. T 
The little columns being sinsle and not twin, are short and 
stumpy; we give (18) a part of the arcade entirely built of 
marble from Villefranche; at B is traced the section of thes 
arcade with the angle bier. 

But from the 13 th century vaults prevailed in the construc- 
tion of cloisters, and at that epoch most of the Romanesque 
porticos without vaults (this was the sreatest number) were bt 
taken down to be covered by cross vaults. However in the sou- 
therm provinces, the little columns and capitals beins most 
frequently of marble and of beautiful work, they were retain- 
ed as much as possible, causing them to enter the new arrange- 
ment. This rebuilding is especially visible in the beautiful 
cloister of the abbey of Blne, situated at some leasues from 


pow 

¥ j 
ic pe ‘a y ¥ 
mt ; re. 


coelitif % veld aenp tset Pm ai so ak 
ios 7” btietbainase aude } Sf edt moat eldiem Yo elstioss 
\ nebivi swaudace a3 $f odd wort angulog eltdil to elstiqso ine 
+. f-eew onl to 1etetolo eft .dooge i9tiel edd ts tlisder yitn 
bastze gon ob atiusv sdt to eadoss shie odd gud ;betlnav neds 
-siorttao0§ bas vsnztno0% taceasootix00 edi to [lew odd dQvouds 
déiw ecoidt oi esdois tcioalo dtiw tnesnco eisw etoetidors eAT 
. evitimixg edt Y0 eteio edd mort noted teddies .19iq e1supe 6 
yiseeooen ei ti tcl ;éoemekas11s wen odd TOI suo 30 .s9esetolo 
.enteloo atin? oft sehieed .,oseaioy gs 28 solf is tend ststa ov 
emsiq aeivaastoes yvindaso at SI edd al bedeixe svad dJenmeoredd 
-20q aol seeds of diimeite e1om evih od esonsteib fistiso ts 
a 28X00 ob ledory -2 te offs es B200it 7 
-tenes seodw ,sal to sedztols eft to sotsicg = at (OL) erst - 
. 9d2 neee sie A th .918908 & Boidosorges srresol s ei nelaq fe i 
Agsonsib bas ee1eveneid off to efeoank edt sviesoet dad? sieia 
~970 09 «829 .ot80 doom Avitw betouitenoo edfsev sft to sedore 
; at syed [enietxesnseine isde¢bofo eidt Yo soitoes si3%. etnee 
o ~ixe ilite seodt [fs to teedoia end Bi tetetolo sidés eantaqluos 
-tiqeo beoalcgex sdT .const% to tis dadd at avebh wo ok anite 
3 BL edd Yo esods asve Pas yintnso ct Qf sdt oF BniBnoled ele 
, edd baewod eamuloo sisdil odd Yo attede ods iiaow book ots de, | 
' {as to serstqgivos yd bereves [{[s 218 ookt10q sds Yo qoLted ne” f} 
es et¢enixorzess of JhBuee s1OdoHIsaroo desn odd bos ,vosotisb 
etosticows edd vd betaobs siyte ods of biaddived@ ea yiscolo 
gaiolie etdd tnvooos otnt stad aso enO’.teteicl» teait edd te 
edt to slbbim odd ni edxe eupecnamo® edt to someultat edt to 
, efttil sdd senimexe od Yi ,se0onivoig seeds ai yautoso ds bt 
-entaeo dv b2 bas dt Si) edooce ont seedy oF Snidnoled enmuloo 
; | - -edtenolod .d1A at svit owiteds . (esis 
tedesi 02 ‘yo geodt bao stasworh sacdt swo 9H .ASboGset ston 
7o toetidoro mossv0sh ,oaséod «Kk fo yestrvoo edt of oxwd 96 
908 gat veh ea/F Jo vatatlotso ott ws7h ono boiveosm edu. .dowd 
~siaogunok Joosrotedk Fo woseasn 
‘aeteieolo edd of Sniblindes eidd Yo slqmexe ns svei ofes s¥ 
eew eidT .yrefiusalstesd sas|en [wogst «2 to dowo blo eds to 
 Raioatded edd mor} etosmser? dtiw yrotoes di bf edt oi ILindes 
 =gmte exew soottieg sdv 100g sew Iuogsd .6 te§ sdt FL sdt Yo 
 --« 6% Saisw eamoloo asiwd efttil odd Bee ,yisseqaso yd berasvoo yi 
_-eenmeo bas tedso dose s0 dee eelit {gn0%stoo Iisma dtin ¢find — 


=e 


er Ae Se la ¢ pa A ag Sos edie: Se he ‘ 7] 7 oo : ree. 


318 
Perpignan. It presents a sreat quantity of little columns and 
capitals of marble from the 12 th century, mingled withipiers— - 
and capitals of little columns from the 14 th century. Evide- 
ntly rebuilt at the latter epoch, the cloister of Hlne was t 
then vaulted; but the side arches of the vaults do not extend 
through the wall of the porticovas»at Fontenay and Fontfroide. 
The architects were content with placing arches in threes with 
a square pier, either taken from the piers of the primitive 
cloister, or cut for the new arrangement; for it is mecessary 
to state that at Blne as at yoissac, besides the twin columns, 
theremmust have existed im the 12 th century rectansular piers 
at certain distances to sive more strength to these longs por- 
ticos, as also at S. Michel de Cuxa. 

Here (19) is a portion of the cloister of Hlne, whose gener- 
al plan is a lozenge approachins a square. At A are seen the 
piers that receive the imposts of the transverse and diagonal 
arches of the vaults constructed with much care. Fis. 20 pre- 
sents the section of this choistér afidsancexternal bay. In 
sculpture this cloister is the richest of all those still ex- 
sting in our days in that part of France. The replaced capit- 
als belonging to the 19 th century and even those of the 14 
th are Sood work: the shafts of the little columns toward the 
interior of the portico are all covered by sculptures of sreat 
delicacy, and the cast constructors sought to approximate as 
closely as theyitduld to the style adopted by the architects 
of the first cloister. One can take into account this effort 
of the #enfluence of the Romanesoue arts in the middle of the 
44 th century in these provinces, if he examines the little 
columns belonging to these two epochs (12 th and 14 th centu- 
ries), that we give im Art. Colonette. 

Note 1.peASh. Ko owe these Arowings and those of S. Nicher 
ae Guxe to the courtesy of NM. Laisne, drvocesan architect of 
Auch, who weosured and drew the cloister of Ene for the Gon- 
WLSsston OF Historical Monuments. 

We aslo have an example of this rebuilding in the cloister 
of the old church of S. Papoul near Castelnaudary. This was 
rebuilt in the 14 th century with frasments from the besinnins 
of the 13 th. But S. Papoul was poor; the porticos were simp- 
ly covered by carpentry, and the little twin columns were re- 
peilt with small octagonal tiles set om each other and connec- 


, 
2 


7 


bi i en. BA ue yu 
- eee) ML. 4, a 
Re Goenles- 1 01k ite! " . s18¢100 oiehda sqarbieed | 
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lam aasttes to beeoomoo yilsvan ore yedt ;slamie erev ete yond 
ss monoofkns sentdo cs woissdat edd ni aoim103 .esoeid yd bedsoq 
“ie +e o2.boow to gotites besaiog beatfoui ae eaivad sonttom ‘ 
-o1g871 eved sw 1 -et007 visnsetss axed Yo sno eevih PS sett 
-gis0 efdT .e1estte1 sdi Yo ebne edt Yo sittows sid A te beowh 
-e6 ,coiti0g eft to (lew oft teniske sauids acid tnodsiw vidos 
-stoftites cisia yd fenistatem tou eaw [few eind sedw vilatose 
«oo wod Sa0f 8 no besiad een Si aodu bos .teddedos assem ulin 
nottouisedooes: sit Jysa seenwk wd eudT .eamnloo belanoo-slatil 
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-a7 aiedv setesd tenm sacs ,vidtserso skint to sottendidwoo bad — 
weedio¥ ja ds olowexe rot ,sentsemoe Jsdd’. ston Bluote oW .at 
-namof lo sooifiog edd Yo enwufoo eitsil sad .asisid .2 te bos 
.sfb0te asd yeloaise esmévomoa bas bsiaqsoo s18 e1xstetolo supes 
a Re eseniotds edgy %6 sence odd mh rsbiw doum ef Istiase eda 
eiduob edt ,felauco aedw :noidoetib a9it0 eft ni asdtd [few odd 
‘Ifew es .saote Be $oold eisaia 8 to sham ossto era elstiaeo 
eft to-esiede sav doeanoo istied of we of .uoesd ows ond ee 
elejiaoso eidwoh sd¢i tf .sldsta meds ashes Bans eamnloo els Ef 
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eetfovidots sdt to etecemt sid ssbhaw eannlos belawos add ants p 
.e1eteiolo supasnsmod te gooltiog sdé te woudtasvo tnsvosy?t eA? 
edd beavso ylinebive .vitneqise sig to sevids sat yd beowborg 
m Sas ,eamuloo sltate wot enaslos atwt Io feat? solsasisvedus 
nt enoisusosiaq [siosue sist o¢ etotoniatenoo edd bedkifdo nsdt 
anittve es dove efomsxe ict yeameloo niwd eftsil sasdt enioale ; 
aoivit af bos .snote Yo doold slante « ot elattaqao bslavoo sad 
wosied bas s9etemeib edd of noeiasemoo ok saelov sdisl « meat 
2 ,enmoloo elisil sesdd Yo Saidsoe sit 101 es samoloo ent to 
anted sostae ebfenit edt ,eiessne on 10 olddil ddin yllerssst 
are 10 .,besnifont ylidatle enied eno retH0 edt bos L[estraey 
Y -eebtedoo Snivaele enied .miet Satblind-s 
G.2 Fo tetatol/a sdAt fo yrtasgroo sAt af ald? .38A.g.t ofOn 
Paz i} a eGtetanss AF AP OAT HOT? a9t0b todt ,fvogod 
susostq eidd boosgreban elem of viseesoen ai aotdseigeul li od 
— ttektoes edd ed (SS) tod .eretowrtenoo soossnsmel edt to noid 
~ & tel yetlovidorws Satsioqque asteiofo & to shenneloo ead Ye 
elsail ot .d1n00 odd F_bns coitqeq edt to t0ofxesat edt od 
pf 


oe 
vay 


Pe 


319 
connected by beds of mortar. 

As for the shed roof of carpentry that covered the cloisters, 
they are very simple; they are usually composed of rafters sxp- 
ported by braces, forming in the interior an obtuse ansle so- 
metimes having an inclined pointed ceilings of wood. 

Fig. 21 sives one of these carpentry roofs: + we have repro- 
duced at A the profile of the ends of the rafters. This carp- 
entry without ties thrust against the wall of the portico, es- 
pecially when this wall was not maintained by piers sufficie- 
ntly near together, and when it was raised on a lons row of 
Little coupled columns. Thus ain Sreat part the reconstruction 
of nearly all Romanesoue cloisters must be arrtibuted to the 
bad combination of this carpeitry, that must hasten their ru- 
in. We should note, that sometimes, for example as at Moissac 
and at Se Lizier, the little columns of the porticos of Roman- 
esque cloisters are coupled and sometimes single; when single, 
the capital is much wider an the sense of the thickness of t 
the wall than in the other direction; when coupled, the double 
capitals are often made of a single block of stone, as well 
as the two bases, so as to better connect the shafts of the 
little columns and render them stable. If the double capitals 
are independent of each other, there are then abacuses connec- 
ting the coupled columns under the imposts of the archivolts. 
The frequent overthrow of the porticos of Romanesque cloisters, 
produced by the thrust of the carpentry, evidently caused the 
substitution first of twin columns for single columns, and th 
then obliged the constructors to take special precautions in 
placing these little twin columns; for example such as cutting 
the coupled capitals in a single block of stone, and in givins 
them a large volume in comparison to the diameter and height 
of the column; as for the setting of these little columns, ¢ 
Senerally with little or no entasis, the inside surface beins 
vertical and the outer one beins slishtly inclined, or tocuse 
asbuilding term, being slanting outside. 

Norte 1.p-435~ This ts the corpentry of the cloister of S.P 
Papoul, that dotes from the 414 th contury, | 

An illustration is necessary to make understood this precau- 
tion of the Romanesque constructors. Let (22) be the section 
of tke colonnade of a cloister supportins archivolts; let A 
be the interior of the portico and B the court, the little 


Ave @ 
“ : x 7 es ‘ 
) - 


ome. fs urd pits | Hong isoitiev hheaistabe ft ued 


 eldwob ode es {Ion as .enote to doold slania s to eben oaied 
. ~ steode [sedgos as m10t avedt enmeloo sitttl ows oft (A Iatiaso 
seed Yo otiaw al .M d ontl edt ni batten seuiddoeds gniztatees 
~fhen ,smis .notisvisedo sos7100 y1ev no besed anoldveosza 98 
_obas beatetaien yibsd ,vwidmeqieo odd to Soinedtasw edt bas sos 
OH Yo eebsunoloo teom Io wouddtevoe edd boeven {Lite ,beveoeb 
| - e606 tadw dof .axnifiso aeboom yd be1eveo a1eseielo eupsenem 
-neo odd tedd ei ~tost anitestedni eidd etete of ex bettinisq 
edt madd duecs s9d¢18t teomle ers aaic ni eoead odd to cots 
MOVE. 10.8.0 .b.0 ed eletiaso edd to elederses edt Yo eertaes 
-00 tedt) O Liew nol sad te tuemmbile edt cists baa -:.eni Set 
_ emabife [ecistos ividiniag,efd dtin bersomos .(shasdo don Bip 
| stedatolo edt to silane odd yd novi .2tloviso1s eft to K tas 
m shisine of notesooo s¥ea [fede ew tuo .vasv som blooo teas 
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- . scoltonwdecc® .¢74 ai ersdsse 

WoW Dee hee supssaemor oo yee o¢ oved ow dsdw seolo.of 


bas) asisid .2.t0 aedeielo edd exr)ebess s20 at nvitoom Lliw. 


#I..olomie viemextzs ef noltoutsenoo ed] .(yandneo dé Sr to 
-ote Sawosz odd ni gadé .eso0oities Yocesbuode owt to etaisnos 
3f% sxitneqiso to bnoose sit ai dend bos ,yimoesm Yo aaied ys 


PS) e2TF bas yredatolo aids to nele [esenst.ont Bled esvia eg 


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mf sent &.b yilao Snted ,eidaem to e18 seeed bas enmulfoo ela 

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18 efatigso sdt.-Iilew.e bexrshbieaoo sd.sonnes si tadd wol os 

’ Bas atlovidors edt efil .ecote Yo ste bas bebasloe coum yrey 
»» @vodA, -o0itiog eidt atevoo 100f2 A .svede {few yimoeam eds 
~a8.si3 te ateiqg gorid gee ets doidw so [fle s esmx0t {lew saz 
818 eds ;1eteiolo edt to sebts owd to sibbin edd te bus eels 


F fexit o1s.doidw so ,ethe 20 veg eedelo gaol gnidrogqagne .biloe 
_  stodtopisenoo saitge edt exetiede noidosiorg esodw .eresiex ent 
totdw ,sissouitea 2 didil oe doe1s of yshot e1sb ton blow sa 
-09 B069m 053 to ysotliqnie swemtxe eft of ytilidsse eti aewo 
‘pieheoys sewal #42 riuce ved ee weitere ly one oebeget 
eee 


ag 


sunaed eldsob sit iB 9. nord. foni $.f 10 3.0 bentloni ton od 


@ edt ni tuo elstiaso bas eseed ddin boow to eteoqg [enctetoo 


a) ae 7 oo. 7 wo) wes ee. oe ee 4) 


320 

column © will be set vertical, while the little column D will 
be set inclined 0.8 or 1.2 inch from G H. The double base I 
beings made of a single block of stone, as well as the double 
capital K, the two little columns thus form an actual shore 
resisting thecthrust acting in the line L M. In spite of the- 
se precautions based on very correct observation, time, nesl- 
ect and the weakenins of the carpentry, badly maintained and 
decayed, still caused the overthrow of most colonnades of Ro- 
manesgue cloisters covered by wooden ceilings. But what has 
pernitted us to state this interesting fact, is that the cen- 
tres of the bases in plan are almost farther apart than the 
centres of the astragals of the capitals by 0-4, 0.8 or even 
1.2 ins.; and again the alignment of the low wall 0 (that co- 
wuld not change), compared with the primitivi internal alisnm- 
ent N of the archivolts, given by the angle of the cloister, 
that could not vary. But we shall have occasion to enlarse m 
these precautions of constructors in settings architectural: ©’ 
members in Art. Gonstruction. 

To close what we have to say on Romanesque cloisters, we wW 
will mention to our readers the cloister of S. bizier (end 
of 12 th century). Its construction is extremely simple. It 
consists of two storzescof porticoes, that in the sround sto- 
ry being of masonry, and that in the second of carpentry. Pigs. 
23 dives half the Seneral plan of this cloister, and Fis. 24 
is its section with the elevation of the porticos. One could 
not build two stories of porticos with more economy. The lit- 
tle columns and bases are of marble, beings only 4.23 ins. in 
diameter (it must be stated that marble is in that province 
a rare material); they stand on a sinsle continuous course, 
so low that it cannot be considered 2 wall. the capitals are 
very much enlarged and are of stone, like the archiwolts and 
the masonry wall above. A floor covers this portico. Above 
the wall forms a sill on which are set brick piers at the an- 
sles and at the middle of two sides of the cloister; then are 
octagonal posts of wood with bases and capitals cut in the s 
solid, supporting longs plates set on edge, on which are fixed 
the rafters, whose projection shelters the entire suesicwseine 
One would not dare today to erect so light a structure, which 
owes its stability to the extreme simpilicty of the means en- 
ployed. 


i a) ; . , se 4 rf, oy , 7 
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wer 970 sonla atosy smoe gnitaixe JSiéita ereteso/o to as/qnoxs 
g00/ eof sfis ;eldt yo bse/rqtve sf on bluode °70 . bsyorsess 
Ybostlo bro ,asdortuds fo esonobasgeh sssAt aot} bSa7Titer soutea 
teow ,ytataeo (it Bt) taots sit Jo aiosy teal sdt stated doum 
-tourte 20 ,b9sa0bnodo stew agsddéo bao elotisdtos to eretasvoss 
eriee eer Fr ~Soaeteixe TO? moaceT yao TShAOS On Atiw eoTy 

aly bed e1osouidienco edd nos] te tadte nese vbsexts svsd ef 
© weds Yo-vedors shis edt désened ebsm s8oicead 1s090 sid bes 
ff, mego esdois 1tewol edt siel bed bas ,zwsteiole eft to stivav 
‘eidd daeodile ,nosj ts tu8 .ecotsrec sxoeensmod Blo end sxil 


 . 
; bei 


: iS, to) im > wen a. * Da. |. : > 4 | Sie 


eu seg os bevts8 yodt smatatace ald? to sbhow ad todt esthuta 


 edainego tewol edt .et{uav agi of ofdt0d vbsetle een r9detolo 


ee 


_ aa — 
—_—> ee 


7 
. 
ro. 
; 
7 


321 

Note 10-437. Me Rupvrich Robert kindly entrusted to us the 
studies that he wade of this cloister, they served to give us 
shese Wiustrations. 

Let us now return to the cloisters of the Gothic epoch; af- 
ter all the Romanesaue cloisters offer but few varieties, and 
what we have siven suffices to afford a tolerably complete i 
idea of this sort of structure. It is not the same with clois- 
ters erected during the Gothic period, particularly at the t 
time that art commenced to develop itself. For the architects 
of the 13 th century the programme of a cloister was a preci- 
ous theme, of which they could make the best use. The orient- 
ation, the arrangement of a cloister tn regard to its append- 
ages, the needs peculiar to each community, the nature of the 
materials, the necessity for enclosing some portion, of leav- 
ing the rest open, the removal of rainwater, the means of col- 
lectiné this water in cisterns, all that must and did arouse 
the inventive genius of the architects of that epoch. It would 
be difficult for us to omit nothing, in the midst of so many © 
ruins to be regretted (for these dependances of our churches 
have nearly all been transformed, devastated or demolished); 
however at least we shall attempt to make known the successi- 
ye modifications applied to these structures, and to present 
the most complete and most remarkable examples, that time and 
the hand of man have not destroyed. The cloisters still stam- 
ing, abandoned and unused today, mostly very lightly construc- 
ted, teud daily to disappear, and our labors may perpetuate 
for study, works of which soon will no tonger remain a trace.” 
Note 1.p-439- On examining our notes, we are cowmpebbea to 
recosnize, thot since the Sime thot sone of them were node, 
exomples of clotesters Still existing some years since are noo 
Jestroyed. One should wo be surprised by this, Vife has Lond 
since retired from these dependonces of churches, ond alreody 
much before the Vast years of the Last {ARB th) century, most 
elorsters of cathedrals ond abbeys were avandoned, as struct- 
ures with no Longer any reason for existence. 

We have already seen,athat at Laon the constructors had éla- 
ged the upper openings made beneath the side arches of the v 
vaults of the cloister, and had left the lower arches open, 1 
like the 014d Romanesaue porticos. But at aon, althoush this 
cloister was already Gothic in its vaults, the lower openings 


art | oN { _— : Py a g f fas 


4 a a 
ba ag Tasbeetecnsé ot ee yipeaare eas sont hinds dies 
3 Ses invsonihi bua i ihn ben to seott es dove ,e1steiolo 
=-m00 so0sGe siiins sdt mooe ‘hentase  snol ton caw tasmetners7s 
-Tit esw .{few sesd bos aveio .eedous shies edd asewsed bseiig 
wil boss le efertiasivon esw yrsos1s cifiy Jed ,yres0aat vo bel 
garit ds ovew ne .dowsdd 8 Yo eeleie obie ont Yo ewobetw etd 
efid 600 evaet of Hos atnemsisqmoe sco edd esela oF FHosn00 
“to aeteiolo s etelzxe sieit .enmefoo Jdsil est neevisd seosae 
~ edt to shie dtvoe odd ts .daemetnsz1e Snimisso s . bait tends 
conte ,[feme ysev ei FT .e@loxeh-ne-aume”? Yo dodo steizelloo 
"BApOR, se seysd ows yino enistmoo shiendase 8 = 
Qot7iiew .cCS : f to slaoe « te (es) nsig exitne efi et sash 
-2ns edd ds teddy ,etsoadd [so08 sdt ye sonesitieini sisa dite ‘a 
-eSifsittven sicteisdd Bas endisosiib etieooco edd at Jos eel 7 
eelgas sasdd of tatvia to bestént Joetidors sii .1sddo dose 
~seqmoo ,emsteiolo sroeenawoh ni es .caendoins sideysbienooe s 
shes bus wdisthos Esvoeanoo semuetos elstil xie to 19t0 ext bs q 
“7s Bevis dnomotasiie yideiq eidT .enodvea to. doold elante s te 
 @ Rainisico: slidw .asedefolo eldd ot eeontdkil wisnibiosssxs 
*@ edd Yo eteion tnisetes efoe ef? .t& 102 yItbtloe tost1s6 
8 Yo sibbim sdt-ts hedsle eseecitted avet ent sia nott¢teoamos 
A .eysd owt otni seedt Snabivib bas sookds0a eft to sos? dose 
i stin00 Sletil odd YO evtnen odd ts Sub et [few 
+ to yad sno Yo soiteveale bee neitoee edt ainsesig 3S .biF 
7 «A te exeia sft to Liedeb's 2s {lew 26 ,1wm98 to astetolo sat 
® (besslh Bnted ton enmbofo sltsil sat nsswied alevastnt sa? 
etow obso1s sit svods yrsoe1d edd to etneatisqmoo edd elfinn 
edt Shtsdgil r0% ebsitneco seh1e! doom benistdo s1ew east S 08 
10m Diet Ieitisn ,ereteiolo sxveensmo9 sat ai anand ,eootdaog 
“> Jeeskdi0g sd? stséned Snidlew ancesea eds xstot blooo baiv 
=ss9easis bemt0t yreosis besale sds Yo eentnego bos eseor sdT 
eid to santalvoe sit safe bos boiw end o% beeoqco essere dns 
; -stem edt bos. .tnsbovds bes bsowd ,Jutifused yisv ef elatioss 
edd of Sntbrooes .enokensmib ehasl Yo s1n8 exeta sdt to elaery 
otndo sit to emts sad to et astetolo sid? .motevo netbovet09 
 eObSE Bae OFSE eresy oat nesuded tited need evant geum bos 
counts Tet0s oFns tléud wohot si tefatoso ssa (O8h.g.8 StOK 
of saioms7 Fé Fo tastostive toy ;h9yortesh troq al bao sort 
+8909 sti Fo ,fasmsgaorr10 Jovsasd sit Fo o9b! stssqmoo vo sole 
4 corer PPE PRO he 8 edboteé Bt) fo bab mostourt# 


‘ : 


se 
_ 
1 


vA . s rm » . Vt aA ‘e 
Bea ih. , : re Ak Reh - a A » \ ear oe 7 


322 
entirely distinct from the glazed rose, as in transitional ¢ 
cloisters, such as those of Fontenay and Fontifroide. That ar 
arrangement was not lons retained; soon the entire space com- 
prised between the side arches, piers and base wall, was fil- 
led by tracery, but this tracery was notientirely Slazed like 
the windows of the side aisles of a church. Men were at first 
content to slaze the upper compartments and to leave open the 
soaces between the light columns. There exists a cloister of 
that kind, a charming arrangement, at the south side of the 
collegiate church of Semur-en-Auxois. It is very small, since 
eachiside contains only two bays. 

Here is its entire plan (25) at a scale of 1: 20. Profitins 
with rare intelligence by the equal thrusts, that at the ang- 
les act in the opposite directions and therefore neutralize 
each other, the architect instead of sivins to these angles 
a considerable thickness, as in Romanesque cloisters, compos- 
ed the pier of six little columns connected together and made 
of a single block of stone. This pretty arransement sSives an 
extraordinary lishtness to this cloister, while retaining a 
perfect solidity for it. The sole resistins points of the c 
composition are the four buttresses placed at the middle ofe 
each face of the porticos and dividéins these into two bays. A 
well is dus at the centre of the little court. 

Fis. 26 presents the section and elevation of one bay of t 
the cloister of Semur, as well as a detail of the piers at A. 
The intervals between the little cloumns not beings Blazed, w 
uhile the compartments of the tracery above the arcade were 
SO.” Thus were obtained much larger openings for lishtins the 
porticos, than in the Romanesque cloisters, neither rain nor 
wind could injure the persons walking beneath the porticos. 
The roses and ovenings of the slazed tracery formed transpar- 
ent screens opposed to the wind and sans The sculpture of the 
capitals is very beautiful, broad and abundant, and the mate- 
rials of the piers are of large dimensions, accordins to the 
RBursundian custom. This cloister is of t&e time of the church, 
and must have been built between the years 1230 and 1240. — 

Note 2opoABW. This cloister is today wUALY into Voter struc- 
sures, ond Vu part destroyed, yert sufficrtent of Vt remoins to 
give a complete ideo of the general arrangement, of ts cons- 
tyuction and of Lts dertoiles. 


7 7. ? 


. 
oP 


ropes mt sat nsented sone: so3i6 ous esd evseedo nso 00 
eteued iets bae bled ei gexi2 edt .efooros dones] brs nsif 
"eedate bes elsiisies Tosteiasandaiyo! Gus .eeensbut Yo sinvz io 
_0,edt ,eaetsn iisdi mort Snidiuess eotsinevds sdt eeu oF wos 
~iidnsoos bas encisereghaxe Saibiovea ,1sdoe bas besite: asdio 
Mo edootidors oft iedé ovetled of yiseescen ei ti teY «esisto 
‘aiiesh slgmie s douse hedgobs evad bloow esontverq donea% sit 
-ai edt x0 bessstosbh .yxexel to svol eaT .ersteiolo aiedt Yo A 
-snized oft 36 titili wen 8 bempest .ensiousteid ent yd toade 
wed gA .evoihifes 1slube1 sdv 8noms yisimso dt FE sdt to bak 
-ssnom edd ,basinat bos yosmys2 ,nisot .ylesI .sone81% at dogs 

¥ to eesodoia ,Janetxs al anitsqmoe eisteiolo seias wee esires 
‘eiesziolo besoe1s sodg oom yiaetI al -sawigivos bas eleiresen 
rdtin-fusS .2 to .zoissom bus semméqivoe yd bersvoo ,sidiem Yo : 
~imbs odd yltoie ni jomo8. te ,cstedel niol .2 to .ellsW efd-ni ; 

_ sindxia asivtote s .elssitnoM Yo sséeiolo eenswmi bas oidsa 

+ .9one1 oi jrottibsas daiaooM 10 has sundoedidoxs usm10% to 
eenkiV-esb-nssG .2 to bas 19%9J .2 to sieteiclo [utitueed sds 
.wdetets tesl ods dtin sovlesiwo yanooo [fade oY .esoeeto® Yo ‘, 
H -niag edt o¢ Iwindiel Ratoisns: elidw .evotkile1 edt dotdw ai ‘ 
yp beysliaaib yHioyolk ie Tila bh deem dowa mtiw Esilgas siato — , 
-stpigivea io yioxsl nommoonmm § 


© to (08) soitevels Innuedxe edt Soe (0S) selq edt svid oW f 
Yrzex9omesnoo ,eeahiV-eeb-nsel 12 I0cxsf#Pislo sas to ysd sa0 F 
_70%q esn yiote Hoxo1e eds Io ocoitiog odT novo! to tedd din 4 
-aitiod.edT .sebsol of ateixs gedd yiote sb go betasomae vided : 
e@ yd beseveo sis etlovidois eid asended emuosaomyt edd .se829 
<eomuloo elétil to ebuditium s adnsse1q oslaq sAT -osnsgiuoe , 


has ,etiusvy edt to sedoiws add yd benimisisb ef sotsonst seodn 
noaltoeanos seodn .¢ddvo1w ylenit elstigso yd besveso 918 doidn 
-198 8 ooisicg edd to 10fistxe bas s0lasta® eft of dtod emiot 
_ te es sbie [law edt ts etivev of? .atoomento tnsil{iad to esi 
eebsed nemod mort seizntaoe afsdico vd bedacqgue sis, novo! 
‘shone la stem onols ese01 edt ,e’ninsao ods so 2A 
of asalg ssw tstetolo séat Fo egaswoth OAT sddbe det 9ton 
_ s@neeeio? fo fastidota aossoosh «blows swasod ok wd ew 
» edd Yo elotoniag eds bedoiksstaco yftse1s o8 eaendoia ted? 
yea vbserls sevoxs of Ite) ton bib SE tedt ,er9b10 ewoisiler 
beeogeib doom cos ei on0 .sfuoibia 10 emsid yipdmso dt fF ed " 
jy Poabratnesenele sotvetagp dg SE Boe dd Bf edd teat sveited o3 > vss) 


5 


uv 


323 

Qne can observe here the difference between the two Bursun- 
dian and French schools, the first is bold and elegant with a 
mixture of rudeness, employinguresistant materials and knowing 
how to use the advantages resulting from their nature, the o 
other refined and sober, avoiding exasserations and eccentri- 
cities. Yet it is necessary to believe that the architects of 
the French provinces would have adopted such a simple design 
of their cloisters. The love of luxury, depressed for the in- 
stant by the Gistercians, resumed a new flight at the besinn- 
ing of the 13 th century amons the resular relisious. At that 
epoch in France, Italy, Spain, Cermany and Hnsland, the monas- 
teries saw arise cloisters competing in extent, richness of 
materials and sculpture. In Italy men then erected cloisters 
of marble, covered by sculptures and mosaics, of 3. Paul-with- 
in-the Walls, of S. John lateran, at Rome; in Sicily the adm - 
rable and immense cloister of Montreale, a singular mixtare 
of Norman architecture and or Moorish tradition; in France, t 
the beautiful cloisters of S. Leger and of S. Jean-des-Visnes 
of Sotssons. We shall occapy ourselves with the last ekexster, 
in which the religious, while remaining faithful to the prin- 
ciple applied with such sreat sobriety at Noyon, displayed u 
uncommon luxury of sculpture. | 

We sive the plan (29) and the external elevation (30) of o 
one bay of the ckhoisterocof S. Jean-des-Visnes, contemporary 
with that of Noyon. The portico of the srownd story was pro- 
bably surmounted by a story that exists no longer. The buttr- 
esses, the tympanums between the archivolts are covered by s 
sculpture. The plan presents a multitude of little columns, 
whose function is determined by the arches of the vaults, and 
which are crowned by capitals finely wrought, whose connection 
forms both in the anterior and exterior of the portico a ser- 
ies of brilliant ornaments. The vaults at the wall side as at 
Noyon, are supported by corbets sprinsins from human heads. 

As for the openings, the roses alone were Slazed.! 

Note 1epeAhhe The drawings of this clorister were siven to 
us by Ne Boeswilwold, ALoceson architect of Soissous. 

Phat richness so greatly contradicted the principle of the 
religious orders, that if did not fail to arouse already in 
the 13 th century blame or ridicule. One is too much disposed 
to believe that the 16 th and 17 th centuries alone criticised 


afk | : 

fe oa, Fd Dak Yee 
ea yintnes & ile A cefnom edt to wameel eds 
| ae 1: oni a8 maine whibabend- .8ito] «6 to ti900 edd se ies 
g Iitwieeo: serebio svOfeifer edd Jentsrs tiv aid eetotexe of yo 
ss BOUT eFffse eb eV’ edd mort nedet etseeso eids Hd ti edboe 
si @tooaay 64 ore ee 8 = Cgeeq dotsat ble) <rfed | 
-a80 dt of edd ak eetwiedto betexe sved ton binoo sonsaanh A 
~8D #43 4 ibe Bes | eVIHT 

<det 8 Te test ies ePwowetud 2b .g#O9 .UV8D Odden Get 9FOH ia 
s6fS OG 6S SOV ieddayse statos 9b sic od .088t sabtog .Jome 
“Réewded soottioa edf Yo elfaw Isntetni bexan ot r9evoo oT Ae 
-80 ¥d betaicosb sisw veit .edfwavsdd toitacaqwe eledioo edd la 
seiolo ed? .cebsors baa etsifs1 yd eomitemos neve hos atkottnt ; 
@qmoo fos OhSt deods beomsmaes ,fvoT to- Isabsdieo oft Yo t89 Fi 
-m10 Yder0 6 ey esvit .yisiaso dd ff-eitd to bas edt te Sets A 
“48 [tote1t to esisee 6 Yo Snidefenco, (haid sedi Yo soitednem } 
seth tarrp aed efstil s bewselsos waied enossess désened .esdo 
‘dale gaitostota yitdatfes to troe a no 

0 es, side io eyed fearetai sdt to sno (FF) avte oF 


edasesia Ino? Yo farberitso edd to ustaicofo sit ,1clisixs edd : 
| HOYON to eistefolo eit Yo seodt of eu0k0fens Saomeanstye edt ’ 
. -oidd Bastxe tom of eédote siie edt teddy fasote .enoesto® Ens 
aif"Yo etfovidove edd deds bos \Lfsw ed Yo eesmlotdd edd dee ; 
@ fess Js eudT .eodo1s hie esedd oidtin ented ore erataeao ; 
~ast1s eid? .19id edd Yo tiaq 8 eniewot eseeodtiad edd to shies 

“ds BéinevetG eietatols edt to seis asdt dnsat ceol ef taemee 
“ervstius odd Ivo? tA bessla ton esw ositi0g sit ‘esbieen sv 4 
; 


eft evods £1enn8m [slosae 8 af BeSnevis sis sasietofo sit Yo 
+ of Bnibroses Yeo enote to sexv0D s to teienco yedd eofni0s 
foidw .1stsw edd Yo sotedeeib edt ot oatbacgss7109 saole off 
toes Yo baod odd to sfbbim edd te bsorstg solyoR1s® yd: etwooe 
ee \ BUMS ESF -eesist nd 

(be. wOrtesh efesisv sat Fo es207t on wéomer 9798T OAL. S ston 
7 > beeen oi . ytt #9 0 (dt Bt) teot sat Fo ba8 odt to 
Yoo She foie | etstetola eidt Fo ehatavors sift bodetanet 

Yo etoot edt .vyindaso id Ff add to slbbim ods tuods {fav 
‘vyffosith asfew edt bodasdoeib encitasoxs o1a1 ddiw eistetolos 
"We ef etedsox to soneeeie edd yatetrTHd Suodtiw Faweo sat no 
- 8ISFeioLo Yo ‘noivouyenoo sid at Beouborsnt sefsl scomevorant 
AG Betiowg ‘new \Raftos! vaw isisw Yaiice siSdW eetsilsool a 
| im f:hambarthalianned tasosths bas eistetolo eds Yo etoot odd 


Pts 


4 + ’ . 7 . @ 
y > ; 04 me. = i | * 
1 a hie : P vi eee 27° fe 


324 
the luxury of the monks. A poet of the 13 th century received 
at the court of S. Louis, Rutebeuf, did not Tack an opportuni- 
ty to exercise his wit against the relisious orders. One will 
judge it by this passage taken from the “Vie de Sainte Biysa- 
belz- (old French poem). © 

A Hugaenot could not have spoken otherwise in the 16 th cen- 
tury. ' | 

Note 1.pe4h4G- Oeuv. comp. Ge Ruteveuf, colv\ected vy &. Jud - 
nove Paris. 1839. Lo wie de sainte Elysovel. Voi. 2. pe 218. 

To cover the naked internal walls of the vorticos between 
the corbels supportins the vaults, they were decorated by pa- 
intinsgs and evem sometimes by reliefs and arcades. The clois- 
ter of the cathedral of Toul, commenced about 1240 and comps 
Leted at the end of the 13 th century, gives us a pretty orna- 
mentation of that kind},consistius of a series of trefoil ar- 
ches, beneath eathione being sculptured a little rebkief borne 
on a sort of slightly projectins slab. 

He sive (33) one of the internal bays of this cloister.“ Mm 
the exterior, the cloister of the cathedral of Toul presents 
the arrangement analogous to those of the cloisters of Noyon 
and Soissons, except that the side arches do not extend thro- 
ugh the thickness of the wall, and that the archivolts of the 
openings are turned within these side arches. Thus at each s 
side of the buttresses remains a part of the pier. This arran- 
Sement is less frank than that of the cloisters presented ab- 
ove. negides the portico was not Slazed. At Toul the sutters 
of the cloister are arranged in a special manner% above the 
cornice they consist of a course of stone cut according to t 
the slope correspondins to the discharge of the water, which 
occurs ‘by gargoyles pierced at the middle of the head of each 
buttress. (32). 

Note 2epAdG. There reworim no traces of the reiriefs destroyed 
ot the end of the Vost (18 th) centiry. MW. Boeswilword Binary 
{urnished the drowings Of this cloister. 

Until about the middle of the 13 th century, the roofs of 
eloisters with rare exceptions discharged the water directly 
on the court without gutters; the presence of sutters is an 
improvement later introduced in the construction of cloisters. 
In localities where sprins water was lacking, men profited by 
the roofs of the cloisters and adjacent halls to collect the - 


2 


a o a. ‘3 @ rane we 
we eomtt: 08, tI .tav00 edt dds ned) beonta exnahets 8 * tesbvhnes 
; yltoerib q9tsw edd Saitisdoeth to beedani tedd .medt bowisooo 
ss ef -esak d#Iid Satvarso biove of Bus .dav0Oo edd Yo sexs odd no 
-s@ib aieti1eo te beoslaq sion ssosve to seutq nisib .nteseto sat 
—s-« gf ettobaod .tA) .2ezeerttnd ody yd bem10i eeldns edd ni eoonsd | 
| 49889 gommce geom sdz esw dotdw ,betqobe s19" eslyokiss Yi 10 / 
-00 sit fnvois yisiitne meds wolsd heoata esw Isnnsio snote . . 
~nowls nieteto odd o¢ ti yovaos bas ietew edd toslied os . ta 
Ml asenaiiesdne olssitl s esu [engeno eidt vemifemoe .etninegc ne 
| dose Yo dévom odt tebsw Sativesid ddiw eninsgo o8 Seived astier 
e dviw beveo esw Jisoo ent To se18 edd ylorsy 910% -sivyohasd 
hetowbsoo ti bas ,avivelqnit eupidas oft to sexs sit evil edele 
 eudT sefbbim edt hiswot esqofe yd n1et¢eio eid odnt astew saz : 
08 dud .etoor sit oo Sntif{sl tedenw add yino ton betoelloo asy . 
gavoo eff .tiv09o edd Yo sets eilsae siz so bevisos1 gent ocels 
-voo ei zel-ne-ledotN-.B-tnoM to yodds odd Yo 1astetolo add bo 
oaad Yo Aeeaqe oF noliesooo sved nooe ifede ew tod ;beef yd bere 
-retetelo eidaliemes 
visineo dé Sk ont nt elatbediéso to exstetelo nistase [Lise 
20 sevsosd vidadowg ,yrode es yd hesavomine wiisivoitisoa eis4 
ta betoeis etasmunom sesddy Hnvors Oasmmoo te este [fame end 
edd ees2neJ de eterxe sieiT .eeitio awe logog Yo asitneo sdz 
_ fook yiev 8 os von: ei doidw . bata dads te aedetofo 6 te sciut 
. . t *! ~Yistasos teds to slbhim eddy oF. saooled bos siyte 
7 vd bsousia. .ytote Hbnoose A .eysd adi to enc ednszems FS .2iF 
«gegni eoedisaq ean .dows dose sevo woknitv asipanstos1 [lene 2 
~&d Yo esdows ebie edt easef .enonso sat to &uizbol eas sod, beb 
snoyow ts es tnkreqe ond Yo etlovidows ea bevaee etivev odd 
et couveed to [ethsdiso sit Yo astetolo edt to [f[ew 1801 oT 7 
_#¢ teqauve .dows shite dose diseased sbhsors efaind ex yd bedtsi0osb “. 


{ ¢ a0 eh .beviso videwtabs eletioso fine enmyloo slstit yd be ‘i 
As ® oft to td2iod sid rot tattoefiowq bans wotdd .eseeentdud end } 
-tense ere yeds .stinav edd to tenrds sdt toda of wrote bao : 
-voo eaw tiotdw .yrote brooss eddy to sddied edd 10% bsowhss yid 
foerpse avy dre > ooo gdnsgqiso yd ylno bers 


—eeadtoo sft of egnod/sd tebn0/ of tetedota BIAT sPhbdaget SFOK 
’ e798 won th 7080 srosy ytasat afomoh sd? yd Sioa eow Ff 3 fore 
wordt toa ob oh ~s9nortabhasrs né eredosh 10} sevorarow 2 Bo sso 
— hertesh et th nda fud ;ofoe edt 1oF bo0¢9997 alomok ott tow 
Yoo em0s yrosssoosm so Situ dotdw ,18tadoso Bidt seanarugsy of 
a5 ‘ ; : : 


325 
rainwater in a cistern placed beneath the court. It sometimes 
occurred then, that instead of discharsing the water directly 
on the area of the court, and to avoid carryins filth into t 
the cistern, drain pipes of stone were placed at certain dis- 
tances in the anéles formed by the buttresses. (Art. Conduite); 
or if gargoyles were adopted, which was the most common case, 
a stone channel was placed below them entirely around the co- 
urt, to ¢ollect the water and convey it to the cistern throu- 
Sh opemings. Sometimes this channel was a little subterranean 
Sutter having an openings with sSrating under the mouth of each 
gargoyle. More rarely the area of the court was paved with s 
glabs like the area of the antique impluvium, and it conducted 
the water into the cistern by slopes toward the middle. Thus 
was collected not only the water falling on the roofs, but a 
also that received on the entire area of the court. The court 
od the cloister of the abbey of. Mont-S.-Michel-en-Mer is cov- 
ered by lead; but we shall soon have occasion to speak of that 
remarkable cloister. 

Still certain cloisters of cathedrals in the 13 th century 
were particularly surmounted by a story, probably because of 
the small area at command around these monuments erected at 
the centres of populous cities. There exists at Lensres the 
ruins of a cloister of that kind, which is not an a very sood 
style and belonss to the middle of that century. . 

Fis. 33 presents one of its bays. A second story, pierced by 
a small rectangular window over each arch, was perhaps inten- 
ded for the lodgings of the canons. Here the side arches of t 
the vaults served as archivolts of the opexins as at Noyon. 
The rear wall of the cloister of the cathedral of hangres is 
decorated by a triple arcade beneath each side arch, support— 
ed by little columns and capitals admirably carved. As for t 
the buttresses, thick and projectins for the heisht of the & 
Sround story to abut the thrust of the vaults, they are sensi- 
bly reduced for the height of the second story, which was cov- 
ered only by carpentry. 

Note 16H 44D. This cloister no Longer velonés to the cothe- 
arabs Ve was sold by the domain twenty years ago, Vt now ser- 
ves a8 G warehouse for dealers in Srindistones. Ke do not know 
what the Gowoin received for the Bake, burt when it is desired 


Lo repurchase this cloister, which will be neccessary sone doay, 


. 4 a € _ ee G rae 4 
vat t PA . sent 10° ow, 109 Ott Fo seven tiobioute TOF W908 
ti pine Seotut 9¥oe torr oe series yoqg Siiw swo tedt stéogorq 

-@ teal ny au of beviseti¢ tetetole ivlitused seom oft tn9 Pe! 
-ttolo sit vinist1e0 ei ysote bacoee « tniegsensog bas (txe¢ nt ’ 
 « $mpds movt eodeb orudouite dsdT .mevek to Levbedtso eds Yo 19d - 
— aviv betvyoexre S18 vatabhen: edi bos visaitas eti bos ,Oast i 
omee s9%89 etonim bos yapxol 4 
 ) edt to eyed edt to eno to nottevels sdt ev eevid BF sare Py 
eesd eid ts heorsia ,obin sie eyed eesdT .neHot to [erb)entso ” 
evodA .eamufoo ol[tsil oidtdifonom no enz0d sefiors ee9% a909 vd 
© dotdd ef tlovidors ed? .fosalt ei anineqo odd esdows seadt 
ebte 8 es Soivise iscay sit ,etioesvow to ewor ows to bszoqmoo 
geeth & Faocave etfovidotsa sesdT .etivnev Isnastat sdt at dow Ms 
ewobaiw wint edt to enoti{um bos ereia edt yd fhetaatensq ecole | 
~*etetoors Yo wor oldwoh a dtiw eotni0o A’ .vi0cte baosee snz to 
bane besvsiotieq sve snofe altotertenb eeoin ,obeatevisd 5s bas 
‘ofhbim odd tA .ssdfue odd tised dotnw ,yaote Hnoose sad awors 
“-09q  .dnoemsni0 Ju0dsiv visvitos .eeeitsud toss Yo based edd Yo 
‘edd nk betoslIoo assen sit sbhtetvo baiteso slyobas® s etost . 
-yotmn Stew dod ,eceeordsud seedd betowomaice selosneid@ .astsad 
'.beyorlesbd ylotsans 
So yad s00 to hoe eseeentind seed Yo osla edt ai (FF) exeh 
% to eeentdail bos yiioiferte edd esea snO .ytote bovork snd 
-it ni yino eteianoo sonsdetes: sitine sd? .woitowitenoco eins 
; ~tpds yout doid® janisx2 21siq exsnoe ens Lae eeseetstod ses 

*Bo079 sipsonase eit to tnshbasgebni ei ti. .katasead edd Ot eA 

betevoo ai qetvefolo sliiil etdd tedd .vyse oF besn on er onedT 

veasig Snoide Io eyed to eeiiee & Bnieogmoo ,etiuev e201 yd ; 

edt mi eteteiolo 16% betgobs vilaisns: snemezastis os ei eins d 

.ta betetxe yiote bnoose off .astel howoilot base yindneo dz Ft ; 
Ye yretdil edd bentetnco bas ,1etatolo edt Yto.ebie eno yino ‘ 

-neq1e9 belies yi berevoo [isd sse1k 8 hemtot si jaetasdo sta 

; YI : 
alow otat S09? retetedse atadat Fo enfowat sdf .hBA.g. 2) OF ON 
foslgea off bao ,ettuoy sd? no BShootysuo Fo aas7ss 6 Fo. sewvosd 


; 


-atask ot? .t#t9S sow atut Joretostidoto ewofasta aéadt Hotdu oF 

bm ymaledtrog «uk bstetaty} sonte awit trode @ witavow Fo yrt 

90 smoem edt Avta .#evod FO etostidore nse9d06b ,etorv0mes@ 
-dotes S70 saniebos sat twd .bsgoend teon afvog sft galtotest =i 
 ntomen tory Sat yorsesh ai bio bao wrote baoose sat ai botett 


326 
even for the sanitation of the cathedral of Lonéres, Vt Vs 9 
propable thort one wild pay dearly for thot sole. 

But the most beautiful cloister preserved to us (at least o 
in part) and possessing a second story is certainly the clois- 
ter of the cathedral of Rouen. That structure dates from abort 
1240, and its entirety and its details are executed with sreat 
luxury and minute care. 

Pis. 34 sgives us the elevation of one of the bays of the ¢ 
cathedral of Rowem. These bays are wide, pierced at the base 
by four free arches borne on monolithic little columns. Above 
these arches the openings is sSlazed. The archivolt is thick, 
composed of two rows of voussoirs, the upper servins as a side 
arch for the internal vaults. These archivolts support a Sreat 
slope penetrated by the piers and mullions of the twin windows 
of the second story. A cornice with a double row of crockets 
and a balustrade, whose quatrefoils alone are perforated and 
crown the second story, which bears the Sutter. At the middle 
of the head of each buttress, entirely without ornament, pro- 
. jects a gargoyle castins outside the water collected in the 
gutter. Pinnacles surmounted these buttresses, but were unfor- 
tunately destroyed. 

Here (25) is the plan of these buttresses and of one bay of 
the sround story. One sees the simplicity and lightness of t 
this construction. The entire resistance consists only in th- 
ese buttresses afid the souare piers asSainst which they abut. 
As for the opening, it is independent of the structure proper. 
There is no need to say, that this little cloister is covered 
by cross vaults, composins a series of bays of oblons plans; 
this is an arransement Senerally adopted for cloisters in the 
43 th century and followed later. The second story existed at 
only one side of the cloister, and contained the library of 
the chapter; it formed a great hall covered by ceiled carpen- 
try. | 

Note 1epeASL~. The remoins of this cloister fell into ruin 
because of 9 series Of overloads on the vaults, and. the neslect 
So which this precious architectural ruin was Left. The Winis- 
try of Korship o short time since furnished MU. Bortheleny onda 
Pesmorets, Avoceson architects of Rowen, with the weons of ¥ 
restoring the ports most downaged. Burt the Voadings are estav- 
Vished in the second story and o14 Vn Jestroyine whort remains 


, 4 ; 
® 4 7 ; ’ v ‘7. 
998 ot 1 Am aa os Heeb to fs a -e0obadw sarteue 9d ee ‘ 
_ bir retetolo Jorbstteo o aa nontosgs tusottingon stat tend to 
et edusats. booo/@ saved wor? ataagerq eeédtos toast ,eeoferee Fo 
Yo anionized edg moxt betgohs exrssefolo to edasmetnerie oT 
“(dP BE edd Yo olbbim edd {itoo slesil yasv yrosasoeds FL oad 
. 916, sedo1s ebie {sn1sdxe seods ,sdivev sisupe syenia oxs seedt 
-#esl% duodtin 10 ,t18q Is90H Ot Bi hexeld yrsessxt yd Heli? Bl 
anisd,eedoivso oftescom bas {exheddeo edd yiudoeo dé Sf edd al "2 
etetetol[o ot benisies .dv Sf edt ai siew yods asdd doia eesf an 
supesesaof ovitiniag snd edil ,eebso1s eoounidnoo Yo hesoarce 
% yivasqise eldieiv yd beaeveo sia eootti0g egodn .stetetolo 
-wensol on ei noitonidenco to moteye sedt to% .eaeitiso neboow 
\h@ Heecqmoo avictvidows siT .1stetolo exozensmo# eft to sans Oh 
_qtsdd ,e8atneco yd bsosdaet o1s bas 1ssagseib nedto sriosevoyv an 
~aidso edd to shie asuoe sd? .ebavtentad teo12 6 eldwesst doom a 
Jot Snibscoos Jlind astetofo « benistea esd xueshi08 to [exh 
; faa ati to en0 sytsdse0 se DL Sct mort ectsbh th sbodton tedd 
~add Bo at to Besesis dud bedsloai add of hetoennos si soots100 fo 
goer e99%T sis se1ds asdi0 end .Ieib . 
i Ye Medabaco edt fo efansa as to mele eft etagesia OF .BiF ; 
fatnosiiod eit beosit svsd sw A SA exvssbao® to Isibeddso: sas 
evountéinoo s oO .Of : § to elsoe edd te seiq sno Yo noitoss 
oad digeb aste072 doum ditw eamelos to eiodeulo seia I{sw wol ‘J 
m bes ,snote to doold elanie & ni tuo o1# eteig esenT .dtbin 
Joold efante s at tuo elgasiady dose diiw shsows ns 1esd ysdd } 
-me edd to nottsvole ext esviz doidn .VF wai vd bsdeotbak ea 1 
‘a soinico A .xusebi0d to L[sibsdtso end Yo 19¢¢iclo sdt to noid a 
nvebom as :ofodn edd adoonnoa anote to edioold enol Yo bsesogmos 
«of seaptowite tdeil edd ebecdcenedento esexs0o ows to noisibbs 
ni [Lise eelyobas’ to sonsee1a edt yd bsvoig es .yliswx0? Ind 
t¥Wasoiso edt betss2 doide no sss7H8 8 S10d SofNI00 Sdt .sosla 
-fbsoo evitinine edt srotee1 of yisersosn ti beveiled svaed ow 
\ to besogmoo esw yidasquso eldieiv ent Eve .ei9 awe at ote 
edt no hexit erodone yd benister .erstie1 bsoesad to esiase s 
-[idete gseqat asito gon Sif noitovitenoo Yo batt sid? .efedrco 
-Ms odd yO nwouddzevo sisw exeteioflo seedd to deom sonsa :vsi 
-tase dt @f edt of bos .emesdeid suodtin yisneqiso edi Yo deo 
—geQeh ,yuntaso de FL sit yd bsdaobs bodéeom ond bewnesa nem yan 
=e ebie edd asbaw yiecess détiw bedinsy e1steielo og besisses 
 --emottqeoxs eas siedt geY .boseid ean yisoed eidd bas .esdo 


327 
of the beautiful windows. One cannot desire too much to see 
ot Vast this naodguificent specimen of a cathedral cloister ria 
of services, thot nothing prevents from being placed elsewhere, 

The arrangements of cloisters adopted from the beSinnins of 
the 13 thecentury vary little until the middle of the 14 th; 
these are always square vaults, whose external side arches are 
filled by tracery glazed in the upper part, or without slass. 
In the 14 th century the cathedral and monastic churches beins 
less rich than they were in the 13 th, returned to cloisters 
composed of continuous arcades, like the primitive Romanesque 
cloisters, whose porticos are covered by visible carpentry or 
wooden ceilings. But that system of construction is no lonser 
that of the Romanesaue cloister. The archivotts composed of 
youssoirs often disappear and are repbaced by openings, that 
much resemble 4 great balustrade. The south side of the cath - 
dral of Bordeaux has retained a cloister built accordins to 
that method; it dates from the 14 th century. One of its four 
porticos is connected to the isolated buttresses of the cathe- 
dral, the other three are free. 

Fis. 36 presents the plan of an angle of the cloister of t 
the cathedral of Bordeaux. At A we have traced the horizontal 
section of one pier at the scale of 1: 20. On a continuous 
low wall rise clusters of columns with much sreater depth than 
width. These piers are cut in a single block of stone, and th 
they bear an arcade with each triangle cut in a sinsle block, 
as indicated by Pis. 37, which gives the elevation of the se- 
tion of the cloister of the cathedral of Bordeaux. A cornice 
composed of lons blocks of stone connects the whole; a modern 
addition of two courses ofvstonésikoads the light structure. B 
But formerly, as proved by the presence of sarsoyles still in 
place, the cornice bore a Sutter on which rested the carpentry; 
we have believed it necessary to restore the orimitive condi- 
tion in our Fis. 37,1 The visible carpentry was composed of 
a series of braced rafters, retained by anchors fixed on the 
ecorbels. This kind of construction did not offer great stabil- 
ity; hence most of these cloisters were overthrown by the thr- 
ust of the carpentry without tiebeams, and in the 15 th -cent- 
ury men resumed the method adopted by the 13 th century, i.@., 
returned to cloisters vaulted with tracery under the side ar- 
ches, and this tracery was glazed. Yet there are exceptions 


! : le : i , aves a ) 

a om ld ss 

ivorg rediu ihiasia nt vlintedquet: elna aidd 

“ ale t Eetetoso asdr pita naks ott suo SW <88hsq. t ston 

Be ees .xv9sb708 to fostidove .xwook om FO yastrx00 

esteb dotdw ,onnodis% to-ferbsdtso ed to asterolo ead ead? 
Ma ‘8 Yo heeogmoo ei .ywiaso dd Cf edd Yo aresy sedtt edt word 
ssntanaased dotdt yd hedsxeqse .yusoRid TuoOntiw eenows Yo estuse ) 


al 


| jelatbediso ein? lorssayebpreite nsiaq ead adneeeig SF Bit ‘ 
©) eBas),19f9 s2n109 edé Yo neitees.Ladooxiton edt evid ew A > 4 a 
- <pesO@e: Rete efsoe oddite sistq tedto edt Yo sno Yo tads § ss +4 


“ooetedetolo 2idt to slana ag evitosgeieg fi ewode OF .ai% ot 
.epedots edd Silew wol & eeetsegog ennedisy to seseiolo eft 7 


Sibbi¥ edd to exshltod edt to modeuo odd otvinsatneo .dbid sie 3 

7 led tm yd bstostor9 2808173 dsfe enote vd feasveo at tk jeeun pf 
} on eee to [subsdtse edt Yo retetolo efi sdil .obsttenisd 

svisinegs dv bf edd wort aeteb doidw "9 

~ ae ‘tone asttibh yilsienss yratoso dé Zi edd lo esxstetols sAT . 

+ ,eseesidiod ext to noferc:cesh aii yd vine di br sit to eeo ' 

“=<D8V to noitonadesce eit .yisesit six to evaemiasemeo edd ' 
-sevooen ei wi sonee .sxyutostidote odd Yo elissed eft bas .edtl 


tobait [fede ew sonmte ,sied medd dtin ceviseiwo youooo o¢ ¥1 
esytsaoitold eins to esfotd1A Insustirh odd nk elisteb saesdsy f 
; vd edmemunom sesdt no yee os eved ew dadw oeolo [lene |W 
-foili-e-tnoN te yodda edi jo exsteiolo edd Yo notscizsesh saz 
vt Qnome stelomoo ¢s0m bas anoisss Jeoom eft Yo enc .139¥-n9-I[e 
< -9ons1t oi ev yd beeweezseq eeond 
na: weiv s Bnived .teveitolo sid#stootsdacs isnsscadtscoevso sf 
-(Ob) ewobsiw worrsn yasv bas waoldo yd A ebie oft no ase sad 
berehaste ,enmuloo olitil to evo ows Yo etalenco shsoxe on? 
-~aioY s(tb) sefq odd? Yo eftos edd to Itsssh odd yd betsotbat es 
Dota bas 9 of 4 mod penmaloo elssil ent no deo1 eedors bed 
eo bda@ gacidetni sit nt Gros & Bae 8 oF G mort trotaesdxe edt no 
8) BB of A.C oF A mord beniss ots estcois [saoksib sduoe yisv 
» 8°Sdt neenied diel eslansiad odd ;.ote ,0 ot F 8 oF G A oF 
~bnste odd odil bellit 918 eodows Ienctsibh edd bas ed lovitous 
ze Yo meveye eidt Tsdd ,snehive ef SI .etiosv yasnibso Yo eles 
nadt Jeordt teiess of sids sxom ei enmuloo Hevesdede elsitil 
’ ~© A .C A eenowe [enotesib edt 20% .enmploo atusy to shom esd 
~iyste ,edewidt sesdt of constetess efdyoh a seoqgo ..ote (gd 5 . 
_ =Feo to ewor ond ert edad] Soivebnet bns nottewisence end tn 
(-d691 sdetow ont Jens Wee OF Yreesoosnay Bi Si eobieeS .aome 


a _ @ 
a a ty! ae 


; * Le 
MRS Leet s re? In i / ie S 


ee: 9. 


328 
to this rule, especially in the southern provinces. 

Note 1.0.452. We owe the drawings of this cloister to the © 
courtesy Of Me Acoux, arohirtect at Bordeaux. whe 

Thus the cloister of the cathedral of Narbonne, which dates 
from the first years of the 15 th century, is composed of as 
series of arches without tracery, separated by thick buttresses. 

Fis. 38 presents the plan efdasquarterrof this cathedral. 

A- A we give the horizontal section of the corner pier, and 
at B that of one of the other piers atithe scale of 1: 50. 
Fis. 29 shows ih perspective an angle of this cloister. 

The cloister of Narbonne posserses a low wall? the arches 
afe high, contraryyto the custom of the builders of the Middle 
ages; it is covered by stone slab terraces, protected by a b 
balustrade, like the cloister of the cathedral of Beziers, wh 
which dates from the 14 th century. 

The cloisters of the 15 th century senerally differ from th- 
ose of the 14 th only by the decoration of the buttresses, t 
the compartments of the tracery, the construction of the vau- 
lts, and the details of the architecture. Hence it is necessa - 
ry to occupy ourselves with them here, since we shall find t 
these details in the different Articles of this Dictionary. 

We shall close what we have to say on these monuments by 
the description of the cloisters of the abbey of Mont-s-Mich- 
el-en-Mer, one of the most curious and most complete amons t 
those possessed by us in France. 

We diveethesentiresphatocof2this cloister, having a view of 
the sea on the side A by oblons and very narrow windows (40). 
The arcade consists of two rows of little columns, stassered 
as indicated by the detail of the angle of the plan (41). Poin- 
ted arches rest on the little columns, from A to P and B toC€ 
on the exterior‘ from D to — and # to F in the interior; and 
very acute diagonal arches are turned from A to D, A to &, Bi 
to B, B to F, F to C, etc.; the triansles left between the a 
archivolts and the diagonal arches are filled like the sfand- 
rels of ordinary vaults. It is evident, that this system of 
little staggered columns is more able to resist thrust than 
the mode of twin columns, for the diagonal arches A D, AB, 
BB, etc., oppose a double resistance to these thrusts, stayi - 
né the construction and renderings stable the two rows of col- 
umns. Besides it is unneccesary to say, that the weisht rest- 


i ‘ 
‘ ( 
OCs ; as. 
/ - - > - iv 


roe sdees tte -or el en a 810m at d0et words iad nattecs ' 
i. ” os pace ods to segetete ent to cotti0g edd wot .a0t 10 
) -eboaias to estuse « yfno ef Isdoiv .2 
amdieaaanes as ek (fb) Bus .9 © mo nottose s ei (Sd) sisB 
, gottstuemenie. odt bo@ abortbi[oom sat .eshsows seedt to noitsy 
Teyvisneo as Ff sit Yo erndosdidows nami0¥ [sutos edt Ifsoe1 i 
gemr0¥-clank sdt of enibaooos benist vigmie sis eletigso edT 
eletiqso ent .Iled eit bayoww atetoors 10 sheife? soontinw bom 1) 
ceed yd beteroodbeots evods [[sw edt oF bedosite sheow sit to 2: 
‘gett eft Yo stots edt neewted efeibnsoe sit .edetoo1o bast 
<eeTweit .eetteeo: neinve Ivlitveed soeeexg coftsv10og eft to tol 
~o1s sis evods neds .(€% .2f0) yooneo B@ yd bednvomine dmaeJ ene 
{nttsvuesd hoestiscos efttil 106 elflorce atiw essitt e& anted esd 
«S¢iI off Yo eetots [anokerh edd to eteoast sdt neevtst . drow 
yletelomos ean tedetolo etd? .watsetoorm beviso ee etluev ef 
J temewer ond odd nsavdsd baw s0iaeioi sii sesel ge .batatec 
98% mort eonsitneseloe edt et (Ob 249) SF SA cenmofoo elesil. 
sevo dwifo ot yess od biluew ti davoddle ,tawoo sit Yo soott100 
eet Pawo etds boa .eomefos elfasit sat neswted fisw wol gai 
ed% FooLfoo of hebnstnt .besl to atesere yd bovevoo yletitne 
’ -fitir.doiwdo oft dteened heveseet wreteto Jesxe © mi retswotes 
bsscamoo ,e1stisverio edt fo [fad edt tlhind ei weteltolo edt a6 
4 I .e8tF \spoitesoo¥ etntostido wd .d14) .eamuloé to aporw 8 Yo 
aud? .yrote sewol » at e1gilevedo to [led edd d¢eened :(Ot er 
-~tautie ei 16¥-ce5 lodoty-.8-inoll to yedds eat to rssetelo ead 
-%d 618 eootii0g esi base .sottibe eenemmi' ns Yo ood est ta bs 
-outse eids evi of betmeass sew dE ydw ef send sedtuav wd on 
> -besnddhil. smsatzs as si07 
m doidw god Levedetete yiie1q emoe betos1e sonssersns! sat 
-sineq1s [sienss sif .sotvon to ydtaon yiiasitsosa on dneeenq 
99719 ak slitil yisv yantoso dz FI edd tetts eretetolo to tem 
emtostidorws sit to eliatebh edd tos ,betete ybeorls sved sw es 
eeediT sdoogs dose to stast edd OF Rnibiooos bertibem eas enole 
‘e10%ersht ef ti :yranorsoid edt ot esosiq tied? batt elisteb 
“hi; O64. he4 eer -o1ed medd soivnen of. peeseeer: af 


‘ AD, 
af 
4 


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ce'to naan esitndnee ag-@f bas dd bt .dt FL edd doraed 
oi bedetIdstes sinecfoas mefoow s od mevid Zan seoise 
0/40 \fntw sid mort Fed's soexera os Belvese Fo eI Tad: see pes 


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| os aa ain ney aw 7 rs fi ee 


329 
resting on three feet is more stable, than if it rests on tw 
or four. Now the portico of the cloister of the abbey of Ment- 
3, Michel is only a serdes of tripods. 

Here (42) is a section on 0 P, and (43) is an internal ele- 
vation of these arcades. The mouldings and the ornamentation ~ 
recall the actual Norman architecture of the 13 th century. T 
The capitals are simply turned accordins to the Anslo-Norman 
mode, without foliase or crockets around the bell. The capitals 
of the arcade attached to the wall above areadeécorated by bas- 
tard crockets. The spandrels between the arches of the interé 
ior of the portico present beautiful sunken rosettes, fisures, 
the Lamb surmounted by & canopy (Fig. 43), then above the ar- 
hes being a frieze with scrolls or little rosettesod beautiful 
work. Between the imposts of the diagonal arches of the litt- 
le vaults are carved crockets. This cloister was completely 
painted, at least the interior and between the two rowssof 1 
little columns. At B (Fis. 40) is the solecentrance from the . 
porticos of the court, although it would be easy to climb over 
the low wall between the little columns, and this court is e 
entirely covered by sheets of lead, intended to collect the 
rainwater in a Sreat cistern feserved beneath the church.sUm—- 
er the cloister is built the hall of the chevaliers, composed 
of a group of Golumns. (Art. Architecture Monastique, Fiss. i 
18, 19); beneath the hall of chevaliers is » lower story. Thus 
the cloister of the abbey of Mont-3.-mMichel-en-Mer is situat- 
ed at tke too of an immense edifice, and its porticos are bar- 
ne by vaults; that is why it was arranged to sive this struc- 
ture an extreme lightness. 

The Renaissance erected some pretty cloisters, but which o 
present no veculiarity worthy of notice. The ganeral arranse- 
ment of cloisters after the 13 th century vary little in France, 
as we have already stated, and the details of the architecture 
alone are modified accordins to the taste of each spoch. These 
details find their places in the Dictionary; it is therefore 
useless to mention them here. 


CLOTET. Enclosure. Screen. 
During the 13 th, 14 th and 15 th cemturies, the name of 
screen was sivem to a wooden enclosure established in the sr- 
eat halls of castles to protect a bed from the wind, or only 


4 ° " | 
ore 

“vem booterete on iis et biow eidT .encon tesv seedt to ¢9aq 8 
roles +> 3886999 90 donideo ,t9dmsdo eftsil, s botnsen 
ghee abhor -(.msoq doses? B10) 
ae ed ean loore-tatos Uh FOWOR oPFhaGal OFON 

pder bri " . «L808 sevey ./sdole 

‘erisanoisoie 990) bel iso 08 ities e168 enossok sidsvom eadT 


hepeeies “12 se -/»  eftoeveisd .dah oreifidew sb 
2evy >* - ‘ 
efish Leonsdd .eflix. geiaolon® .sons} .2AUTOIO 
ao ofidwa ,eblet? antbanowise beow 10 smote to elostado oA 
of .soitibe ns to jusa niediso # osis 10 .ebatbhitad steviag 
~® to aetseolone [snrstxe .f -todnt eloidi1d aidd ebivibh Liede 
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. -eetoimdo to eriodo eft to eeaueolons ,f 
-20i13i0 to ssaweofonh .f8001V 8d SREAUSOUD 
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event of bemtalo hiol s medw If{ite stud setnstidadat edt to seks 
fedsifdetee od .ysio s te disq 8 10 Yio & 1eve edfdbia [sbuet 
_ beetyamoo sexs edt [is ned? :eansaqxs nwo ein gs oxpeclone as 
ef msill[ik .vcitoibeiast. eis aehew esn saugolone tent aiddiv 
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elfen” .wesoisi .6 ets to eliew sit emies Joomialasq sede tacr 
sifew odd yd osevtsd onsen odt af eidd .S90" « nl “.botd sat to 
gf aeented edmoneetae owt ob .OOSE Bae OSSr ,EXSE ob eiued to 
bos blod ont oifidd nesuded aedto odd .wateli «2 bos enid eng 
blind ot exelameT edd of nevit nofeeimieg edd oi bnew :iol® .F 
teudoA oitlidt astte" ebba od “ asidis% .emuedD Yo ote edd ts 
-~sI edt to biol sdt sd of bomisio on .elien eid hetelamoo bed 
-sevinu edd ai ted? a0? bas .bosofons ysdd Jedd seoata bone ebs 
-«bfex efit to todds odd mort sdat od garti te bestesb sd. vie 
-ut ef% bas soitent, to soissiteioimbs eft nisms .2 to ewoih 
¢ of omse ond Sib of jbewobns dent bed of dedw to noistoibelsa 
~abdebrol eft baa eixeS to aodeld odd of Buskew déiw etio edd 
bose wen oft to es .niamisd .6 to ywio wen bas blo eft to stod 
.@ioviexvA'! oismxed .£ to exretseup edd to ..8.f .sans0lone, blo 
‘bebulont oals bed sd doidu .edostenh «6 ‘to bas. etonek «3. to 


" a , 


330 

a part of these vast rooms. This word is also understood as 
meaning a little chamber, cabinet or recess. 

(Old French poem. ).~ 

Note 1.p-459. Rowon Gu Soint-Groal, published vy Francisaue 
WMiohet. Verse 2031. 

The movable screens are still so called. (See Dictionnaire 
du Mobilier. Art. Paravent). 


CLOTURR. Fence. Bnclosure. Grille. Chancel Rail. 

An obstacle of stone or wood surroundins fields, voublic or 
private buildings, or also a certain part of an edifice. We 
shall divide this Article into:- 1, external enclosures of ci- 
cities or market towns; 2, enclosures of private properties; 
3, enclosures of the choirs of churches. 

OLOSURES DE VILLES-. Enclosures of Cities. 

Buring the middle ages the construction, maintenance and ¢ 
guarding of the enclosures of cities were usually left in ci- 
rée of the inhabitants; but still when a lord claimed to have 
feudal rights over a city or a part of a city, he established 
an enclosure at his own expense; then all the area comprised 
within that enclosure was under his jurisdictiou. William le 
Breton and Risgord affirmed that Philio Ausust purchased all t 
the lands needed by him to erect the walls of Paris’ so on t 
the charters of his time these enclosures are called “walls 
of the kins.” “Besides,that,” says Sauval, “in a decree of i 
1261 the parlaiment terms the walls of sate S. Marceau, “walls 
of the king.” In a word, this is the name taken by the walls 
of Paris in 1273, 1280 and 1299, in two asreements between t 
the king and &. Merry, the other between Philip the Bold and 
3. Bloi; and in the permission given to the Templars to build 
at the gate of Ghaume.. Further,” he adds,“after Philip Ausust 
had completed his walls, he claimed to be the lord of the la- | 
nds and places that they enclosed, and for that in the univer- 
sity, he desired at first to take from the abbot of the reli- 
sSious of S. Germain the administration of justice and the ju- 
risdiction of what he had just endowed: he did the same in t 
the city with regard to the bishop of Paris and the lordship, 
both of the old and new city of S. Germain, as of the new and 
old enclosure, i.e., of tne quarters of S. Germain 1’Auxerrois, 
of S. Honore and of S. Bustache, which he had also included 


- i 


| oe LO ae Ok a i eRe 
f 7 ) v [. oy Po : 
4 nee (Bt%ea% % anal dt Se © ea wodts ‘sell vedas oiddin 
| sens sede ond euioalelas ‘edt ts lind evswle etew enotteot 
eft 26 seovex eit of uedt svek eoniic dads to s10eseoone sdT 
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-sd61 .baingiecs: to etao odd bas .tnometenem ,noivesqeni« ant 


yene ls . “.medd tnronsdo base antbir 
‘beisedésy yltnennet gi9w atodds bus econetd .esidon vel sat. oa 
ss -g@vo Snibnedxs efdein Iskvet bed doee bos .ysto omee eds nit 
--  - Bedbisemvotio stew efddin sesdt sydio edt to etasq nietae5 an 
: niewob” Yo eomen odt yd bedsagteeh ,es1veclone nieviso aidtin teh 
" atnstidsdsi ex? “.yodds off To .iaueo edt Yo .godeid edt to | 


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-i9 odd Yo slisw oft aiddin exiedi ts .sloware 109 .esorlinco 
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off of [len eno mort sdenot som fas asiuectone ont betersese 
; ettaqs abtey sao . tedto 

esaveofons yd eumso sicds fsbhavotwwwe estuaries yisonoo sas gl 
-(mgoq dotets B10) .aotéibard nsmof sdt ot Snibicoos 

. p98 fe ERPS sevs¥ stoner Wh wOMOT OSA. Gg. t BfOX 

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--f betasdo Si nodw .vor1s sit dtiw bedtosenesd bos enotiosa ot 
Sebsose=. «9mao ert 

ifts ? -sebas§ to coona: gONMS THO 150 ESROTOIEEY 

yiotseto ne tfind bad asm s teat * aetelet ate0T To yxctedd 
-detes bed ed teddy bos .eedoneid beoslredni dtiw attee¥ 18 od 
ylisex esw doidw .wolyce deds oi stiw eid atin Yieemid kedetl 


celq 4 sesl3isw to beseoqmoo sideofowes as sud 
. eIIIV HO0G .oM07T9 .t8SH .O3R. G8 Stok 
8 ebasdoio .enebiss .smit 100 at ge sete slbbiw eft 2Xnir9G 
denen? hinges sesheetisa 10 eslttaw one Heres ‘ote¥ ewobsem bos 
gins .0 Be yas ee ea + (usoa 
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om esbeetiag .etotioennem to eedésnkiv oft o¢ e19%99 sao TI 

esoéqa dtiw bavott sit ot tee sefate hesaiog to beecqmoo exew 
| Opekdszeltees-eqos sit 1899 bas movsod is bevoeanoe .neensed 
“hea o6e- 29> Saks” casn bore Pe, elas bedsotbatr es. eedouend 


331 
within his walls. After Philip August the walls of £{hetfortif- 
ications were always built at the expense of the Parisians. 
The successors of that prince gave them to the provost of the 
merchants and the aldermen, they entrusted to them the suard- 
ing, inspection, management, and the care of repairing, rebu- 
ilding and chansins them.” 

The lay nobles, bishops and abbots were freauently sathered 
in the same city, and each had feudal rights extending over 
certain parts of the city: these rights were circumscribed 
within certain enclosures, designated by the names of “domain 
of the bishop, of the count, of the abbey.” The imhabitants 
possessing properties outside these enclosures also had their 
enclosure, the ramparts of the city built and maintained at 
their cost. One understands how such a division must produce 
conflicts. For example, at Rheims within the walls of the ci- 
ty were enclosures of the secular lord that held the castle, 
that of the archbishop, that of the chapter of the cathedral, : 
and that of the abbey of S. Remy. Sometimes a narrow street 
separated two enclosures and men fought from one wall to the 
other, some yards apart. 

In the country armies surrounded their camps by enclosures 
according to the Roman tradition. (Old French poem).’ 

Note 1.-p.460. Rowan du Renart. Verse 5725 et seq. 

Sometimes a wooden enclosure was movable, could be removed 
in sections and transported with the army, when it changed i 
its camp. 

©VCOLOTURESODEL PROPRIETESccBences of Lands. 

Gregory of Tours relates that a man had built an oratory 
to S. Martin with interlaced branches, and that he had estab- 
lished himself with his wife in that arylum, which was really 
but an enclcsure composed of wattles. 

Note 2.p.-460. Bist. Franc. Book VILLI. 

During the middle ages as in our time, gardens, orchards a 
and meadows were enclosed by wattles or palisades. (61d French 
poem). 

{ Note 1-p-A461. Rowan du Renort. Verse 4943 et 8320. 

Tf one refers to the visnettes of manuscripts, palisades we 
were composed of pointed stakes set in the Sround with spaces 
between, connected at bottom and near the tops by flexible b 
branches aS indicated in Fis. i. 


: . Ser 
»& etaitosscsm eit ot betueestgs: y[inenpsat et AroW-elttal 
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~eif ntadiso 34 .(S).m10t etnesofl ni nevowretnd seeat Yo eodo 
», ed% worl sonsisib atetise 8 ts tee anisd A zetousid eeonsad 
i senatq factticy a nt di bex]ede ti ddiw berosnnoo fre efdsen 
no eefog Istncsizod Yo bseoqmos sie esonst slowie eaom aeds0 
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. ‘Bot oF beyofome vilsiosaes sisw esones to einit sees .eatd ¢ 
7% e1x9sw elemins odd .s9log L[etnosiied edt 2nivower yd sedoolt 
i. yIev asoast Hier? esenivoig miedovom of ehatt tsy sad .seat 
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tom, beaiate2 2en doidw ,fosyT edd at virelvottisa .ecotteni 
fein . -eab6 s{bbim sdt Yo emoteuo sit to 
: sbetetons esmigomoe asioiia bas etedde 10 es{don dota emis 
-epeo JeskwA oilfdd.el(sw omete yd ebisde1o bas enebuse aieds 
tees0t edd to dusq ant to © sosonnod evse “,saueolone sat be 
{wotsedsw end nieorsdd feoslo bus ,afi{ew ddid yd esansontV to 
to afnemts1t nieret eted? “.faelan® to tated ods vd mid tnse 
» 898 elfew sesiT .anebtsh ysdds to eaasectons [wtitsasd ond 
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vd Bebavourys od of esenod tngaeths has sedozedo sdt déiw tm 
{{tte ered? “.sfieso anowds s e19dd hedeildetse bas . flew 
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etiied Iisw bas Iutitused yisv sis totde <e1s0T 18en wSitvomIaW 
aletieo ta beneddensite [len a to besoawmoo aaw etneclone sadT 
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ed blyoo ¢sdd ,obieot awrctés{a nsbhoow aniblind yd besiliss 
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(2@) tt Yo nottiee sted sowhoages ef *suswdaso (dd 2t) teed 
tut, Sctios{l dite obie sno te efbbim edd bos elene as entvid 
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+book dt acl evomst sasw esecod avoisilea ynem bas .e{{sw a0 


332 

Wattle-work is freauently represented in the manuscripts of 
the 14 th and 15 th centuries, and appears to be executed wi- 
th particular care, frequently made of solit wood and of bran- 
ches of trees interwoven in lozenge form.-(2). At certain dis- 
tances bramches A being set at a certain distance from the 
wathle and connected with it shored it in a vertical plane. 
Nther more simple fences were composed of horizontal poles on 
rustic supports very skilfully joined, as indicated im His. 
2 bis. These kinds of fences were especially employed to fold 
flocks; by removins the horizontal poles, the animals were fr 
freee One yet finds in mountain provinces field fences very 
industriously built and stable by means of the simplest comb- 
inations, particularly in the Tyrol, which has retained most 
of the customs of the middle ases. ) 

Kings, rich nobles or abbots and priors sometimes enclosed 
their gardens and orchards by stone walls.“Philip Ausust caus- 
ed the enclosure,” says Corrozet, ‘of the park of the forest 
of Vincennes by high walls, and placed therein the waterfowl 
sent him by the kins of Bndland.” There remain fresments of 
the beautiful enclosures of abbey gardens. These walls are 
built of cut stone with turrets at the angles to watch the 
flanks of the walls: sometimes their tops even have battleme- 
nts. The custom of sarroinding monasteries and their dependan- 
ces by enclosures is very ancient. Frodoard relates that Seul- 
phe, archbishop of Rheims, and caused the monastery of S. Re- 
mi with the churches and adjacent houses to be surrounded by 
a wall, and established there a strons castle.” There still 
exist portions of the enclosure of the park of the abbey of — 
Marmoutier near Tours, which are very beautiful and well built. 
That enclosure was composed of a wall strensthened at certain 
distances by internal and external buttresses, sivins in plan 
Fis. 3 and Fis. 4 in perspective. It was built 14 to 20 ft. 
from the groand, but here the buttresses could only have been 
utilized by buildings wooden platforms inside, that could be 
done in time of war. The enclosure of the priory of S. Marie 
of Arsgenteuil has been preserved to us in an ensravins of the 
“last (18 th) century.* We reproduce here a portion of it (5) 
giving an angle and the middle of one side with flanking tur- 
rets. These enclosures sheltered inside fruit trees arranged 
on walls, and many religious houses were famous for the sood- 


i dh 


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ER EENS SRETION PRA HURIFIPUT*I EVAG SREOIETA SRADTOIO 
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goodness of their fruits, from which they derived considerable 
profit. 

Note 1.p-4G3~. Frodoard. Ghapter 12. 

Note 2.p-463. Plonus of abbeys. Library of S. Genevieve. 

Around manors or the country houses of simple citizens, live 
hedges alone frequently served as fences, and they were main- 
tained with great care. The culture and pruning of the hedses 
of the houses of nobles were at the cost of the borders. ~— 

CLOTURES DISPOSES DANS L’INTERIEUR DES ECLISHS MONASTICURES. 
Enclosures placed within Wonastic Ghurches. 

There now remain no traces of the numerous enclosures, that 
divided the interiors of monastic churches. During the first 
centuries of the middle ages, enclosures were placed around 
each altar. Prodoard mentions the altar, that the archbish- 
op Herivee of Rheims “erected and consecrated in the middle of 
the choir of the cathedral in honor of the Holy Trinity, and 
that he surrounded by slabs covered by silver platesd” From 
the 12 th century it appears that the numerous enclosures di- 
viding the interiors of churches were suppressed, probably 
to leave more room for the faithful; for dating from that ep- 
ch, the texts and the monuments rarely indicate more tham en- 
closures of choirs or of sanctuaries. 

Note A.p-AGSe Frodoard. Shopter 12. 

Fhe plan of the abbey of S. Rall, so interesting to consul ti 
when one desires an idea of what a great monastic establishm- 
ent was in the 9 th century, shows us in the church 4 sreat 
number of enclosures so arranged, that the space reserved for 
believers must have been very restricted, unless they were o 
only called into the church on the occasion of a particular 
ceremony, in which case they must be admétted inside several 
of these enclosures. Relisious customs evidently were sBucces- 
sively modified after that disten epoch. Then the different 
parts of the church were not open all day as they now are in 
france, the believers desiring to vray in the House of the 
Lord could not walk around everywherery they remained near the 
entrance within quite a limited areas Already in the 12 thc 
century the religious regulars had felt the need of modifyins 
that state of things in the midst of a people, whose less ar- 
dent devotion needed to be sustained by the spectacle of srand 
religious pomp. Apout the middle of thet century the bishops, 


f 


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4 


334 
desiring to resume the importance that the Sreat abbeys had ¢ 
caused them to lose, erected on nearly the entire area of Pre 
ance vast cathedrals, whose internal arrangement contrasted 
with that of the monastic churches,in that on the contrary 
they left considerable space for the multitude, and that the 
ceremonies of the worship performed at a single altar open at 
all sides could be seen by a Sreat number of persons present. 
(Arts. Gathedrale, Choeur). This observation was sussested to 
us by a careful study of the enternal arrangements of churches 
of the middle ages, to which we attach a certain importance, 
since it partly explains to us the prodigious movement, that 
caused the rebuilding of cathedrals on vast plans at the end 
of the 12 th and the besinnins of the 13 th centuries, cannot 
be based on an older or more authentic document, that that j 
just mentioned, the manuscript plan of the abbey of S. Gall. 
The church comprésed in that plan, like the Rhenish churches, 
has two apses, one at the West and the other at the Hast. 

Note WepoAGS~. Art. Architecture Monastiaue. PIS. 1. 

Here (6) is a reduced copy. Believers entered by the western 
apse provided with double side aiSles A A. They were stopped 
by the emclosure around the altar dedicated to S. Peter and by 
barriers B B, giving admission to the two aisles C C, of the 
nave. A circular bench for the relisious was raised two steps 
and surrounded the altar #& of S. Peter. A first choir enclos- 
ure is placed at Fs then one finds a second enclosure around 
the baptismal font G, at the east ofiwhich is an altar dedic- 
ated to 3. John Hvanselist. About the middle of the nave rises 
at H. A third altar dedicated to the Saviour and surmounted by 
a great crocifix; this altar is enclosed. Then comes the sreat 
choir divided in several parts; the first contains the pulp- 
itI for reading the gospels. Two other pulpits K precede the 
second choir anclosure reserved for the offices of the nisht. 
On the axis at the eastern end of that second enclosure is t 
the descent to the court, containing the remains of the saint; 
two small altars are placed at LL at the two sides of that 
descent. Seven steps. M ascend to the sanctuary on the risht 
and left of the entrance to the crypt. Two other descents si- 
ve access to that crypt at WoN. The principal altar 0 is dedi- 
cated to the Virdin and to S$. Gall, and is surrounded by a 
gallery designated on the drawing by the words (involutio ar- 


>? , ® 
ure 


iJ : oo ae’ ee 
290 efduob s ed of emese yielisg aid? “.mengors 

' (ot betsotbeb ei J astis seodw .eeos nistese edt snece doitniw 
-tneupsence haa donsd welwo1to s yd bsinvoriwe ef bos [ned .e 
-esstie ows 918 9 8 stqeenetd ows odt oT .exvg0fore sat yd yi 
“dd dvinw erstis .cilidd bos eemsl bre woubod .26 ot obetsorbed 
itim bebivorg ei eolets esbie edt Yo ysd doe .zorse0fone sis 
-ofat evad seeds satbivib esise0fons atin istia betstosive as 

q oft vdwoee ot yess et ti ,oelo eidt anininexe oO .eleqsno 
.@iostedo seedy [fe dauerdt ylesat stslyorlo son bleed slacsa 
evoigifes enotisy 107% bevisess yisaitne asw dorsdo eid wor bas 
seed? .etnom eit yd beiaveoo yleloe taomls ean ..8.i .eeotvase 
°a8 .zete{ yilbom ot tdavoe todda sit doidn eduome®neit1s sie 

0 to etebto edd to aetioiwdo to ansla edd oniybote ni ers9eces 
ddSf ene to eootieid donex? oft Fact hoa ,xweesiD Yo bas yoau!lD 
enotitvouatenco edd ai benobasds ylotuloeds esizwenso Ay FL bas 
-svom eidT wsx0ted hsviaebh eevitom yd elerbsdtso wen viens to 
tyak) Bewollot vilesos fon esw yhaslo doner= dotd edt to toon 
a lite elstbettso dzinedi 10 nemite add bos .tee¥ eaitns ond 
‘9n¢ to estmect{ones edt tuil{ieosa ainemesaneiise miasisos nhases 
Swdwat to eleatheddan sat eusT .eenttibe oltesaem rei®aivolisy 
-ped? {is eiif escaen stieocoo owt ditiw Sebivow .cin0T to bre 
fl. edd Yo vstuzolone sdAv Hbsatetet [lide even» el[subenieo pet 
youd! ~hotutalwoe ‘yisola has enete Yo ,sekrudase dz. Sr bus av 
*Yo esteeolons edd te sotfaroosh bos atot sts ey of etsoibai 
niienivgeixe etromunom asiimie Yo xyos! asf .gedoiwdo yadda oda 
ehetio tent etnemunom edt of seapcces svad neo end .sone1! 
sited Ifaw & lo steteaco Sredme® to aiods nisvess est TH tadT 
ets doidw to sasd sit ni .visitonse sid to sasig ott noonded 
-nita edt emtot shsova oA .tav10 of3 *h2tf oF awobniw beorsta 
‘sos ete dors doss rebme foe .1olasdxs edd no noiterooeh Laqto 
edgent .tdtied .t% 3.e snode to eslisoqges Yo skt? ows beradalo 
assoqs se{tecos sesiT .berocds! yheotla stuodtis <elyte Baer 
~obiteit [f4).hined eta wt feffounn [forse 2 ead dose +enbte of 
‘od ek tI sboblizn sasew enrefoo sit bane hernisa eew sottei0peb 
--eclons yns sons18 ai tsvaieestg gon evad sw Jest hetteraed od 
I{entetai seeit teds [vtsdvob som ef t2 vO? ,boteeq ¢edt Yo ew 
o dse1d dtin betsort bas {wiiteesd wisv nesd evad fen eXa0N 
ndxt eedowwdo-eitesnom emoe ot av o¢ atsme1 ylno srs? .exe0 
-a9b edodds sid neiw betnoexs ..6.i ,#o00e tedel s Yo easiliae 
‘e19dT nese 8d od esdotwdo reid to eriorio edd wolfe o¢ bert 


. 
- : 


arr a.) ; ' 


Stags ee, oP REPENOT Oe Moe) +t Sage ee: 


S85 

arcuuum.” This gallery seems to be a double enclosure, behind 
which opens the eastern apse, whose altar P is dedicated to 

3, Paul and is surrounded by a circular bench and consequent- 
ly by the enclosure. In the two transepts R R are two altars 
dedicated to Ss. Andrew and James and Philip, altars with th- 
eir enclosures. Bach bay of the sides aisles is vrovided with 
an orientated altar with enclosures dividins these bays into 
chapels. On examining this plan, it is easy to see why the p 
people eould not circulate freely throush all these obstacle, 
and how the church was entirely reserved for various relisious 
services, i.e., was almost solely occupied by the monks. These 
are arrangements which the abbot sousht to modify later, as 
aopears in studying’ the plans of churches of the orders of C 
Cluny and of Giteaux, and that the French bishops of the 12 th 
and 13 th centuries absolutely abandoned in the construction 
of their new cathedrals by motives derived before. This move- 
ment of the high French clergy was not eaually followed in t 
the entire West, and the German or Rhenish cathedrals still 
retain certain arransements recallius the enclosures of the 
Garlovingian monastic edifices. Thus the cathedrals of Bambers 
and of Tours, provided with two ovposite apses like all Rhen- 
ish cathedrals, have still retained the enclosures of the it 
th and 12 th centuries, of stone and richly sculptured; they 
indicate to us the form and decoration of the enclosures of 
the abbey churches. For lack of similar monuments existins in 
france, one can have recourse to the monuments just cited. 
That of the eastern choir of Bamberg consists of a wall built 
between the viers of the sanctuary, in the base of which are 
pierced windows to lisht the cryot. An arcade forms the prin- 
cipal decoration on the exterior, and under each arch are sc- 
ulotured two fiss of apostles of about 3.6 ft. heisht, in the 
érand style, although already labored. These apostles appear 
to argue: each has a scroll unrolled in his hand. All thatids- 
decoration was painted and the columns were silded. It is to 
be regretted that we have not preserved in Prance any enclos- 
ure of that veeiod, for it is not. doubtful that these internal 
works must have been very beatitiful and treated with sreat c 
care. There only remain to us in some monastic churches iron 
Srilles of a later evoch, i.e., executed when the abbots des- 
ired to allow the choirs of their churches to be seen. There 


a 


al 


Ae "ay ei 38 BO ‘tl bee’ ‘* ey 
ssn wsedeyiev 1en8b>: sodd eben 18 i detetosslenct e188 
<i -yetuem ett emoe teixs. iadebasintes to sort sibsouw ‘to esllina / 
“Yo gordo ‘yodde si¢ to yisedonse sit hnoow see cele sx a 
-eolons 10% bevise dadt ,e9lltaa edt eioetoveses ot rem19e9 .2 
syaeta99 dz €f eft lo Satoniked eds mort ateb doidw bos .eian 
eefloisio oitesnom ef% ,yawtmeo (dd CL) teel edt gnigoh fitay 
-sleer ot eervecfons bilos siz. sidieeog es doom es boeee1aque , 
ebsit eno tey ,n01k 10 boow .esnoca te esno neao vd medt so 
eff seriodo bavors seisectane biloe 2o enisms1 a10q smoe oi ry 
-eolons ett besiste1 ead ybautap si snie® .2 to dowdo yedds 
-ebnitniso yd tofasdxe edt ao berevoo ,yincesm ebna Yo sa0 _ 
~eid edd gnisnecerces yietoso dé At enti toxtminaived saz mort t 
Letts entree .2 Yo ytd 7 
| Attia esftovionns to soltasa tneupet? af st9dt .SBAs Gel SLON 7) 
9Jbbim oft Fo omit teri} edt Fo aodotwie af eatwsosons 6 /¥Ob an 
eOStt afi asttien .2708 8J egt1odg.86 stV ott at t1adsos ;eaa0 
yteoutonoe terTs? odd al® ~ ;aWat Pisemsd. ssseergqxs »h Tet gore 
_gfa@voa SAF FO #719d0 ,t 78008 Sane ,teolrg ban alolqgodo ,#lobsad : 
yesutonns baooss sit né grotto edt tosH eegssaustt bsfosanos ‘) 
a) ,olbhaye yrolauvt SJomuv7? bao ,;Ht9JoO ,.184420 seufsy ASdot bow 
-247 B gd Sarsvoo stow JSuoath bao 19/80 .aodt dtiu Juoavh bao 


a 


-89tonord Ro vtetealo o rehiag fésemsd Ss sosono9 blomur? bine 
-gaidortoss ,yroutonos sit otal bsowbortal etotéoiss edt asd? 
Go 94t San hut ,8dood ,aadinom ,aanfiotrveo edt S40 Qasnwer bao 
ToSy HTSUS SHétd OF Loemetaucon STow exnom sdt Todt .asdonord 


_ *. vohaue? ss fo 
entosd ne estueolon® .23GASGRRTAO B&G CHUZORD SHC SRRUTOU 
4 | PCT to 
4 ‘-bedtso ‘ovidimiag edd st: bedeixe esiseefone atedo sons1% oT 
eaodeid donet? sit yauwtneo dt SI sit ot nedw dod :asdorsde Is4 
| anibrooos bas ensiq asfse1> dowm a6 ednomenom sesdd glindes 
‘ 9 to ddkwodt yedd Jedd aseqes don esoh ti .eommsiberg wen of 
to en0 .(awe0dD .t14) .eompecfons bexit yd saiedo Sat episolo 
esit boided aiems1 etrembesrt seodw .jsdd ei Insions ¢eom ody 
‘dtdalosdt ai beonsmwoo esw ti tetrsd to Ierbsitse sdt to elilate 
ef meet yd befr ot betefqmoo.bos ,yautoeo dt Sf edd Yo exssy 
a0 to yiotetd edt ednezeics4 siveclons sed t seillieined 
ot eensoe to seiis2 s boimiot ,etnemsisomoo ni betoss1a haod <a 
918 Bens0e seedT .1fodo edd to eisiaq edd neswisd teife1 adie 4 
| dud yeeteds ebie oct wo2d wees elmo ois bas ellede end actied 
j 


pnteer a6 of Beterolisa Yleridas exs vet Visotonse edt pavers 
. oan a. ; ho SS oh aad + ay ae PY: S 


336 were not 
were in the chureh of S. Benis of abbot Suser very beautiful . 
grilles of wrought iron of which still exist some frasments, 
and we also see around the sanctuary of the abbey church of 
3. @ermer iu Beauvoisois the grilles, that served for enclos- 
ure, and which date from the besinnins of the 13 th century. 
Until during the last (18 th) century, the monastic churches 
suppressed as much as possible the solid enclosures to repla- 
ce them by open ones of stone, wood or iron; yet one finds 
in some porr remains of solid enclosures around choirs. The 
abbey church of S. Seine in Bursundy has retained its enclos- 
ure of rude masonry, covered on the exterior by paintings 
from the besinningsoffthe 16 th century representins the his- 
tory of S. Seine. 

Note 1.p-467%. There is frequent wnention of sanctuaries with 
BZBouble enclosures in churches of the first time of the widdre 
ages, Galbert im the Vie de shorles Le Bon, written in 1130, 
Chapter A, expresses Himself thusr:- “in the first sanctuary 
Baudoin, choplain and priest, and Robert, clerk of the count, 
concealed thenselwves near the altar, in the second sanctuary 
hod token vefuse OSrter, clerk, and Frumola junior, Syndic, a 
and ArnouL with them. OSler and Arnoul were covered by a rus, 
ond Frumola conceoled himself under o cluster of branches. 
Then the servitors Wrtroduced into the sanctuary, searching 
and turning oll the curtains, mantles, books, rugs ond the bv 
branches, thar the wonks were accustomed to bring every yeor 
on Polu Sundoy.” 

OLOTURES DES CHORURS DES CATHEDRALES. Enclosures of Shoirs 
of Gathedrals. | | 

In France choir enclosures existed in the primitive cathed- 
ral churches; but when in the 12 th century the French bishops 
rebuilt these monuments on much sreater plans and accordins 
to new programmes, it does not appear that they thousht of c 
closings the choirs by fixed enclosures. (Art. Choeur). One of 
the most ancient is that, whose frasmerts remain behind thes 
stalls of the cathedral of Paris: it was commenced in the last 
years of the 13 th century, and completed in 1354 by Jean le 
Bouteillier.? That enclosure revresents the history of Our 
Bord arranged in compartments, forming a series of scenes in 
high relief between the piers of the choir. These scenes are 
behing the stalls and are only seen from the side aisles; but 
around the sanctuary they are entirely perforated so as to be 


_ Pk, 


ia 


ae 
aglets 9 te 2s8 on iat panda edt Yo ive fisted | arate 
person ove vd ita aaa dois A .(f seit yapeod® .saA) 7. 
{ ts cane bie sistdostidors odd .moseuo oF ytbueenl smedd avao se 
 =8¢ e219" Bi1e9 to ous a190% to atodo eft to eiveofons eid to 
gem Bpektv08 to [erbeddso sav Yo ai0edo sdT .bebits bus bsdni it 
if -tiused yisv vino sisms1 s1ed¢ ;dooos emse edt Suods besolone < 
‘Yetqyio edt ni besisogeh won ,emeolone eins Jo etnertsa? Lot i} ‘ 
| 9% ennodis) to bas estomil to alsibedtso edt to exiodo ent a ’ 
@ edt esw JI .evcodetd to admos ode vd beeofone vitiwea [lite 8 - 
2 edulfite yen ennodis! os admot edt eehiceS .ensimA se omas 
af BD edt Yo srve0lone ferstoetidors os Yo entsmey edd nese 
 sddto Snomba1t eis? .(T) evid ow doidu to ysd ano .yisdaso " 
wioxtone gaw .visuionse eit Yo eixs eds no beosla .e1seolone a0 
~We ile -baénise 
(oa Sit ban eit w@ -FasOT7G9 998 .SOAsget Sfox 
=ev-telfofV bao ywredsivd 36 suk wd siyog 9h aod srPoK v6 
win me : ~S558t .90008 ove 
ont “ae oi betsosxs semitemon sisw goweolone seeds ast 80 
: -solones ent .seno foln yrev betoe1s esitadnso nd of fns da At 
: +-toe daomie esw eextasad Io Ietbesiteo edt to aiedo sat Yo sap a 
ei Bune .vindnso dy Of sav Yo Aninnisesd edd se beduoexs ylovt 
aniash retcesio eft yd he¢elituy .ofdedasme x teom ody Yo eno , 
- -of9 oft to sofietai odd daeiniwt ad .viwimeo (at St) see one 
| eos fenrstixs siz ,noitsiooebh eldenitami Sesiveen sad dain vi : 
. -9e91901 ¢i ,eiis4 to lerbhediso si¢ 3s BA ,fevisee10 onols et 
-) nh einemsitecmoo oi bebivith teiaid eves to yiotein sad edn 
Yo af eteeolone ted? .teilet dhid ni eenaoe hbsviso sae sordw ) 
‘to asendots bos yosotieh evoittinveg ws dviw betvosxs snore a 
-te (otitueed ond buided ‘nser sd Lfitea vam ansiwd J4 .elisssh 
“a of etpsolone ns yrusoso st At sit Yo Sninnited eit to ells ’ 
_ Witwoe odd oo dnitnsesics1 ,fooge smae eid to snove fsinisa ie 
) Woteid edt nétom sdd no Soe .nimzi® .2 ie wrodveid ond shi 
™ getyte bed yiev « ao ef sineclone tedT .teidaed ndot. «6 to 
esmpdeoo to ytidnenp eds Yo toveooe no beivesietai yeu ak toy 
dotdw ot omit eft to seont wort befrcoo wiivtddist .eteds baued ber 
(edd woot ton ob cdw .en0n ste stsaT sesrwdoluoe seedt gnofed = 
we vdfA to dstbsdtso edt te tiodo edt to sisecfone fotitueed we 
dd) yates dt df edd Yo ausey vert? edd nov? estsh doidn ee 
#80 uoTm Reyorseeh yee eeltadnso dé SP hoa ds VE odT .(edol : 
edt Bav01s tee0s te ,setseclone snove seodt Io teonm eletbedd 
ried 10 stom selfiae yd beoe fae ere yeas jeoiteusonee 


ea oe > eS ee le ze B, 


7 


337 
seen from the interior of the choir as well as the side aisles. 
(Art. Ghoeur, Fis. i). A rich base decorated by arcades supp- 
orts them. According to custom, the architecture afd statuary 
of the enclosure of the choir of Notre Bame of Paris were pa- 
inted and silded. The choir of the cathedral of Bourses was 
enclosed about the same epoch: there remain only very beauti- 
ful fragments of this enclosure, now deposited in the crypt. . 
The choirs of the cathedrals of limosges and of Narbonne are 
still partly enclosed by the tombds of bishops. It was the s 
same at Amiens. Resides the tombs at Narbonne may still be s 
seen the remains of an architectural enclosure of the 14 th 
century, one bay of which we sive (7). This frasment of the 
enclosure, pvlaced on the axis of the sanctuary, was entirely 


painébed. 
Kote 1.9.48. See Gorrozet, Du Breul, and the Description 


ae Notre Dome de Poris by MM. de Guilhermy and Violrlet-ve- 
Buc. Bance. 1856. 

Later these enclosures were sometimes executed in wood. The 
15 th and 16 th centuries erected very rich ones. The enclos- 
ure of the choir of the cathedral of Chartres was almost ent- 
irely executed at the besinnins of the 16 th century, and is 
one of the most remarkable. wutilated by the chapter durins 
the last (18 th) century, ts furnish the interior of the cho- 
ir with the heaviest imasinable decoration, the external face 
is alone preserved, As at the cathedral of Paris, it represe- 
nts the history of Jesus Christ divided in compartments, in 
which are carved scenes in hish relief. That enclosate is of 
stone, executed with a prodigious delicacy and richness of 
details. At Amiens may still be seen behind the beautiful st- 
alls of the beginnings of the 16 th century an enclosure in op 
painted stone of the same epoch, representins on the south 
side the histor of S. FPirmin, and on the north the history 
of 3. John Baptist. That enclosure is on a very bad stybep y 
yet is very interestins on account of the auantity of costumes 
found there, faithfully copied from those of the time to which 
belons these sculptures. There are none, who do not know the 
beautiful enclosure of the choir of the cathedral of Alby, w 
which dates from the first years of the 16 th century.(Art. 
Jube). The 17 th and 18 th centuries say destroyed atnrour ca- 
thedrals most of those stone enclosures, at least around the 
Sanctuaries; they were replaced by grilles more or less rich, 


7") \4 


es 


ral 6 
1olsiedT ano adh g teasl eft Yo elon 8 bevomes 
iane. fdettve etenelt Per hens e168 esitssdonse secds web 
_ -8g8 eldsresimcs ‘Yo eelitis 10 exlsv Joodsin arowbeew yd ten 
ps ifgen tows? -S0NTs 
ee oe | | | ORE). 
) Peetneteras: fish Ladnensax0 [ish USO | 
AroMM01L zit oF hobustai .heed gs itiw oort to Lien bedntoa A 
E10 vttasaiso to esosiq aistise.redtsao% blod of to hoow no ce 
elisa beyolame vyisnexoe1? yiinoites nenoi bua geice .yisnict 
- etieetontac bas ,esiseolo meboow 10} svidom svideaioosb a es a 
eit to elien sit to énsvongi tootvifiows oo ai stedT .et00h tod 
e100b asno1d edt to seodt ,em0f de moedtosy edd fo r0O0b exno1d 
dedd ,ebsed beviso videia evad elianesesdTs.na10¢e3 ofot .2 to 
-wolleot esw notevo ted? seulev deeth to etoeido tas medt sism 
-asdmon Jeota 8 ey o¢ niame1 o1)edd, bos .ests olbbimeeds ni bo 
Yo veteaiq te irownort seodw .dsogs jadt to exn0b to eewasl to 
-teame% to absed diin elten yd boow edd no benteto1 618 sxanotd 
efqmia Yo sis ebsed behtot eltéil eeedtenedw novi .xs9w elded 
o¥ .notdsco1ds) Igtores to soaid « sistie1 avents yond .w10t 
q to sevsel bsysooh oid mort usded elisn emos ebned ane ni eved 
t mowt doidn .yeleseY to dowsdo yedds edd to [svi0eq teoxk edt 
— sJesisini£ Jsexs Fo 916 siugvostenem to wsiv to Jniog sit 
tr) bseogmos e718 gen? .soitibasd sopidgoes Yo ylinebivs e212 
-inws? woffod efi ,Ifene Isoirvedoeined s te miot ni besd s to 
- tr atiw bos oid? yisv ef bsed dedT stniog gnol se dtiw bede 
-odoids ocd to senoad Jo ef A [lee boooee s .nort Yo ai Lisa 
Oe -bsed soxvlvedt exsvoo yidosxe, bae: .b1s0 Seivala 6 Yo ese 
-sdigsinsd esgomd « to soastesoos sii yiisnisdxo tneee1g of es 
d .wiwinso dé ff ed¢ of anofed oF slian seeds eveiied of .a% 
m betsit yidostreq gi.gqeo sxaoad edd bos .obsm [few e1s yodt * 
eno7t eit no ti eblon ashloe to Joon A .ftsn edd toobsed sit 
¢ bos ,boow edd otat neviah seatt esw fien oft tadt ¥ntds sk 
on Beton om@ si no to? .bsilags asdt esw qso ssnoid sit tends ' 
. eeaitemoe .dtel sved blyow 1smm8d 8 to ewold sft tedd eoosad 
geso sis [egies nowt to ebesd sdv to esaiigvoo exao1d seeds 
mf .eismios te eelssom odd onitnesesige2 yiiswen ,beleetiao bas 
- mo eteixe teddy .etesde exnoid yd beasvoo yoeb [utisnasd edT 
Apeaeeveenetiie) esudeswA to Isibsdtso edt to shie dtuoe ead 
‘ad 8 10 dd T .dooge snetons yrev 8 of gnoled elensa. ssotw 
108 & edneee79 ,dd Sf edd oi fereses aan soidw bos stunt, 


‘ a 
; 


i Uma es re be. ld ae : 


338 
removed at the end of the last (18 th) century. Therefore to- 
day these sanctuaries are enclosed in 3 scarcely suitable man- 
ner by woodwork without value or grilles of anmiserable appe- 
arance. 


CLOU. Nail. Ornamental Nail. 

A pointed nail of iron with a head, intended to fix ironwork 
on wood or to hold tosether certain pieces of carpentry or j 
joinery. Grecian and Roman antiquity frequently employed nails 
as a decorative motive for wooden closures, and principally 
for doors. There is no architect ignorant of the nails of the 
bronze door of the Pantheon at Rome, those of the bronze doors 
of S. John Lateran.2Thésecnails have richly carved heads, that 
make them art objects of Sreat value. That custom was follow- 
ed in thewmiddle ases, and there remain to us a great number 
of leaves of doors of that epoch, whose tronwork or plates of 
bronze are retained on the wood by nails with heads of remar- 
kable work. Bven whencthese little forged heads are of simple 
form, they always retain a trace of careful fabrocation. We 
have in our hands some nails taken from the decayed leaves of 
the Sreat portal of the abbey church of Vezelay, which from 
the point of view of manufacture are of sreat interest, and 
are evidently of antiaue tradition. Then are composed (1) 
of a head in form of a hemisprerical shell, its hollow furni- 
shed with a lons point. That head is very thin and with its 
nail is of iron, a second shell A is of bronze of the thickn- 
ess of a playiug card, and exactly covers the tron head, so 
as to present externally the avopearance of a bronze hemisphe- 
re. We believe these nails to belons to the 11 th century, t 
they are well made, and the bronze cap,is perfectly fitted m 
the headcof the nail. A spot of solder holds it om the iron. 
We think that the nail was first driven into the wood, and t 
that the bronze cap was then applied, for on it are noted no 
traces that the blows of a hammer would have left. Sometimes 
these bronze coverings of the heads of iron naisl are cast 
and chiseled, usually representins the muzzles of animals. th 
The beautiful door covered by bronze sheets, that exists on 
the south side of the cathedral of Aussburs (a door most of 
whose panels belons to a very ancient epoch, 7 th or 3 th cen- 
tury), and which was restored in the 12 th, oresents a series 


/ Saseetqey ehasd seodw .dooae sesf edt oF antaaoled elfan to 
teol ois enotdibsrs oxotdms fteidT .(S).exnord Yo edeam nemnd 
-mie sdv dtactsonedd bne gyistaeo Ay SI end to bas edd stucde 
{ide sisd? snort sddn0%w to yin stow alien besetoosh 10 $fo 
-a0o ¢set2 s yistnes dv Sf edt to e100b to esvsel sdt no teixe 
Heiasde déin eheod gnomsthhng bodyot ebesd Adin elisa to x90 
“ak bessotbhni es .easd agoro mo betevis atasa ows nt bebivib 
-fq edd botxit to ensem Qnowte bas ntediso 6 sew tedT .£ Lert 
$noa neds 10Y . went Sntstoqque eredmem sds no atoob te avnes 
-i6b'sts efisn to ebssd edt semttemoe .etlod 10 exsioe to went 
peveperegetars es .,erenelt to elideta 10 antszh to arc ni ber 
2) Ledtnoo * .(@) etsost dgiw bas bebivib t eid bh fot eer 
-oneviab stow elisn nodw sede besinboos: soos esx tT °. (eid 3 
go tee gon bib dotdw bas ,einela Blod of boow ofnt vitosaib 
stab tnied besd edt ..03@ .e0%e00a .eevaid es dowe Bboed sok 
) gyidosxe git ton Fib to boow edt fetstot ewold seamed yd oe 
sefesw Boveri 2 beosla eaw boon ads bne beed sent nsswied neda 


\ boow edt dxen vollod edd .bebshom ylideife nowt ¢dkno dw Yo 


to ebecd sdt tnistr% ylotersooe ends .ontxqe s m4103% et 26 oe 
q6hao aiedesw csoslq non eno ee taut .ednelq oft ot elien ons 
sesit sveh cobs elbbim sit to adtiwe eft tua .atiod 10 ewsios 
te seodd aedt ecorsdasd etom yleénstscags ;emict hetasy ersdeerw 
6 fluode ytiersoson sbheid s teddy Anidd son bib yvedt .emte ano 

as &f ons moat Seitsd .vtinitwecse eaolfsen & es J1a ebaloxs 
-psit cé sis aisdeew bedetoit eliesn to eolaqmers sdt .yiptnss 
‘deom edt to emos soslse yino neo ew disdd).beitav of bas tasy 


betommed sisi Ifawa s Yoes#atanoo sisdesn seosT .efdedtismed 


fiivons ettal tent’ Sloddd vd efbbtm edd ts beorsia , aids wise 
tefiesw sft ee010t Beed seonw fies ed¢ to anede sdv eesq oF 
¢ txon svsonoo evewls ylasen Sried tedT .boow edt no FEY oF 
of Lisa edt Yo baed ofd mo anidtade stadt etivess tt Boor sav 
es1dit edd ofni hoorel esis asdesw sat to estbbs edt st sviah 
boow sav to soetive edd no saeee1q OF fon es OF ,boow edd to 
10. ebnsd edt eteree ot yfeitl enoidoetorq wo eeendtwor yas 
eJaub sag wesneee 
pete? Vie eSata Sixt 8F Ste§s} stat ckTR. get Stok 
' @efe9on8F 22 fo /sqodo sdt to T00h sat more 6ST ALG. 4 9TOK 
At 82) aeaaife Jotisdteas sat mort err At 4} swtord to 
mo Bynes . pay fyvetass 
e(yo et) ortexwh fo sdssvi .8 Fo 1006 sd? MOTT SV A.geS Hox : 


> velee 


- 
o 


339 
of nails belongings to the last epoch, whose heads represént 
human masks of bronze.(2). Thisi antique traditions are lost 
about the end of the 12 th century, and thenceforth the sin- 
ple or decorated nails were only of wrought iron. There still 
exist on the leaves of doors of the 12 th century a sreat num- 
per of mails with heads forsed inidiamons heads with shanks @ 
divided in two parts riveted on cross bars, as indicated ine 
Fis. 3. That was a certain and strons means of fixind the pl- 
anks of doors on the members supportins them, for then none 
knew of screws or bolts. Sometimes the heads of nails afeffor- 
sed in form of grains or pistils of flowers, as apace: by 
Piss. - and 4 bis, + divided and with facets (5), 2 conical, (6, 
6 bis).” Tt was soon recosnized that when nails were driven 
directly into wood to hold planks, and which did not rest on 
iron bands such as hinges, squares, ete., the head beings dri- 
ven by hammer blows injured the wood or did not fit exactly; 
then between thet head and the wood was placed a round washer 
of wrousht iron slightly modeled, the hollow next the wood, 
so as to form a spring, thus accurately fittins the heads of 
the nails to the planks, just as one now vlaces washers under 
screws or bolts. sut the smiths of the middle ages save these 
washers varied forms; apparently more barbarous than those of 
our time, they did not think that a trade necessity should e 
exclude art as a useless superfluity. Datins from the 13 th 
century, the examples of nails furnished washers are so freq- 
vent and so varied, that we can only select some of the most 
remarkable. These washers consistsof a small plate hammered 
very thin, pierced at the middle by ashole just larse enoush 
to pass the shank of the nail, whose head forces the washer 
to fit on the wood. That beins nearly always concave next t 
the wood, it results that striking on the head of the nail to 
drive it, the edges of the washer were forced into the fibres 
of the wood, so as not to present on the surface of the wood 
any roughness or projections likely to injure the hands. or 
collect the dust. 

Note A.pek71- This Tisure is full size. 

Note 1.p.472. From the door of the chapel of S. Kenceslas 
at Pragve (43 th century), from the cothedrol of Loon {AB th 
Century). 

Nowe 2eoeANTZ. Prom the door of S. Busebvbe of Avxerre (AB oy). 


ee Pe eee) Tee, ee 
+ GR 


jo 9#0oG sTtoX Fo sbooo} eat to a@1006 ott wore +S keqee ston 
‘Wood Jo JovS59dtoo sft wor} .fyrutmwas at St 70 onfnalgod) elrog 
swrutiso At Bt 

pesedesw diiw elien sasdt to eelausxs [ersvee eovin { .eiF 
hasetiel[io® to dowsdo edt to s0oobh dtwoe edd mort smso A Lisa 
“fo a0eh & mort omeo , noteesezca avo ni © [iso twipfase dz $2 
[ten neve to 10c0b s mot? O [fea :yastnso dt St .sanoeesorsd 
g .tedsist teew nov .vativel® to doapdo sit to 100b & mort a 
Snivesitnoo tisht .1edsons weve seesaw sno bsostaq none yond 
“febom tneteces siom bas endtesh beiawsv exom eaitaseetq em102 
bodéem efdis esw vindaso dt @F edt mort antésh vilstosae® ant 
-pob dtiw bettit dsece tad¢ to alisn cwt aeseeoo of -bsvolame 
-mS5 mO11 smae yYods ;esostoredasm [ee1 sis dotdw .etsdean efd 
“goss ,eisiesaw besog1sque ond etasestq madt to sat ! snotdifo 
81S etedesw seed? .(8) .sisupe 6 middiw bsdttoent w10t @ doin 
ent to estoit? .ernhsoord Slamie yrev 2 vi belohom bne tno tuo 
' gf Bsomborce: atniflewe edt weft svet esvas! edd ashay donee 
-Hoset bas beerc? yisnit et Lien edd to baod sa? .eotwerh iH0 
6s sooqe te¢sf{ 2 to (0) Lisnh asdto sAéT .19vs1a edd dtiw beac 
fitime sdv sieh .slongtad & oiddin bedinoent dose .exedesw ond 
qeddint bas ,eeves! edt to enifebom edt otni Fre sro tna bad 
sppenpeh ‘edt to. based sat .reveth of9 ditn medi bedowsotes esd’ sd 
~bsvertme bas fod befeetio eaw 

Of ,9dof09 «kh yd Ow OF HOGS a OT9H B/iOn O8SAF LATAcQet SHOX 
—e8ade Sv} watt swode eaéoorgas sdt sudtesoV to dtéusdtoos 

80st? ,ersd0oens 1006 10 aedogel (xtovwoat Blod fedd eltey’ 
vistsotish yiev to mict ofs di td’coww ebsed ated? sved ylin 
‘eb tedt ,elien s20ds to eno 6vid sW .esaerit esftitI botssrd 
' 8 mort emso dofdw bose ,eeiavtneo df bt a6 ad FL edd mot? as 
alien seeds to ebsed edt eoenitsmo® t ynedtiae aswol to norwsdo 
phos vedi to ,shiside Isitomts Yo mrot ni 978 estatxtt aot 


ah 


«(sftaeqwaise .t1h) .efsmine toe esissum edt tns 
“vod sh fo gestrvos ght of Sa/u0Th Bidt swo OW LOT). Gok ston 
: ~1 eJarvoto 


ni sve isingencbot $o emoteno gesdd henietes sonseetens® ent 

‘duods vino teol svew vers ynottowrtenco to elisteb desol edt 
=foeqes ,sbatt [Lite sno soY .yinsoes dd Vr odd Yo slbbim edd 
“ed Jo enotdiberd eseds Yo cosad edd .2soaivorq edd ai vifs 
‘-a60 (dt @F) das! dt to drow etddiwevool edt ai eoks slbbtm 
© fob | B. fh pee Ma ans eVIKd 


340 . 

Norte BepeAi®e From the aAoors of ne facade of Notre Dane of 
Poris (beginning of 13 th century), from the cothedral of Laon 
43 th century. 

Fis. 7 gives several examples of these nails with washers? 
nail A came from the south door of the church of Schlettstadt, 
12 th century; nail B in our possession , came from a door of 
Oarcassonne, 13 th century; nail C from a door of Rouen; nail 
D from a door of the church of Flavisny. Men went farther, t 
they soon placed one washer over another, their contrastins 
forms presenting more varied designs and more apparent model- 
ins. aspecially dating from the 15 th century was this method 
employed. We possess two nails of that epoch fitted with dou- 
ble washers, which are real masterpieces; they came from dem- 
olitions. One of them presents two superposed washers, each 
with a form inscribed within a sauare. (8). These washers are 
cut out and modeled by a very simple procedure. Strokes of the 
punch under the leaves save them the swellings reproduced in 
our drawing. The head of the nail is finely forged and retou- 
ched with the graver. The other nail (9) of a later epoch has 
two washers, each inscribed within a triangle. Here the smith 
has put more art into the modelins of the leaves, and further 
he has retouched them with the graver. The head of the nail 
was chiseled hot and ensraved. 

Note ~1.peATA. These noils were given to us by M. EBEotiche, lo 
Vooksmith ot Vezeloys the engroving shows then full size. 

Nails that hold ironwork, latches or door knockers, freaque- 
ntly have their heads wrousht in the form of very delicately 
treated little figures. We sive one of these nails, that dat 
es from the 13 th or 14 th centuries, and which came from a 
church of lower Brittany. Sometimes the heads of these nails 
for fixtures are in form of armorial shields, or they repres- 
ent the muzzles of animals. (Art. Serrurerie)- 

Note 1.peA47G. We owe this drawings to the courtesy of Me. Gou- 
oherebe 

The Renaissance retained these customs of industrial art in 
the least details of construction; they were lost only about 
the middle of the 17 th century. Yet one still finds, especi- 
ally in the provinces, the trace of these traditions of the 
middle ages in the locksmith’s work of the last (18 th) cen- 
tury. 


ea re | ae: 
gts “vetoes e cttodd Yo yiodeLudad eofeid ebke . .JARBTADIOD. . 
«eefommdo to eslais sbhie.10 Lexeds{ ocd stenbiesb ot bevolund . 


wd toelsd « -(eeilds .eletkhediso ead) 
cruel eo wh ; ) 
e20 a2ut: bie~ ieael enol [od eHOBIIOO 


-@ bus ets ~arestel. eatnosed molt. fshoesnk tnsmdetidstas oA. . 
~ago e0,.eevit [svuos? .noltsbugot [siosqe s yd betoe1s ,eeonsi 
ytto edt ai etnomdcildstes seedt to nibixc edé no.elisieb enoi 
emoes espisescoy eitntostinotA »t1A4 oi bessoibni oF S eined to 
eexelloo.bavot ot zyodds dota henimisteh sect ,enoese2 odd to 
) eletbedis) .seisio Iwtaswog bos euolédoq isdto 10 eiasd. oi 


+ sebas eloodos boeesseng ylteow (ersiol0 .eleibedte> .et14) 
_shetards{eo emsoed doidw to smoe ,atewod 1iedt to wobsde odd - 


~sofones adt.evee! ton bib 2akdosad yruinso dd St ods ni [idol 

-qe tect te ybsouls dud jacdowwds [eaooaics 10 eyedde to sei, 

. 8 dand textt edt to sno een bisledA-.sbietino bebsetxe si doo 
eloodoe edt efletuo ydoouolida bus ysolosds ,eoisosdeth sdzosd 
bnived sedis ;s2nemmi ean gesooue eis. sbesinbooss enols asdt 

~noni altang :.id Io 1sdmun odd nee od. .geiiseisvissein sessed 

-nI 9909 tsdd owit odt Liton ,xeob aid bauozs xlinsdenco sese 

# to. dnemdiut odd 2nimatinoo ,gnidosss eid ebsadiol II tasoon 
_ebisisdA to saintoob eft beamebnoo tedé, .enee to Itonsoo sdz 

» tears of ytesoitolg avo Io saoos sav ogni getng Jos. 2s0b tI 
{fiw ti ;blaow 2oidosss end hefivilh neds dofkaw ,enoitesun, to 

eboim to dnemevom yrecibaosisxe edd s1sh etsotbhbai of soitine 

edd to stige ot tedéd tnemsvom a .eelinte Isotdqorolida brawod 
-setoig Lis eiil ,tostdo edt ean, bisiedéA doidw to ecetstwoeereg 
.eedele1g bel nooe ,syvsw enidvon sdi.ovse{ of eunees of e108 

tee1t s vwliteido sixed ge hSasot of asm séeviag usvs bes evedds 
beasqo ,vsi tisd bas eagoikifsa fed ,etnendetidstes, to 19dmen 

to efloodos sedi .IIV etvo?d t9b0l) .nseel of endaiash edivoy of 

-myn edd nietcoco o3 sida tnisd gon emad satvok to astetolo sds 
feibediso odd to stetqsdo sit .stedd anibwous sinebhote:to asd 

: -~deses bos tevia sid a9vo sasgq o¢ elioua oft bewolls efsal Yo 
; -st. ot omeo etedT .se1vusi-si-asiiol .2 bavors esviesmedds deil 
-setne. sit redte soos bas astesm oot .xuseomedd Yo msilli¥ dos 
~ud,to foodoe edt noifsl .2 sort .bisiedA to yisetevbs stenut 
~ Bu, -1040iV..8 of bevisiensit esw etedgoeolidg Yo bos etetnsm 
emeo, ebietduo most elicua to 19dmwa odd *,{svese ayse “,sonte 
es nt dfind e1en enoisen a0? edt to elcodoe edt ,sesotoni of 


341 
COLLATERAL. Side Aisle. Ambulatory of Ghoir. 
Employed to desisnate the lateral or side aisles of churches. 
(Arts. cathedrale, #slise). 


COLLEGH. Collese. School. 

An establishment intended for teachings letters, arts and s- 
iences, erected by a special foundation. Sauval sives us cur- 
ious details on the orisin of these establishments in the city 
of Parise ~ We indicated in Art. Architecture wonastiaue some 
of the reasons, that determined rich abbeys to found colleges 
in Paris or other pobalous and powerful cities. Cathedrals ( 
(Arts. Cathedrale, Cloitre) mostly possessed schools under t 
the shadow of their towers, some of which became celebrated. . 
Until in the 12 th century teachins did not leave the enclos- 
ures of abbeys or episcopal churches; but already at that ep- 
och it extended outside. Abelard was one of the first that t 
taught dialectics, theolosy and philosophy outside the schools 
then alone recosnizedy his success was immense; after having 
beaten hissadversaries, he saw the number of hi-s pupils incr- 
ease constantly around his desk, until the time that Pope In- 
nocent IT forbade his teachins, confirmins the judsment of t 
the council of Sens, that condemned the doctrine of Abelard. 
Tt does not enter into the scope of our Dictionary to treat 
of questions, which then divided the teachins world; it will 
suffice to indicate here the extraordinary movement of minds 
toward vhilosophical studies, a movement that in spite of the 
persecutions of which Abelard was the object, like all profes- 
sors who assume to leave the routine ways, soon led prelates, 
abbeys and ever orivate men to found at Paris chiefly a sreat 
number of establishments, half religious and half lay, opened 
to youths desirous to learn. Under touis VII, the schools of 
the cloister of Notre Dame not beins able to contain the num- 
ber of students crowding there, the chapter of the cathedral | 
of Paris allowed the pupils to pass over the river and estab- 
lish themselves around 3. Julian-la-Pauvre. There came to te- 
ach William of Champeaux, the master and soon after the unfor- 
tunate adversary of Abelard. From S. Julien the school of hu- 
manists and of philosophers was transferred to S. Victor. -Si- 
“Since,” says Sauval,“ the number of pupils from outside came 
to increase, the schools of the four nations were built in Re 


v) 


v 


4 


m ‘ 
Bae Soe ; 
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duetesm edt sedis eosvod eft mo bor ,bertesh rsveredw esonsioe 
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sbam VI dnsoons! .betae1 hed ef tern to surxssl[loo sid esevog 
Sno ,ellud ovistnosence ows yd TOletedd enoktidttor eeexars 
-908 sii of dows to esnon edd to bnooss sdi to ended te nevire 
bes setel aisey aevee asito odd csetsoilisnoq ain to saeey bao 
aviw .enul to ehrolso sdt to batdt edt no snnorsd moat beseh 
\ edd xit ot yiiewsvinn eft Yo tofIecnstio sdd oc Susmmnoo sis 
emit? vans [ie ol .tlewb weds erst esenod yOl sne1 to esde4 
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‘to etid edd ai biovif mort aiesl ow ddwodtis eid ts asde 
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jeiedeem edd to eloodee eft exif yytio. edt to 19dto edd oF sbhte 
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; 2098 #9 £88 8g 
dd Bedaor bas behnvot een #ivod .5 te obist odd sebsay sy) 
sexstbessaT sft to bow youlO! .sttnomesG. .ivisd Yo setsl{oo 
<enseup bose ebaid yoaw of omid tans sonre” ievose ebbe “tnd” 
“nd ,ence1s0 sidatinedo bos dota eshised .eqodeid bas esoniza 
ws bemie? vidienosant een sxedd <foiteloms ni gsomla sasdto sit 
fnvot yedt stedw tesasto Jes1h eids beeuss wnoinn seodw ,ybod 
of to ensem.vd nov .vereweninw to oman st sed ct vevloemens 
Btosbute Yo {ut oe emsced sedaaeo etitneiene sedeffoo execs 
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-8t df entexl ecb Ienevol. nt tant .tee7d o8 Bew I9dmun aiodt 
veined .2 of aoisessorgq ni Jnew 10od0s71 edd CObL ot stadt . nese 
oid te vino-esw ed alidw hos .eeldvo1d odd yells of Sonar® ni 


342 
du Fouare; then were founded the collese of Bons Enfants, that 
of S. Nicolas-du-Louvre, and the collese of S. Gatherine-du- 
Val of the pupils. It was ewen permitted in 1244 to teach the 
sciences wherever desired, and on the houses that the masters 
found most commodious. But so that one of them should not dis- 
posses his colleasue of what he had rented, Imnocent IV made 
express prohibitions therefor by two consecutive bulls, one 
Siven at Lyons of the second of the nones of March in the sec- 
ond year of his pontificate; the other seven years later aid 
dated from Peronne on the third of the calends of June, with 
the command to the chancellor of the university to fix the 
rates of rent for houses where they dwelt. In all that time, 
and even until the reign of S. Bouis, there had been no coll- 
esges at Paris, although we learn from Risord in the Life of 
Philip Ausust, and even from the Architremius de Joannes Han- 
tivillensis, that in 1183 were numbered more than 10,000 stud- 
ents, and notwithstandins that, it is certain that they had 
no special auarter, and found themselves scattered frsm one 
side to the other of the city, like the schools of the masters; 
no person havins the intention to found colleges or asylums 
not without reason; for the colleses built at first were sim- 
oly merely to lodse and feed poor students. That since so ma- 
ny schools had been made there, this was only longs afterwards, 
and to verfect what the founders had sketched out in a way.” 

Nove WepeAVS. Hist. et onrtig. Ge Lo wille de Poris. Voi. 2. 
De 252 et Bea. 

But under the reign of 3. Louis were founded and rented the 
colleses of Calvi, Premontre, Cluny and of the Treasurers. 
“But,” adds sauval,“since that time so many kings and queens, 
princes and bishops, besides rich and charitable persons, bu- 
ilt others almost in emulation, there was insensibly formed a 
body, whose union caused this sreat quarter where they found 
themselves to take the name of uninersity. Now by.means of t 
these colledges theientire auarter became so full of students, 
that sometimes they compelled both the parliament and those : 
of Paris, even the kings themselves, to sSrant them their dem- 
ands, although the matter were unjust. And from the fact that 
their number was so great, that in Juvenal des Ursins it is 
seen, that in 1409 the rector went in procession to 8. Denis 
in France to allay the troubles, and while he was only at the 


- 2 


ene 


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to. FAOKe eined 
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‘betsool shnuai no stelioo 2 bedetidstee spte¥ ef .& fanibise 

‘Yo otiw ,esnassl SOff al .onts® ent bas toyoiv .8 s08. neswied 

$a sew cist yst1svel to sxelfeoo edt hebavol ,sisd sit qiLid? 
~noS mei{fliW COft al ssiae§ to eebslloo L[utitused seom eft to 
SIL al sxveyed to stefloo edt tiiud ,xusebr08 Yo qodetd .ten 
_-«¢aksT edd ailisd Yo wtste1see .esTle1T 6 [oss bos sosd to ye 
@sd¢ tot saislif’ .2 «tM to sead edt ds shelion s bedetidstes 
«MifeostA weli® BIST nT .disdesit® bas nosed mort esnebase 1000 
-ene) J2 dorndo edd asem odie s bsesdowe .nee09 to codeiddods 
Qber ol venBietoo¥ bellso sonte sadd tlind ef fotdW¥ no evelv 
~I[foo sdv bebnvot .sanodisYi to qometddors ,esti0% to Sissi98 
eaeS to viston ,eleee[F to weatiosd Cesr nl .snnodis¥ to 68s 
_senem eid bedoveb ,I{s? end qilind Yo yissei0se bas TTXX ndot 


Ford gant edt to edaobude ent sey .(eenvpoat .e)entadden 


ox 


343 
Mathrins(S. Jacques), yet the students of the first rank, ww 
marched at the head of the others, already entered into &. 
Denis. 

From the 13 th century Paris became the city of letters, a 
arts and sciences in Hurope. Students flocked there from Ens- 
land, Germany and Italy.” students gathered at first in hous- 
es rented by the rectors or siven by private men, and could 
soon assemble in establishments built to contain them. In 1252 
S. Louis instituted the cblleso 6f the Sorbonne. Robert de S$ 
orbonne founded the college of Calvi. In 1246 the Bernardine 
monks of the order of Citeaux erected the schools of the Ber- 
nardines. in 1225 the abbot of Premontre purchased nine hous- 
es on Rue des Htuves in order to build in their place a coll- 
ese for the religious. In 1269 Ives de Verse, abbot of Cluny 
founded a college above Rue de la Sorbonne for the relisious 
of his order. Before the sate of Hotel-Dieu on the place Not- 
re Dame existed . house in which were lodged 18 poor students. 
This foundation was transferred to before the collese of Cluny. 
In 1269 William of Saona, treasurer of the church of Notre BD 
Dame at Rouen, founded the college in Rue de la Harve for 24 
students. In 1280 Raoul of Harcourt, canon of Notre Dame of 
Paris, founded another college im Rue de la Harpe. In 1280 
Jean Cholet, bishop of Beauvais, beoueathed 6000 livres to be 
furnished at the exvense of the war of Arrasgon; but Gerard §&. 
Just aidBvrard of Nointel, his administrators, converted this 
legacy into the purchase of some houses near the Church S. 
Etienne-des-Gras, which they formed into a collese. In 1302 
cardinal J. le Moine established a collese on lands located 
between Rue 3. Victor and the Seine. In 1304 Jeanne, wife of 
Philiv the Fair, founded the college of Navarre; this was one 
of the most beautiful colleses of Paris. In 1308 William Bon- 
net, bishoo of Bordeaux, built the collese of Bayeux. In 1313 
Guy of Laon and Raoul of Prelles, secretary of Philip the Pair, 
established a college at the base of Mt. S. Hilaire for the od 
poor students from Laon and Strasburs. In 1314 Giles Aiscelin, 
archbishop of Rogen, vurchased a site near the church S. Gene- 
vieve on which he built that since called Vontaigne. In 1317 . 
Rernard of Forges, archbishop of Narbonne, founded the coll- 
ede of Narbonne. In 1222 Geoffrey of Plessis, notary of Pope 
John XXIT and secretary of Philiv the Tall, devoted his mans- 


,etelfoo s to tnemdetldsses end o¢ eonpoal .2 ef ot mokenss 
edd bebavol ,sonet® to mesuo .vbouhivd eb sanesl @S°t se0dp 
~%0 fodds yisilervbned ef eelool¥ SFfr al .ybantawG to ogel foo 
most ednebuse x0oco sot ssv1d to skelloo edd bebawot .desaV .2 
Hetosi9 .e87154 to qodeid .suitnete!4 s ,imind sabsd .etost7a 
sevels S&F&r ol .ednebute neilasI aiog to acvet ui eselloo s 
-(mstistT eo1ds yd ebelfoo aids ak betuvisent s1ew eertsard 
e1pot to vonsiddore .{isveiw0F to enneis® CFSE oI .asidon 
~eRo ype SFL nT .e1v0? Yo suellos sds to noitoote edd boauso 
o¢ Faotottive mwe s [fiw yd siel .xueizil to qoseid ,sas0co1es 
nael BEFL oT .ednsbute O8 Snivieosa 10} eldsdine seven s toe1 
~e¥-evA to ezelioo sad bebnvct ,batd sit to aollionves ,nsded 
(nudtps Yo ocdeic hos {entbhaso .baea198 eissikd (oft oT .sia 
al .agtuA to sasfloo sit sotd-e8b-s1bnt .2 ent mictetosis 
-GQstevee heesdoiss anid edd to stelitonves .nontilv mast Farr 
-eeh ef foide .smobasVY Yo nofenam blo edt of onrenoled eesned 
-ofeid se1dd edt SbF! aT .shelloo «6 to soitosxe sit tot benis 
-suesoen moe cid [[itw vd ttel readme brs noed .eertned to ec 
-[2W Sh&l al .isidms® to eteffoo sid to molstehnvot oat t0% vr 
-god ni easiloo s fetutitent .etaeS Yo aoderd .caneid to weil 
~o1g) eid .nievont) mort etrebyte ood sit wot Iedol¥ .2 Yo 40 
~foo edt bebawct ,zetievedo .trv0ONC# Yo st tsid FFF oT .sontv 
-itent sh nssl tssy smse sedi ol .yanivol Ome savoon0d jo stsf 
~ee feestomsg ,eized to emsd e1to% to domo sdv to norso .90 
-effos sdt siusdt deridetee of eotel sf sf sufi ni eeevod iLeaev 
,eeenod faxsvse tief sgurod to snnmeid® Ccfl ol .soltvent de. od 
-tsvnoo 8d of ,goti-eoh-erhnd .2) fo dotuwdo sid fuined bstsool 
gew Saefloo tenjons doogs sirse oft tuodA .sesfloo w atni bet 
“evda .,etsvis) wiesam ydesucosl..c-enrisisW ent fatasd besosie 
godeid .enemyo0 $6 nest [entbrao @arr ol .V eelasdd to natot 
-~[f{ao skeflfos eit tligd .sonss® Yo solfeonado bas efsvused Yo 
noossbdiore bos noneo ,siiivnaist to LesdoiW C&Fft nl .enamred be 
-~Ifoo sit bebnoot .V selaedd sath edt to r0ollfomweo ynoyot Yo | 
weeliievoni0D to steifoo end aasy smae saT .ellivaisd to ees 
~m80 .Jet108 eh ovreiS 10k! aT -esfootl nerelsd yd Bebavet es 
ed bfuode sts{foo s sais hentshto .eiis7 Yo emsG sxto% Yo ne 
'asw telups1T to aieifoo sd& Obst nT .ytrecor ein ao besoers 
‘Yo doweio sit to todnsosiaq ,osmt$oD meil lil yd bodatidstes 
seeeodd enoitsbayot Yo teil s00f eids oF bbe ap dod .istepeaT 
.8nsi ‘iow .seeh ,edorsy .isiseo0S .emisd® io estelloo sit to 


ae 
rie oo ae 


344 
mansion in Rue S. Jacques to the establishment of a college. 
about 1225 Jeanne de Bursundy, oueem of France, founded the 
colleso of Bursundy. In 1332 Nicolas le Candrelier, abbot of 
S. Vaast, founded the collese of Arras for poor students from 
Artois. Andre Chini, a Florentine, bishop of Arras, erected 
a college iu favor of porr Italian students. In 1332 eleven 
bursaries were instituted in this collese by three Italian 
nobles. In 1333 Htienne of Boursueil, archbishop of Tours, 
caused the erection of the college of Tours. In 1536 Quy of 
Harcourt, bishop of Lisieux, left by will a sum sufficient to 
rent a house suitable for receivins 80 students. In 1334 Jean 
Buban, councillor of the kins, founded the collese of Ave-Ma- 
ria. In 1341 Pierre Bertrand, cardinal and bishop of Autun, 
erecteduin Rue S. Andre-des-Arcs the collese of Autun. In 
1343 Jean Misnon, councillor of the kins, purchased several 
houses belonsins to the old mansion of Vendome, which he des- 
tined for the erection of a college. In 1348 the three bisho- 
ps of Langres, Laon and Cambrai left by will the sum necessa- 
ry for the foundation of the collese of Cambrai. In 1342 Wil- 
liam of Chanac, bishop of Paris, instituted a college in hon- 
or of S. Michel for the poor students from Limousin, his pro- 
vinee. In 1353 Pierre of Boncourt, chevalier, founded the col- 
lege of Boncourt and Tournay. In the same year Jean de Justi- 
ce, canon of the church of Notre Dame of Paris, purchased se- 
veral houses in Rue de la Harve to establish there the colle- 
se of Justice. In 1359 Htienne of Boisse left several houses, 
located behind the church of S. Andre-des-Arcs, to be conver- 
ted into a college. About the same epoch another collese was 
erected behind the Maturins-S.Jacaquesby master Gervais, phys- 
ician of Charles V. In 1365 cardinal Jean dé Dormans, bishop 
of Beauvais and chancellor of France, built the college call- 
ed Dormans. In 1380 Michel of Dainville, canon and archdeacon 
of Noyon, councillor of the kins Charles V, founded the coll- 
ese of Dainville. The same year the collese of Cornouailles w 
was founded by Galeran Nicolas. In 1391 Pierre de Fortet, can- 
on of Notre Dame of Paris, ordained that a college should be 
erected on his property. In 1440 the collese of Treauier was 
established by William Co&tman, precentor of the church of 
Treauier. Let us add to this longs list of foundations those 
of the colleges of Rheims, Goquerel, yvarche, Seez, Merci, Mans, 


( ae a) ee in | , Po , we 


dt @l edt Qaiawh betoers » seatzeen® to bas etivest ,edisi .2 
whet as -29iquiaso dt Of bos 

-19q wordtt9co tevi} tauve hotihn foo} o et efdtT «BV b.get ston 
G ylerey 0 tinmbo tow Jiiw »sottos awontsu smoe 70) edu ,ano8 
J add? todT .esgo slbbia shit 50 afro sat “Oo soneulTAal Tons? 
of seuvna of srissh yodt todt austaye sit astaort9eh sonsuJs fad 
=Ato Saédtomoe seoqqo ot Jéew 90 bivow ti tud shod af Séngsta 
_ erttas. sdt sonotitoga’ seodw ,atoo? of easotdg stint wodt 19 
“Tod of ftf9e/ ,gtviaso At BL toAT .sudagoost yisotess noo bftow 
atte aired fo rettoup stétas a0 betsvoo ,sonerangs bao matrod 
of we0eo tuo ,aottourvien? to} 4ealtesh yino ton etaaadalsdotes 
Ssdoatto esmoons -atngshuta roog sat Fo gafsbod eawottutorg sat 
-sefoTtg jo tfas#yod sd? of S9toesh srew stasadadldotes sagdt oF 
@ teds atfotiao aé tI ,etaghuta sdt fo brood edt Gt ban e708 
-Atia ga/rsitos jo bao sa¢ssJoo gashlivd jo atnédt dotdw ytia 
~9qx8 oA fo ASYe ,9qg07"F JO tENTOO Yrses mor? stashute ti ad 
Salastdasories jo guddiadit stapsd .fodup Joatstad @t/ Fo gen 
s4a gaftoa fo ,aviottode bao stettom galtoors to -etesrte etd 
$aivgoss Sac aesicvoe yd Safqosq ytio o ef -eT9@98 bao ekAfoush 
«S/qguoxs SuvOososatsg © 

a. bhdeesdbadesec seeds sebiesd bseeseeoo alis9 to yiio edr 
$08 ob enolteV auot sot feo Loedoe sit jefoedos offduq [s1syse 
--geomsd> to maill[iW COrl al’.«doasatied yd benolines ,sisv0T 9b 
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~benonT«s2 ta eaw eresd Verienl. .evet s0% eloodos Isdsveg bes 
=~fe9 ennsith S0Sf ol..etasiag a098eg OA tot Loodes.s savuod-ab 
=—meo°edd seen banore to (dnec1s)- esos os ever stiw eid bas so 
-etuetae-en0§ to etef[loo sdt deildatae of teron0# «2 Yo yrsds 
~sii to [codoe sit SVALI ol swead Yo Lloodoa odd tiind esw FRI al 
mused cob sloo¥ sdT soitsdovd sf oh eof ni betosie ess oninib 
w stetvoesidois fos edas oisesiq oft jteixe nedd Jon Bib etaA 
ebas enoitibsas aiedt bed tends .ebliok odd otdtin tdaves s1asw 
'. Bas odd ts Isisvse .sskel{[oo ezedd Ils 10 .noitonasant aiest | 
a ~biiwd blo siedd Yo smoe benister yintaes (az Sf) tesl efit Yo 
_~i@ yd beicawaoo won sosfo edd ta yee ow eyeb nwo a0 oT sebni 
-mese10 dotdw ,whistnol to sselloo ot ,evsivens> .2 to yisad 
de ews ». s#asmetasite evidininae edi to esosit smog bet 
eeinutneo dé dbf oes av FL edt Rolavh besosis esael[{oo saT . 
eeodd of nevit od conta Jeum sedd ,enotensmib edd evsd Jon bib 
Seoe to, redgom betimil yiev s dod beniatnoo, yas jetaomdetldatee 


~ 


OnE a] © 


345 
3. Barbe, Jesuits and of Grassins, erected during the 15 th 
and 16 th centuries. 

Note 1.p.478- This 18 0 Focrt which must first overthrow per- 
Sons, who for some unknown wotive, will not odwmit a Purely F 
French Anfl\uence on the arts of the widdLle ohes. That this AV 
Vafluence deranses the systems thot they desire to cause to 
prevail Vs vad, but Ve would be well to oppose sowmethinme orth- 
er chan trite phrases to facts, whose Wmportance the entire 
word con scarcely recognize. That 12 th century, Left to bvar- 
varism and Venoronce, covered on entire auorter of Paris with 
establishments not only destined for instruction, but even to 
the gratuitous Lodadind of the poor students, Imcones attached 
to these establishments were devoted to the poyment of profes- 
sors and to the voord of the students. 1% 18 certain that o 
city which thinks Of OUILAins colleges ond of sartherins with- 
Wn Vt students fron every corner of Europe, even ot the expe- 
nse of VtsS Wnrternol quiet, before thinking of straightening 
Ves streets, af erecting wmarkets and obattoirs, of moking si- 
dewalks and sewers, VS Go City peopled by savoses ond Leaving 
o pernicious exonple. 

the city of Paris possessed besides these establishments s 
several public schools: the school of the Four Nations in Rue 
de Fouare, mentioned by Petrarch. In 1109 William of Champea- 
ax had founded a school in Rue S. Victor. In 1182 there exis- 
ted sevehal schools for Jews. In 1187 there was at S. Thomas- 
da-Louvre a-.school for 160 voor priests. In 1208 Etienne Bel- 
ot and his wife gave an acre (arpent) of sround near the cem- 
etery of S. Honorat to establish the college of Bons-infants. 
In 1415 was built the school of Law. In 1472 the school of Me- 
dicine uas erected in Rue de la Bucherie. The Ecole des Beaux 
Arts did not then exist; the plastic arts and architecture w 
were taught within the guilds, that had their traditions and 
their instruction... Of all these colleges, several at the end 
of the last (18 th) century retained some of their old build- 
ings. In our own days we saw at the place now occupied by Bi- 
brary of S. Genevieve, the college of Montaisu, which presen- 
ted some traces of its vorimitive arrangement. 

The colleses erected durins the 13 th and 14 th centuries 
did not have the dimensions, that must since be siven to those 
establishments; they contained but a very limited number of 


a Sa \7¢ ; nt he 
Be ners Pp 
Ort bute eas ot ae oid aere ave + yerebisod 
Ritts t tnoe antod 20 sleet! sd¢ bsnftstde tedt wsontvote Sad if 
SF BE Bedoe foo edd" te8 .seeoneioe odd fue eretie! ybhute of 
ae “anbngtot isnisixs odd mort sonebnests enorsemin YIsv 8 eseeslo / 
gottslioog enivsolt eins semis evoldvors nt tedd ce .shtetuo 
besss Snfawh cod? -etxsd Yo veto eft of 1etasb Ieptosca exw 
—m05 of hetasiIns sisw einemdeifdeses ei) to Jeom yassngo dd At 
fowe aI Sutfos! esw sosae tod  1edepn tetse1h ot ersbrscd aisé ed 
. kabows febbe yiovieesooue sien ehatilind edt .ytio evolugod « 1p 
‘°ysiad evih ot si{dieeoa nied est frodtin .envefoun texit edd 8 
" -ee%1q tsven Hlwoo eiasc to eeasffoo sil .notdentdmoo tisdt oF i. 
done .Sioce slente 8 Ja tIfed esxndovise Yo yteitios as tas ay, 
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f - yamoten blo sient nisteiem bos secnsve senermi 1iedt sod ; 
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- 


— 


Ged? tol ontebol « .ssonéinsqedh atest bus enedosid .yi0tos? 
“o6ene 6fd 10? eontoebo! .ednsbote eft rot siedmado ,feqtonite | 
=Semoe ,sevciwveid e .ennel .enebasd ellen E pwolls? 10 ester 
-~fOit sisw eifnenmdetidates tas1s séeqt [fA .tasco einoes s esmt 
1 “que Bas bedsool Iifew .benisteiam yltaeottingem bos bewokne yi . 

‘ Yo eonstseqas sit taliaseowd .enehae2 desottintem yd bobavet 2 
. st of efsm ed Hiluode dosotest ynse II .deinp to bos sonebawdes wi 
| tad yeonsteixe yleoniie s o¢ asm Qnwoy madeUOOR OF- ak dant .8¢ ‘ 
4 biotx0 Yo estslfoo enT .etu0 eldases1 ton of eisanem nei lang A 
j to sesas[o betevels sid 10% vino sbhsw ed of mesa ehbiadmed bas il 
@ odd Ofoi gonevT ai [ot ow .cds ersey borboed owl .ytsioocs 
blo ni bedeiidates stew ssasifoo ino to teom jeesoxs edigoage | 
-od ,medt Bevow sisbiev io ris teodtiw .nt hemmed .etaibliod 
-ofe ,shiedvo bas ebient yrools ,yaomisasa sidaroloebh atin F{t 
ode, 1eddo dose obiesd ekotblind ,sedéo doses isv0 beoslo esta 
g@ms6 Bos esolo ,ellew toe[d bas sied yino esinobute edz antw 
~feqxs bee ati atin siedwvieve yiaeveq ,etobia109 Fash (gtisco 
‘edd vt eesod [enretso edd besdeibet edem oF Rnirssace adnsi 
*=dt eevil atedd Io exssy ned 10 tdhis eesa Seon ody ednebute 

.) Bemses bas t9tne gon bib tas atatif{swh yrools seods aT -o78 
Pashe. vated édtuoy sdd Yo esye odd Qatdiade Onkddyteve | ikebe fore 
nbieot oven eiiidmdeticatas esedd 11 es oldssertest® ne ‘boo 

ah 5 


3.46 
boarders, it was from the asylums open to the students from 
the province, that obtained the favor of beins sent to Paris 
to study letters and the sciences. But they collected in the 
classes a very numerous attendance from the external lodsinsgs 
outside, so that in troublous times this floatins population 
was an actual danger to the city of Paris. Thus durins the 1 
16 th century most of the establishments were enlarged to con- 
tain boarders in sSreater number; but space was lacking in such 
a populous city, the buildings were successively added around 
the first nucleus, without its beins possible to sive unity 
to their combination. The colleges of paris could never pres- 
ent an entirety of structures built at a sinsle spurt, such 
as those we again see at Oxford and Gampridse in Emsland. To 
those two cities it is necessary to so to set am accurate id- 
ea of what a collese was durins the middle ases, for the uni- 
versities of Oxford and of Gambridse have retained nearly in- 
tact their immense revenues and maintain their old customs. 
Rach of these colleges contains a vast chapel, a library, re- 
fectory, kitchens and their dependances, a lodsins for the p 
principal, chambers for the students, lodsinss for the assoc- 
iates or fellows, halls, gardens, lawns, a brewhouse, somet- 
imes a tennis court. All these Ssreat establishments were rich- 
ly endowed and masnificently maintained, well located and sur- 
rounded by magnificent sSardens, presenting the anpearance of 
abundance and of auiet. If any reproach should be made to th- 
es, that is to accustom youns men to a princely existence; bat 
Fnslish manners do not resemble ours. The colleges of Oxford 
and Gambridge seem to be made only for the elevated classes of 
society. Two hundred years ago, we fell in France into the o 
opposite excess; most of our colleges were established im old 
buildings, hemmed in, without air or verdure around them, bu- 
ilt with deplorable parsimony, gloomy inside and outside, sto- 
ries placed over each other, buildings beside each other, sho- 
wing the students only bare and black walls, close and damp 
courts, dark corridors, poverty everywhere with its sad expal- 
ients, appearing to make resretted the paternal house ty the 
students, who must pass eisht or ten years of tbeir lives th- 
ere. In those Sloomy dwellings art did not enter and seemed 
excluded; everything strikins the eyes of the youths was base, 
cold and disagreeable, as if these establishments were desisned 


fou 
® 


PJ as 
43 L* tie 


| 8 om ed ot betiua ; Diasciett dl stgubton blew 
a. text pee vbuse ¢ otdw daome .benisel bas e1ettel te nea 
page pions ‘etoted stoksetxe ‘boteselo & yd bersveo nalisegas yd 
ee teso ev dol .20 moa? as? ybsorls code of cemersdisd mies sd 
a |: ebitesse bas tacovif{istnt os ti des bos .esviseio mo asye 406 
G antbfod. sfqocc s EL. .five of gs book of dsvom ylluss ,slqced 
-o8 tovyfno boon sad. .bntm sdé to edtow odd of dnad teri? edd 
 bibselae base stedsem tosottiakem ,etesass bsoawd ,esabtiag gab 
_  yastiase ai addvoy ov Baiad of wiseesoen von ed ti tf recode 
fofdw ai .tdkie ot Snésselq bas Betneiis [len .otnsmieildetes 
g o whiten »t%80 smoe sies yeu tis base odest 
~coae0 ainast ofw .ainsbyts tem7o}y 910 swOsJoF olFiegqet Stok — 
; aéotess awolleay} oft ssgeditg Jaloage yd sgei Joo sdt ot betad 
4 Po ,98e//oo sit at gréigbos © gaéaod yo sdadt oAt sPiS. 20F 
_a9gattoo gest? . 1890 tatgésosy Jo Sa0 s19dt sated o gat gaan 
wewotJea} Ef tO Si ao ynndnaas thotnte ne, a3bF7d209 TO Brofda fo 
-bele oten corsa olbbim- ed? to eestslioon ano to asousiéns oft 
dent tnebsiea scT .exebaw0et ateds to aeutsie yd betedoosh tins 
-xo gon bib yvbhute oF SCetetosecoo enciisiided seodd gi am tude 
-@oq setad ga1it ts dofdy. ,sotalvqss to &nilset Jedd sonsiasa 
sasdd sioisd eevisemedds bart yeds asiw .veabod eavuc to nolLers 
-tinesq 8 to sonsitoe eddy sfdmeee21 tedd ,ellaw ymools bas essed 
esholioo edt to eoonsttns odd stihiudasd Bas haotxO ¢A visitas 
~o7g ,etptaivoe vd beasvoo bos dostsls .etnemsnom smoehnsd e18 
 - empmdeifdstes seont to arotosiesed edt Yo eohami odd yd bestoos 
10 eootisoq ddev0an yiedsolieb yd hebmwoviwe 518 efsnoo yea 
ai bos satel eve seisotjostey .yiexnl atin betoeis ehoibliod yd 
_,ebasy edd .taiasveo anvel nser>.aeedt ,Seislrinev [Lew . seid 
-  «bsost Snel to yootonom edd baidseid eaidbol .anistonet seeds 
woH «ti &Snieasetcsb to beeteni noitenisest edd oevitas Ife..ee 
[sntetsaq edt aaivasi odw .sonard ai eis siedd neablide yoen 
eved .esve edt eseslo cd beknsiie sd o¢ sases Ils sisiw .emod 
foidw.,[fide to dcilset eidd easiloo e Saitetne ao beonsixeaxs 
bss, sesnif{au Yo sooese1a sdt at duoe stsoileb yieve no esexice 
-sf1s0 ei ci yeroil{s) bed asaelfoo ino daddy Suingsed PytIsvoa 
sidssorzseth end of nivser seve bivow sot ak sno som tadd oi 
~) S-atedt eesq of bad yods doddn of enoitstided Scidseawen bas 
Ravin asiunhing ot tee0f0 tool eg bond -vouse to etsy terit 


» 


oe oeutiaey to [ied eos. e18 on pasate ctsoisoteng, 


+ eee ay Pee La ae. vy 


347 
to chill delicate souls, those best suited to become artists, 
men of letters and learned, amons which study only penetrates 
by appearins covered by a pleasins exterior; Before applying 
the term barbaroaseto ases already far from us, let us cast 
our eyes on ourselves, and ask if an intelligent and sensible 
people, easily moved to good as to evil, if a people holdins 
the first rank in the works of the mind, has need only of ro- 
ds; pridges, broad streets, masnificent markets and splendid 
shops; if it be not necessary to brings up youths in sanitary 
establishments, well arranged and pleasins to sight, in which 
taste and art may take some part. 

Note ~1.peAQiLe FeitLows ore former siudents, who rewoin asscc - 
Vated to the college by speciol prilege, the fellows retain 
for Vife the risht of hoving o Lodding in the collesge, of k 
keeping ao horse there and of receiving beer. These colleses 
ort OkfordG OF Combridgse, wotatokniasshony aos 12 or 15 fellows. 

The entrances of our colleges of the middle ages were eles- 
ant, decorated by statues of their founders. The student just 
shut ap in these habitations consecrated to study did not ex- 
perience that feelins of repulsion, which at first takes pos- 
ession of ours today, when they find themselves before these 
bare and gloomy walls, that resemble the entrance of a penit- 
entiary. At Oxford and Cambridge the entrances of the colleges 
are handsome monuments, elesant and covered by sculpture, pro- 
tected by the images of the benefactors of those establishma - 
ts: courts aré surrounded by delicately wrousht porticos or 
by buildings erected with luxury, refectories are large and h 
high, well ventilated, those green lawns coverins the yards, 
those fountains, lossias breaking the monotony of lons facad- 
es, all enliven the imasination instead of depressins it. How 
many children there are in France, who leavins the paternal 
home, where all seems to be arranged to olease the eyes, have 
experienced on entering a collese this feelins of chill, which 
seizes on every delicate soul in the presence of uSsliness and 
poverty? Assumins that our colleges had fellows, it is certa- 
in that not one in ten would ever return to the disasreeable 
and nauseatins habitations in which they had to pass their f 
first years of study. Let us look closer to our sulves always, 
when we wish to judge the past; if it be too full of abuses 
and prejudices, perhaps we are too full of vanity. 


6 Aut » 
2he . si 


af. oe " 


ane A  senn08 aoeet? - .too8veG | RBTSMOIDD > | 
— inr3a aioe nyeacine dbntine: en: ehéenbnds otbliwd A 
i - Tr e) oo .semrote mort eas sleds Jostorg o¢ Boe .vel ot nods | 
 -ogpwedooev0b 8 to nottonitenno edt’ cose efbbim ost entae 
eved som bieoo tasessq sdT .meiiebust of bevieses sdeliviag s - 
© sid Yo novo somaoo siy OF Ret etd Satid Sewm od ymKO esd . 
os8 »betaed ti oatver tot emits geo fins .vedds sis xo elteen 
w sI smid ot Gniknolfed toosvebh & even ot bewolle aedtien ean 
4 Gow x0 enr0d. dtiw etesed to shaei dtin es enostio dtiw eew 
-atonboigq eviush enols bfvoo onk ,fa0l edt of Eetnolfed yedt 
@ Rntved seodtd .omoont oe emted enoetia Yo efool® .medt mo1t 
stem of betive ensom [le tikooe meds Sntcoed to steliviag end 
t Bew Tooevolh s to noitovasenco eff .evitoubord eesntend edt 
1 90 beeeseeog eldaso yievd .setseam tassticomt ne erctsiedd 
weoiveso ofstif .eisifevedo to seavod ,etonsm {etooevoh 10m 
~basostng ef SI .tooevob » eved B£tdo eased 10 e19vOd Jvodtin 
vw baw .ebiol febvust baited [le ,atodde edt dedt state oF ye 
-emdetidetss [eqdluoiaks beieteinighs deed siz beesseeco cnn 


edt Yo atawoo edt ni etoosvobh bed .eobe efbbinm sit antasd etn - 
-i10ia1a edd fas .nosseds Suabneash eoeued mist edt at  .ayedda ; 
-eeoneibedo to es i 


@ of bbs ot dddia odd bad (eexos) etnoars OF to sasawo sdT ei) 
“gia ae dud .yinoasm to dfiisd fPooevoh 2 ton .enotistided ttedt 
og OO mort nisfnoo of slds has fhid .tt dL boow te sened fos 
-9vob odd ni sbem solod eat bootetebns sas siesn ¥4 seceen OCT : 
Mm soneE .enostia yd sts to antvel sit rot bebastnt bas atoo } 
beviseet esiof edt oF Jeen Yo semen ofs nevik sd of ema steeds 
-irod edd to etadai¢t fetnosized eft evisoet oF yinossem ent at di 
 gsosta odd of seedt mort bas ebatteta oft to exsdmit [atnon 
o(bestedo®§ .d14)° .eevisemeds boow to 
danhadative 8 to mold sdt at tited yliaienesk sia etoosvoGg 
» bos eller aotdd yd besofones [few ,toor [sotnoo s dtin r]8Wwos 
-%9vse woot sW .siso asivoitasq yrev dédiw vilenrvetai betasasie 
‘tiind e1ew tsds ,esontvoro dome1% ateddion edd ni mead Yo: Le 
Jo udtrow os tedd bos ,esiavtaee dt 2! bas dt bf edd Boteob 
-sI{iv edd Yo senod seit 8 ni eno ateixes siedT .beibsete onied 
‘ewegqcs dotdw .5f .of esdoe sab sah .efssd i688 {tese1) to ep 
errs ai tI symmtnso dd af edt Yo ersey sesl ots od Snoled of 
@ bavo1s eT .eefsose ont at bebivib ei bus xewot basot ees 
om een +gooda yidedorg .efemiae aistnoo od benttesh asw were ot. 


e . . ' Pa wd “h na . eas 7 >) 


348 
COLOMBIER. Dovecot. Piseon House. 

A buildins intended to contain flocks of piseons, permitting 
them to lay, and to protect their esss from storms. 

Durins the middle ages, the construction of a dovecot was 
a privilege reserved to feudalism. The peasant could not have 
his own; he must bring his bread to the common oven of the c 
castle or the abbey, and pay a fine for havins it baked. He 
was neither allowed to have a dovecot belonsins to hime It w 
was with pigeons as with herds of beasts with horns or wool, 
they belonged to the lord, who could alone derive products 
from them. Flocks of piseons beins an income, those havins t 
the privilese of keepins them sousht all means suited to make 
the business productive. The construction of a dovecot was t 
therefore an important matter. Every castle possessed one or 
more dovecots; manors, houses of chevaliers, little castles w# 
without towers or keeps could have a dovecot. It is unnecess- 
ary to state, that the abbots, all beins feudal lords, and w 
who possessed the best administered asricultural establéishme- 
nts durins the middle ases, had dovecots in the courts of the 
abbeys, in the farm houses dependent thereon, and the vriori- 
es of obediences. 

The owners of 36 arpents (acres) had the right to add to t 
their habitations, not a dovecot built of masonry, but a pis- 
eon house of wood 16 ft. high and able to contain from 60 to 
120 nests. By nests are understood the holes made in the dove- 
cots and intended for the layins of esss by pviseons. Hence th 
there came to be given the name of nest to the holes reserved 
in the masonry to receive the horizontal timbers of the hori- 
zontal timbers of the stasinss and from these to the pieces 
of wood themselves. (Art. Hchafaud). 

Dovecots are generally built in the form of a cylindrical 
tower with a conical roof, well enclosed by thick walls and 
arranged internally with very particular care. We know sever- 
al of them in the northern French provinces, that were built 
durins the 14 th and 15 th centuries, and that are worthy of 
being studied. There exists one in a fhar house of the villa- 
Se of Greteil near Paris, Rue des Meches No. 14, which appears 
to belongs to the last years of the 14 th century. It is built 
as a round tower and is divided in two stories. The sround s 
story was destined to contain animals, probably sheep. The s 


| Ss eNdine + | secoekiq eft 101 bevises1 saw yiote bacoes 
4 A @A eetote bovoiw edt to Level edt is neflo edt at (£) e198. 
edd S ta .etiste edt to gadt ‘A ts .si{date sdt to yooh eds Bi 
-evob edd ot Snibneoes erigde oft C ts .dkv01t 6.0 ds enoboin 
_ «<@beBedsotbnt 2i sen e2odw amgfoo saode s anisd 3 te bas doo 
8 FB mo cbem noitose eidd yd betacibni 24 .(S) noitose sds 
nivtes eledico snote owt bae omeloo edt no edse7 mesd Qnords 
_h& stool? edt evisos1 base meod eidd co ¢ac1 etetol .ifew odd 
_o@ Soimaot bas , bug doses ts efovico aeri diiw asdmis Lseotiasv 
ot (eelansias esidd eevisoo1 sintonise bavo1 edd Yo eixs edd 
~ebnsiis edd yd bentfout yltiaseesoen isbhbeal = bexi} al dotaw 
sid? .soelq somes eds ni ton ote dotdw .valgnaias sit to taom 
_ et efqosa mist eft bewolls anidsgor yo 1sb5el ati atin eixes 
fh sedanoe odd yews sist of bow jateen ait Ile doses yliese 
.[isw edtdgvoidd slod gaiqoia e ak Hote 103Slt edt to [eval ods 
-[fo ylleoitenisd ef toot sdT .ongwh edt Satvomes tot bebasiat 
~wot edt to ackisint off .betetesto won ,abhised yd obieni beeo 
Q02f seism doidw .doss eseen 03 tuods Yo ewor @S antsénoo ae 
-mottosteiq [{ske s ei atesn evil dofe tA..enoe%ig Yo ehooxd 
-oh 28 Of ,medd no Soot tee of edaune Baidad enoeted 2uiwolia 
temtob « bos woknin 4A -tottsredo gadé ot beso019g ylteses evom 
Jeds ,saninsco sioe odd sie anocedia sit OF sogritus eevid teda 
stewot sav Yo volastat sad redne oF tis \hne Jddil singed 

teseen edt to acisogisesoo eft to altateh edd eevia.S .o2¥ 
you ody nO. .sldde1 bas enote to t{tad yisvidge ef tooevobh edt 
nk tneesitq ow dads emis to bietda edd bevise si 1006 eat. Yo 
+t2 esdtiwo aldd Yo noideitossh ost etelomeg oT .(A)}edotode s 
+ivoess edt to isvel edt ts shem aelo ett (2) evia sw .santona 
| Lis +29) .G0 

«oH to yesttvoo oft of sagasueth seaat SWO OH .GBhegGel stoKx 
efosisdore SSSI 9uOFOF 

edt of enoeied bas ,eidd of asfinle yiev ei soosvobh asdsona 
1890 eeuvod mie) s ni sleeY ts etdeixe [{[ite bus , docas omae 
gon eeob alae to dooevoh edt to ynde basord eAT dows odd 
A sedesn Yo awor 0 dtiw eavod yitivoa s ded. ,eldste a ntetzoo 
1 «4ftede19 te gooeveb est of e@ sixe oft ts aseta msloo enose 
owt Snivieos1 esos2td-X bas avovia déin recmid 8 edi0ecane bas 
 9%0m 918 enosetq sd¢ 102 evesn odT -9n0 lo besieni saehbel 
-ud ets vedt ;O008 vireen isdunn bae lIists19 Js osdt eavor)mus 
eetsiscee edotad Yo seqwoo 6 ..8si ,etoiad bae siddoy to tii 


ee * ae 
| ‘ee ~ 2 Tt. » “~ 


; Se *) “ 


349 
second story was reserved for the pigeons. 

Here (1) is the plan at the level of the sround story. At A 
is the door of the stable, at A’ that of the stairs, at B the 
windows, at C a troush, at D the stairs ascending to the dove- 
cot, and at — being a stone column whose use is indicated in 
the section (2). As indicated by this section made on G H, a 
strons beam rests on the column and two stone corbels set in 
the wall. Joists rest on this beam and receive the floor. A 
vertical timber with iron pivots at each end , and forminés t 
the axis of the round structure receives three triansles,to 
which is fixed a ladder necessarily inclined by the arrange- 
ment of the triangles, which are not in the same plane. This 
axis with its ladder by rotating allowed the farm people to 
easily reach all the nests, and to take away the souabs. At 
the level of the floor at K is a slopins hole through the wall, 
intended for removins the suano. The roof is hermetically el- 
osed inside by boards, now plastered. The interior of the tow- 
er contains 25 rows of about 60 nests each, which makes 1500 
broods of piseons. At each five nests is a sgall projection 
allowing persons takins squabs to set foot on them, so as to-— 
more easily proceed to that operation. A window and a dormer’ 
that sives entrance to the piseons are the sole openings, that 
permit light and air to enter the interior of the tower. 

Fis. 3 Sives the details of the construction of the nests; 
the dovecot is entirely built of stone and rubble. On the key 
of the door is carved the shield of arms that we present in 
a sketch.(4). To complete the descrivtion of this curious st- 
ructure, we sive (5) its plan made at the level of the secti- 
ons (Figs 2).¢ 

Note 1ep-485. Ko owe these drowinss to the courtesy of M. 
PotoweilLe, architect. 

Another dovecot is very similar to this, and belongs to the 
same epoch , and still exists at Nesle in a farm house near 
the church. The sround sticry of the dovecot of Nesle does not 
contain a stable, but a poultry house with 6 rows of nests. A 
stone colum rises at the axis as in the dovecot of Creteil, 
and supports 3 timier with pivots and X-braces receivins two 
ladders instead of one. The nests for the piseons are more n 
humerous than at Greteil and number nearly 2000; they are bu- 
ilt of rubble and bricks, i.&., a course of bricks sevarates 


¢ } 7 as 
} iw 


7 oe ie 
ey 


= a natal eb bensek 040° tee qeteon rs euot od 


deine tteataives: vide veheaperteoete tani? :edoiad to betourtenos 
ners Bi kixs betovio [st¢ns0 eft .efddor sede omebh seel bos 
Bie “Hefdvo’ o1s GS A exredmis ed? .d .2i% nt bedsotbnt es ber 
solvenbfout nissis 8 svib of a8 Of .oeeio omse eft at gon 916 
tool? sit te Suinsce soob edd excted bezis1 erebbel ows edt of 
-* ent. ead efes’ to tooevob edd seivursdcC .vaicete bnoose sid Yeo 
 sSemeth isnisiat «st &.SS .Lteter> Ti sadd e@ enotenemib smae 
 ,8980 Jeotws Atiw tiind et #7 .eifew Yo eeenmtoiddy «oY © .F Hose 2 
~~ -ytder1qg ssitt dovotds artvooo enostia sexs to sonstins edt bas 
sit te eno .toor sid Yo sdehed ody ni bstoei1e siem710b snose 
‘) \ \F8ewdir0n One tesentvos edd Se eisdto owt eft hoe seve 
gales to Joosvoh edd to weiv Ientedxs ofs ssoubotass VV .tis 
edd To. deer edd :snote Yo eve stemi0h bes sofatoo ,etied ett 
ed¢ jhewdeeic bos eldduy to sham eb acitsdéxe eds no bortbiind 
-atotad ent? bas bheeseib ylyedorg esiddu1 to anied ehtent 
© foot sishlind edt 3(©2) exsmioh seeds Yo ene Jaseet0e1 BW 
ynoolsd efstri to t10e ew (notvostow a TE sioted soala oF S180 
=big od¢ ewolla tedd .eotmron end Do aoldssto1g sid antbesoxrse 
' ‘geitw \oosvob eit eubietns sioted fool] a at tedtss oF ences 
eo Bttl owd odd Jans aton asve Ifiw enO .etided xtedt to eno ei 
+ -nedw ,baiw sat mort medd vostors of bebnesnt & enaottost ora 
-amexs ows sesnT .ismiob od? te [ite edt no teeyv oF smoo yeors 
-ineloittve efsoibat esonfvors nisdisow sit Yo etoosvoeb to eel 
+him sdv to erotvoniztenoo edd yd betlocs ybyis bas exao. edd yi 
-e91ntovise yisnrhro teom edd neve of gebs slh 
istéspsed yisv a nevofh seen eewoosl «2 te steixes [lita stent 
etnofed ¢sat has .s10foo sneisttib to sfotid Yo alind sooevoh 
© stem10bh noeboow seed? .vintnso nd Sf sds to oalanteedcess of 
-oleef te toosvob edt elisoet dnemedhustie e3T .to01 edd of nego 
-adedwe eit no eatlisdios yd bedryocane ef ytote ascew edd JOY 
misio ntsiaso 8 Qniblind gedd aevit doldw .santop 
miot asivotto edt sexed etooevob esontvo1s nisdéwoe sit oT 
aiesdt dud idsaoh odd to evods s¥il .viwsnso dd Of ods Lito 
-dt oF etnoled.tedd .Inomexasy1s Ieiluoea yiev & Jaseete Boot 
‘vtostoig oF bentiesh wetiede to Jyoe & Bt etdd yeeoantvor see 
'  #£ sedts® o¢ medt wolls oF bos ,ebniw detd moat enosrio siz 
~semeh 218 Bfoosvob eesti? .eottibe edt Yo Yoor est no exednnn 
no Jud .esonivoig nieds20g sit to saods nedt xs! lame vile 


1)" a Oe 


rye SE on my ae Tint 


SIRS TF ERGS eh eMAR 247 -Joshands wiev 918 bosd tedte 
i = | . 


| 
| 


350 
the rows of nests, and the interiors of these are entirely c 
constructed of bricks; that material probably appeared warmer 
and less damp than rubble. The central vivoted axis is arran- 
sed as indicated in fis. 6. The timbers A B are doubled and a 
are not in the same vlane, so as to sive a certain inclination 
to the two ladders raised before the door openings at the floor 
of the second story. Otherwise the dovecot of Nesle has the 
same dimensions as that if Creteil, 22.3 ft. internal diamet- 
er and 3.3 ft. thickness of walls. It is built with Sreat care, 
and the entrance of the piseons occurs throush three pretty 
stone dormers arransed in the heisht of the roof, one at the 
east and the two others at the southeast and northwest. 

Fis. 7 reproduces the external view of the dovecot of Nesie; 
its belts, cornice and dormers are of stone; the rest of the 
buildings on the exterior is made of rubble and plastered; the 
inside beins of rubble properly dressed and fine bricks. 

We represent one of these dormers (8); the builders took ¢c 
care to place before it a projection, a sort of little balcony 
exceeding the projection of the cornice, that allows the pis- 
eons to sather in a flock before enterins the dovecot, which 
is one of their habits. One will even note that the two little 
projections B intended to protect them from the wind, when t 
they come to rest on the sill of the dormer. These two examp- 
les of dovecots of the northern provinces indicate sufficient- 
ly the care and study applied by the constructors of the mid- 
die ages to even the most ordinary structures. 

There still exists at S. Jacoues near Rouen a very beautiful 
dovecot built of bricks of different colors, and that belongs 
to thebbesinnins of the 16 th century. These wooden dormers o 
open in the roof. Its arransement recalls the dovecot of Nesle. 
Yet the upper story is supported by corbellins on the substr- 
ucture, which Sives that buildins a certain charm. 

In the southern provinces dovecots take the circular form 
until the 16 th century, like those of the North: but their 
toos present a very veculiar arransement, that belonss to th- 
ese provinces; this is a sort of shelter desisned to protect 
the piseons from high winds, and to allow them to sather in 
numbers on the roof of the edifice. These dovecots are sener- 
ally smaller than those of the northern provinces, but on the 
other hand are very abundant. 


é i rt 


~ : a Aer 5a iT 


— n¢ + 
preast tec 8B eee ow tadd ‘deeblo-edt Yo: seal n 


iad aa dooevob eid? .asdusincY 1sen brsheed? .2 to vedde 
<dotad ts situd ylerténes ei .(C) evin sw eobre od m0 sonsise 
= déiw vem10b s yd bsovete dinsv Isotvesonined # yd betsniared 
| t Stloe © yd beorcetetes ilew ect A ts nese et sient .ytsoe81d 
‘nfisveo sit svods anteia .sdwsmsnto yisusm 618 sedt .steoris7 
ss Saad. Betate od teum tI sbeootdnem sant, rstisde s Bnimi0t bas 
-@°emse sit soit swoo yivalueer ebatw isin ssonivoic seeds at 
; @ Safeoudo astiede eidd tadt eodt fos ,oorized eat to efaiog 
c -nozsst vitostisa ei uboiw imsloiv to noisoexib eldaixzsvai edd 
otek sonsitcs eovin yiote bagors sit ai seoob slanie A welds 
nt Betasvis sieges dtiw beootepe ei shieni doidw .dooeveb sad 
Seinsomooss siyotrss bas etaomelitad dgiw zasasue A .welisw sas 
-d8 yd tevemei5 «tt [.°t yino einseitibs sistil aetaTt .emob odt 
! sefosnata easidi to ecot sdé of Bnwort edd nort .t% 3.V& sao 
JO 6 gd ay of Sefetnve? orem eeatworh ealiT .OCAeGek 9tOK .- 
. -modvotsoy to fostidoaro .taed 

ee ae to edoosvob edd to dnsmetnatas yiemotevo eT 
‘yd benwoto Soiblind stsuce 2 to tsnt ef yomdneo dt Of sat ve 
eft ts solosnntc itiw eyaels ylisen .atataes.ddiw toor bede « 
S19H «gnostic eds od soitibe eidd sisonbatr oF ss os .sslane 
—992 ‘dowa ai ebst) sno es done yetooevobh sesit to eno et (OF) 
fexsiD .nadustoo¥ bas sevolgseT to edugdos sat oi Steduna ts 
,A ta nwode se oSniastdesiaq I[ea1sire sao ni betasent sia aslist 
10t bevisest Sninsao edt of enidwife aoxt efoesew tasvere brs 
oe .eameloo bedosteb wot mo tiind oels sie emc® .encetta ‘ent 
s{dsosfant ateds to doso1cce odd mort enoetia eft Jostowe os ee 
ticeque enauloo ag0t edd no Bsosla smsed oeihoow anol .esimens 
{2 edd. to eitmeo odd de Foowsta sfod s bas ,yioossm dofw- ens 
-eonsttos Ontwolis ,rebbel sideavem s heater at doidw ot f100!? 
-Jooevob sdt of 


en eomslod «BUKOU00, 
-980 8 4fivieos: ,ditntico to sesd 8 no bsosle amuloo snote A’ 
. 8 Yo gt000cns Bs e2 soitosatenoo at bsyoloms .qost ett ta: lati 
eved ton bib eoks olbbim sdé¢ Io stosdiders sd? dows 10 Letntl 
 £[-dooqs nemoh edd to efnomvoom suottad .nmuloo edt tnevar of 
-eomuloo Yo yrisasep sidstemuvani ngcfiesS to {fos edt no steL 
edd vettl d100qse: Yo guoe tedd bedeiwsl oe siwsoed idois on r0t 


Ph i aah “suoesnsso8: saat? a90\.ememo® edd Yo erasoes tons) ' 


S50 

One of the oldest that we know is a dovecot depvendant on the 
abbey of S. Theodard near Montauban. This dovecot, whose app- 
earance on two sides we sive (9), is emtirely built of bricks, 
terminated by a hemispherical vault pierced by a dormer with 
tracery. There is seen at A the wall reinforced by 3 solid t 
turrets, that are merely ornaments, risins above the coverings 
and forming a shelter just mentioned. It must be stated, that 
in these provinces hish winds resSularly come from the same p 
points of the horizon, and thus that this shelter opposins + 
the invariable direction of violent winds is perfectly reason- 
able. A single door in the Sround story sives entrance into 
the dovecot, which inside is eouwipped with nests arranged in 
the walls. A Sutter with battlements and sarsoyle accompanies 
the dome. This little edifieeris only 15.1 ft. diameter by ab- 
out 37.6 ft. from the ground to the topos of these pinnacles. 

Note 1-9-4930. Thise drowinégs were furnished to us by Me. OV- 
Ver, arohitect at Fontauvban. 

The customary arransement of the dovecots of Danduedoc aft- 
er the 16 th century is that of a souare building crowned by 
a shed roof with copinss, nearly always with pinnacles at the 
ansles, so as to indicate this edifice to the piseons. Here 
(10) is one of these dovecots, such as one finds in such sre- 
at numbers in the suburbs of Toulouse and Montauban. Glazed 
tiles are inserted in the external plasterins as shown at A, 
and prevent weasels from climbins to the opemins reserved for 
the pigeons. Some are also built on four detached columns, so 
as to protect the piseons from the avproach of their implacable 
enemies. Four wooden beams placed on the four columns support 
the brick masonry, and a hole pierced at the centre of the fl 
floor, to which is raised a movable ladder, allowins entrance 
to the dovecot. 


COLONNE. Column. 

“A stone column placed on a base or plinth, receivins a cap- 
ital at its top, employed in construction as a support of a 
lintel or arch. The architects of the middle ases did not have 
to invent the column. Antique monuments of the Roman epoch 1 
left on the soil of Gaubcan innumerable quantity of columns, 
for no architecture so lavished that sort of support,like the 
architecture of the Romans. Our first Romanesaue constructors 


> Ft ti 


See Thee wie is } 

& id v a. Danes: er yout es atnomhest eeedd biciidine: 
ate edt Scone deez of nen ns Betosie yedd osdw .elqmie 
ods boste of bas ,eomeloo to attsde edt etaomenom supliias Yo 

~te ‘ied? dovoces ofni Oniiss tuodtin esiatowite wen viedd of : 
ss $b todel seo1d dziw tuo of nadt asdte1 ,encks1eqo1q 10 eos 
medd Sroqensis oc bas ,enolenswib d#exs Io esnote esiiienp edt 

, enaufoo to noitosllco tastit mor? beslnce1 sisdT .isow edd of 
-teqo1q bos exciensmih [ie Yo eamufeo te etoemas1t Yo neve 10 

$e egenfgtichiot sittas.sottibs emee ect si yléneupex? .anoit ui 
sdd Yo moisisoomos edt af enamoS edt vd bewollo3 ebodtom ent 


- gehnolvcn of borotevooe smeoed vey .suutosdisoiws to s2ebha0 
‘ 

a 

- 


etdbied boscereszemsibh oid nseutod enoriaisa eesdt detidates 

eeint odo Baivisedo to hesn edd Sie seea0f on bas .enmuloo to 

. B89 ooe  Snitseti10% evotsdisd tail .etnstions eds wd bewollet 

eneom Josixuscemi viov edd to esortvifbeiad eds Yo seol ent Yo tia 

8 Odd Heenan .nemiiow tmetsqmeo Yo kos! edd ,neiveuatenoo to 

‘ ‘edt ‘elem of ests sfbbig edt Yo somit dstiS edt te eftoetidors 

-Srmppet? ,eancloo supidina edt medt 109 .ereboold telvutnie teow 

t gtos s ,viutol to toetdo ns stew .elsiisdam eyotosie ni tuo vi 

-liths ebea siedf steicosh of tdkvoe vers doinw diiw vtood Yo. 

noitonstenat edi dtin eesvisemens Baiyaneoo. msdto suodsin {ese 

meitetebetivyo s foo of sidenu siew yedt tedsae «nmuloo eft te 

-n6e ton Biveo noeset re8901%e Jey s vd Bee (enode to Aoold s 

was send heatnooe semissmos si :eonNed 10 slatiqgso eds saptal 

(8 n8 @emitetoe .osad Jvoftin bauer edd no mmuleoo edd Eeosle 

Baogesi109 fon bib sesemeibh seodw omufoo & na Ietioss esnfias 

| eB enidmos oF siseb of heoneiseqvent o}T.steda sat te dads of 

,ioqque Yo eintou ashasie so datvees noisoursencs to meseye 

bed vodt medw ,eselans snerdoee1 ni enmul[og sid beosla yodt 

-gam Senisss 1o .AsTnsmeacom eupidas Yo enist odd mort medd ar0s 
wee -S1O0qLE & Asis I9ddeq notte10OESb & es .219f0 eNis 7 
-~due oF Betomedis bee hscolevsh sistostidots supeenamos ned i 
‘8 euoltins to enoitrhsst sdisisensheb sd¢ tot t16 wen 6s stotizve 
' = f@ eeemofh edt es ameloo sat heen eemitemoe yedd ,sistoatidots ; 
dreqdue oldd¢ifonom hedesteb bne tefsels sea ,.e.t ,enob bed 
2021909 te bssoqmoo bas dotdd .asia {soinbatIyo s ea eomttemoe , 
bedosteb edd tedt niedieo ei ¢I .bsol yreed s 189d of benttssh 
eein1edso etind etoetidors supesnsea® yd fevolone esw salon 
% reomts teal odt ni eeelng <eN8TOn ec? .enamos edd ‘vd past 2 


352 
employed these frasments as they could: they found it very si 
simple, when they erected an edifice, to seek amons the ruins 
of antiaue monuments the shafts of columns, and to stand then 
in their new structures without takins into account their si- 
zes or proportions, rather than to cut with sreat labor in t 
the quarries stones of Sreat dimensions, and to transport them 
to the work. There resulted from theat collection of columns , 
or even of frasments of columns of all dimensions and propor- 
tions, frequently in the same edifice,entire forsetfulness of 
the methods followed by the Romans in the composition of the 
orders of architecture. Hyes became accustomed to no longer 
establish these relations between the diameterssand heishts 
of columns, and no lonser felt the need of observins the rules 
followed by the ancients. That barbarous forsettins, the res- 
ult of the loss of the traditions of the very imperfect means 
of construction, the lack of competent workmen, caused the a 
architects of the first times of the midale ages to make the 
most singular blunders. For them the antiaue columns, frequmt- 
ly cut in orecious materials, were an object of lukury, a sort 
of booty with which they sousht to decorate their rude edifi- 
ces, without often occupyins themselves with the true function 
of the column. Purther they were unable to cut a cylindercfinm 
a block of stone, and by a yet stronger reason could not scu- 
lpture the capitals or bases; it sometimes occurred that they 
placed the column on the sround without base, sometimes an a 
antiaue capital on a column whose diameter did not correspond 
to that of the shaft.ToOo inexperienced to dare to combine a 
system of construction restins on slender points of support, 
they placed the columns in reentrant angles, when they had 
torn them from tne ruins of antioue monumentr, or asainst mas- 
Sive piers, aS a decoration rather than a support. 

When Romanesque architecture developed and attempted to sub- 
stitute a new art for the desenerate traditions of antiaue a 
architecture, they sometimes used the column as the Romans h 
had done, i.e., as a slender and detached monolithic support, 
sometimes as a cylindrical pier, thick and composed of courses, 
destined to bear a heavy load. It is certain that the detached 
column was employed by Romanesaue architects ouite otherwise 
than by the Romans. The Romans, unless in the last times of 
the late empire and in the architecture called Byzantine, sen- 


rae t a 
eT ie pie ae ae a 


p 


7 


-Idetoe oa yw besanon fae ae enaples pane ny uifexensy. 
ete sredé % steteccenc seen add yino been yedd ,esk ores 
b etd at epiveitil .ever ets vedd .eslus easdt of anoksasoxe 

30 edsege .cost gs sid yd {ind soilterd ent Yo neitaiwesh 

ss igtshe Beteloet to bas emsed sit Snigiocana asb10 Iseeofoo « i 

| ‘8 tiedt guodsin of bivoo enmufco edt IT .eanseldedes tuodtiv 

‘992 sw SY .eedo1s hedyosane yens oeaw eew eids .erutaldatns 

goimsed snanloo eeottihes wlimie seddo bos adds namof sid ni 

; -teldaias sesiscn es Oniegsesog eysewis .etfiuev exoto to esnore 

4 “18 supesnsmen .coidercoeh 8 #8 yiseseosn hsiebieseo sed .ow ; 
-id vebow bed yodt sevsoed wedtis .een eti beosnonsa etostine 

&£ dotdiwat sifome ste! sit to etnemonom to eafomsxs asys tis 

‘n afedt tens ro .efatioso efev no stsoemi tikeds besesa estors 7 

-8 edt Sesoretds int vedt wedst oF hstsothbnt sense hoot Isigten i 

* wyedst ese bed .1sdmem ess{seu s net s1i0om on aaw cinteldasus ‘| 

Vi wweiws0wIs sists of beadtefa edt betqobs 16v9 yleorwes a 

-cne eyeawle bas musloo snottng edd beniater yend tats betluees 


) 8 fem! eit to enmuloo ed? .siwteldetne ond beeseic | 
seed sft yino eeseaoa bas Scemelomoo uidd to beviageb asda sve 7] 

~fe need bed doinw dadd asw astro asiddnixo® ed? .fedttoso poe , 

at yiselivoities .sviqns sdt ashen bsvolams yvlevienloxe teoe A 


~stimi of dddv0e edsetidorw svorensmofieds oF ;omes roetal sas 
do@ sastifo yns ot soneiste1g yd ushi0 seit Yo elstiose sit 93 | 
9 ton eiesins aieit Hoe edtede eeotine edt Yo nottontmib eat 
nem ebay yd beteioe100s of of e¢so0Ieb cot sue sat Yo elistsb 
; msig tuo yltronvs1t geom vers .enmsioco hetos1s ysds nede eons iN 
Y omee ‘sds madd eves vedd ,.5.i ,m90) L[sotibatlyo sostisa ni 
| <inieeaeq ni evisedo Jaum eX .tezisd stisos riest x0t astemertb | 
© supesnsmoh sas taisgh vidsisteic ssa enmuloo hedosteb tedd : 
-itas Yo entny sidsisblenoo beniems1 sisdw seontverg ni dooos } 
snos@ ,sno0df eft anole asonivoya mugddvoe eft aT .esottibe sup 
as Beyolams yidnsuos1? nmyioco bsdoatebh sdt bait sw .enis¥ fas ; 
stom etow aenoitibsid sapisns sisiw asonivorg oi elidw ;usta 6 
ersupe fo hekebns neiw sgqsoxre heev yiets1 sis samuloo .bsoatts ¢ 
edt to etecomt eit svisoet has befosits nedt ome yett tereio A is 
-tud Yo ososia sit stat yous t0ofietxe sds me bsebat yO .sedor1s 
~ ,eeneiviis estwtosdinort .sda4) .aotdtom drogane bas eseeord 
Wa cBt. tapuda. ss... «(eei{s¥ ,votdoursen0d \a6eno0l0 
cages maidbenheabenasen sew nmuloo edt saemofi sds RnomA 
b -eaotiiesd eds ni Tosoxs ys10qgHS YIsAeeosN 6 om Soba,” 


y 


es Te AM cea 2 . Py 


353 

-Senerally employed columns only when surmounted by an entabl-— 
ature, i.e., they used only the complete orders; if there are 
exceptions to these rules, they are rare. Vitruvius in his 4 
description of the basilica built by him at Fano, speaks of 
a colossal order supportins the beams and of isolated piers 
without entablature. If the columns could do without their e 
entablature, this was when they supvorted arches. Yet we see 
in the Roman Baths and other similar edifices columns bearing 
arches or cross vaults, always possessins a useless entablat- 
ure, but considered necessary as a decoration. Romanesque ar- 
chitects renounced its use, either because they had under th- 
sir eyes examples of monuments of the late empire in which a 
arches rested their imposts on the cavitals, or that their n 
natural good sense indicated to them that inithtsseasé the e- 
entablature was no more than a useless member. And as they 
scarcely ever adopted the platband in their structures, it r 
resulted that they retained the antiaue column ous always sup- 
pressed the entablature. The columns of the Roman edifices a 
are then deprived of this complement and possess only the base 
and capital. The Gorinthian order was that which had been al- 
most exclusively employed under the empire, varticularly in 
the later time; so thetRomanesque architects sousht to imita- 
te the capitals of that order by preference to any other. But 
the diminution of the antique shafts and their entasis were 
details of the art too delocate to be aporeciated by rude men; 
thus when they erected columns, they most freauently cut them 
in perfect cylindrical form, i.e., they Save them the same f 
diameter for their entire neisht. We must observe in passins, 
that detached columns are preferably durins the Romanesque e 
epoch in provinces where remained considerable ruins of anti- 
que edifices. In the southern provinces alongs the Rhone, Saone 
and Marne, we find the detached column frequently employed as 
a pier; while in provinces where antique traditions were more 
effaced, columss are rarely used except when ensased on square 
piers? they are then attached and receive the imposts of the 
arches, or indeed on the exterior they take the placeo of but- 
tresses and support nothins. (Arts. Architecture Relisieuse, 
Clocher, Construction, Hslise). 

Amons the Romans the column was scarcely adopted in the in- 
terior as a necessary supoort, except in the basilicas. Roman- 


as 7 a 
boul Oey 
“ee ved. 7 
F-3 
i 


w move ,evostidors ene 
tee, Laetesne ‘vd usciliesd eta to aneeianii ‘ons 
fire net hi odd» yeroqanew es enmvloo edd: ntatex od bette 
| sevods vanessa ed¢ to. bsol edt teiess ot 19b10 of retemsib ess Fr 
 ~—-s BS BH dads .wotiol of ative? .£ Yo doweio vedds sit Yo sven eoT 
iv ebie dtiw tinsy [onnpt bayer @ ash bos vistase dv If edt moat 
hetosteb to enor ows etoseetg .esicev eeoto yd beasvoo nelets 
sbeddeo edd: to sven ed? .enots Yo eeeivoc Yo beeogmoa enmsleo « 
-eploo betiosteh etnese1q ennoraso1e9 to Yio sit to doxsio fer 
~dT senmutoo hetsans anived ereta sienoe déiw bniteniedis eon 
-iqso as{vorlio tisit so ylvoe7ib seed ennoloo [soivbaifyo ses 
.2ven odd to etlovidorws Iantbetiano!l eat Jo eteoami sit elad 
esmuloo bebstnoe fos .eelets eshte ofd So eedo1ws setevensis odd ; 


etiesv fenons {sutoniva ett to seo setevenaid sit batvieoss 
. ewarpoo smote Yo bezoqmos enuutoo erent to sno etneeet0 f .bit 
4 eveiq [sotabaityo ylro exe ytifesa ni eeedT .esoeta Isxevee ni 
ee Sut? ebaostzoe ywisher viev elddex sbasl Yo ¢ftud . 
<hets ahiebianoe betoets ylsist god stoetide1s sapesnemes YT 
} to etoold tuo bre alae FF of tewea to dosl scot esw eine some 
enoidgns bait biyoo wosdbs everie vot ;enctensarth serel %o enote 
esayIo supesnenoh oi: .medd seu of [ist gon bib yeds  .eomuloo 
-ovsmsts doidn ,eldysm to enwwloo oitdilonom banot nesto eas 
-qenent tc eneon sid asd. .edsrancnom supitns to eliooe sas vi 
@ te idide oct bee .lotienes atom bas seiess omeoed notaistc0 ‘ 
~ nemiaow namofitc gsdi bef{ileoxs asvs bos bolenve eisttuosacds 
sev aiedd teveisdw someloo oidtifenon toets o¢ Yoodrsben veda 
edt to eedomdo sse1t edd Yo e1todo Ife yfiaei .yiseceden ean 
-n00, lo enode bied te enmoloo oidtifonom eceanoo wwwineo dt St! 
eampfoo easdd evewls yiaeses bas .1etdemaib busidbied sideushie 


.G@0¢ O¢ eead mort bets0By tuo Sis Yeds .ee.i .bodetotmib ers 1 
nanos edt.ekil ,used eamusoo seedt ese of eves bi ti eokiees 
_- ewofed [eseqjes ne fae sesd sat de eveo bus sellit a .omuloo id 
-evteneoxe as hsiivoss esoitsostora beviess? eesdT «letiqso sid . 
edd) ;tiede odd io dianel stisos odt enols [svomes sseleey hrs ; 


.esed e032 oF Seliil bne svoo edt bbs oc hexiste1ig ssostidoxrs 
- efetiqse sdt to letexiees adt bas eisdmee sesdd beesesqaue 10 
*~ oy fodscnter 61 ‘ _ efweetiosd® .see9 .et74) 
4% 81 bas dé Sf eat Soiawh ets1 sou sts anunloo sidtiloco¥ 
«#8 Yo eedowlo ,eodaey .se1des7 to elsibedtss odT .eeiastnes 
| BHoxoAsae~swe% ,yorideo% .envse’ .yelesey .snetec2¥ Yo ved 


a iio a a? a yy ro Vora a re 


354 

Romanesaue architects, even when they attempted to replace t 
the carpentry of the basilicas by vaults, still sometimes de- 
sired to retain the columns as a support: they only increased 
the diameter in order to resist the load of the masonry above. 
The nave of the abbey church of S. Savin in Poitou, that dates 
from the 11 th century and has a round tunnel vault with side 
aisles covered by cross vaults, presents two rows of detached 
columns composed of courses of stone. The nave of the cathed- 
ral church of the city of Carcassonne presents detached colu- 
mons alternating with sauare piers havins ensased columns. Th- 
ese cylindrical columns bear directly on their circalar capi- 
tals the imvosts of the longitudinal archivolts of the nave, 
the transverse arches of the side aisles, and engased columns 
receivins the transverse arches of the principal tunnel vault. 
Fis. 1 oresents one of these columns composed of stone courses 
in several pieces. These in reality are only cylindrical piers 
built of large rubble very rudely surfaced. 

If Romanesque architects but rarely erected monolithic col- 
umas, this was for lack of power to ouarry and cut blocks of 
stone of larse dimensions: for para) Ra could find antioue 
columns, they did not fail to use them. In Romanesoue crypts 
are often found monolithic columns of marble, which are mere- 
ly the svoils of antique monuments. When the means of transp- 
ortation became easies and more vowerful, and the skill of s 
stonecutters eaualed and even excelled that of Roman workmen, 
they undertook to erect monolithic columns wherever their use 
was necessary. Nearly all choirs of the sreat churches of the 
12 th century possess monolithic columns of hard stone of con- 
Siderable heishtand diameter, and nearly always these columns 
are diminished, i.ea, they are cut tapnered from base to top. 
Besides it is rare to see these columns bear, like the Roman 
column, a fillet and cove at the base and an astrasal below 
the capital. These reserved projections reaquired an expensive 
and useless removal alons the entire lensth of the shaft; the 
architects preferred to add the cove and fillet to the base, 
or suppressed these members and the astrasal of the capital. 
(Arts. Base, Chapiteau). 

Monolithic columns are not rare durins the 12 th and 13 th 
centuries. The cathedrals of Lansres, Mantes, churches of S.. 
eu of Esserent, Vezelay, Beaune, Pontisny, Semur-ea-Auxois 


eee hi 
oe gais¢on | nope - gattino tne enitilniit ew wode ,.01 
\inldatetnast tate edd page -atoomenom asmof to anmaloo. edd 
_- <BtewISV tod eomsloo to ettade so aocnl? v0 eved woke olbbim 
ae gE teodotwso yedds sit to aiedo sat to tofaedxe sd7 50 .yler 
Sevelqmets os isyenod bavot ef (yiwstoso dt St) amied to yee 
ss Seegeastddud eaiylt edt to dasmdosdits edt xsbaw enasloo bodolt 
seat jetnemunom ocuptine deixes [Live has beteixe emiesd® ts on9 
-t @ort:.nottsicosh to botdt eidt to aleico sad sisw vidmebive 
a0008 sdvel edd no anmoloo tuo ybesuls sisw vtedneo av fl edad 
-i9 est to enuvloo otdtifosom sit .bodden suoigns edi od anib 
f L sid ne beeeorb eter erevelv Jo enneidi .2 dowsto etd Jo si0 
googs tsdi ds aniblisd to Jie add siedw .smgaevwA al .sdiel 
_Mk-ehat? sno .noisostisa Yo es1oeb sldsiisme1 s benistie ded 
ev7red ul .eomulco ofdéilonom bearvd 2edo1sdo to etfono sad 
Wisv sis enddfios Senay viwdneo dé cl odd Snitwh wosied has 
eit eiteda odd no svsel of ergo Joos memizow odd bus ,nommoo 
*ed @uftostore vistnetie wiev yd bstecthint sags{ sdtv Jo asosad 
¢ tedt svootidore sil .eedoteioe I[stnoziaod enit wisv 10 ebn 
sidwors ton hih boirea supesnsmoh sid aniasbh eamploo hetoe1s 
eg meewisd noitiodose [ancitasvece s deifdsdas ot sevisemeans 
-9tem sdt to sieten sat :s9tdemeirbh edi bos Jiede ead to tdaied 
#éthite mottsool sit ,beticcaqe2 sd ot beob eid .bsyolome elem 
ewef vino edd sien inswumom sit to Jnemotnai1s [stenes oft 
‘ odd Bodw .vindnss vs Sl sat oI .ancitdronoin sesns onivoani 
-‘tet90 s to sostdo eft emsoed hoa beaotevsh suutoedidow to d1 
-de sit of eve vyilsiems2 etostinow ,vbote bencesast bas Snn0 
veltsil yisv dant enoltioceie enmuloo oidéitfonom sisitete etis 
~iretam edd to sonsteies? sid Jedd teeasace vbserts ai si dey 
~ev sisw elsiisdem seeds Yi panoitio00e10 seedt Ssonsultni ele 
‘od Basher ddiw revemsib ecel to sisw enmuloo edt .daorde v4 
te nod? .slitext s1sw elsixedem seeds Li asdt ,dddied alent 
-stiyo beyolgme iiitte nem ,yindoso dt ef eid Yo tetanived snd 
-nemif atedt souhs1 oF Idhvoe vyord .dsbakns gon enmnleo Leotrh 
oe .bsistimzeaq elaizsiam sdt Yo ytifsun edd a8 doom ee encie 
edd vd botqobs elatonisa edz dtin sonsbioces ai evesl of es 
-ted esonsteib sldieeea teetse1s oft ,doogs tedé Yoesostidors 
* 0 beticocue stew ev [osv oftensiT .t1o0cqwe To einiog eit asow 

-gaue of nevis sens belsvos yiisen easntetasle szodw ,ennuloo 7 
edt Yo yrotosts2 sd? .seso #2 dove ot Istem to 10 boow to et10 
8p ot hevreesta aed eitso Ja eomedQ-eob-nistay 1.2 Yo yioite — 


hy aa: 


a ee 


= 
F 
Sy ee ee 


2 a 2 eee Gt A ae, ie 


355 
etc., show ws dimensions and cuttins, that yield in nothing to 
the columns of Roman monuments. However the architects of the 
middle ages have cut flutes on shafts of columns but very ra- 
rely. On the exterior of the choir of the abbey church of S. 
Remy of Rheims (12 th century) is found however an ekample of 
fluted columns under the attachment of the flying buttress. 
But at Rneims existed and still exist antiaue monuments, that 
evidently were the origin of this kind of decoration. From + 
the 11 th century were already cut columns on the lathe accor- 
dins to the antioue method. The monolithic columns of the ch- 
oir of the church S. Htienne of Nevers were dressed on. the 1 
latne. In Auvergne, where the art of buildins at that epoch 
had attained a remarkable desree of perfection, one finds in 
the choirs of churches turned monolithic columns. Im Berry a 
and Poitou durins the 12 th century turned Goluins are very 
common, aud the workmen took care to leave on the shafts the 
traces of the lathe indicated by very slightly projectius ba- 
nds or very fine horizontal scratches. The architects that e 
erected columns durins the Romanesoue period did not trouble 
themselves to establish a conventional probortion between the 
height of the shaft and its diameter; the nature of the mate- 
rials employed, the load to be supported, the location afidtbe 
the seneral arransement of the monument were the only laws 
imposing these proportions. In the 12 th century, when the 
art of architecture developed and became the object of a prof- 
ound and reasoned study, architects generally save to the sh- 
afts ofetheir monolithic columns proportions that vary little: 
yet it is already apparent that the resistance of the materi- 
als influenced these proportions; if these materials were ve- 
ry strong, the columns were of less diameter with regard to. 
their height, than if these materials were fragile. When at 
the besinnins of the 12 th century, men still employed cylin- 
drical columns not ensased, they sousht to reduce their dimen- 
sions as much as the quality of the materials permitted, so 
as to leave in accordance with the principle adopvted by the 
architects of that epoch, the sreatest pessible distances bet- 
ween the voints of support. Thenethe vaults were supported on 
columns, whose slenderness nearly eaualed that siven to supp- 
orts of wood or of metal in such a case. The refectory of the 
priory of S. Martin-des-Chamos at Paris has vreserved to us 


nan Fn 


ite ROM Ae sa 
ae s a ver 9° on - » eseds a Be) me - 7) a ee ; mf ne 

es d ouaital Selene: vyiswexixye we nelaichagiiet: elds ae 
A “pba atede ieee 2 00 ented .enmufoo seeit Yo Jaemstasi1s yoosd 

fh sheds to elbbim edt tuods we bedersvss bas .eesd [enckasoo 
| abedt yd: Bexoose yon ef eye edd tadd .ecit bebhlvom 6 yd tdkied - 
7 taster tne ever ov awesq0s yeds ded’ bos ,seenisie90ele eviessoxe J 
 -@VYorENoT wos edd Frogque oF ob vilsusos yeds es .dthoeise 
; ne ae -.8d14) .afetiass bebneoxs tisdd no tes2 dedd etiy i | 
ty 7) ae oe -(noftosaten0> .westi 
— govan-edd ni onanico bentsts eves of emese eonert-se~ofi » any 
| to ems otto% .esomivoig yeite eid nend r9tel eenowwdie ett To ; 
-fo of% .,eizel ts oiasvee .2 dowdo to elsiioq blo ext .sited - 
a «e086 .xHende5 to .yos19 wolsd Isdede sat .roseamenD to eedoiy . 
t 
: 


a “wrdtneo Ht Sf eft to bee ody tuode slind ssven sieds dr0qqne 
‘edd OF ‘sett sect eemefoo so .dt Sr ond Yo Satentved oat Bue | 
-#tgs0 seodw-bres ,eelete ebte edgy to stlovidors edt Yo tdbied | 
«83 hav dotd sdv Satviegoe: enmuloo eslatvil Yo eanotks sat seed els ) 
‘de ff sid oniask vilsasoss exsig fence ot Peashne eomulod 
~tenemif edi sevorsdv ;hiidd se yino 10% Bstsetne sis asianines 
*~ Set Wet OF 6.t word yieav eietemsdb ried .esoitibe ent to enc 7 
‘ dd SE Sif to sissy taxi? ont QSaignh eefO ons Yo einsd sds oO 
_  =¢ dads yritet{vosq a sasze7g enmuloo ferstae seeds ,viniaes 
: anignsesta to beeteni ,moivose Leatnoxty0s tied? .acttnem atin 
$ Ja ebbe as toimtod eote owt Jo beeogmoo ef 018 wslvotto s 
~ 82% ai mwode es iets sdt ie eost edt oF [siisreq Jostass sid 
«2 to dowdo oft Yo d1e0 blo odd ni anmulos seeds batt of ss 
-8isvnses to ennsiss .2 to dodo edt oi bas sefotned ta volosi 
 apetinderitees mot Yadt evsd evoesifows esd edd ewuess Jevm oF << 
-nifgo 6 to noteioshai bus esendtoe ets biove oF enmuloo besse 7 
yasdemeib of .¢3 Cif ylne ove enmploo seed? .sostave Isoist | 
‘yYedt (g018 “wslvo1lo ows oid vd bemi0t ebbhe Jedd oft etasds sud 
asad Bogolsveh ex10m seoetise ehte dose te sys ent oF Saoas10 
-fanof edt to aeisdmem edt Ife al .ssebsilyede yd betetto sacds 
* Bt setO edt oo einad ead Jo sivtoetinoors [sooltienest sooes 
Aor siomdahte Teere 8 yd hetsoibat dowsevet aisiieo 8 beton o¢is 
par . . sages bas aeeeneret ai 


@t Maca, « : . ae al 4 


nets .«onk th 2-4 sbtade 20 amulod. ots 20a .ATTEKOIOD 
f siutcotidows Isvesibem ni beifoge osle yamaloo alesbaghe 
a od \tedemeth [iene to stisde betehnole yiev dsiw samufoo | 


° ee ee 


356 

one of the best examples of these stone columns of a consider- 
able heisht and an extremely small diameter. But such is the o~ 
happy arransement of these columns, borne on a stylobate with 
octagonal base, and separated at about the middle of their h 
heisht by a moulded rins, that the eye is not shocked by their 
excessive slend@erness, and that they avpear to have sufficient 
Sstrensth, as they actually do, to support the tow rows of va- 
ults that rest on their expanded capitals. (Arts. Basue, @hap- 
iteau, Construction). 

Tle-ue-France seems to have retained columns in the naves 
of its churches later than the other provinces. Notre Dame of 
Paris, the old portals of church S. Severin at Paris, the ch- 
urches of Champeaux, the chabel below Crecy, of Basneux, etc., 
sapport their naves built about the end of the 12 th century 
and the besinnins of the 13 th, on columns that rise to the 
heisht of the archivolts of the side aisles, and whose capit- 
als bear the Sroups of little columns receiving the high vaults. 

Columns ensgased to Roman piers senerally durins the 11 th 
centuries are ensased for only a third; whatever the dimensi- 
ons of the edifices, their diameters varg from 1.1-to 1.4 ft. 
On the banks of the Oise during the first years of the 12 th 
century, these ensgased columns present a peculiarity that per- - 
mits mention. Their horizontal section, instead of presenting 
a circular arc, is composed of two arcs forming an edse at t 
the tangent parallel to the face of the pier, as shown in Fis. 
2. We find these columns in the old part of the church of $&. 
Maclou at Pontoise and in the church of S. Etienne of Beauvais. 
We must assume that the architects dave that form toctheinden- 
sased columns to avoid the softness and indecision of a cplin- 
drical surface. These columns are only 1.0 ft. in diameter; 
but thanks to that edse formed by the two circular ares, they 
present to the eye at each side surfaces more developed than 
those offered by aveylinder. In all the members of the Roman- 
esque transitional architecture of the banks on the Oise is 
also noted a certain research indicated by a sreat refinement 
in mouldinms and details. 


. 


COLONETTE. Little Column or Shaft. 
A tittle column; also applied in mediaeval architecture to. 
columns with very elonsated shafts of small diameter, to col- 


© ¥ 


sar ' : ff (Aw 


tee j 


7 - ad eae. vre y q re . ; Ap, 
rosti | 9 to e1sia di a TS ne eakuloo by 


atte puma ry ypesnsmoe e exeta sad ot betstas wins YIshnoose. 


hie ; “ge bee: Sees: . wet «siusoesidors cok 
 wnemos mottienais edt ok erekq. add os betstas enmoloo oftsiy ; 

U . ex antund fidno noitovitenoo edd no. fuefnsasbh eysuls 994 Sunes " 
3 d :prsig seedt to eepiu0o sid Yo dxeq B MIO YORS woOet ,OOIL ‘ 
| . e1e yedt .OSSt éuode Litnu dooae tadt a9d¢%e sod a 
) . ebae no gee fos stersc]ee sin .esetvoo ni noivonatenoo sit to Nes 


‘ed to g1sq s mic? of asee alede sis yeds .OfSI mort Saiced 
, «wbotbiea offdoD eft to hao end Itdon esaiwoeos mi noidgogstenoo 
eb efor eins tant taivet suodttw ssob 1 .(meitounteno® aA 
| e@noitaeexs Tuodtin soa 
Pobewen't aa .eredeiolo af beoala astto etoetidous sonesnsmon 
*18 eff Sniassd enanion helapoo 10 bedostebh alttil .evad aint ; 
“Jo geve bos snote bisi to shem ase enmolon [fieme saedt seeno 
) - 996 wend Boontvodg nisd#tvoe edd Yo easdeiclo edt al .eldasm 
-~I[% ,es0tfen vd betnemento o18 ettace sisdt :heanstalvos netto 
| yaebootel yd eemivemoe neve .esleoe ,stsifo? .elfoise .aste 
-fAN0) 8 BInees190 cenriars? aasH enl® Yo a9itetelo ed? .etoetdue 
-Wwo ems efiede seoduy [fs .eamuloo sldrem eltsil oeent to ysiv 
| esinninss dé bf bese ad Cf sat to ednemsnto betlaav vd bers 
- ok To yastivoo 94f OF BhnfuwoTth Ssaesdt awo. OW eVPAcget at on 
ta ; wJootitorve ,sa#etoiy. 
etd moat eeteab A ge tadd. gadtade seodd to ows. (ft) evis off 
-r1ebow soidsiotess ods ot etaofed & te rsdde edt sysetaso dz St 
rym «ig Sf oft ot sodas 
pore ybsowle eioomsnom nemof-olf{se® yoam bas ytiooisaes nsmot 
‘eerndalvoe tattostiom visaeife yd bedst0esh enmuloo feesse 
St base dd If oft to evostidows yd bewolfot asw noidihent senda 
noitsasoosh to esiosaqa eidd bsyolams snedd goY .astavtaeo so 
-tete tent esvad ow 28 e1steiolo 10% .eeeso aslvoitisa ni yao 
. ab ependoia dnetsqos sse1) avid of 28 O8 ,elstiog Tot bee .bs ; 
giv deivel gan yintoso ad Sl edFoeesottifbe Yo esonsaine ens 
moe evi o¢ en 10% eoittws Litw st] .anmeloo beavéolwoe Iieme 
~IwoT. 20 dowsdo defisa edt wort emso bednene1q seodT .eefamexe 
edd .nutoA to Isthsiseo ont .(¥sio reWOL) vastmeo ot SP enn | 
erase) .2 .yslere¥ to yedd@ .ueilpe® Yo edoobsA .f Yo eefomdo =” 
<Sn0d .sHos® edt to essomunom oft L[ereneb sides .nolfovA to | 
eftsil elstiog aieds no sididxs ,etiod asqqu bas enis¥ asaaw 4 
leaks eit To orca itson ea? .heantolvor a a eomutoo 


“ 7 \ 16). 
rte = \ | | 7 a 


- 
¥% 


| 


557 
ecolusgns engaged to the piers of Cothic architecture, or to s 
secondary columns ensased to the piers of Romanesque transit- 
ion architecture. 

Tittle columns ensased to the piers in the transition Roman- 
esoue are always dependant on the construction until about 1 
1160, iee., they form a part of the courses of these piers; b 
but after that epoch until about 1220, they are independent § 
of the construction in courses, are separate and set on end. 
Dating from 1230, they are asain seen to form a part of the 
construction in courses until the end of the Gothic period. 
Art. Gonstruction). It goes without rayins that this rule is 
not without exceptions. 

Romanesaue architects oftem ovlaced in cloisters, galleries, 
twin bays, little detached or coupled columns bearins the ar- 
ches; these small columns are made of hard stone and even of 
marble. Im the cloisters of the southern provinces they are 
often sculptured; their shafts are ornamented by helices, fl- 
utes, scrolls, foliase, scales, even sometimes by lesendary 
subjects. The cloister of Hlne near Perpignan presents a gquan- 
tity of these little marble columns, all whose shafts are cw- 
ered by varied ornaments of the 12 th and 14 th centaries. / 

Note 1spehAWe We owe these drawings to the courtesy of M. 
Loisne, architect. 

Ne give (1) two of those shafts: that at A dates from the 
12 th century; the other at B belongs to the restoration under- 
taken in the 14 th. at. 

Roman antiguity and many Gallo-Roman monuments already pos- 
sessed columns decorated by slishtly projecting sculptures; 
that tradition was followed by architects of the ii th and 12 
ih centuries. Yet these employed this species of decoration 
only in particular cases, for cloisters as we have just stat- 
ed, and for portals, so as to sive sreat apparent richness to 
the entrances of edifices.cThe 12 th century was lavish with 
small sculptured columns. It will suffice for us to sive som 
examples. Those presented came from the parish church of Tour- 
nus, 12 th century (lower city). The cathedral of Autun, the 
churches of 3. Andoche of Saulieu, abbey of Vezelay, S. Lazare 
of Avallon, and in seneral the monuments of the Saone, Rhone, 
upper Marne and upper Loire, exhibit on their portals little 
columns ss adele sculptured. The north porch of the cathedral 


/ 


‘ 
a) a 


tar .¢ natreicen ‘i ls beat snene | os .xelev=n a=W to 
| 5 ie ett as diin enmafoo slaskd to ed tade 
ef on ere dosid vlegsnietis amvib to beecqmos eis seed .(f) «84 
are - geonbots meds saizeyoo tnemsnte ost of bebbs dokdy jetidn 
ee ‘dn9 el {ebsites edd tedt wod ston oels [fiw en0 .toette down ‘ 
. - =atlyo edt movt esegeq ¢Ysde edt Yo dads bas te fg eisupe 8 HO 
addeedt Mtosébed. oat -0 daemen20 as yd nslq sisnoe Bidt of 196 a6 
mitt 08 bas 4 Js beosig yistsorsdis sts smyth etidw fos tow 
’ “neo ad Sf edt to eistostidois edt ,eonanti-eh-slT asen ow YI 7) 
& elizil od beifgas noivsioesh to t1oa eids Yo e10m eiste1g yas 
etaran ni events 2k atds .medt eyolame di aedw ine reomnloo 
nsewted feoslaq anauloo sittif 103 elqusxe 10l es ,eseso asl ar 
-29b ton ob snoidsioosh eeedd Has .elediog sdi Yo esutsie edd 
stisset blvode tioqqwe 6 tsdé vstlidetea tnersqcs edt ends yout 
eat Yo Isizoq Ieyor odd .etneG .2 to dousdo edd Yo Letroq od? 
Yo eelomaxe [witiused diiw eo esitlaawe esrtaed” to Leahedtes 
~tiste sit asewisd 10 dtsensd beosia eamuloo heisdoisoe eitsil 
edv assuied woul enwuloo eldsil edd to ene at (2) ere" een 
| ene (7) bas ,(sentasdn te [erbsdteo to [eti0g Isyok).esusete 
a ns -eeugsate Saisicqque seeds Yo 
; ~eing yldnsuos1t sis yintaso dé St sdt fo enmofoo elttif eT 
fowmdo sd¢ Yo Isd10g edT .eobia & 10 3 eved somitemoe bas ,bed 
s{dsiiemet Jeom eid Yo sno ei doidw .nolisvA ts 99828, .2 to 
-wxd .enmuloo oldsmatza seseace .vintaeo at SI ofd to eelumexe 
Yo eosta eltate s ai nol¢gostasg siex déiw tuo bos (3) bestest 
#308 evostidois sooeenemos veel ef3 Yo aoiveni$smi sit .saesve 
. evi o¢ neve ,enmoloo slatil to goidetnemanito oft ak ast yiev | 
edgi nO .vbod sidixelt bas ofteelts ns to sonaisecas st mead ; 
edd see on ,nolfsevA to etsseaj .€ to Letice emse of? to edmet 
-efeoo [lame Yo ten 8 edineee1q dotdw ,omuloo elttil eft to sade 
) o(T) abs 
. z eeonuons? nloaieee winsneo dt €f edd to siptostidois saT 
==: OF S1EN BFOSsidote OfdtOD .enmuloo sltstl to motsstooeh as 
-1seqqs eldixelt tadd edioqene exsdd od vit od olésilecoties 
~tnement0 viersem yd esvisemedd bednsinos asmisemoe vedt .oone 
, -(stsoteq .d14) -ednitoisa dtiw meodt vai > 
; iets odd sevedsdw) enmufoo sittil neee e168 dooce sadd Isd2A | 
882 vasaes, Wisv dadt erstemstb sqoks (etisde tisds Yo edge 
stat S.€ Rated anctsfom teelleme edt bas ,f.d ; ; 
Uv bedoatet elttil deinimib y{lerensy nieetidons, sar eongnay, ‘gic 


= 
™ 


—ras 


a 


— a mg 


er BAS eee foe : ee 


358 
of Puy-en-Velay, so remarkable, by its ornamentation, retains 
shafts of little columns with an extreme delocacy of sculptu- 
re. (3). These are composed of drums alternately black and w 
white, which added to the ornament coverins them, produces 
much effect. One will also note how that the astrasal is cut 
om a sauare plan, and that of the shaft passes from the cylin- 
der to this souare plan by an ornament ©. The bedssoffthe=bb- 
ack and white drums are alternately placed at A and B. 

If we near Ile-de-France, the architecture of the 12 th cen- 
tury prefers more of this sort of décoration applied to little 
columns; and when it employs them, this is always in particu- 
lar cases, as for example for little columns placed between 
the statues of the portals, and these decorations do not des- 
troy thus the apparent stability that a support should retain. 
The portal of the church of S. Denis, the royal portal of the 
cathedral of Yhartres supplies us with beautiful examples of 
little sculptured columns placed beneath or between the stat- 
ves. "ere (4) is one of the little columms from between the 
statues, (Royal portal of cathedral of Chartres), and (5) one 
of those supporting statues. 

The little columns of the 12 th century are freouently twis- 
ted, and sometimes have 6 or 8 sides. The portal of the church 
of S. Lazare at Avallon, which is one of the most remarkable 
examples of the 12 th century, vossess prismatic columns, tw- 
isted (6) and cut with rare verfection in a sinsle piece of 
stone. The imagination of the last Romanesaue architects soe 
very far in the ornamentation of little columns, even to sive 
them the appearance of an elastic and flexible body. On the 
jambs of the same portal of S. Lazare of Avallon, we see the 
shaft of the little column, which presents a net of small co#ds. 
rdsi, (7). | 

The architecture of the 13 th century entirely renounces t 
the decoration of little columns. Gothic architects were too 
rationalistic to sive to these supports that flexible appear- 
ance. They sometimes contented themselves by merely ornament-— 
ins them with paintings. (Art. Beinture). 

After that epoch are seen little columns (whatever the len- 
sths of their shafts) adopt diameters that vary little, 623, 
4.3, and the smallest mullions beins 3.2 ins. 

Romanesque architects senerally diminish little detached 


; , p 


3 ha Tee. oe Te 

; or saa 590 ren Sine tts bas wi tetole % rete oo 
af deel oat fy “4 vehaty od beastne bas aay toaaine t 
vhitte’ bad 2 beobbor eved Bloow efteda ant %o notduntmth ey 
A: tn “Ak ecottibe eupesnsmo? Enit on snids elt Yo exned on lat 
or “jase {sotnoo beonwono1a yrev & Gt tuo ors enabloo eltsiI end rf 
ora “eeitefies Isniedxe edt amtoW to L[eibedteo sav go elgmexs 107 
} | -thatnib eldiense yiev dtiw eamuloo fleme to esiiee 8 sn98810° 
(> qbedt bedeininib yleas1 dnd efdetinots oldtos .(8).qot 38 mol 
) ‘eIfeqstd .2 sid Yo sheote add Yo seods teY .enmnfeo bedosdeb ‘ 


: 16 


- > 


- -$n90 dab br sit nl .vitdatie yiev tod disodt .o8 e128 eiaeg to ‘| 
= ibdee o18 foue :enmofoo Lfama fodeloet ehnit yleowee S06 wo 
ve -at 7 sttocane yodd esdove eft exil eredmom ferevee ni bebiv a 
; ~feubere tadt dit tnivootorg 6 1s9d of sonemmoo yett dooge ts 
‘ ow102 ottemerza edd enisits yl 
“ yltasmpert omufoo eonitns edd tnimosss ot eonseeisnes oft , 
ed vst ea5nT .elforse 1 eetult .fanpseds4s yd it betoemsente i 
“ead mo1? enmuloo etisT Js efi xnee8 266 eloot edd te nese 
-tif ed? sbernsdolooe vitots yrsv ste ddidw’ .nollied Ye usetsio | 
hetaoqque een eizsd ts slliowerT sf ob notenss to ¢e11bs sft x 
Seiwedil sis se00T .enmuloo beviao yletsoiish elatil ows ac 
bahar -ed1A eoses esh eloom sad ta bestiaoced 


| 1608 .mJHCO 
fos .eslisy 10 estele .[atem aaivisos1 sipsoniase yatnecras A 
a e(eapsasved .sinsaisd? .etth) .so0lttbs os 3arisvoo 


-19bsaj .touG .eduT .sqiF .#TIDGWVOO © sy 
bbb akes od tSniviss .snotfe to edtoo sttst .[etsm Yo saia A ; 

\ + ng hie gos edz mort Visetsasv 10 viistnosiied yedtis sasten 
* 2988d ett of soitibs F 
WG S thedd ni etebss! Ieottrey betasi1s yismoupeit ensmod sit " 
 -§ medt nidtiw assewniex sodt mort svomes oF esnemunom basi id 
ta d8 betneestq dotdw ,pextesds bos esrtsedtidams ¢flasfeoitasd | 
g* (-2898800 .nist od beeoors yltos1th edsse to se18 elfdeiebisace i 
3 Bete103789 viomie eisbsel [sotd1ev esonstelbh nisiaso te ‘bs , 
“aI -baoots sit ot reven odd anibss! bos yvincese ody adwords 
88 iftesd .Pelqned edt noktonadence slomie s1om to “eeottibe 
“eis mort yleert [fst t9sdenatst ods 22a llonb staviza bas ur 
a 10 Satrevoo efit to eghe edt te wedtie ,bnyo1a sat of “Yo. 
ote be dacs Soa nk bsoisiq etvoge slszil dbuoris bateesa 


309 

columns of cloisters and salleries, never those occupying re- 
entrant angles and ensased to piers: for in the last case the 
diminution of the shafts would have produced a bad effect. & 
the banks of the Rhine we find Romanmesoue edifices in which > 
the little columns are cut in 4 very pronounced conical form. 
For example on the cathedral of Worms the external salleries 
present a series of small columns with very sensible diminut- 
ion at top.(8). Gothic architects but rarely diminished their 
detached columns. Yet those of the arcade of the S. Chapelle 
of Paris are so, though but very slishtly. In the 14 th cent- 
ury one scarcely finds isolated small columns; such are subdi- 
vided im several members like the arches they support. At th- 
at epoch they commence to bear a projecting rib, that Sradual- 
ly attains the orismatic form. 

The Renaissance in resumins the antiaue column freauently 
ornamented it by arabesaoues, flutes or scrolls. There may be 
seen at the cole des Beaux Arts at Paris columns from the 
chateau of Gaillon, which are very richly sculptured. The lit- 
tle turret of mansion de la Tremoille at Paris was supported 
on two little delicately carved columms. These are likewise 
deposited at the Hoole des Beaux Arts. 


COMBLE. Roof. 
A carpentry structure receivins metal, slates or tiles, and 
coverins an edifice. (Arts. Charpente, Coverture). 


CONDUITE. Pipe. Tube. Duct. feader. 

A pipe of metal, terra cotta or stone, servins to conduct 
water either horizontally or vertically from the top of ane 
edifice to its base. 

The Romans frequently arranged vertical leaders in their ¢s 
Srand monuments to remove from them rainwater within them. P 
Particularly amphitheatres and theatres, which presented ac 
considerable area of seats directly exposed to rain, possess- 
ed at certain distances vertical leaders simply perforated t 
throush the masonry and leading the water to the ground. In 
edifices of more simple construction, the temples, basilicas 
and private dwellings, the rainwater fell freely from the ro- 
of to the ground, either at the edge of the coverins or by pm 
passins throush little spouts pierced in the sutters of stone 


Ss ST Poe / ee 
. mnsea Ie10d8q 8 dot cconkets a1ef 10 
? end vino odw ,sdoetidors eno 
| suede te¥ rai003 efds2 yd be1evoo bas asia at yioi 
-idoeL ios to been edd fot ean oredy sointowita asisoito aied 
<tetelqoass al «ti nattoerts Jo ulinsunsenoo bua aedseniss So 
p -betevels oo tlind netto ,eefteso Yo etiveo .eyedda Yo 81s 
¥ sninliriah be00 i9dew.to yloqss s boe .2cidos{ s1ew seniace ,eed J 
‘esm.odd bel seu doide ofnt eereteil baiteveors yd hecissdo ad 
. .pe-@ea yhavork edd aevo wolt eff gnibiave ,atoo1 edd moat aed 
® saote to cisfine tnios{a nedT .sidireseg 68 ging Si oven oF MY 
» tebeoslg srovonissc0o edd .2toot ent te serbe odd ge boon 
aiedt ts eniesd diiw bedeinaot exeia wollod esnassdeib siesise af 
-e1stdus edt Yo 2ecole edé yd tdauo1d ted8" ond doslloo of aos ; 
sd¢ to.daac s ton bog hedosteb evavie deomle sisw ateia eed 
a sisel evoiis(al yviev god wole sad Yoibiovea eons .noisduatence 
Di ead to [lew ocd Suofs noea ole sven at .ststouise edd ovat 


: é 

fi -feseV Yo doisdo yedds edt to svsn ond Yo sleis sbie ateddtuoe 4 
$-mo Qnilist so¢en odd-bsol oc bebnetai ,2tebeel bedosteb vs ; 
: -olo edt to sflbhim edt ts betsveoxe nistzio edd ofni, Toor ond ’ 


-“onidesoo ovidvinize sav oF Raoiesd jon of arek)esl seeatT reset 
OF qeOel ,ilivd esw qotelolo oft asin dooce n&.03 dad. noid n 
~B1009 gsienpe to titud sisw yad? .yrrtueo at SL sat to bas sat ) 
dtiw ,elod I[eoizbaiiye «2 wd etdineo vit is Heoista .saote to es 
etnemeo offs evieost of ebed sii ag 2eveoma asisorto 

z ds» jesshee! seedt Yo mx0t Leoterxe od? (!) esw dedw ai oral ; 
| \.832 ni-evoors sasiporio add dvin senode edd -to sno asee ag & 
bas dz St edd to ssltece edd ci osse yiineuogn? eved ot shed 
-loidd edt ai betasi1s snote Yo esebses! sisgos esiznusaso dg st 
x hebsnotaco ed of don o1s erebsel) ncisousseneo oft to seen 
eat o¢ni~ base of bobmetai sxsw dedd bos ,(eesded eediseqe dtin | 
o dt €L odd mi nodW .etoot odd no Bnsl{At sedee Odd ,entedaig =—_ 
-moo xelomoo Jasesig teum essfousto Yo noisonatenoo edt yintaso 
_-gaetsw gaivises: etcos to esets eidsishienco yiev ,enottanid 
-y“sdaode sdt yd s9etsw edt Sntvemsa to ddkuods Jexid stoesidors 
Racls e1resées od¢ mort. wold of Ji Bntene0 vd .<8eiy.o¥en de 
haivostoig yltoorte ond of soezensind Beiylt to elenasdio ont 

; i » @. .s0itibe edt ebietve bove12 edd no Ji Jeso Jedd ,aefyoutsa — 
etleds ,adet Yo 1edmeo edinting as Snows sedan ts atte A 
® .608e9 Bist .beowbes ylisitedyem easy iosiis evisoutseoh 
anagiantt ai haba sisitesem edt aedu seed _ la 


a 


360 

or terra cotta. Such a natural means was employed py Romanes- 
que architects, who only constructed edifices of great simpl- 
icity in plan and covered by sable roofs. Yet there were cer- 
tain circular structures where was felt the need of collecti- 
ns rainwater and consequently of directing it. In the cloist- 
ers of abbeys, courts of castles, often built on elevated si- 
tes, sprinss were lackins, and a supply of water could only 
be obtained by excavatins listerns into which was led the sa- 
ter from the roofs, avbidins its flow over the ground, so as 
to have it pure as possible. Then placings gutters of stone o 
wood at the edses of the roofs, the constructors placed at 
certain distances hollow piers furnished with basins at their 
toos to collect the water brousht by the slones of the sutters. 
These piers were almost always detached and not a part of the 
constru¢tion, thus avoidins the slow but very injurious leaks 
into the structure. We have also seen alons the wall of the 
southern side aisle of the nave of the abbey church of Vezel- 
ay detached leaders, intended to lead the water falling on t 
the roof into the cistern excavated at the middle of the clo- 
ister. These leaders fo not belons to the primitive construc- 
tion, but to an epoch when the cloister was built, i.e., to 
the end of the 12 th century. They were built of souare cours- 
es of stone, pierced at the centre by a cylindrical hole, with 
Circular srooves in toe beds to receive the cement. 

Here is what was (1) the external form of these leaders; at 
A is seen one of the stones with the circular sroove in its 
bed. We have frequeutly seen in the castles of the 12 th and 
13 th centuries sauare leaders of stone arransed in the thick- 
ness of the construction (leaders are not to be confounded w 
with speaking tubes), and that were intended to send into the 
cisterns the water fallins on the roofs. When in the 13 the 
century the construction of churches must present complex com- 
binations, very considerable areas of roofs receivins water, 
architects first thought of removins the water by the shorter- 
st way , i-e-, by causins it to flow from the sutters alons 
the channels of flyins buttresses to the strongly projecting 
sarsoyles, that cast it on the sround outside the edifice. D 
Dividing this water amons an infinite number of jets, their 
destractive effect was materially reduced. This means, which 
is always best when the materials used in the lower parts of 


' pwolts \teort 4 Widest erie aumien 
peers te eisbsel dedadadh siete sat Yo noltoegent. ene sta 
- obs la ste sit nodw auotseseib at .1is nego edt nt e168 nsdt 
gi ia td tot Fev0709 ef to taost yd bervstini ei eiwdowisedse efg ni 2 
ts 7 os -ysiob gon bo bus yesostide"tencl edd tow emasise evens ce 
ee seed? ements youtesb ot neve bas saiteqise doin medd eteqdse 
_ to etsed idors edt vd besinkooss yiinefive sien seonsinevncont 
-—s- fooge fsdd to esortibe fee1b enios oi sonie .vistnso dt FL odd 
i. ~10% gi*sesiyodbise oft soslast essbssl Isditiev 2a01sessse ow 
‘eelsinetsn sdt ,omsh at etamifo eas etedw .ybasord bos vbosm 
‘de moat Bescobs o19% t9eden 10t erehsst .snc1l yd befosits sas 
~@niyld edt ose sw xueveS tA .eedowndo oiasiso mi OFSI Jsode 
gE etoot'secce off moTt tetan odd hasf even sid Yo eseserstad 
‘a <iv 9¢8 escia seo? .eeerst0d oft oi betasent seqia besi osnk 
q ers yedd soit .setH00 etentetie dose at belseonoo 10 sldte , 
Late * -tgu7 Mivsidiciv [{ite sis bes eioode [sn1etxe mort bedosdozg H 
" (viens «848990 810 
edt? ef @ te .iceweknssse dedd Yo nslaq sdt et A ta ($) e198 
; : .wsissleeds Snintatmoo eserdtod sot Yo eiisq edd Yo noissvels 
ie entntetoce essecos1 Isotabaifyo edt to [taseb edt ef O te bas 
ve wolfe of Rainsqo sid dixon benedtalt yltdsile ,eeqia Bsel ond © 
‘ie <vitvedt Io essessiisd od? .C. fotail {feme sdt Yo sbseesq end 
_ <sefi@niatetaco dotsio sass sat to siode edd Yo eseeeissad eat : 
We ¥ wWeusosd ,sevisS c19d seodt ss betneste [few o8 Jon s1eb 
| fo eis bas esassitied seeds to slbbim edd ai betusent ore ; 
ah: beosie ‘ers esaiq oeedt (&) nsfo at .edole worsen ddvowdd aese 
918° eiyndise s oc atelivo sit bne .9 ts anted-etole ond A te 
-tew'edt Yoor tee1s sds To segdue aescaqv edt moi .0 ts bsosla 
yd eeiwedt! .zesisied saiyit eat fo Lenasio edt ot bel ei a5 rz 
@swol eti ts Hotsntmies eeewtod end aroowdt Onieesq esotg 
evods foit sf .(midausG .tc4) .tuoee s dnikeobebsedis yd Jisa 
-ds) west to lexdedtdosens tte svsa edd bo eseitted teivl(? edz 
ss wqobe tadt o¢ eideisteia tod , dnemstassiseiedimiéns (OFSE tao 
—s'sagaisbeol odd Qninisinoo aseesistwd edd seusoed ,xuevses ts bes 
wolfod .atowb visisw sis 193309 Sseis edd wort istew sat r0% 
are a8 08 <etsetto 10 ebasd Juodsin bas gozed aied¢ of ylfsoitaeyv | 
ha soe Istnositod edt ef A te (b) e198 .eetecgose Ile ynqusnd ot 
“haem edi 8 te .evitosqetes iafedd § ts,stoub seeds to noit 2 
ev edd «0 de betsoibsi ee yiievel ssebssl edt to ete edd ao > 
| $ iets oved atoub scote oft at beeclome eeqiq hsel teats 


_ 7 
i 


— 


J 
in a —-_.” 
ie — sre 


361 
the buildings are solid and do not fear frost, allows consta- 
antly the inspection of the condition of the leaders, since 
then are in the open air, is disastrous when the stone used 
in the substructure is injured by frost or is porous; for th- 
en these streams wet the lower surfaces, and od not delay to 
saturate them with salpetre and even to destroy them. These 
inconveniences were evidently recognized by the architects of 
the 13 th century, ‘since in some great edifices of that epoch 
we seevstrons vertical leaders replace the sarsoyles. In Nor- 
mandy and Picardy, where the climate is damp, the materials 
are affected by frost, leaders for water were adopted from ab 
about 1230 in certain churches. At Bayeux we see the flyins 
buttresses of the nave lead the water from the upper roofs i 
into lead pipes inserted in the buttress. These pipes are vi- 
Sible or concealed in each alternate course; thus they are p 
protected from external shocks and are still visible if rupt- 
ure occurs. 

Here (2) at A is the plan of that arrangement, at B is the 
elevation of the parts of the buttress containins the leaderr, 
and at C is the detail of the cylindrical recesses containins 
the lead pipes, slishtly flattened next the openins to allow 
the passage of the small lintel.D. The buttresses of the fly- 

ins uueeeeenee of the choir of the same church containins lea- 
abe not so well arranged as those here given, because they 
are inserted in the middle of these buttresses and are only 
seen throush narrow slots. In plan (4) these pines are placed 
at A, the slots beings at B, and the outlets to a Sarsnyle are 
placed at C. wrom the upver sutter of the sSreat roof the wat- 
er is led in the channel of the flying buttress, likewise by 
pipes passing throush the buttress terminated at its lower p 
part by aiheadsforming a spout. (Art. Dauphin). We find above 
the flying buttress od the nave ofitheecathedral of Seez (ab- 
out 1230) ansimiblat:arransement , but preferable to that adop- 
ted at Bayeux, because the buttresses containing the leaders 
for the water from the sreat sutter are merely ducts, hollow 
vertically to their bases and without bends or offsets, so as 
to prevent all stoppases. Here (4) at A is the horizontal se- 
tion of these ducts,at B their perspective, at 6 the section 
on the akis of the leader. Usually as indicated at D, the ver- 
tical lead pipes enclosed in the stone ducts have their tops 


me | SoF 
_9B%Meoo IStte2 sdt yebom bled es2de dsiw a109 avo ot berrsine 
-wolt tetew odd seso eidt aI «bed eft sebew bomxot ofab 8 dtiv 
edaize yloo gt1b erat jsbte eco ts yino tninego edd Biswosd bai 
eeoitibe tse1t odd oT 2 ds si boosid evad ew ee tedd rebew 
mort wetew sit yiotaes di FL odd to tuinnieed edd te bstoe1s 
gs{t edd no eslyodiss wollod dasoidt bewolt sietsed ws09H sad 
-off to {subedieo eid ds ee ,seeeetsiud aaiylt edé Yo etniooo 
| one ,ekmicoo seodi berstini yibios1 istew saT .vsbot asve aei 
¥ e ocd meld elbiim sit dud .medd oF nevis tev noltosse svsonoe 
| tadt bas .eleonsio sesdd moxt ebies eefvobiass sdt mort meerate 
bedoobs essen edoub snote edd si besolone ssata Isolsvisv vdw es 
-ep edd aeve nedw tsY .eseesatind onivy[t edd Jo ebsed sat ssve 
-iq yd bel csv esorttibe yee1t edd Yo aioor secgs sift wort t9d 

-@do sat to elennedo add to level edt dedosex ylno seed? .esq 
boworwk edt no taso seu ti sesdt mort fas ,eoteis sbhie 10 sie 
‘teqquvedT .honten nommeoo Jeom edd od Snifbroeses esfyoanes yd 
tmivieoss ensim4 to [aubsdteo sad Yo aiodo edd Yo eseesuitind 
-99% 6 ni nese od ot wolfe (O8St duode) eszeortdod sniyi? end 
eid-evieoe: of bebmednt esyoor® [eotabmilyo Sool efoas sosate 
-mehnegis emse odt :{c) aee rtever e1en dotdw .fesl to evebsel 

to Isstbediso sai ni sets io sbiasdoeih sdt 102 bedqohs ei ine 

-yoo7m, eeedt to acivoea Istnosiaed edd beosas ei F 3A .e19vel 
elennedo edd yd isddus sa990qn sot mort ebpeoseh istsn sd? .ee 
‘seeoitiod eaiylt ead lo ersoext sd Yo sknicoo ea buivise 8 
fads quo s et 9 Isvel odd tse geoadIed sedi To sasovoias sdt nt 
~giq eaiq Isotiasv edd odni svi beet of wSstew end svieos1 seum 
gedis hott ow tedd basisne oi yluo ai 31 ..ee8097 ons of bso 
-itibe Yo eead oft Js eaigenimist eescia sel vintneo dd br ond 
emsppe s eved ceaic seodd .{soitbailyo nied Yo bastasl wees 
-bnilyo 4 \.benoeset ifew yisv eft deat bos ,soitose [esnosizod 
q@ edd li teost snoise sw ni veds edivessa si {hosoxs Jonaso 19 
ett nsdd emulov asés]e1d s eomuees sol ead .beLlflit exs esata 

@ dtiw soiq A .texud ot sidstil sis asaqiq sesdt .16den hints 
-beiset sd od eae! s1e esrudons fas hleiy aso noitese sienna 
tasysoses edd si keosiaq ylinespeat deom sis esata beet sesnT 
apo etil .seddo dose cini anitesine ejiag oi sham 938 ,eoibas 
10 novi dHdwOIW to exslfoo 10 eknilaneo dtin eeqia ork ses0 
cele sano yecbSeavonme suse vodds tsosie ai mead asexi ot sxnoid 
pi >) ose) 4(8).8bn0 aswal-tiedt ds etuoge dtin beef to 
jmetto stew beet Yo esaiq Isoixbailyo yxndnse da S12 edt nT 


362 

enlarsed in cup form with edges held under the Sutter course 
with a drip formed under the bed. Im this case the water flow- 
ing toward the openins only at one side, this drip only exists 
ander that as we have traced it at &B In the Sreat edifices 
erected at the besinnins of the 13 th century the water from 
the upper sutters flowed through hollow garsoyles on the flat 
copings of the flying buttresses, as at the cathedral of Rhe- 
ims even today. The water rapidly injured these copings, ane 
concave section was given to them; but the middle blew the s 
stream from the sarsoyles aside from these channels, and that 
is why vertical pipes enclosed in the stone ducts were adopted 
over the heads of the flyins buttresses. Yet when even the wa- 
ter from the upper roofs of the sreat edifices was led by pi- 
pes, these only reached the level of the channels of the chap- 
els or side aisles, and from these it was cast on the sround 
by sarsgoyles according to the most common method. The upper 
buttresses of the choir of the cathedral of Amiens receiving 
the flyins buttresses (about 1260) allow to be seen in a ree- 
ntrant ansle lons cylindrical srooves intended to receive hre 
leaders of lead, which were never set (5): the same arransem- 
ent is adopted for the discharse of water in the cathedral of 
Nevers. At is traced the horizontal section of these Srcov- 
es. The water descends from the upper sutter by the channels 
B servius as copinss of the tracery of the flying buttress. 
In the thickness of the buttress at the level © is a cup that 
mast receive the water to lead it into the vertical pipe pla- 
ced in the recess. It is only in Hnsland that we find after 
the 14 th century lead vipes terminatins at the base of edifi- 
ces. Instead of beins cylindrical, these pipes have a square 
horizontal section, and that is very well reasoned. A cylind- 
er cannot expand; it results that in a strons frost if the po 
pipes are filled, the ice assumes a Sreater volume than the 
ligaid water, these pipes are liable to burst. A pive with s 
square section can yield and ruptures are less to be feared. 
These lead pipes are most frequently placed in the reentrant 
angles, are made in parts enterins into each other, like our 
cast iron pipes with couplings or collars of wrousht iron or 
bronze to keep them in place’ they are surmountéd>by cuvns also 
of lead with spouts at their lower ends.(6). 

Ta the 16 th century cylindrical pipes of lead were often 


4 
air , 
i; 


ae S35 Tae) fete es, 
Sikeadeiel a os Bae Pf Si) ) bee ela 
od fips va mo etSiist yd bessxooeb evanis: vi ms] 


‘to ferksddso odd Yo Isticg dsn0e etd shieed pees e168 eo oh 
4 


ha A Diivesotine out no tesdmon tes1a of Howot ore ysdT -bisv 
pra edt te bevome1 sxsw esloiiis seenit god sonseetsoss ‘ é 
a tea bless -hediem sd ot yrsdaso (dd Et) deel odd 
elbbio sot to atoeds fdors 702 esv iedewoles te [evome: oft 
a exingooss. od yese ei tl .yteixns Snetengoctor¢eshdee 6 seks 
“edd aniise! to medsve edt asenied bessdiesd netic yous feds 
“ ss agetenoo dads bos ,tis neqo edt ost Yo +i Roiveso bos astew 
i. _-pbodtem sasdd to tod ‘gecia besolo otni ti 2aitoettbh ok Ral 
Bo -sgee Setit odd :eetstasvbhbs tisdt Sos eeonsinsveesni sisdd bes 


7 -seveds ti dud j;oustonrtedna sit Low esostine sid atew ylisto ‘ 
if tedd .teo1t wi betostts son ed gi tt ,fosemoo si beyofame eno ) 
Lan .» edtoesd JI wwe bos are yd bevomet noose ef e1rvstetom Ienisixe 


bat ‘gidbetv e1e elonnsdo [is eonte .sonensdoteam yess to etsrnevbe ; 
=inetai Belesonos bae sotscaoda efiove vi t1is asaqo sid ni bas 
baooss ont .beonshose et fives eds ssite ylee asecas desist ae 
+ od tetew oct sbhagl ci Seeoalone Isaysixe sdi Soitiew ebiove 
A bhsedd antbliod edd Hnwors sovbews gon 2e0bh Ji ,edniog bexit 
| a tictid ,sidssethenibh ebaifnuoime efi arshoc1 tans .opateb 
is ‘andtdentetie watwwh ylasivoisase ,woietvieaue fnsdenoo serine 
sedge ef (wone 2ni1nbh esescqose esoubore di juadt bas seo1t Yo 
wino bae ,yeIvoitirbh dtix berhemet yvitueroes)] eetutdux cd tost. 
: oivestevet is691% shan svecd heenso esitvict sot nodw bsvisorse 
ok ytiooae of ton-yiseesosa stcteisdt ei g1 .noissnisenco sad 
‘edd rot ei JT .eameteva ows ent to isddie isnnem otwloede as 
 & Bas eosia edt of Saibicese .1sc010 BS meas gen oF Fostivorws 
os ebisl yiev ni tedt .stste seam su teY .beyolame isizetem sat 
8 ft sae beetotexa od Jonnsa ddbiersvo eiedw asoitibte oifdsq 
—«si“‘it*«és om Fv rebsel betidsdai ylish soslg s bas exsdogise edsvirs 
? ashaw viiues oe sisexd doidw ,novi tesa io yilsiosges bos Ist 
ne 2. -edt dedd peiaskash seers yrsy eved ,19taen ceso1t to soil end 
ie oi ebas nico, dose Js soevsel tdbile adv 10 aoitestnoo ai | 
peed sesenqmab tnsnsmisq & botoxford bos esostina sat baiases 
os bas vtilidixe£} otatiso s nigse1 yedd eeusoed .teed ets eegic 
bag B80 emetdx® serenps ei noivoee edt ti yileioeces .foterse nso 
ss edt Radtodons ci bas eeqgtg seedt te tremdeildasse edt nist 
<i ab este reetal to eslyobied boe cotisloer saidnoe .22ainedes 
te a peepee! evedd ybomer everis neo sasaqote to ees 
ae -(nidqued otsovnd 


ys 
7 


ie oF 


i a he. 1) ai oe 1 b ~ a § 


363 
placed on the sreat French edifices, and these pipes are near- 
ly always decorated by reliéfs or sildins. Very beautiful on- 
es are seen beside the south portal of the cathedral of Reau- 
vais. They are found in Sreat number on the chateaus of the 
Renaissance, but these articles were removed at the end of t 
the last (18 th) century to be melted. 

The removal of rainwater was for architects of the middle 
ases a subjeettofoconstant anxiety. It is easy to recognize t 
that they often hesitated between the system of leadins the 
water and castins it off into the open air, aud that consist- 
ing in directing it into closed pipes: both of these mathods 
had their inconveniences and their advantases; the first espe- 
cially wets the surfaces and the substructure: but if the st- 
one employed is compact, if it be not affected by frost, that 
external moisture is soon removed by air and sun. It has the 
aivantase of easy maintenance, since all channels are visible 
and in the open air; it avoids stoppages and concealed injuri- 
es, that appear only after the evil is produced. The second 
avodids wettins the external surfaces’ it leads the water to 
fixed points, it does not produce around the buildins that d 
deluse, that renders its surroundings disagreeable, but it re- 
quires constant supervision, particularly during alternations 
of frost and thaw; it produces stoppages durins snow, is sub- 
ject to ruptures freauently remedied with difficulty, and only 
perceived when the injuries caused have made sreat ravages in 
the construction. It is therefore necessary not to specify in 
an absolute manner either of the two systems. It is for the 
architect to use them as proper, accordins to the place and t 
the material employed. Yet we must state, that in very larse 
public edifices where oversisht cannot be exercised as in a 
private structure and a place daily inhabited, leaders of me- 
tal and especially of cast iron, which breaks so easily under 
the force of frozen water, have very sreat dangers, that the- 
ir consestion or the slisht leakage at each joint ends iu al- 
terins the surfaces and producing a permanent damoness. Lead 
pipes are best, because they retain a certain flexibility and 
can stretch, especially if the section is soquare. Hxtreme ca- 
re in the establishment of these pipes and in anchorins their 
fastenings, entire isolation and sarsgoyles of larser size in 
case of stoppase can always remedy these inconveniences. (Arts. 
Cuvette, Dauphin). 


® oD : 4 
A = ve 


iP ny bis | ey 
‘oh gore vom <itdealie jaca * 9 a fe Feil 
ot dieses ° fois tanead: ott Pai 
. ennoo svino edt ei skydccas sit nantoo aso ‘eat a 
avis no beosla tellit mottod ost of naafeo ede Ye Jtede +f ‘ 
f sshydoocs sdd et A .eesd ssmof s to sliforg 8 9d (Lf) tof | 
: a oldtod of virelooltase bre sistosaidore ‘supeeneson e. 
(Mg 6eby oud! efente s at rated amoloo edt Yo state odd stn oe 
ee | ~Sevigous on ean eesd sit .foticetoi iswol vos tnived den ; 
 -WYsdeeds cevisoss yisosith sesd Jedd to au10s Ferlh std baw 
| [exerdes edd tot emse odd ef 3] .(Ges9 .taA) sumifoo eit to 
| -9re e184 dtim .saycqocs on eet anibivom Jadd :letiaso eft to 
Bs -tidow 963 nt -doogs sapeensmoh evitining edt Sadish enoisas © 
r (eBgo9) cose yo betentiesh osls st sebe slbiiw sat to srHios 
ss pe giede 8 yd beqoots koibivom s Yo noltssinzes 10 has edt 
‘ae =100) eveceil s ci tk stostde end eeseet0xe Seohat qose Brow eaT ! 
- mtitbe edé oi evi? .tetxe of eeaso of Sniblnom sid oF osvit {sb 
; ss geese od yitnooucs1t yse salvoisaeq ni yasdnso at SI odd to aeol 
ie wh _ ,pakbipom « yo 10 Ieved slamte & yd wedire ,asabe bsteToasdo 
; o aewol edt ds eqosve dod ,favors ant od basdxe dor aseh tens : 
y: to essem vd sitos sdhia sdd oF Yolaveq .bued & AO TO SetECS 
: ~lamexe [s1svse aesoubo1get S .2i9 .«emict beiaav yisv To eacse 
to fne eds to atnemunom mort asded sie Ils teqote sesfii to ee 
vbedete od teum ti 10% -ybawraw® of Quideolod yassnso dé SI edt. 
“bse seeds nt yisitev geom edd beuot ef sonivesre teddy ot ipdd 
& eft hebinef snote tuo ent to ysinaed sif .ekattivom to siti 
ds qiade eoltos odd bus dSostai shed sit evacl od 1séde09n0I8 
to Bcote e18 sisi? .16dmem [eintostidois oss to nitive end 
M to dowro sft Yo sot{fum [eatmeo oat .easadoin sldaeduemey 
-ginoe yd bedsicosh ecode oi gusa saswol edi ds ehae slesrdnowv ) 
| dT .(F) sisd dt to doteda s evit ow ;sfest tnelfeors ai coud 
ebatkloon to guow s mort wifwilide e1cm easo of tiwoiltib si 
| omen? \daat edd to stnibluom edd tI .sead tslvbnadoes 6 od 
ae , ftesned bas gisqg tewol aiedd ve bedsnimisd sts stetselia 10 
4 -om odd noeset isan01de « yd ,2aote vd eletéose wo [etnil end 
a ‘yg ani8aizae tied te betngamoocs 918 atlesv to eonow bebin 
here @ adi te i odd Yo bed vewol efgeot eevesl soidw .qosve sist = 
i? -199 ae SP. to esto1s edt to ednibloom eaT .hniised etiins . 
ba Isdiqso eft to encads edt of Saikasoest to hestent .yant 
of si) wolls of es of ,pacte ni bas baa [evel T9dsid.s ve ; 
| eal ties .yidne1i seer oF Seount sit * me in 


ew wesene 


364 
CONGH. Apopnyse. Annular cove. Stonv. 

This designates the transition from a mouldings to a surface. 
On the Roman column the avophyge is the curve connecting the 
shaft of the column to the bottom fillet placed on the base; 
let (1) be a profile of a Roman base, A is the apophyse. In 
Romanesque architecture and particularly in Gothic architect- 
ure, the shaft of the column being in a single line, i.e., n 
not having any lower projection, the base has no apophyse, a 
and the first torus of that base directly receives the shaft 
of the column. (Art. Base). It is the same for the astrasgal 
of the capitals; that moulding has no apophyse, with rare exc- 
eptions during the primitive Romanesque epoch. In the archit- 
ecture of the middle ages is also designated by stop (conge) 
the end or termination of a moaldins stopped by a sharp edge. 
The word stop indeed expresses the object: it is a leave (con- 
ge) given to the moulding to cease to exist. Thus in the edif- 
ices of the 12 th century in particular may freouently be seen 
chamfered edges, either by a simple bevel or by a mouldings, 
that dees not extend to the sround, but stops at the lower c 
course or on a pand, passing to the right an#le by means of 
stops of very varied forms. Fis. 2 reproduces several exampl- 
es of these stops? all are taken from monuments of the end of 
the 12 th century belonsius to Bursundy,. for it must be stated, 
that in that province is found the most variety in these end- 
ings of mouldinss. The beauty of the cut stone decided the s 
stonecatter to leave the beds intact and the angles sharp at 
the orisin of each architectural member. There are stops of 
remarkable richness. The central mullion of the church of WM 
Montreale ends at its lower part in stops decorated by sculp- 
tures in excellent taste; we sive a sketch of it here (3). It 
is difficult to pass more skilfully from a group of mouldings 
to a rectansular base. If the mouldings of the jamb, frames 
or pilasters are terminated at their lower part and beneath 
the lintel or eapbtals by stops, by a stronger reason the mo- 
ulded arches of vaults are accompanied at their sprinsins by 
this stop, Which leaves tocthe lower bed of the impost its e 
entire bearings. The mouldings of the arches of the 12 th cen- 
tury, instead of descendins to the abacus of the capital stop 
at a hisher level and end in stops, so as to allow the lower 
bed of the impost to rest frankly, as if this impostawere ne- 


h 


Pa ‘ 7 a : | an | F ‘ , ‘ey, a : ) 
iss Amt tay 
heed iF oy ‘ te Y a 5 pn 


av sieseV to. hit otro ertit . a he 
‘ dekgeg' oe ‘ 


ie ersttee bas ereiodel edd 10% bebe 


od (yvsed y1ev avert) edecami es baida wo 
tee ritneupsence bas* bed teWol siid ts edntbiuon Ps ay i 
198 Ce tend agate sass yd beraslo af edd pa “ 


| yide Ist¢iqso ed to evosds edt baidsem wort snctt wom” 
Crsioky oo .21sdd0 yoem ok es 9eso eids ol” -aolded deed tuod | 
= edonident aid dviw baoooe ai esw taisis i % be i 


> a i 
“ TR) ee . set, 
“" eft: % . j 19 [oanc8. -Ledao0 a Jy i : 
; me > | ’ ; 
00 8 88 eaivioqgee bas sostive s of besxseat troagne A | au a 
iy r] 
"4 Pere, tenapepe Hae a a) 
e oe 
iw pe: f 
‘ its 
PA 
‘ ‘ i 
im 
6 Mi 
i | ‘ a 
a 4 
° t ok ‘ | ; 
oY “hy n is wr ‘ a 
“4° } 3 : 49 
é mA i aie “ b 1 
ls Rises es 
ga thii@ ‘ t / ‘4 
z he a oe 
aM) he 58 FT , 
‘4 i } a ray ay 


fh’ as aa 

TE ray / sy ne 

' FORDER is 9S 

; 1h D od ae a. 
«hl a8 ols si 


. en | ‘pad fF Mac J 


y ae i 
‘a * Brain 
g Foz 
- é « & / 


etl; a> Rhieeg lr. 


365 

merely flat. Here (4) are two examples of these Stops! one is 
very simple from the church of Montreale: the other beings very 
rich and from the sacristy of the church of Vezekay. The sto- 
necutters thus avoided for the laborers and setters the diffi- 
culty of setting the imposts (always very heavy) bearings fra- 
Sile mouldings at the lower bed, and consequently easily inj- 
ared. Besides the is pleased by these stops that prevent the 
mouldings from meeting the abacus of the capital abruptly and 
without hesitation. In this case as in many others, the reas- 
Onins of the artist was in accord with his instinct. 


CONSOLE. Corbel. Sonsole. 
A sapport inserted in a surface and supporting as a corbels 
an architectural member. j 


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weet ee eee ee ee = ptece ED .on797 80 
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Charnier. Bonehouse. - --------- --- - ee HH = F 
Charpente. Carpentry. -----+--+--+-+--+-+-+-+-+-+-+--- i 
Chateau. Gastle. ------------+-+------ = 38° 
Chatelet. Fort. --------- 2 - ere ere eee ~1566 
Chemin de ronde. Covered way. - ------------ 158 
Cheminee. Fireplace.- -------------+--+--- 159 
Tuyau et mitres de Cheminee. Chimney flues and caps.- - 166 
Chenau.e. Gutter. - ---------- ee - ee ee ee 170 
Chevet. Chevet. ----------------- - - - 196 
Chiffre. Ciphere- -----------+-------- 176 
Choeur. Choir, ----------+--+---+=+-+-+--5 He 
Christ. ---2--- - ee er er er er eee er eer eee ee 187 
Cimitiere. Cemetery -------+--+--+-+-+-+-+-+-+--- 196 
Circonvallation et contrevallation. Circumvallation.- - 198 
‘Citerne. Cisterne --------+-- e272 --2° 198 
Claveau. Voussoir.- ------+--+-+--+-+-+-+-+-+-+--- 199 
Clavette. Little key. ------+-+-+-+-+-+--+-+-+-- 202 
Clef. Keystone. ---------+------- - - = - = 202 
Clef d’archivolte. Keystone of archivolt. - - - = = - - -202 
Clef d’arc osive. Boss of cross vaulte- - ------- 203 
Clef. Keye- ---------------------- 215 
Clef. Cleate- ------- --- - - - - ee ee eee 216 
Clef. Keye- - --------- - - ee ee ee ee ee 216 
Cloche. Bell. -------+----+-----------+- 216 
Clocher. Bell tower.- - ---------------- 224... 
Cloitre. Cloister.- ------+-+--+---+--+-+--+--- 301 
Clotet. Screenw -- ---------------=--- 329 
Clotgre. Enclosure. ------+----+--+-+-+--+--- 330 
Closures de villes. Walls of cities.- --------- 330 
Clotures de proprietes. Fences of lands.- - ------ 331 
‘Clotures dans esglise monastigques. Grilles in churches - 333 
Clotures de choeurs. Grilles of choirs. - ------- 336 
Clow. Nail. ---------+---- -- - ee ee ee 338 
Collateral. Ambulatory- ----+----+--+-+-+-+-+-+-- 341 
College. ---- eet eer ert rece ee te ee Ke 341 
‘Caludbivr. ‘Dovecet~ - 4 - ~~. —- + -- Soe. 2 aie 348 
Colonne. Columne- ------------------- 351 - 
Colonette. Little column. ------+--+--+-- a ee 1856 
Comble. Roof. -----+---+--------------- 359 


Vondeite. Pact, ~~ -<. . 


| Conge. Stop. - - - - mon omm een —— 3 


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Cowble. Reof, ie i? le dae Ho elenne ae tas 
fondaite, pues, ER 9 


sole. a7 r ere ere 
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Qebmis ae rende. Govered way, - = - +2 so ee 
ikembtieo, Fireplact.- - «+--+ <= + 284 
Tuyen ¢t eitres de Caewinee. Seiwuey fluss and © 
Shagad. Gather. + ~ sie we ele ee hee 
GChevet. Chatwet. - pr as ek Nal 

Onifire. Ciphers+ = +e = = ee we & ~ 
Choear, Cheit. - | | 


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GAgtet«: Seveeky <= 6 ee Be en ae ee 
Clogere. Baclessre. 
SLesgeres de villes. Walia of ex¥ige.~ 
Clotvared ts proprietes, Fences of lLands.- “Ne 
Cloturea dans eglise vonestiques. Grilles in 
Clojures de ohoeure. Grilles af cheirs.' ~ «= 
Cloms Bail. ~ ++ » so ig eae gh tea mee 
Coilaperal. Aebalatory- = < «= «\- = «5 = 
College. ~~ - + se eee oo | 
Colombher. BPoyvetet~ ~ =. - = + 
Colomne. Golam. - - ~~ <* + 
Colengete. Little solemn, - ~ + 


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C001 V003 


RSITY OF ILLINOIS-UR 


RATIONAL DICTIONARY OF FRENCH 


720.3V81DER 


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112 024589878 


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